of arch;tect-client architectural duties and procedures is ... · In reality, systems and...
20
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 025 100 EF 001 843 By- Canty, Donald Your Building & Your Architect. American Inst. of Architects, Washington, D.C. Pub Date (68] Note- 20p. Available from- American Institute of Architects, 1735 New York Avenue, N. W., Washington, D. C. 20006 EDRS Price MF-$0.25 HC- $1.10 Descriptors-*Architects, Blueprints, Building Trades, Construction Costs, *Construction Programs. *Contracts, *Professional Services, School Planning Discussion of various aspects of the arch;tect-client relationship and architectural duties and procedures is presented. The various stages of architect selection precede a discussion of services and fees. The problem solving process is detailed in terms of--(1) client influence, (2) decision making, and (3) preliminary stages. Preparation of construction documents is explained in relationship to--(1) working drawings, (2) specifications, (3) contract documents, (4) economic negotiations, and (5) contractor role. The construction phase section includes review of--(1) administrative duties of the architect, (2) lines of authority, (3) contractual difficulties, and (4) building occupancy. (MH)
Transcript of of arch;tect-client architectural duties and procedures is ... · In reality, systems and...
DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 025 100 EF 001 843
By- Canty, DonaldYour Building & Your Architect.American Inst. of Architects, Washington, D.C.Pub Date (68]Note- 20p.Available from- American Institute of Architects, 1735 New York Avenue, N. W., Washington, D. C. 20006
EDRS Price MF-$0.25 HC- $1.10Descriptors-*Architects, Blueprints, Building Trades, Construction Costs, *Construction Programs.
*Contracts, *Professional Services, School PlanningDiscussion of various aspects of the arch;tect-client relationship and
architectural duties and procedures is presented. The various stages of architectselection precede a discussion of services and fees. The problem solving process isdetailed in terms of--(1) client influence, (2) decision making, and (3) preliminarystages. Preparation of construction documents is explained in relationship to--(1)working drawings, (2) specifications, (3) contract documents, (4) economicnegotiations, and (5) contractor role. The construction phase section includes reviewof--(1) administrative duties of the architect, (2) lines of authority, (3) contractualdifficulties, and (4) building occupancy. (MH)
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R A
GR
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ITH
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.S. O
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OF
ED
UC
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RT
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ER
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rcnn
ecril
BY
DO
NA
LD C
AN
TY
Thi
s bo
okle
t is
an a
brid
gmen
t of a
ser
ies
of a
rtic
les
orig
inal
ly p
ublis
hed
inT
he
Arc
hite
ctur
al F
orum
and
cop
yrig
hted
by
Urb
anA
mer
ica,
Inc.
The
aut
hor,
then
sen
ior
edito
r of
For
um, i
s no
w d
irect
or o
fU
rban
Info
rmat
ion
Cen
ter
of U
rban
Am
eric
a, In
c.,
Was
hing
ton,
D. C
., an
d ed
itor
of it
s
mag
azin
e C
ity.
Mr.
Can
ty is
not
an
arch
itect
he is
ajo
urna
list w
ith a
wel
l-des
erve
d re
puta
tion
asan
obj
ectiv
e cr
itic
ofar
chite
cts
and
arch
itect
ure.
The
Am
eric
anIn
stitu
teof
Arc
hite
cts
has
sele
cted
his
art
icle
for
the
use
of p
rosp
ectiv
e bu
ildin
g ow
ners
bec
ause
it is
an
info
rmed
non
arch
itect
's c
andi
d vi
ewof
how
our
clie
nts'
and
pro
fess
ions
' int
eres
tsca
n be
bes
t ser
ved.
You
r go
al is
our
s: th
e be
st b
uild
ing
for
you,
arch
itect
ure
of h
ighe
st q
ualit
y, a
nd a
posi
tive
cont
ribut
ion
toth
e co
mm
unity
and
natio
n of
whi
ch it
will
be
a la
stin
g pa
rt.
Our
pro
fess
ion
pled
ges
its e
very
effo
rtto
hel
p yo
u at
tain
thos
e go
als.
now
10
p1C
Kan
arc
ruie
u.
The
re is
no
easy
way
to p
ick
an a
rchi
tect
.T
rue,
ther
e ar
e so
me
gene
ral r
ules
that
can
be
stat
ed,
pitfa
lls th
at c
an b
e w
arne
d ag
ains
t, po
inte
rsth
atca
n be
offe
red
abou
t wha
t to
look
for
in a
n ar
chi-
tect
and
his
wor
kan
d al
lof
thes
e th
ings
are
done
in th
e fo
llow
ing
page
s.B
ut th
ere
isno
mag
ic fo
rmul
a fo
r se
lect
ion.
"Lis
ten,
" sa
id a
man
in c
harg
e of
bui
ldin
g so
me
$10
mill
ion
in r
etai
l sto
res
a ye
ar w
hen
aske
dho
whe
doe
s it,
"if
you
com
e up
with
a g
ood
syst
em,
let m
e kn
ow."
In r
ealit
y, s
yste
ms
and
proc
edur
es a
re le
ss im
-po
rtan
t in
this
per
ilous
que
stth
an is
the
disp
ositi
onof
the
clie
nt. T
o th
e ta
sk h
e m
ust b
ring
good
inte
n-tio
ns, a
n op
en m
ind,
a h
ardy
sal
es r
esis
tanc
ean
d a
will
ingn
ess
to ta
ke th
e tim
e an
d tr
oubl
e to
lear
nso
met
hing
of w
hat a
rchi
tect
s an
d ar
chite
ctur
e ar
eal
l abo
ut.
To
som
e cl
ient
s, u
sed
to m
akin
g ci
ear-
cut d
eci-
sion
s ab
out c
lear
-cut
pro
blem
s, a
ll of
this
see
ms
impo
ssib
ly h
azy
and
impr
ecis
e. T
hey
seek
an
easy
way
out
, tur
ning
to a
cqua
inta
nces
,to
bro
ther
s-in
-la
w, t
o bi
g, b
riskl
y bu
sine
sslik
e ar
chite
ctur
al fi
rms,
or to
the
even
big
ger
orga
niza
tions
whi
ch o
ffer
ane
at p
acka
ge o
f con
stru
ctio
n se
rvic
es. S
omet
imes
they
get
fairl
y go
od b
uild
ings
, but
they
do
not o
ften
get a
rchi
tect
ure.
Hen
ce th
e st
ress
on
good
inte
ntio
ns.
All
thin
gsbe
ing
equa
l, th
e cl
ient
get
s ab
out a
s go
od a
bui
ld-
ing
as h
e w
ants
. To
achi
eve
arch
itect
ure
a bu
ild-
ing
whi
ch is
sou
ndly
put
toge
ther
, whi
ch w
orks
wel
lan
d w
hich
is a
n or
nam
ent t
o its
sur
roun
ding
s an
da
sour
ce o
f dee
p sa
tisfa
ctio
n to
its
occu
pant
sth
ecl
ient
mus
t hav
e a
stro
ng d
rive
to d
o so
.H
ism
otiv
atio
n m
ay b
e si
mpl
e pr
ide,
pub
lic r
elat
ions
, afe
elin
g of
res
pons
ibili
ty to
the
com
mun
ity a
ndth
ebu
ildin
g's
ultim
ate
user
s. W
hate
ver
the
reas
on,
hem
ust a
ctiv
ely
wan
t the
bui
ldin
g to
be
som
ethi
ngfa
r m
ore
than
mer
e sh
elte
r.A
nd th
en h
e m
ust t
ry to
sel
ect t
he r
ight
arc
hite
ct.
Oth
erw
ise,
the
best
of i
nten
tions
are
was
ted.
Man
ya
clie
nt w
ho s
tart
s ou
t with
a d
esire
tobe
a p
arty
to g
reat
ness
win
ds u
p a
patr
on o
f med
iocr
ity, a
ll
thro
ugh
mak
ing
the
wro
ng c
hoic
e.S
elec
ting
anar
chite
ct is
by
no m
eans
the
only
dec
isio
n th
e cl
ient
has
to m
ake
durin
g th
e bu
ildin
g pr
oces
s, b
ut it
is
far
and
away
the
mos
t cru
cial
.
For
mal
com
petit
ion:
it m
ay b
e w
orth
the
trou
ble
The
re d
oes
exis
t one
cut
-and
-drie
d m
etho
d of
mak
-in
g th
e ch
oice
, whi
ch p
erha
ps s
houl
d be
dea
ltw
ithfir
st.
It is
the
form
al a
rchi
tect
ural
com
petit
ion,
hel
dun
der
the
code
for
arch
itect
ural
com
petit
ions
(A
IAD
ocum
ent B
451)
, est
ablis
hed
by T
he A
mer
ican
In-
stitu
te o
f Arc
hite
cts,
in w
hich
the
clie
nt h
ires
apr
ofes
sion
alad
vise
r,se
ts u
p a
jury
and
invi
tes
arch
itect
s to
sub
mit
desi
gns
base
d on
a c
omm
onpr
ogra
m.
Arc
hite
ctur
al c
ompe
titio
ns a
re p
opul
ar s
port
inE
urop
e, b
ut th
ey h
ave
neve
r re
ally
cau
ght o
n in
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes.
Inde
ed, i
t is
not d
iffic
ult t
o m
ake
aca
se a
gain
st th
em: t
hey
can
be e
xpen
sive
to s
tage
(the
AIA
cod
e re
quire
s co
mpe
nsat
ion
to th
e pr
o-fe
ssio
nal a
dvis
er, t
he ju
ry a
nd th
e fin
alis
ts).
The
yso
met
imes
tend
to d
rive
out t
he b
usie
r, b
ette
r-kn
own
firm
s w
ho s
impl
y do
n't h
ave
time
to ta
ke a
flyer
. The
y ca
n de
priv
e th
e cl
ient
of t
he c
hanc
e to
clos
ely
inve
stig
ate
the
extr
a-de
sign
abi
litie
s of
the
firm
that
get
s th
e ju
ry's
nod
.A
nd y
et th
e fo
rmal
com
petit
ion
is th
e ne
ares
tth
ing
to a
sur
e-fir
e sy
stem
for
atta
inin
g su
perio
rar
chite
ctur
ea
syst
em th
at le
ts th
e cl
ient
see
afa
csim
ile o
f the
pro
duct
bef
ore
a de
sign
er is
se-
lect
ed a
nd p
rovi
des
a pa
nel o
f exp
erts
to g
uide
the
choi
ce.
Itis
esp
ecia
lly w
ell-s
uite
d to
pub
lic p
roj-
ects
:it
is, a
fter
all,
a pa
rtic
ular
ly d
emoc
ratic
way
to p
ick
arch
itect
s, a
nd it
als
o ta
kes
som
eof
the
polit
ical
pre
ssur
e of
f the
pub
liccl
ient
.M
ost i
m-
port
ant,
it of
ten
lead
s to
afr
eshn
ess
and
exci
tem
ent
not o
ften
foun
d in
pub
lic b
uild
ings
. The
re is
rea
son
to q
uest
ion,
for
exam
ple,
whe
ther
Bos
ton
wou
ldha
ve th
e pr
ospe
ct o
f suc
h a
vigo
rous
new
city
hal
lha
d th
e ar
chite
cts
been
sel
ecte
d an
d re
tain
ed d
i-re
ctly
by
the
city
gov
ernm
ent.
The
firs
t lis
t: w
here
to g
o fr
om th
e ye
llow
pag
esF
or th
e m
ajor
ity o
f clie
nts,
who
don
't fe
el a
full-
scal
e co
mpe
titio
n to
be
feas
ible
, the
sea
rch
for
anar
chite
ct b
egin
s w
ith a
list
of n
ames
.If
they
are
habi
tual
clie
nts
or lo
ng-t
ime
arch
itect
ure
buffs
, the
ypr
obab
ly s
tart
with
som
e na
mes
in m
ind.
Ifno
t,ho
wev
er, t
hey
are
likel
y to
be
seen
sta
ring
atth
eye
llow
pag
es o
f the
tele
phon
e bo
ok a
nd w
onde
ring
whe
re to
turn
.S
ome
turn
to th
e lo
cal c
hapt
er o
f the
AIA
, but
mor
e of
ten
than
not
com
e aw
ay d
isap
poin
ted.
The
AlA
is a
mem
bers
hip
orga
niza
tion,
and
in p
rude
nce
cann
ot b
e ex
pect
ed to
mak
e qu
alita
tive
dist
inct
ions
amon
g th
ose
who
pay
itdu
es. M
any
arch
itect
s,m
oreo
ver,
sto
utly
res
ist
clas
sific
atio
n as
spe
cial
ists
,an
d in
som
e lo
calit
ies
the
AlA
offi
ce is
forb
idde
nev
en to
sug
gest
arc
hite
cts
who
hav
e do
ne a
gre
atm
any
build
ings
of o
ne ty
pe o
r an
othe
r.T
he b
est a
dvic
e th
at c
an b
e of
fere
d th
e be
-w
ilder
ed c
lient
at t
his
poin
t is
to e
nter
into
a c
rash
prog
ram
of
self-
educ
atio
n an
d to
pic
k th
e br
ains
of a
ll ac
cess
ible
exp
erts
sha
mel
essl
y. A
rchi
tect
ural
buff
or n
o, if
he
has
the
firm
inte
ntio
n to
ach
ieve
a go
od b
uild
ing,
he
prob
ably
has
som
est
anda
rd o
fw
hat a
goo
d bu
ildin
g is
. The
goa
ls o
f the
edu
catio
npr
ogra
m a
re to
dev
elop
thes
e st
anda
rds
furt
her
and
to fi
nd s
ome
arch
itect
s w
ho s
eem
to o
ffer
prom
ise
of m
eetin
g th
em.
One
sta
rtin
g po
int i
sin
the
page
s of
the
arch
i-te
ctur
al m
agaz
ines
, whi
ch c
onve
y a
feel
ing
of w
hat
is c
urre
ntly
bei
ng b
uilt
and
may
eve
n co
ntai
n w
ork
cr,,e
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s A
de
NSW
,A
sk-
z`es
_
A,;"
(01-
A:,
t"*
,-,
*,,..
7A
by a
rchi
tect
s in
the
clie
nt's
ow
nlo
cale
. The
AlA
chap
ter
may
con
duct
an
awar
ds p
rogr
am o
r ha
veav
aila
ble
a gu
ideb
ook,
bot
hof
whi
ch g
ive
som
ein
dica
tion
(tho
ugh
far
from
an
infa
llibl
e on
e) o
f the
prac
titio
ners
who
m th
ear
chite
ctur
al c
omm
unity
cons
ider
s its
lead
ers.
But
the
mos
tin
stru
ctiv
e pr
o-ce
dure
of a
ll is
for
the
clie
nt to
visi
t new
bui
ldin
gs,
to g
et th
eir
"fee
l,"an
d th
en to
find
out
who
de-
sign
ed th
ose
to w
hich
he
resp
onds
mos
t pos
itive
ly.
As
for
the
expe
rtco
unse
l, it
shou
ld b
e so
ught
on
both
sid
es o
f the
fenc
e, a
mon
gcl
ient
s as
wel
l as
arch
itect
s. A
cqua
inta
nces
or
colle
ague
s w
ho h
ave
gone
thro
ugh
the
proc
ess
of s
elec
tion
rece
ntly
are
rich
sour
ces.
Itis
har
der
on th
ear
chite
cts'
sid
e:w
ho c
ould
sum
mon
the
nerv
e to
ask
Mac
y's
tore
com
men
d a
good
dep
artm
ent
stor
e? G
ood
pros
-pe
cts
here
are
arc
hite
ctfr
iend
s w
ho a
re e
mpl
oyee
sof
larg
e of
fices
, arc
hite
ctur
aljo
urna
lists
and
arc
hi-
tect
ural
edu
cato
rs.
Jour
nalis
ts a
nd e
duca
tors
are
ofte
n ch
ary
abou
t rec
omm
enda
tions
,ho
wev
er.
The
mat
ters
of
chau
vini
sm, s
ize
and
spec
ializ
atio
nT
he m
akin
g of
the
first
list
of p
oten
tial c
andi
date
sin
volv
es m
ore
than
kno
wle
dge.
Ital
so in
volv
esso
me
toug
hde
cisi
ons
abou
t mat
ters
on
whi
ch e
ven
the
mos
t exp
ert d
isag
ree.
Am
ong
them
, in
fact
, are
perh
aps
the
thre
e m
ost
hotly
deb
ated
que
stio
nsab
out t
he s
elec
tion
ofar
chite
cts.
The
firs
tis
whe
ther
the
clie
ntsh
ould
con
side
ron
ly lo
cal f
irms.
If he
is a
sta
unch
mem
ber
of th
eS
hop
at H
ome
Com
mitt
ee o
fth
e ch
ambe
r of
com
-m
erce
, the
que
stio
n m
ayw
ell a
nsw
er it
self.
Na-
tiona
l con
cern
s w
ho w
ant t
obe
com
e "p
art o
f the
com
mun
ity"
also
may
find
itpr
uden
t to
use
only
hom
e-gr
own
tale
nt.
Loca
l pub
lic a
genc
ies,
nota
bly
scho
ol b
oard
s, o
ften
are
subj
ect t
o so
me
rath
erun
subt
le p
ress
ures
from
the
arch
itect
ural
frat
erni
tyno
t to
look
too
far
afie
ld. A
nd e
ven
beyo
ndsu
chco
nsid
erat
ions
, the
re a
re g
ood
reas
ons
to h
ave
the
arch
itect
clo
se a
t han
d du
ring
the
desi
gn a
nd c
on-
stru
ctio
n pr
oces
s.U
nhap
pily
, how
ever
, som
eco
mm
uniti
es a
re n
otric
h in
the
kind
of t
alen
tre
quire
d to
pro
duce
sup
e-rio
r w
ork.
The
clie
nt w
ho w
ants
abu
ildin
g of
gen
u-in
e qu
ality
may
be
forc
ed to
look
els
ewhe
re. A
fter
all,
the
desi
re to
giv
e th
e co
mm
unity
such
a b
uild
ing
is lo
cal p
ride
of a
n ad
mira
ble
sort
.T
he h
omet
own
arch
itect
s sh
ould
und
erst
and;
they
are
pro
fess
iona
ls,
not j
uven
ile g
ang
lead
ers
carv
ing
an a
rea
into
un-
impr
egna
ble
turf
s. A
s fo
r th
eco
nven
ienc
e of
hav
ing
the
arch
itect
near
by,
itca
nof
ten
be a
ttain
edth
roug
h an
ass
ocia
tion
betw
een
the
out-
of-t
own
arch
itect
and
a lo
cal f
irm.
The
sec
ond
knot
ty q
uest
ion
invo
lves
the
proj
ect's
size
.If
it is
a la
rge
and
com
plex
job,
sho
uld
only
big
firm
s be
con
side
red?
The
big
firm
, of c
ours
e,w
ill a
nsw
er y
es.
It w
ill c
laim
, with
a g
ood
deal
of
just
ifica
tion,
to o
ffer
a w
ider
ran
geof
ser
vice
s th
ana
smal
l offi
ce.
The
big
firm
will
als
o po
int o
utth
atit
take
s bo
th m
anpo
wer
and
expe
rienc
e to
man
age
the
myr
iad
deta
ils in
volv
ed in
asi
zabl
e pr
ojec
t.T
hese
are
com
pelli
ng a
rgum
ents
if th
e cl
ient
issa
tisfie
d th
at th
e bi
g fir
m w
illal
so d
eliv
er q
ualit
y.S
ome
do, b
ut h
ere
anot
her
hars
h fa
ct m
ust b
e fa
ced:
ther
e ar
e en
orm
ous
arch
itect
ural
offic
es, t
urni
ngou
t eno
rmou
s qu
antit
ies
of w
ork,
whi
ch h
ave
yet
to d
o a
good
build
ing.
Wha
t may
be
ala
rge
job
to th
e cl
ient
, mor
eove
r, m
aybe
run
-of-
the-
mill
toth
e bi
g fir
m a
nd m
ay w
ind
upin
the
hand
s of
a 2
2-ye
ar o
ld d
esig
ner
in o
ne c
orne
r of
its
huge
draf
ting
room
.T
here
are
two
alte
rnat
ives
. One
is to
eng
age
am
ediu
m-s
ized
firm
with
aha
rd c
ore
of s
uper
ior
pers
onne
l whi
ch is
will
ing
toex
pand
its
prod
uctio
nst
aff f
or th
e jo
b. T
he c
lient
mus
tba
lanc
e th
e ris
ksin
volv
ed a
gain
st th
e lik
elih
ood
that
the
firm
will
rV
thro
w a
ll of
its
tale
nts
unst
intin
gly
into
his
bui
ldin
g.T
he o
ther
is, a
gain
, an
asso
ciat
ion,
this
tim
e of
asm
all d
esig
n of
fice
with
abi
g fir
m to
han
dle
pro-
duct
ion
and
perh
aps
cons
truc
tion
cont
ract
ad-
min
istr
atio
n.A
wor
d ab
out s
uch
asso
ciat
ions
: the
y ar
e a
little
like
shot
-gun
wed
ding
s,pa
rtic
ular
ly if
the
two
firm
sha
ve b
oth
been
con
tend
ers
for
the
com
mis
sion
.T
here
sho
uld
be a
pre
cise
unde
rsta
ndin
g ab
out w
ho
is in
cha
rge
of w
hat;
othe
rwis
e, d
esig
n id
eas
can
be lo
st in
end
less
bic
kerin
gan
d co
mpr
omis
e. A
lso,
even
thou
ghth
e tw
o fir
ms
shar
e th
efe
e, th
e cl
ient
shou
ld u
nder
stan
d th
at h
ew
ill b
e pu
tting
out
alit
tle m
ore
in e
xpen
ses.
Whe
ther
the
asso
ciat
ion
isw
orth
it is
his
dec
isio
n.T
he th
ird a
nd fi
nal p
oint
of c
ontr
over
syis
whe
ther
the
clie
nt s
houl
d se
ekon
ly th
ose
arch
itect
s w
hoha
ve s
olid
exp
erie
nce
inth
e ty
re o
f bui
ldin
g at
hand
.P
hala
nxes
of
spec
ialis
tsha
ve g
row
n up
arou
nd th
ose
type
s w
hich
are
espe
cial
ly c
ompl
icat
edin
pro
gram
or
func
tion,
such
as
scho
ols,
hos
pita
ls,
labo
rato
ries
and
fact
orie
s.O
ften
thes
e sp
ecia
lists
know
the
clie
nt's
pro
blem
sbe
tter
than
he
does
.T
hey
can
mak
e hi
s lif
e a
grea
tde
al e
asie
r.B
ut s
omet
imes
the
spec
ialis
tbe
com
es s
o st
eepe
d
in th
e cl
ient
's p
robl
ems
that
the
proc
ess
of d
esig
nbe
com
es a
utom
atic
and
the
build
ing
look
sit.
His
exp
ertis
e is
not
tobe
dis
mis
sed
light
ly, b
ut it
shou
ld n
ot b
e ov
erw
eigh
ted.
Ofte
n a
fres
h so
lutio
nco
mes
from
the
appl
icat
ion
of a
fres
h ta
lent
, eve
na
youn
g ta
lent
.A
goo
d m
any
outs
tand
ing
build
ings
have
res
ulte
d fr
om th
e en
coun
ter
betw
een
an im
ag-
inat
ive
arch
itect
and
a n
ewpr
oble
m c
ompl
exen
ough
to b
e ch
alle
ngin
g.
The
inte
rvie
w: t
he s
elec
tion
proc
ess
gets
per
sona
lT
he c
lient
now
has
his
prel
imin
ary
list.
It is
not
too
long
, and
nic
ely
asso
rted
am
ong
arch
itect
s fa
r an
dne
ar, b
ig a
nd s
mal
l,ex
perie
nced
and
unt
ram
mel
ed.
The
nex
t ste
p is
an
ente
rtai
ning
one
.H
e sh
ould
cont
act e
ach
of th
eca
ndid
ates
, exp
lain
the
natu
reof
his
pro
ject
and
invi
te th
em to
subm
it in
form
a-tio
n on
thei
r of
fices
and
thei
r pa
st w
ork.
The
nex
tfe
w d
ays'
mai
l will
brin
g hi
m a
nam
azin
g va
riety
of m
issi
ves,
ran
ging
from
chas
te p
rofe
ssio
nal c
om-
mun
icat
ions
to th
ick,
mul
ticol
orbr
ochu
res.
Car
e-
:orp
s
ful s
tudy
, cul
ling
fact
from
fanc
y, s
houl
d en
able
him
to fu
rthe
r tr
im th
e lis
t to
thos
e he
wan
ts to
inte
r-vi
ew.
"In
the
end,
" an
Arc
hite
ctur
al F
orum
edi
toria
lon
ce s
aid,
"a
clie
nt h
as to
trus
t tw
o pe
ople
:hi
m-
self
and
his
arch
itect
." T
he in
terv
iew
is g
ener
ally
the
first
face
-to-
face
enc
ount
er b
etw
een
the
two.
One
of i
ts p
rinci
pal f
unct
ions
is to
giv
e an
indi
ca-
tion
whe
ther
thei
r co
min
g to
geth
er p
rodu
ces
that
spec
ial c
hem
istr
y re
quire
d fo
r jo
int p
artic
ipat
ion
incr
eativ
e ef
fort
. The
rea
ctio
n is
inde
finab
leit
is
mor
e th
an a
mat
ter
of m
ere
com
patib
ility
but i
tm
ust b
e re
al if
som
ethi
ng o
f wor
th is
to r
esul
t fro
mth
e as
soci
atio
n.A
n im
port
ant c
orol
lary
of t
he s
tate
men
t jus
tqu
oted
is th
at a
rchi
tect
ure
is, i
n th
e fin
al a
naly
sis,
ape
rson
al m
atte
r, w
hose
cre
atio
n is
bes
t not
left
toco
mm
ittee
s.U
ntil
now
, we
have
use
d th
e w
ord
clie
nt in
the
sing
ular
. Som
ethi
ng in
the
natu
re o
fm
oder
n in
stitu
tions
, how
ever
, see
ms
to r
equi
re th
ese
tting
up
of c
omm
ittee
s fo
r ta
sks
like
choo
sing
arch
itect
s.It
is p
roba
bly
unav
oida
ble,
and
it c
antu
rn o
ut a
ll rig
ht if
one
con
ditio
n is
met
:th
at a
sing
le, s
tron
g in
divi
dual
on
the
com
mitt
ee b
e gi
ven
prim
e re
spon
sibi
lity
for
the
scre
enin
g pr
oces
s of
voic
es a
nd id
eas
that
will
pro
duce
onl
y co
ntra
dic-
tions
, con
fusi
on a
nd, i
n th
e en
d, m
edio
crity
.N
o tw
o ar
chite
ct-c
lient
inte
rvie
ws
are
quite
alik
e.S
ome
clie
nts
like
to v
isit
the
arch
itect
in h
is n
atur
alha
bita
t; so
me
feel
saf
er m
eetin
g th
e ar
chite
ct o
nth
eir
own
hom
e gr
ound
s. S
ome
arch
itect
s ap
pear
wre
athe
d in
sm
iles
and
flank
ed b
y vi
ce p
resi
dent
sin
cha
rge
of c
lient
dev
elop
men
t (sa
lesm
en);
som
eco
me
alon
e an
d si
t qui
etly
, will
ing
to le
t the
ir w
ork
spea
k fo
r th
em. I
n th
e no
rmal
cou
rse
of th
e in
ter-
view
, the
clie
nt e
xpla
ins
his
proj
ect i
n m
ore
deta
ilan
d as
ks th
e ar
chite
ct a
bout
his
offi
ce a
nd h
is e
x-pe
rienc
e. T
he a
rchi
tect
atte
mpt
s to
rel
ate
his
capa
-bi
litie
s to
wha
t see
m to
be
the
clie
nt's
nee
ds. S
ome-
whe
re a
long
the
line,
eac
h fo
rms
the
impo
rtan
t firs
tim
pres
sion
of w
hat t
he o
ther
wou
ld b
e lik
e to
wor
kw
ith.
The
re a
re, o
f cou
rse,
a fe
w g
ener
al ty
pes
the
clie
nt s
houl
d be
war
ned
away
from
: the
arc
hite
ctw
ho s
how
s m
ore
inte
rest
in th
e sm
ooth
ness
of h
ispi
tch
than
in th
e sp
ecifi
cs o
f the
job
at h
and;
the
arch
itect
who
cla
ims
to h
ave
deve
lope
d st
artli
ng,
cost
-cut
ting
inno
vatio
ns; t
he a
rchi
tect
who
com
esto
the
inte
rvie
w a
lread
y be
arin
g a
sket
ch o
f wha
t the
build
ing
mig
ht lo
ok li
ke a
nd, m
ost s
inis
ter
of a
ll,th
e ar
chite
ct w
ho h
ints
that
he
mig
ht b
e ab
le to
shav
e th
e fe
e a
bit.
The
AIA
cha
pter
s pu
t out
sche
dule
s of
rec
omm
ende
d fe
es w
hich
hav
e m
et th
ete
sts
of fa
irnes
s to
bot
h si
des.
The
arc
hite
ct c
ansu
gges
t tha
t the
fees
be
high
er th
anth
e sc
hedu
le if
extr
a se
rvic
es a
re r
equi
red,
but
bew
are
if he
offe
rsto
mak
e th
em lo
wer
.T
he c
lient
will
not
wor
k so
lely
with
the
arch
itect
him
self,
and
so
shou
ld g
et to
kno
w th
e ot
hers
in th
eof
fice
who
will
be
impo
rtan
tly in
volv
ed in
the
proj
-ec
t (a
step
whi
ch c
an b
e ac
com
plis
hed
eith
er in
the
initi
al in
terv
iew
or
as a
follo
w-u
p).
Incl
uded
her
ear
e th
e st
ruct
ural
, mec
hani
cal,
elec
tric
al a
nd a
cous
-tic
al e
ngin
eers
, whe
ther
they
are
on
the
arch
itect
'sst
aff o
r ar
e to
be
enga
ged
by h
im a
s co
nsul
tant
s.T
he c
lient
is n
ow a
lmos
t rea
dy to
mak
e th
ech
oice
, but
not
qui
te. T
he fi
nal p
roof
of a
n ar
chite
ctis
in h
is b
uild
ings
. The
clie
nt's
fina
l ste
p, th
en, i
s a
care
ful i
nves
tigat
ion
of e
ach
surv
ivin
g ca
ndid
ate'
spa
st w
ork.
The
tour
: wha
t to
look
for
in th
e ar
chite
ct's
wor
kT
he o
pera
tive
wor
d is
inve
stig
atio
n. T
his
does
not
mea
n tu
rnin
g ag
ain
to th
e m
agaz
ines
, nor
driv
ing
by th
ear
chite
ct's
build
ings
,no
r ev
en w
alki
ngth
roug
h th
em w
ith h
im a
nd s
ayin
g pe
riodi
cally
,"I
sn't
that
nic
e!"
(If
itre
ally
isn'
t ver
y ni
ce, t
hecl
ient
's b
est l
ine
is, "
Say
, thi
sis
a b
uild
ing.
")It
mea
ns fi
ndin
g ou
t how
exp
editi
ousl
y th
e bu
ildin
gsw
ere
built
, how
muc
h th
ey c
ost,
how
wel
l the
yw
ork
and,
onc
e ag
ain,
how
they
feel
as
hum
anen
viro
nmen
t. A
dvic
e on
pro
cedu
re w
ould
go
som
e-th
ing
like
this
:F
irst o
f all,
giv
e th
e ar
chite
ct a
fair
shak
e:le
thi
m s
ugge
st w
hich
of h
is b
uild
ings
you
sho
uld
look
into
. The
n st
eel y
ours
elf n
ot to
look
for
the
shad
owof
you
r bu
ildin
g in
them
. You
r bu
ildin
g, in
fluen
ced
by y
our
own
need
s an
d na
ture
, may
turn
out
to b
equ
ite d
iffer
ent,
even
in th
e ha
nds
of th
is a
rchi
tect
.N
ext,
ask
for
an a
dvan
ce lo
ok a
t the
pro
gram
for
the
build
ing
you
are
stud
ying
(or
a v
erba
l sum
mar
yif
the
prog
ram
doe
s no
t exi
st o
n pa
per)
. Thi
s w
ayyo
u w
ill h
ave
an id
ea o
f wha
t the
arc
hite
ct w
asex
pect
ed to
del
iver
.A
ppro
achi
ng th
e bu
ildin
g, lo
ok to
see
how
wel
l it
fits
into
its
imm
edia
te s
urro
undi
ng, p
artic
ular
ly if
itis
in a
key
loca
tion
or a
nei
ghbo
rhoo
d w
hose
cha
r-ac
ter
dem
ands
par
ticul
ar r
espe
ct. C
ase
the
exte
rior,
n172
.14,
4"A
rt7.
0N7,
16;;W
Fr.q
wei
ghin
g yo
ur r
eact
ion
to th
e us
e of
mat
eria
ls, t
hege
nera
l sca
le, t
he p
ropo
rtio
n of
one
par
i to
anot
her.
Onc
e in
side
, do
the
sam
e an
d al
so ta
ke n
ote
ofth
e ha
ndlin
g of
ligh
t, bo
th n
atur
al a
nd a
rtifi
cial
.(B
ut d
on't
blam
e th
e ar
chite
ct fo
r th
e fu
rnis
hing
sw
ithou
t che
ckin
g w
ho c
hose
them
.) T
hink
bac
k to
the
prog
ram
and
try
to fo
rm s
ome
impr
essi
on o
fho
w w
ell t
he b
uild
ing
fulfi
lls it
s fu
nctio
n.D
urin
gth
e to
ur, d
on't
hesi
tate
to a
sk th
e ar
chite
ct a
bout
any
aspe
ct o
fth
e bu
ildin
g yo
u fin
d qu
estio
nabl
e.La
ter,
arr
ange
to s
ee th
e bu
ildin
g's
owne
r. T
act-
fully
pro
be fu
rthe
r in
to th
e bu
ildin
g's
func
tion;
try
to d
eter
min
e ho
w th
e jo
b w
ent;
get a
s m
uch
in-
form
atio
n as
you
can
abo
ut c
osts
.If
the
owne
r is
relu
ctan
t to
give
you
spe
cific
figu
res,
at l
east
find
out h
ow c
lose
the
final
cos
t was
to th
e ar
chite
ct's
estim
ate.
But
do
not n
eces
saril
y ta
ke a
ll th
e ow
ner
says
at f
ace
valu
e.If
the
build
ing
cam
e in
hig
h, it
coul
d ha
ve b
een
beca
use
he in
sist
ed o
n ch
ange
s,or
sim
ply
beca
use
build
ing
cost
s in
gen
eral
ros
e be
-tw
een
estim
atin
g an
d bi
ddin
g.F
inal
ly, i
f pos
sibl
e, ta
lk to
the
cont
ract
or. T
ry to
find
out f
rom
him
how
com
plet
e th
e pl
ans
and
spec
ifica
tions
wer
e, w
heth
er th
ey c
ame
in o
n tim
ean
d ge
nera
lly h
ow th
e ar
chite
ct p
erfo
rmed
as
con-
stru
ctio
n ad
min
istr
ator
.B
ut, a
gain
, bew
are.
The
reis
a c
ontin
ual c
old
war
of s
orts
bet
wee
n co
ntra
ctor
san
d ar
chite
cts,
so
carr
y an
am
ple
supp
ly o
f sal
t.S
uch
a pr
oced
ure
may
see
m te
diou
s, b
ut n
obod
ysa
id it
wou
ldn'
t be.
The
mor
e tim
e an
d th
ough
t the
clie
nt p
uts
in, t
he le
ss li
kely
he
is to
mak
e a
mis
take
in h
is c
hoic
e of
an
arch
itect
, the
res
ults
of w
hich
can
only
be
a bu
ildin
g th
at n
eith
er lo
oks,
feel
s, n
orw
ork
wel
l. A
nd th
at is
a te
rrib
ly p
rom
inen
t, te
rrib
lype
rman
ent,
kind
of m
ista
ke to
mak
e.
wha
t arc
htec
tsdo
and
how
to p
ay t
emi
Per
enni
al b
est s
elle
r on
the
publ
icat
ions
list
ofT
he
Am
eric
an In
stitu
te o
fA
rchi
tect
sis
a do
cum
ent
know
n as
B13
1. It
is A
IA's
Sta
ndar
d F
orm
of A
gree
-
men
t Bet
wee
n O
wne
ran
d A
rchi
tect
, and
itis
am
aste
rpie
ce o
f com
pres
sion
.In
B13
1 ca
n be
foun
d a
com
preh
ensi
ve s
tate
men
tof
the
arch
itect
's b
asic
ser
vice
s, a
sum
mar
y of
addi
-tio
nal s
ervi
ces
he is
prep
ared
to o
ffer,
and
a b
rief
list o
f the
ow
ner's
resp
onsi
bilit
ies,
plu
s pr
ovis
ions
rela
ting
to e
very
eve
ntua
lity
from
arb
itrat
ion
tote
rmin
atio
n an
d, o
f cou
rse,
spa
ceto
ent
er th
eag
reed
-upo
n fe
e. B
ehin
d ea
chnu
mbe
red
para
grap
h,m
oreo
ver,
are
deca
des
of c
usto
m, t
radi
tion
and
expe
rienc
e (in
clud
ing
ago
od n
umbe
r of
law
suits
).B
131
can
tell
the
pros
pect
ive
clie
nt a
gre
at d
eal
abou
t the
tim
e-ho
nore
d w
ayof
get
ting
a bu
ildin
gbu
ilt.
But
B13
1 an
d its
com
pani
ondo
cum
ents
can
't te
ll
him
eve
ryth
ing.
Bef
ore
the
clie
nt s
igns
on
the
dotte
d lin
e, h
e ne
eds
mor
eth
an a
brie
f and
lega
l-is
tic s
umm
ary.
He
need
s an
und
erst
andi
ngth
e
deep
er th
e be
tter
of w
hat t
he c
ompl
exan
d
chan
ging
pro
fess
ion
ofar
chite
ctur
e is
all
abou
t.
The
mys
teri
ous
arch
itect
and
his
man
y ha
tsT
here
hav
e be
en fe
w p
olls
abou
t the
imag
e of
the
arch
itect
,bu
t tho
se fe
w h
ave
prod
uced
som
ein
tere
stin
g re
sults
. On
the
one
hand
, the
ysh
ow
that
the
pres
tige
of th
ear
chite
ctur
al p
rofe
ssio
n is
high
; one
sur
vey
plac
ed it
seco
nd o
nly
to m
edic
ine
in p
ublic
est
eem
. On
the
othe
r ha
nd, t
he s
ame
polls
sho
w th
at h
ardl
y an
yone
know
s ex
actly
wha
tth
e ar
chite
ct d
oes.
B13
1 cl
ears
up
som
eof
the
mys
tery
, but
its
brev
ity m
akes
the
arch
itect
'sfu
nctio
n so
und
de-
cept
ivel
y si
mpl
e.lt
brea
ks h
is s
ervi
ces
dow
n in
tofiv
e ph
ases
:1.
In th
e fir
st, s
chem
atic
desi
gn, h
e "c
onsu
ltsw
ith th
e ow
ner
to a
scer
tain
the
requ
irem
ents
of
the
proj
ect,"
pre
pare
ssc
hem
atic
des
ign
stud
ies
and
pres
ents
a S
tate
men
tof
Pro
babl
e C
onst
ruct
ion
Cos
t. 2.In
the
desi
gn d
evel
opm
ent
phas
e, h
e pr
epar
es
desi
gnde
velo
pmen
t doc
umen
ts"c
onsi
stin
gof
draw
ings
and
oth
erdo
cum
ents
to fi
x an
dde
scrib
e
the
size
and
cha
ract
erof
the
entir
e pr
ojec
t"an
d
subm
its a
furt
her
Sta
tem
ent
of P
roba
ble
Con
stru
c-tio
n C
ost.
3.In
the
Con
stru
ctio
nD
ocum
ents
pha
se, t
hear
chite
ct p
repa
res
the
deta
iled
wor
king
dra
win
gsan
d sp
ecifi
catio
ns u
pon
whi
ch th
e co
ntra
ctor
's b
ids
and
the
actu
al c
onst
ruct
ion
will
be
base
d.
4.D
urin
g th
e bi
ddin
g or
nego
tiatio
n ph
ase,
the
arch
itect
ass
ists
the
owne
rin
obt
aini
ng b
ids,
neg
o-tia
ting
prop
osal
s, a
ndaw
ardi
ng a
nd p
repa
ring
con-
stru
ctio
n co
ntra
cts.
5.F
inal
ly, i
n th
e co
nstr
uctio
nph
ase,
adm
inis
tra-
tion
of th
e co
nstr
uctio
nco
ntra
ct, h
e w
atch
esth
e
wor
k its
elf a
nd is
sues
cert
ifica
tes
of p
aym
ent t
oth
e co
ntra
ctor
s as
it p
rogr
esse
s.T
here
are
sev
eral
way
s to
ampl
ify th
is s
pare
desc
riptio
n.O
ne, o
f whi
ch th
ear
chite
ct h
imse
lf
ispa
rtic
ular
ly fo
nd,
isto
poi
nt o
utth
e va
ried
func
tions
whi
ch e
ach
phas
e of
his
ser
vice
sen
tails
.
Thu
s, a
t the
out
set h
e is
an
inve
stig
ator
, fer
retin
gou
t the
clie
nt's
need
s, ta
stes
and
requ
irem
ents
;th
en a
dia
gnos
ticia
n,is
olat
ing
and
defin
ing
the
build
ing
prob
lem
. Nex
the
bec
omes
the
plan
ner,
orga
nizi
ng s
pace
, circ
ulat
ion
and
faci
litie
s to
mee
tth
e ow
ner's
req
uire
men
ts,
and
the
crea
tor,
see
k-in
g to
pro
duce
an
orig
inal
,ev
ocat
ive
and
satis
fyin
gw
ork
of a
rt. F
rom
this
poi
nt o
nhe
is a
lso
a co
ordi
-na
tor,
dire
ctin
g th
ew
ork
of m
ultit
udes
of
othe
rs
from
eng
inee
rs to
craf
tsm
en, a
nd a
n ag
ent,
rep-
rese
ntin
g th
e cl
ient
's in
tere
sts
in th
e pu
rcha
se a
ndus
e of
goo
dsan
d se
rvic
es. D
urin
gco
nstr
uctio
n he
is, t
o so
me
degr
ee, a
polic
eman
, but
he
is a
lso
anar
bitr
ator
of d
ispu
tes
betw
een
the
clie
nt a
ndth
e
cont
ract
ors.
Per
haps
the
mos
t mea
ning
ful w
ayto
wei
gh th
ear
chite
ct's
ser
vice
s is
by
thei
r re
lativ
e co
mpl
exity
and
the
kind
of d
eman
dsth
ey m
ake
on h
im.
In
the
sche
mat
ic d
esig
nph
ase,
muc
h de
pend
s on
the
build
ing
type
.If
itis
a h
ospi
tal,
for
inst
ance
,th
e ar
chite
ct m
ust s
ort
and
inte
rpre
t a m
ass
ofco
mpl
icat
ed d
ata
befo
repe
ncil
touc
hes
pape
r.If
it is
a c
hurc
h, o
nth
e ot
her
hand
, he
will
prob
ably
begi
n th
e pr
oces
s of
desi
gn m
uch
soon
er, s
eeki
nga
form
that
will
exp
ress
the
litur
gica
lpr
inci
ples
that
are
the
core
of th
e pr
ogra
m.
In th
e de
sign
deve
lopm
ent p
hase
, the
arch
itect
mus
t giv
e m
ore
deta
iled
atte
ntio
n to
mat
ters
whi
ch
are,
inth
emse
lves
, bec
omin
gin
crea
sing
ly c
ompl
ex:
-the
str
uctu
re o
f the
build
ing
and
the
mec
hani
cal,
elec
tric
al a
nd a
cous
tical
sys
tem
sw
hich
will
hav
em
uch
to d
o w
ith th
epl
easa
ntne
ss o
f the
inte
rior
spac
es. (
The
yw
ill a
lso
have
muc
h to
do w
ith th
ebu
ildin
g's
cost
:in
som
e ca
ses,
thes
esy
stem
s ac
-
coun
t for
ove
rha
lf th
e to
tal.)
The
sto
re o
f spe
-ci
aliz
edkn
owle
dge
inea
ch o
fth
ese
bran
ches
of b
uild
ing
engi
neer
ing
seem
sto
gro
w g
eom
etri-
cally
as
the
tech
nica
l pap
ers
and
repo
rts
pile
eve
rhi
gher
. The
arc
hite
ct c
an't
poss
ibly
mas
ter
ital
l,
but h
e m
ust b
e aw
are
of te
chni
cal a
dvan
ces
and
unde
rsta
nd th
eir
pote
ntia
lap
plic
atio
n to
des
ign.
Afte
rth
is,
the
cons
truc
tion
docu
men
tsph
ase
mig
ht s
eem
a s
impl
e,if
tedi
ous,
exe
rcis
e.Y
et
the
draw
ings
and
spec
ifica
tions
mus
t con
vey
a pr
e-
cise
ver
bal a
ndgr
aphi
c st
atem
ent o
f the
arch
itect
'sin
tent
ions
, and
thei
rpr
epar
atio
n de
man
ds a
cer
-ta
in c
reat
ive
flair
for
com
mun
icat
ions
. In
choo
sing
mat
eria
ls a
nd e
quip
men
t, m
oreo
ver,
the
arch
itect
cons
tant
ly fa
ces
a be
wild
erin
g ar
ray
of n
ew a
ltern
a-
tives
.If
the
clie
nt d
oubt
s th
is,
let h
im ta
ke a
look
at h
is a
rchi
tect
'sfil
e ca
bine
t of p
rodu
ctlit
erat
ure
and
the
amou
nt a
dded
by a
ny g
iven
day
's m
ail.
Bef
ore
actu
al c
onst
ruct
ion
begi
ns, a
con
trac
tor
mus
t be
sele
cted
,w
hich
is d
one
durin
g th
ebi
ddin
g
or n
egot
iatio
nph
ase.
The
clie
nt m
ayex
tend
an
invi
tatio
n to
sev
eral
qua
lifie
dco
ntra
ctor
s to
bid
, or
he m
ay n
egot
iate
with
one
cont
ract
or, p
icke
dw
ithth
e he
lp o
f the
arc
hite
ct.
In a
ny e
vent
, the
arch
i-
tect
ass
ists
the
clie
nt in
sel
ectin
g th
e co
ntra
ctor
and
also
in p
repa
ring
cons
truc
tion
docu
men
ts in
con
-ju
nctio
n w
ith th
e cl
ient
'sat
torn
ey.
Fin
ally
ther
e is
the
cons
truc
tion
phas
e.Its
de-
man
ds o
n th
e ar
chite
ctde
pend
larg
ely
on th
eco
ntra
ctor
s:if
they
are
ski
lled
and
rece
ptiv
e, c
on-
stru
ctio
n ca
n be
the
exci
ting
clim
ax to
all
that
has
gone
bef
ore;
if th
ey a
re n
ot,
it ca
n be
hel
l.In
eith
er c
ase,
the
arch
itect
mus
t kno
w n
early
as
muc
h ab
out d
ay-t
o-da
ypr
oced
ures
as
the
con-
trac
tors
and
car
e m
ore
abou
t cra
ftsm
ansh
ip th
ando
mos
t wor
kmen
in th
ism
ass-
prod
uCtio
n ag
e.
Por
trai
t of a
pro
fess
ion
in tr
ansi
tion
The
intr
igui
ng th
ing
abou
t the
arch
itect
's s
ervi
ces
is th
at th
ey in
volv
e so
man
yqu
aliti
es n
orm
ally
con
-si
dere
d to
be
oppo
site
s: c
reat
iven
ess
and
prac
tical
-ity
,im
agin
atio
n an
d pr
uden
ce,
indi
vidu
ality
and
grou
p le
ader
ship
,se
nsiti
vity
and
bus
ines
s ac
umen
.T
o pu
t it a
noth
er w
ay, t
hear
chite
ct h
as to
be
part
adm
inis
trat
or, p
art c
onst
ruct
or, p
art
engi
neer
, par
tar
tist.
The
adm
inis
trat
oris
gene
rally
pic
ture
d as
cool
-eye
d an
d co
mpe
tent
; the
con
stru
ctor
as
ven-
ture
som
e an
d ex
trov
erte
d;th
e en
gine
er a
s ab
-st
ract
ed a
nd in
trov
erte
d; th
e ar
tist a
sde
tach
ed a
ndfla
mbo
yant
. The
pic
ture
s do
n't
fitto
geth
er v
ery
easi
ly.
Itis
at o
nce
fasc
inat
ing
and
reve
alin
g th
at th
ear
chite
ct, w
ith a
ll th
is to
thin
kab
out,
is s
erio
usly
cons
ider
ing
taki
ng o
n st
illm
ore.
Tw
o fo
rms
ofex
pans
ion
of th
e ar
chite
ct's
ser
vice
s ar
e no
wbe
ing
disc
usse
d:re
spon
sibi
lity
for
the
desi
gn o
f lar
ger
chun
ks o
f the
phy
sica
l env
ironm
ent
and/
or c
once
rnw
ith th
e ex
tra-
desi
gn p
robl
ems
ofth
e co
mm
erci
alan
d in
dust
rial c
lient
.T
hose
who
wis
h to
take
on
mor
eof
the
envi
ron-
men
t car
ry th
e ba
nner
of u
rban
des
ign.
The
y fe
elth
e ar
chite
ct h
as b
een
conc
erne
d to
olo
ng w
ith th
ecr
eatio
n of
occ
asio
nal g
ems
inth
e sl
ag h
eap
whi
chth
e un
coor
dina
ted,
und
esig
ned
Am
eric
an u
rban
envi
ronm
ent i
s be
com
ing.
Itis
up
to h
im, t
hey
belie
ve, t
o br
oade
n th
e ap
plic
atio
nof
the
arch
i-te
ctur
al p
roce
ss to
ent
irene
ighb
orho
ods,
citi
es a
ndev
en r
egio
ns. W
hat
this
mea
ns to
the
indi
vidu
alcl
ient
is th
at to
day'
s ar
chite
ct is
like
ly to
show
an
unex
pect
ed in
tere
st in
the
impa
ctw
hich
the
build
-in
g w
ill h
ave
on it
s su
rrou
ndin
gs.
Beh
ind
the
seco
nd k
ind
of e
xpan
sion
is th
e ar
chi-
tect
's u
ncom
fort
able
aw
aren
ess
that
a g
ood
man
yof
the
mos
tpo
wer
ful
influ
ence
son
build
ing
have
sim
ply
gotte
n ou
t of h
isco
ntro
l. R
eal e
stat
eec
onom
ics,
taxa
tion,
aut
omat
ion
of th
e in
dust
rial
proc
ess,
eve
npu
blic
rel
atio
ns, t
o gi
ve b
ut a
few
exam
ples
, ofte
n ac
t as
sign
ifica
ntde
term
inan
ts o
fde
sign
; yet
the
arch
itect
isse
ldom
cal
led
in w
hen
the
key
deci
sion
s ab
out t
hem
are
mad
e.T
he
answ
er th
at is
bein
g of
fere
d is
the
broa
deni
ngof
the
arch
itect
's c
ompe
tenc
e to
prov
ide
a w
hole
rang
e of
new
ser
vice
sfe
asib
ility
stu
dies
, ope
ra-
tiona
l pro
gram
min
g, a
ssem
bly
of la
nd a
nd m
oney
,
-77
-
..-j-A
NY
ZV
:',
RE
YN
OLD
S P
HO
TO
GR
AP
HY
, IN
C.
and
a go
od m
any
othe
rsal
l und
er th
e ae
gis
ofpr
ofes
sion
al c
oord
inat
ion
and
coun
sel.
Per
haps
the
best
rul
e of
thum
b fo
r th
ein
divi
dual
clie
nt is
that
the
arch
itect
sho
uld
have
som
e vo
ice
in a
ll de
cisi
ons
whi
ch w
illim
port
antly
influ
ence
the
even
tual
sha
pe a
nd fu
nctio
n of
the
build
ing,
so
that
he d
oes
not e
nter
the
desi
gn p
roce
ssw
ith a
han
dtie
d be
hind
his
bac
k. T
he q
uest
ion
of ju
st h
owfa
r th
e ar
chite
ct s
houl
d go
bey
ond
his
basi
c se
rvic
esde
pend
s on
the
natu
re o
f the
pro
ject
,ho
w m
uch
the
arch
itect
feel
s he
mus
t do
toin
sure
its
suc-
cess
and
how
muc
h th
e cl
ient
con
fiden
tly fe
els
the
arch
itect
can
do
wel
l.T
he e
ssen
tial t
hing
is th
at th
e ex
tent
of th
e ar
chi-
tect
's s
ervi
ces
be th
orou
ghly
talk
ed a
bout
in th
efir
st a
rchi
tect
-clie
nt c
onfe
renc
esan
d sp
elle
d ou
tin
the
cont
ract
bet
wee
n th
e tw
o.E
qual
ly fr
ank
trea
tmen
t sho
uld
be g
iven
the
subj
ect o
f how
muc
h th
e ar
chite
ct is
to b
e pa
id;
the
begi
nnin
g of
a bu
ildin
g pr
ojec
tis
no
time
to b
e ba
shfu
l abo
utdi
scus
sing
mon
ey.
The
del
icat
e m
atte
r of
the
arch
itect
's fe
eT
he tr
aditi
onal
way
to p
ay a
nar
chite
ct fo
r hi
sse
rvic
es is
by
a se
t per
cent
age
ofth
e pr
ojec
t con
-st
ruct
ion
cost
. The
per
cent
age
fee
has
earn
ed it
sw
ide
acce
ptan
ce b
y in
here
nt fa
irnes
s:w
hat t
hecl
ient
pay
s an
d w
hat t
he a
rchi
tect
rec
eive
s ar
e au
to-
mat
ical
ly in
som
e ki
nd o
f pro
port
ion
toth
e pr
ojec
t'ssi
ze a
nd c
ompl
exity
.S
adly
, how
ever
, the
per
-
cent
age
fee
can
som
etim
es r
aise
as
man
ypr
oble
ms
asit
solv
es.
"Eve
rybo
dy c
onsi
ders
pay
men
ts to
con
trac
tors
and
supp
liers
par
t of t
he b
uild
ing'
sco
st,"
sai
d an
arch
itect
rec
ently
with
res
igna
tion.
"T
he p
erce
ntag
efe
e st
icks
the
arch
itect
's p
art o
ut in
the
open
, lik
eso
me
kind
of o
ptio
nal e
xtra
.It'
s to
o ea
sy to
sho
otat
."A
mor
e da
nger
ous
flaw
inth
e sy
stem
was
unde
rline
d at
a m
eetin
g of
arc
hite
cts
and
scho
olad
min
istr
ator
s a
few
yea
rs a
go.
In th
e m
idst
of
a pe
rfec
tly fr
iend
lyex
chan
ge, a
hig
h-sc
hool
sup
er-
inte
nden
t sai
din
his
best
just
-bet
wee
n-us
-boy
sto
ne, "
Of c
ours
e w
e al
l kno
wth
at a
rchi
tect
s ha
veto
kee
p co
sts
up to
a c
erta
inle
vel t
o co
me
out
on th
eir
fees
." E
very
arch
itect
in th
e ro
om tu
rned
apop
lect
ic, a
nd w
ith g
ood
reas
on.
"Hel
l," s
aid
one
late
r, "
I did
asc
hool
for
that
cha
ract
er o
nce,
and
I spe
nt h
alf m
y tim
e kn
ocki
ngdo
wn
his
wild
idea
s.If
he'd
had
his
way
, the
sch
ool
wou
ld h
ave
cost
just
abo
ut tw
ice
the
budg
et."
The
am
ount
of t
he p
erce
ntag
e de
pend
s on
anu
mbe
r of
var
iabl
es, n
otab
ly th
e pr
ojec
t'slo
catio
n,si
ze a
nd c
ompl
exity
.It
can
rang
e fr
om 3
or
4pe
rcen
t for
a b
ig b
ut s
impl
ew
areh
ouse
to 1
2 or
15 p
erce
nt fo
r a
smal
l but
com
plic
ated
rese
arch
labo
rato
ry. T
he a
cros
s-th
e-bo
ard
aver
age
(not
tobe
use
d as
a g
uide
) ha
s be
en e
stim
ated
at
betw
een
6 an
d 8
perc
enta
goo
d de
al le
ssth
an m
ost c
on-
trac
tors
allo
w in
thei
r bi
ds fo
rpr
ofit
and
over
head
,an
d ab
out a
third
of w
hat t
he a
uto
and
airc
raft
indu
strie
s in
vest
in p
rodu
ct d
esig
n. M
ost
loca
l AIA
chap
ters
hav
e dr
awn
up r
ecom
men
ded
min
imum
fee
sche
dule
s w
hich
pro
vide
use
ful
guid
ance
. The
AlA
sug
gest
s th
at a
rchi
tect
s w
hodo
not
use
thes
esc
hedu
les
prin
t the
ir ow
n to
dis
cour
age
unpr
o-fe
ssio
nal h
aggl
ing.
The
per
cent
age
fee
is th
e m
etho
d of
pay
men
tco
vere
d by
AIA
Doc
umen
t B13
1. T
here
are
two
othe
rs u
sed
wid
ely
enou
gh to
hav
e st
anda
rdfo
rms
of th
eir
own:
the
Mul
tiple
of D
irect
Per
sonn
el E
x-pe
nse,
B23
1; a
nd th
eP
rofe
ssio
nal F
ee P
lus
Exp
ense
s,B
331.
Und
er th
e pr
ovis
ions
of B
231,
the
arch
itect
adds
up th
esa
larie
s of
his
per
sonn
el fo
r th
e tim
e sp
ent
on th
e pr
ojec
t, pl
us th
e co
stof
all
cons
ultin
g se
rv-
ices
, and
mul
tiplie
s th
e to
tals
by
a m
utua
lly a
gree
-ab
le fa
ctor
to a
rriv
e at
the
fee
(AIA
sug
gest
sth
em
ultip
liers
be
not l
ess
than
2.5
for
pers
onne
l, 1.
25fo
r co
nsul
tant
s).
Thi
s m
etho
d ca
n be
esp
ecia
llyus
eful
if th
e sc
ope
of th
e pr
ojec
tan
d th
e ex
tent
of th
e ar
chite
ct's
ser
vice
s ar
e ha
rd to
pre
dict
,bu
tit
requ
ires
care
ful b
ookk
eepi
ng b
yth
e ar
chite
ctan
d co
nsta
nt a
uditi
ng b
y th
e cl
ient
.U
nder
the
prof
essi
onal
fee-
plus
-exp
ense
s-sy
stem
,th
e ar
chite
ct h
imse
lf is
pai
d a
sepa
rate
fee
for
his
pers
onal
ser
vice
s, a
nd a
lso
paid
a m
ultip
leof
dire
ctpe
rson
nel e
xpen
ses
and
cons
ulta
nts'
cos
ts.
(The
mul
tiple
of p
erso
nnel
exp
ense
sis
gen
eral
ly lo
wer
,be
caus
e th
e pr
inci
pal's
rol
e is
take
n ca
reof
in h
ispe
rson
al fe
e.)
The
per
sona
l fee
may
be
a lu
mp
sum
, or
a lu
mp
sum
cov
erin
gso
me
of th
e ar
chi-
tect
's o
wn
cont
ribut
ions
and
an
hour
ly r
ate
cove
ring
othe
rs. T
he v
alue
of t
his
met
hod
is th
atit
give
sth
e cl
ient
free
r ac
cess
to th
e ad
vice
and
cons
ulta
-tio
n of
the
arch
itect
than
do
the
othe
rs;
its d
isad
-va
ntag
e is
that
itis
the
leas
t cle
ar-c
ut m
etho
dof
payi
ng a
rchi
tect
s.T
here
are
a fe
w e
xtra
s. T
he c
lient
is e
xpec
ted
tore
imbu
rse
the
arch
itect
for
such
inci
dent
alex
-
pens
es a
str
avel
and
to p
ay th
e bi
lls fo
r si
te s
ur-
veys
,so
il bo
rings
and
oth
er s
uch
repo
rts
and
test
s.B
131
also
con
tain
s a
16-s
ubpa
ragr
aph
list o
f "ad
di-
tiona
l,"th
ough
non
expa
nded
, ser
vice
s sp
ecia
lsu
rvey
s or
ana
lyse
sof
pro
gram
req
uire
men
ts, a
lter-
atio
n of
alre
ady-
appr
oved
doc
umen
ts to
acc
omm
o-da
te la
st-m
inut
e ch
ange
s an
d su
gges
ts th
eybe
paid
for
at a
mul
tiple
of th
e ar
chite
ct's
cos
ts.
B13
1 al
so s
tipul
ates
that
pay
men
t to
the
arch
i-te
ct b
egin
at t
he fi
rst c
onsu
ltatio
n,w
ith a
min
imum
of 5
per
cent
of t
he to
tal f
ee, a
nd c
ontin
ue m
onth
lyac
cord
ing
to a
cum
ulat
ive
sche
dule
: 15
perc
ent t
obe
pai
d by
the
end
of th
e sc
hem
atic
des
ign
phas
e,35
per
cent
to b
e pa
id b
y th
e en
dof
des
ign
deve
lop-
men
t, 75
per
cent
by
com
plet
ion
of c
or r
uctio
ndo
cum
ents
, 80
perc
ent b
y bi
ddin
g or
neg
otia
tion
phas
e an
d th
e ba
lanc
e by
the
end
of c
onst
ruct
ion.
Initi
al p
aym
ents
are
bas
ed o
n an
educ
ated
gue
ssof
wha
t the
bui
ldin
g w
ill e
vent
ually
cos
t.S
uch
an e
duca
ted
gues
s, o
r ev
en a
firm
est
i-m
ate,
is in
varia
bly
one
of th
e fir
st th
ings
the
clie
ntse
eks
from
the
arch
itect
: how
muc
h m
oney
for
the
build
ing
or,
if th
e bu
dget
has
its
abso
lute
lim
its,
how
muc
h bu
ildin
g fo
r th
e m
oney
?A
bout
all
the
arch
itect
can
tell
him
is w
hat b
uild
ings
of a
sim
ilar
size
and
nat
ure
have
cos
t lat
ely
inth
e pr
ojec
t's lo
-ca
lity.
In th
e de
sign
pro
cess
, the
siz
ean
d na
ture
of th
e bu
ildin
g m
ay c
hang
e be
yond
eith
er th
ear
chite
ct's
or
clie
nt's
wild
est i
mag
inin
gs.
And
by
the
time
draw
ings
and
spe
cific
atio
nsar
e co
m-
plet
ed, t
he "
bidd
ing
clim
ate"
the
rela
tive
hun-
ger
or s
atie
tyof
con
trac
tors
at a
giv
en m
omen
tm
ay c
hang
edr
astic
ally
.It
can,
infa
ct, c
hang
eov
erni
ght,
a fa
ct w
hich
man
yar
chite
cts
and
clie
nts
have
dis
cove
red
to th
eir
join
t fis
cal
dist
ress
.
Pro
tect
ing
the
inte
rest
sof
bot
h pa
rtie
sT
here
is, o
f cou
rse
noth
ing
sacr
ed a
bout
the
stan
-da
rd a
rchi
tect
-clie
nt a
gree
men
t for
ms.
AIA
itse
lfre
vise
s th
em p
erio
dica
lly; t
hey
are
ofte
n m
odifi
edin
one
way
or
anot
her
for
indi
vidu
al p
roje
cts;
and
som
etim
es th
ey a
re n
ot u
sed
at a
ll.B
ut th
e ba
sic
grou
nd r
ules
est
ablis
hed
inth
e st
anda
rd fo
rms
shou
ld n
ot b
e di
scar
ded
light
ly.
The
y ha
ve b
een
care
fully
dra
wn
with
the
inte
rest
sof
bot
h ar
chite
ctan
d cl
ient
inm
ind,
and
thei
r w
ide
acce
ptan
cesp
eaks
wel
l for
thei
r fa
irnes
san
d ut
ility
.S
ome
of th
eir
prov
isio
ns m
ay s
eem
at
first
to b
est
acke
d in
favo
r of
the
arch
itect
, but
inth
e en
dtu
rn o
ut to
be
just
ified
.F
or e
xam
ple,
the
con-
trac
t sta
tes
that
.dra
win
gsan
d sp
ecifi
catio
ns r
emai
nth
e pr
oper
ty o
f the
arc
hite
ct a
nd c
anno
tbe
use
dag
ain
with
out h
is w
ritte
n pe
rmis
sion
.It
is a
min
orm
atte
r, b
ut th
e cl
ient
may
feel
he
has
boug
ht a
ndpa
id fo
r th
ese.
The
arc
hite
ct's
pos
ition
is th
at h
eis
rend
erin
g a
serv
ice,
not
sel
ling
draw
ings
,an
d
that
the
docu
men
ts a
re in
stru
men
tsof
ser
vice
,no
t mer
chan
dise
.H
is m
ain
purp
ose
is to
pro
tect
the
uniq
uene
ss o
f the
bui
ldin
g ag
ains
t pira
cy b
ya
third
par
ty.
A m
ore
serio
us s
ourc
e of
con
cern
isth
at th
est
anda
rd fo
rm o
f agr
eem
ents
mak
es o
nly
one
ref-
eren
ce to
tim
e, a
nd th
at is
the
prov
isio
n th
at th
ecl
ient
sha
ll re
nder
his
dec
isio
ns "
prom
ptly
, to
avoi
dun
reas
onab
le d
elay
in th
e pr
ogre
ss o
f the
arch
i-te
ct's
wor
k."
The
re is
not
hing
to g
uard
aga
inst
un-
reas
onab
le d
elay
on
the
part
of t
he a
rchi
tect
him
-se
lf. Thi
s do
es s
eem
rat
her
one-
side
d, a
nd y
etth
ear
chite
ct, a
t the
beg
inni
ngof
a p
roje
ct, h
as a
sm
uch
diffi
culty
gue
ssin
g ho
w lo
ng it
will
take
as
he d
oes
estim
atin
g its
fina
l cos
t. H
e do
esn'
t rea
llykn
ow w
heth
er th
e cl
ient
kno
ws
his
own
requ
ire-
men
ts a
nd w
heth
er h
e w
ill b
e re
ticen
t or
garr
ulou
sin
dis
cuss
ing
them
; whe
ther
the
job
will
rea
lly tu
rnou
t to
be a
s fe
arso
mel
y co
mph
cate
d as
it fir
st lo
oks;
whe
ther
the
cont
ract
or c
hose
n w
ill b
e fa
st o
r sl
ow,
etc.
The
re a
re s
ome
part
s of
the
arch
itect
ural
pro
c-es
s th
at c
an b
e ke
pt to
a fa
irly
tight
sche
dule
, suc
has
pro
duct
ion
of c
ontr
act
docu
men
ts, h
ut th
ere
are
othe
rs w
hich
it is
folly
to r
ush,
suc
h as
des
ign.
74"7
how
to tu
en a
pro
, em
Thi
s is
a b
ewild
erin
g tim
e in
whi
ch to
bui
ld. T
ech-
nolo
gy h
as g
iven
arc
hite
cts
the
abili
ty to
con
stru
ctju
st a
bout
eve
ryth
ing
they
cho
ose
to d
esig
n, a
ndar
chite
cts
seem
to b
e tr
ying
just
abou
t eve
ryth
ing
at o
nce.
Beh
ind
this
expl
osio
n of
mis
cella
ny, m
ore-
over
, are
som
edi
fferin
g op
inio
ns a
bout
the
very
defin
ition
of t
he te
rm "
mod
ern
arch
itect
ure.
"T
o so
me
arch
itect
s th
em
oder
n m
ovem
ent m
eans
noth
ing
less
than
a to
tally
new
appr
oach
to th
epr
oces
s of
arch
itect
ure,
in w
hich
sty
le a
ssu
ch is
disr
egar
ded
and
desi
gn g
row
s ou
tof
an
inve
sti-
gatio
n of
the
prob
lem
at
hand
. To
othe
rs, m
oder
nar
chite
ctur
e is
itse
lf a
styl
e;fu
nctio
n is
not
to b
eig
nore
d, b
ut th
e m
ain
thin
g is
togi
ve th
e bu
ildin
ga
"com
pelli
ngim
age.
"M
ost a
rchi
tect
s st
and
som
ewhe
re in
bet
wee
n th
etw
o ex
trem
es. T
hey
stan
d, to
bor
row
a m
etap
hor
from
a p
rom
inen
t arc
hite
ctur
aled
ucat
or, s
ome-
whe
re in
the
mid
st o
f adi
amon
d. T
he fo
ur c
orne
rsof
the
diam
ond
are
esth
etic
s (w
hat t
he b
uild
ing
shou
ld lo
ok a
nd fe
el li
ke),
tech
nolo
gy (
how
it c
anbe
bui
lt an
d its
inte
rior
envi
ronm
ent c
ontr
olle
d),
econ
omic
s (t
he li
mita
tions
of th
e bu
dget
) an
d fu
nc-
tion
(wha
t the
bui
ldin
gis
to d
o).
Eac
h co
rner
exer
ts a
mag
netic
forc
e on
the
arch
itect
,an
d hi
sou
tlook
larg
ely
depe
nds
onth
e de
gree
of h
is r
e-sp
onse
to th
e tu
gsof
one
ove
r th
e ot
hers
.T
here
is n
othi
ng in
the
rule
s to
say
that
the
clie
ntca
n't d
o a
little
tugg
ing
too,
prov
idin
g he
kno
ws
wha
t he
is a
bout
. For
the
arch
itect
's p
lace
with
inth
e di
amon
d, a
s w
e sh
all s
ee,
affe
cts
ever
y st
ep o
f
the
conc
eptu
al c
onst
ruct
ion
of th
e bu
ildin
g, fr
omea
rly a
rchi
tect
-clie
ntco
nfer
ence
s, to
dev
elop
men
tof
the
prog
ram
, to
itsin
terp
reta
tion
in s
chem
atic
desi
gn, t
o th
e fix
ing
ofth
e de
sign
in p
relim
inar
ypl
ans
and
spec
ifica
tions
, to
the
prep
arat
ion
of th
efin
al c
ontr
act d
ocum
ents
.
The
rig
ht a
nd w
rong
way
sof
tugg
ing
an a
rchi
tect
Whe
n th
e B
ritis
h au
thor
and
criti
c N
ikol
aus
Pev
s-ne
r sp
oke
at a
nA
lA c
onve
ntio
n, h
e sa
idth
at th
egr
eat a
ges
ofar
chite
ctur
e ha
ve d
epen
ded
asm
uch
on k
now
ledg
eabl
ecl
ient
s as
on
the
flow
erin
gof
arch
itect
ural
gen
ius.
"T
oday
,"D
r. P
evsn
er a
dded
,
"clie
nts
tend
to b
e to
otim
id."
The
y "t
ake
the
arch
itect
's v
isio
n w
ith r
athe
rle
ss c
heck
ing
of th
efu
lfillm
ent o
f the
brie
f tha
n th
eyou
ght L
o dc
"D
r. P
evsn
er's
dec
lara
tion
prob
ably
cam
e as
asu
rpris
e to
a g
ood
man
yA
mer
ican
arc
hite
cts.
The
gian
ts m
ay b
e ab
le to
trea
tth
eir
clie
nts
cava
lierly
;bu
t som
e hi
ghly
com
pete
ntpr
actit
ione
rs, u
npro
-te
cted
by
repu
tatio
ns fo
r ge
nius
,ge
t a g
ood
deal
of
shov
ing
arou
nd in
this
cou
ntry
.F
or e
very
arc
hite
ctw
ho fo
llow
s hi
s "v
isio
n" to
the
disa
dvan
tage
of t
hebu
ildin
g's
func
tion,
ther
e ar
eot
hers
who
are
pus
hed
by th
e cl
ient
into
doi
ngth
ings
they
kno
w a
rem
ista
kes.
"Arc
hite
ctur
e,"
said
one
of
the
prof
es-
sion
's le
ader
s a
few
yea
rs a
go,
"is 9
0 pe
rcen
t clie
ntco
ntro
l."T
he c
lient
mus
t str
ike
ara
ther
del
icat
e ba
lanc
e.O
n th
e on
e ha
nd, h
e ca
nnot
let h
imse
lf be
"co
n-tr
olle
d" to
the
poin
t whe
reth
e bu
ildin
g be
com
esno
long
er h
is,
but s
olel
y th
e ar
chite
ct's
.O
n th
eot
her,
pre
sum
ing
that
he
has
chos
en a
n ar
chite
ctof
som
e ta
lent
, he
shou
ld n
otha
mst
ring
the
tale
ntto
the
poin
t whe
rehe
is n
o lo
nger
get
ting
his
mon
ey's
wor
th in
term
sof
des
ign
qual
ity.
One
clu
e to
this
bal
ance
lies
in a
rec
ogni
tion
ofw
hat e
ach
part
y br
ings
toth
e ta
ble
whe
n ar
chi-
tect
and
clie
nt s
itdo
wn
to th
e pr
oces
s of
pro
gram
-in
g an
d de
sign
. The
clie
nt, f
irst o
f all,
brin
gs th
em
oney
to b
uild
the
build
ing,
whi
ch is
no
smal
l con
-tr
ibut
ion.
He
shou
ld p
ut it
on
the
tabl
e, a
t lea
st in
the
figur
ativ
e se
nse,
giv
ing
the
arch
itect
a c
lear
and
firm
idea
of e
xact
lyw
hat h
e w
ants
to s
pend
.M
ore
than
one
clie
ntha
s sh
ortc
hang
ed h
imse
lfby
cann
ily s
ettin
g as
ide
a se
cret
cont
inge
ncy
fund
and
thus
impo
sing
a n
eedl
ess
limita
tion
on b
oth
the
arch
itect
and
the
build
ing.
Oth
ers
have
was
ted
thei
r ow
n tim
e an
d th
ear
chite
ct's
by
talk
ing
big
at th
e ou
tset
,th
en s
pend
ing
smal
l whe
nth
e ch
ips
are
dow
n.N
or s
houl
d th
is fu
llfin
anci
al d
iscl
osur
e en
d w
ithth
e co
nstr
uctio
n bu
dget
.M
ost d
esig
n de
cisi
ons
requ
ire th
at a
thre
e-w
ayba
lanc
e be
str
uck
amon
gin
itial
cos
t, ev
entu
al c
ost
and
the
cost
of m
oney
. Ahi
gh-p
riced
doo
rkno
b m
ay tu
rn o
ut to
be a
bar
gain
if it
will
req
uire
less
mai
nten
ance
than
a lo
w-p
riced
alte
rnat
ive
over
the
life
of th
ebu
ildin
g. T
he s
avin
gsin
mai
nten
ance
, on
the
othe
r ha
nd, m
ay b
e m
ore
than
offs
et b
y th
e co
st to
the
clie
nt o
f kee
ping
extr
a m
oney
tied
up
tobu
y do
zens
of h
igh-
pric
eddo
orkn
obs.
The
arc
hite
ct c
anhe
lp s
trik
e th
e ba
l-an
ce, b
ut o
nly
if he
kno
ws
the
clie
nt's
com
plet
efin
anci
al p
ictu
re.
The
clie
nt a
lso
brin
gs a
nun
mat
ched
kno
wle
dge
of h
ow h
e lik
es to
run
his
busi
r,E
ven
thou
gh h
em
ay n
ot b
e a
reig
ning
exp
ert i
n hi
s fie
ld,
he k
now
sbe
tter
than
any
one
else
wha
tki
nd o
f rou
tine,
wha
tki
nd o
f fac
ilitie
s, s
uit h
imbe
st. H
e sh
ould
not
clin
gto
thes
e ol
d pa
ttern
s no
mat
ter
wha
t, bu
t he
shou
ldde
scrib
eth
emth
orou
ghly
and
defe
ndth
em
stau
nchl
yun
tilso
met
hing
dem
onst
rabl
ybe
tter
com
es a
long
.F
inal
ly, b
usin
ess
asid
e, h
ebr
ings
a s
et o
f ind
i-vi
dual
tast
es a
nd r
eact
ions
tosu
ch th
ings
as
ma-
teria
ls,
colo
rs, w
indo
ws,
eve
ndo
orkn
obs.
Som
eof
his
tast
es m
ay h
ave
tobe
sac
rific
ed to
the
succ
ess
of th
e bu
ildin
g as
aw
hole
, but
they
sho
uld
beun
asha
med
ly e
xpre
ssed
and
resp
ectfu
lly li
sten
edto
. The
fact
that
the
clie
nt m
ay n
ot k
now
muc
hab
out a
rchi
tect
ure
shou
ld n
otke
ep h
im fr
om s
ay-
ing
wha
t he
likes
.T
he a
rchi
tect
, for
his
par
t,br
ings
to th
e ta
ble
the
entir
e ra
nge
of p
rofe
ssio
nal
skill
s fo
r w
hich
he w
as c
hose
n, p
lus
a fe
w tr
aits
of m
ind
that
are
espe
cial
ly h
elpf
ul d
urin
g th
eea
rly d
esig
n st
age.
He
carr
ies
a m
enta
lca
talo
g of
mat
eria
ls, e
quip
-m
ent a
nd s
truc
tura
l sys
tem
sw
hich
ofte
n en
able
shi
m to
mak
e a
quic
k ju
dgm
ent o
nw
heth
er a
giv
enid
ea is
pro
mis
ing
or im
prac
tical
.H
e is
als
o lik
ely
to h
ave
the
abili
ty to
take
line
s an
d di
men
sion
san
d in
tuiti
vely
tran
slat
e th
emin
to s
pace
s, p
redi
ct-
ing
with
som
e de
gree
of a
ccur
acy
how
the
spac
esw
ill lo
ok a
nd fe
el.
Tra
nsla
tion
of th
is s
ort,
in fa
ct, i
spr
obab
ly g
oing
on in
the
min
ds o
f bot
h pa
rtie
s as
they
begi
n to
disc
uss
the
build
ing
prob
lem
inde
tail.
Itis
one
reas
on w
hy th
e co
ncep
tof
the
bu:;c
ling
prog
ram
wha
t Dr.
Pev
sner
cal
led
the
clie
nt's
"br
ief"
is
curr
ently
und
ergo
ing
cons
ider
able
chan
ge.
How
to a
naly
ze fu
nctio
n, m
easu
rabl
ean
d ot
herw
ise
The
pro
gram
's b
asic
pur
pose
, of c
ours
e, is
tode
fine
the
func
tion
of th
e bu
ildin
g in
det
ail.
The
chan
ges
ii,th
e pr
ogra
min
g pr
oces
s re
flect
an
expa
nsio
n of
the
conc
ept o
f fun
ctio
nits
elf.
The
trad
ition
am
eani
ng o
f fun
ctio
n w
as to
acc
omm
odat
eth
esp
ecifi
c ac
tiviti
es w
hich
the
build
ing
mus
t ser
ve.
The
new
con
cept
s of
func
tion
are
no le
ssre
al, b
utth
ey a
re m
uch
mor
e di
fficu
lt to
red
uce
to a
num
-be
red
list o
n a
shee
t of p
aper
.F
or th
e sa
ke o
f sim
plic
ity, t
ake
the
exam
ple
ofa
med
ium
-siz
ere
gion
al h
eadq
uart
ers
for
an in
sur-
ance
com
pany
. The
owne
r's m
easu
rabl
e re
quire
-m
ents
incl
ude
cler
ical
lofts
,ex
ecut
ive
offic
es,
sale
smen
's b
ullp
ens,
con
fere
nce
room
s an
d pu
blic
rece
ptio
n ar
eas
all r
elat
ivel
y ea
sy fo
r th
e cl
ient
to li
st a
nd th
e ar
chite
ct to
con
vert
into
gro
ss fl
oor
area
s on
the
basi
s of
hea
d co
unts
and
empl
oym
ent
proj
ectio
ns.
But
the
arch
itect
is n
ot s
impl
y pr
ovid
ing
wor
k-in
g sp
ace;
he
is (
or s
houl
d be
) pr
ovid
ing
aw
ork-
ing
envi
ronm
ent.
He
need
s to
kno
w a
good
dea
l,th
eref
ore,
abo
ut th
e co
mpa
ny's
per
sonn
elpo
licie
s.H
e ne
eds
to k
now
how
eas
yem
ploy
ees
are
tofin
d, s
o th
at h
e an
d th
e co
mpa
ny c
ande
cide
how
far
to g
o in
pro
vidi
ng a
men
ities
that
mak
e th
ebu
ildin
g its
elf a
frin
ge b
enef
it. H
e ne
eds
to'k
now
,to
wha
teve
r ex
tent
ispr
actic
al, t
he ta
stes
and
pre
f-er
ence
s of
his
invi
sibl
ecl
ient
sth
ose
who
will
use
the
build
ing
as w
ell a
s th
ose
of th
e cl
ient
-ow
ners
acr
oss
the
tabl
e.T
he a
rran
gem
ent a
nd a
ppoi
ntm
ents
of
offic
esin
evita
bly
will
pro
clai
m th
e st
atus
of t
hose
who
oc-
cupy
them
(th
e pr
ogra
min
gof
a n
ew b
uild
ing
thus
can
touc
h of
f a c
risis
in o
ffice
pol
itics
that
mak
esa
Latin
-Am
eric
anpa
lace
rev
olt s
eem
mild
).T
hear
chite
ct h
as to
kno
w a
gre
at d
eal m
ore
abou
t the
com
pany
hie
rarc
hy th
anth
e or
gani
zatio
n ch
art w
illte
ll hi
m.
Fin
ally
, eve
ry a
spec
t of t
he b
uild
ing
will
con
vey
o m
essa
geab
out t
he n
atur
e of
the
com
pany
.T
heci
ent a
nd a
rchi
tect
sho
uld
have
a c
lear
und
er-
stan
ding
of w
hat t
his
mes
sage
is to
be. B
oth
mus
tre
aliz
e th
at th
e ca
re w
ith w
hich
the
build
ing
:ssi
ted
and
desi
gned
in r
elat
ion
to it
ssu
rrou
ndin
gsw
ill s
peak
vol
umes
abo
ut th
e co
mpa
ny's
rega
rd fo
rth
e co
mm
unity
.A
n of
fice
build
ing
is a
rel
ativ
ely
elem
enta
ry e
x-am
ple
of th
e ne
ed fo
r de
pth
and
brea
dth
in p
ro-
gram
ing.
Oth
er ty
pes
hosp
itals
,sc
hool
s,fa
c-to
ries,
labo
rato
ries
call
for
ago
od d
eal o
f stu
dybe
fore
even
the
mea
sura
ble
requ
irem
ents
can
be s
et d
own.
Pro
gres
s in
hea
lth, i
ned
ucat
ion,
inin
dust
rial p
roce
sses
, in
rese
arch
has
bee
n so
rapi
dth
at th
e cl
ient
is a
lmos
t alw
ays
forc
ed to
mak
e a
com
plet
e re
-exa
min
atio
n of
pas
t pro
cedu
res
befo
rehe
fixe
s fu
ture
pat
tern
s of
act
ivity
in a
new
build
-in
g.It
is g
ener
ally
a g
ood
idea
ifth
e ar
chite
ct is
invo
lved
in th
at r
e-ex
amin
atio
n.
The
rol
e of
the
arch
itect
as
a di
agno
stic
ian
The
arc
hite
ct, t
hen,
has
a lo
t to
lear
n ab
out e
very
new
bui
ldin
g si
tuat
ion.
Eac
h ha
s hi
s ow
n w
ay o
fgo
ing
abou
t it.
Som
e fir
ms
empl
oy s
taff
expe
rts
in th
eir
field
s of
spe
cial
izat
ion.
(O
ne in
Cal
iforn
ia,
for
exam
ple,
who
doe
s a
grea
t dea
l of s
pace
-age
wor
k, h
as s
uch
nona
rchi
tect
ural
type
s as
aero
-dy-
nam
icis
ts a
nd in
ertia
l gui
danc
e en
gine
ers
onits
perm
anen
t pay
roll.
)S
ome
mak
e a
prac
tice
ofw
hole
sale
inte
rrog
atio
n of
eve
ryon
e in
an
orga
ni-
zatio
n, fr
om s
hipp
ing
cler
ks to
cha
irman
of th
e
RO
GE
R S
TU
RT
E"A
NT
boar
d. S
ome
are
look
ing
into
the
use
of c
ompu
ters
to s
ort t
he m
ass
of p
rogr
am d
ata
invo
lved
in la
rge,
com
plic
ated
pro
ject
s.A
gro
win
g nu
mbe
r of
arc
hite
cts
are
actu
ally
taki
ng o
ver
the
job
of w
ritin
g th
e pr
ogra
m, c
om-
plet
ely
reve
rsin
g th
e ol
d or
der
of th
ings
. A T
exas
arch
itect
who
like
s to
wor
k th
is w
ay c
alls
the
pro-
gram
the
"arc
hite
ctur
aldi
agno
sis.
" W
hat s
elf-
re-
spec
ting
doct
or, h
e as
ks, w
ould
pre
scrib
e a
rem
edy
on th
e ba
sis
of w
hat t
he p
atie
ntth
inks
he
need
s,w
ithou
t mak
ing
his
own
prof
essi
onal
exa
min
atio
n?T
he d
iagn
ostic
app
roac
h, w
hich
nor
mal
ly r
e-qu
ires
som
e ad
just
men
t of t
he b
asic
fee
sche
dule
,ef
fect
ivel
y bl
urs
the
line
betw
een
prog
ram
ing
and
desi
gn. A
ny b
road
enin
g of
the
arch
itect
's in
volv
e-m
ent i
n pr
ogra
min
g, in
fact
, rai
ses
the
ques
tion
ofw
heth
er s
uch
a lin
e re
ally
exi
sts.
Eve
ry ti
me
the
rang
e of
pro
blem
s is
narr
owed
dow
n by
the
arch
itect
or
clie
nt, a
des
ign
deci
sion
has
been
mad
e. W
heth
er p
enci
l tou
ches
dra
win
gpa
per,
an
act o
f des
ign
occu
rsw
hene
ver
one
prob
-le
m is
rec
ogni
zed
as s
igni
fican
t or
anot
her
is s
etas
ide
as ir
rele
vant
. An
east
ern
arch
itect
ural
dean
stat
ed th
e po
int s
omew
hat m
ore
poet
ical
ly a
t an
AlA
con
vent
ion.
"T
he a
rtis
t alw
ays
igno
res
cert
ain
prob
lem
s, a
ddre
ssin
g hi
mse
lf to
a s
elec
ted
few
,"he
sai
d. "
He
proc
eeds
to s
olve
thes
e so
elo
quen
tly
i
that
eve
ryon
e un
ders
tand
s th
e st
atem
ent
and
itstr
uly
glor
ious
sol
utio
n."
The
clie
nt h
ad b
ette
r re
aliz
eth
atal
lof
this
is g
oing
on
as h
e an
d th
ear
chite
ct c
onfe
r.H
e
need
s to
be
cons
ciou
s of
the
influ
ence
whi
ch e
ven
the
earli
est d
ecis
ions
will
hav
e on
the
even
tual
shap
e,th
e ev
entu
alut
ility
,an
d no
tle
ast,
the
even
tual
cos
t of t
he b
uild
ing.
Oth
erw
ise,
he m
aybe
in fo
r a
shoc
k w
hen
the
arch
itect
wal
ks in
with
the
fir§t
dra
win
gs.
It is
a d
iffic
ult m
omen
t at
best
. The
clie
nt h
aspo
ured
fort
h hi
s w
ants
and
need
s, th
e ar
chite
ct h
aspr
obed
and
mul
led,
they
hav
e re
ache
dve
rbal
agre
emen
t on
a ge
nera
lap
proa
chan
d su
dden
lyth
ere
it is
, as
spec
ific
as b
lack
line
s on
whi
te p
aper
(or
even
in th
e m
ore
spec
ific
form
of a
stu
dym
odel
). S
omet
imes
, of c
ours
e,th
e cl
ient
see
s on
the
pape
r ex
actly
wha
t he
wan
ted,
inte
rpre
ted
with
mor
e ar
tistr
y th
anhe
cou
ld h
ave
imag
ined
. But
mor
e of
ten,
the
clie
ntlo
oks
at th
e dr
awin
gs w
itha
grea
t dea
l of u
ncer
tain
tyan
d pe
rhap
s a
tinge
of p
anic
.Is
this
wha
t he
and
the
arch
itect
hav
ebe
en ta
lkin
g ab
out?
Will
he
real
lylik
e it
whe
n it'
sbu
ilt?
At t
his
poin
t, re
colle
ctio
n of
afe
w s
impl
e po
ints
may
hel
p to
eas
eth
e pa
nic:
1. T
hese
are
the
first
, not
the
final
, dra
win
gs.
The
y ar
e si
mpl
y an
inte
rmed
iate
ste
p in
the
con-
tinui
ng p
roce
ss o
f des
ign.
-`
BA
LTA
ZA
R K
OR
AB
2. T
his
is a
gen
eral
sch
eme
for
dr s
hape
and
arra
ngem
ent o
fth
e bu
ildin
g, n
ot a
com
plet
ede
-
sign
. The
clie
ntsh
ould
avo
id g
ettin
g ca
ught
up
inde
tails
that
imm
edia
tely
catc
h (o
r re
pel)
his
eye.
3. T
his
is n
o tim
e to
be
bash
ful.
It is
the
clie
nt's
turn
to b
e th
e in
terr
ogat
or, t
oas
k th
e ar
chite
ct th
ew
hys
and
whe
refo
res
of e
very
asp
ect o
f the
de-
sign
whi
ch tr
oubl
eshi
m. Q
uest
ions
are
bes
t re-
solv
ed n
ow b
efor
e ch
ange
sbe
com
e ex
pens
ive.
Thi
s is
a b
ad ti
me
to h
urry
thin
gs.
For
onc
e th
esc
hem
atic
des
ign
is a
ppro
ved,
the
econ
omic
and
tech
nolo
gica
l cor
ners
of t
hear
chite
ctur
al d
iam
ond
assu
me
incr
easi
ng im
port
ance
.
Pre
limin
ary
plan
s an
d "p
roba
ble
stat
emen
ts"
The
arc
hite
ct a
lread
y w
ill h
ave
chec
ked
the
feas
i-bi
lity
of th
e ov
eral
lsc
hem
e w
ith h
is e
ngin
eers
,bu
t now
they
mus
t get
dow
n to
the
com
plic
ated
deta
ils o
f how
the
build
ing
and
itsse
rvic
es a
re to
be p
ut to
geth
er. S
ome
gene
ral
deci
sion
s w
ill h
ave
been
mad
e ab
out m
ater
ials
and
equi
pmen
t, bu
tno
w th
e tim
e ha
sar
rived
for
spec
ific
choi
ces
ofm
ajor
item
s.D
imen
sion
s ar
eha
rden
ed, r
ough
edge
s sm
ooth
ed d
own,
and
the
arch
itect
goe
s ba
ckto
the
clie
nt, t
his
time
carr
ying
prel
imin
ary
plan
san
d ou
tline
spe
cific
atio
ns.
The
gro
und
rule
s ca
ll fo
r th
e ar
chite
ct to
subm
ita
Sta
tem
ent o
fP
roba
ble
Con
stru
ctio
n C
ost w
ithth
e sc
hem
atic
des
ign
stud
ies,
but
'±is
nec
essa
rily
gene
ral i
nna
ture
.In
the
proc
ess
of s
chem
atic
desi
gn, p
rice
tags
are
put
on
all m
ajor
ele
men
ts o
fth
e bu
ildin
g, a
nd s
ome
have
tobe
mod
ified
or
take
n ou
t alto
geth
er to
mee
tth
e bu
dget
.T
he
seco
nd e
stim
ate
whi
ch a
ccom
pani
esth
e sc
hem
atic
sgi
ves
the
clie
nt a
fairl
ycl
ear
idea
of w
hat h
e is
getti
ng fo
r hi
s m
oney
.B
ut it
isst
ill o
nly
"pro
b-ab
le."
Any
num
ber
ofsm
all
chan
ges
(add
ing
up to
big
mon
ey)
can
occu
rdu
ring
prod
uctio
n of
the
final
dra
win
gs a
nd s
peci
ficat
ions
, and
no
one
can
accu
rate
ly p
redi
ctw
hat t
he c
ompe
titiv
e st
ate
of th
e bu
ildin
g bu
sine
ss w
ill b
ew
hen
bids
are
take
n.T
he c
hanc
es o
f bot
h cl
ient
and
arch
itect
get
ting
thro
ugh
the
bidd
ing
proc
ess
with
out t
raum
a ar
e in
dire
ct p
ropo
rtio
n to
the
time
and
care
they
have
put i
nto
the
proc
ess
of p
rogr
amin
g an
d de
sign
.In
thes
e da
ys o
f ste
adily
risin
g co
nstr
uctio
nco
sts,
the
clie
nt's
bes
t def
ense
aga
inst
bud
geta
rydi
sast
er
is a
con
tinuo
us, p
ains
taki
ng a
naly
sis
of e
very
ele
-m
ent o
f the
bui
ldin
g.E
very
pos
sibl
eal
tern
ativ
em
ust b
e ex
plor
ed if
the
clie
nt is
to g
et th
e m
ost
out o
f his
ste
adily
dw
indl
ing
cons
truc
tion
dolla
r.P
arad
oxic
ally
, thi
s re
quire
sth
at th
e cl
ient
spe
ndm
oney
inor
der
to s
ave
mon
ey. T
he s
pend
ing
part
com
es in
des
ign
fees
.If
the
clie
nt is
to g
et th
em
ost o
ut o
f the
arc
hite
ct's
ana
lytic
alab
ility
, he
mus
t be
will
ing
to p
ay a
fee
adeq
uate
to c
over
the
amou
nt o
f pro
gram
ing
and
desi
gn s
tudy
whi
chth
e pr
oble
m d
eman
ds.
(It m
ust a
lso
be a
dequ
ate
to c
over
a m
ore-
than
-rou
tine
anal
ysis
by th
e ar
chi-
tect
'sen
gine
erco
nsul
tant
s, w
hose
wor
kde
ter-
min
es h
ow s
o m
uch
of th
eco
nstr
uctio
n do
llar
will
be
spen
t.) T
he s
avin
gs in
bui
ldin
g co
sts
will
alm
ost a
lway
s be
a h
ealth
y m
ultip
leof
wha
teve
rex
tra
time
and
mon
ey is
inve
sted
inth
e pr
e-lim
inar
y st
ages
.
V.7
_
how
to g
o-f
rom
conc
ep
By
the
time
prel
imin
ary
plan
s fo
r hi
s bu
ildin
g ar
eco
mpl
eted
, the
clie
nt h
as a
n im
posi
ng a
rray
ofta
lent
at h
is d
ispo
sal.
The
re a
reth
e ar
chite
ct a
ndth
ose
mem
bers
of h
is o
ffice
staf
f ass
igne
d to
the
build
ing.
The
re a
re th
e st
ruct
ural
,m
echa
nica
l and
elec
tric
al e
ngin
eers
who
are
norm
ally
pai
d ou
t of
the
arch
itect
's fe
es (
and
can
easi
ly a
ccou
nt fo
r a
third
or
mor
e of
it).
The
re m
aybe
any
num
ber
ofot
her
cons
ulta
nts,
at e
xtra
fees
,ca
lled
in fo
r ad
vice
on e
very
thin
gfr
om c
olor
s to
ele
vato
rs to
the
in-
terio
r de
sign
of e
ntire
floo
rs.
Fin
ally
, as
the
proj
ect m
oves
from
con
cept
ion
to e
xecu
tion,
the
larg
est g
roup
of
all
prep
ares
to jo
in th
is le
gion
:th
e co
ntra
ctor
s w
ho w
ill d
oth
e bu
ying
of m
ater
ials
and
equi
pmen
t and
the
build
ing
trad
esm
en w
ho w
illdo
the
actu
al w
ork
of c
onst
ruct
ion.
Whi
le th
eco
nsul
tant
s ha
ve b
een
in o
n th
e co
untle
ss d
ecis
ions
that
gav
e sh
ape
toth
e bu
ildin
g co
ncep
t and
have
a c
lear
idea
of
wha
t the
end
pro
duct
isin
tend
ed to
be,
the
con-
trac
tors
and
wor
kmen
can
only
kno
w w
hat t
hecl
ient
and
arc
hite
cts
tell
them
abou
t the
pro
ject
.O
ne e
ssen
tial
step
rem
ains
, the
refo
re, b
efor
eth
ey c
an b
egin
thei
r w
ork:
prep
arat
ion
of th
ear
chite
ct's
wor
king
dra
win
gsan
dsp
ecifi
catio
ns,
whi
ch m
ust d
escr
ibe
the
build
ing
until
the
real
thin
g ris
es fr
om th
e si
te.
Plan
s, s
ectio
ns, e
leva
tions
, and
divi
ne d
etai
ls"I
nge
nera
l," s
ays
the
Arc
hite
ct's
Han
dboo
k of
Pro
-fe
ssio
nal P
ract
ice,
"in
form
atio
nre
lativ
e to
des
ign,
loca
tion
and
dim
ensi
ons
of th
eel
emen
ts o
f a p
roj-
ect i
s th
e pr
ovin
ceof
wor
kine
dra
win
gs; a
nd th
atha
ving
to d
o w
ith q
ualit
y of
mat
eria
lsan
d w
ork-
man
ship
bel
ongs
in th
e sp
ecifi
catio
ns."
To
stat
eit
anot
her
way
, wha
t can
best
be
show
n is
put
in th
e dr
awin
gs, a
nd w
hat c
anbe
st b
e to
ld, i
n th
esp
ecifi
catio
ns.
The
dra
win
gs, w
hen
repr
oduc
ed, a
reof
ten
calle
dth
e "b
luep
rints
" fo
r th
e bu
ildin
g,al
thou
gh th
ese
days
prin
ts a
lso
com
e in
oth
erco
lors
.T
hey
in-
clud
e pl
ans;
ele
vatio
ns, s
how
ing
the
wal
ls h
ead-
on; s
ectio
ns, s
licin
gth
e bu
ildin
g op
en a
t var
ious
poin
ts; a
nd d
etai
ls. T
here
are
also
"sc
hedu
les"
of
finis
hm
ater
ials
, doo
rs, w
indo
ws
and
hard
war
e,sh
owin
g ho
w m
uch
of e
ach
item
goe
sin
to e
very
part
of t
he b
uild
ing.
Alo
ng w
ith th
e ge
nera
l dra
w-
o co
nsru
c
ings
of t
he s
hell
go s
epar
ate
sets
for
the
stru
c-tu
ral
fram
e an
dth
ehe
atin
g,ai
rco
nditi
onin
g,pl
umbi
ng a
nd e
lect
rical
sys
tem
s.T
heir
prod
uctio
n in
volv
es a
chal
leng
e in
com
-m
unic
atio
ns b
etw
een
the
arch
itect
and
his
con
-su
ltant
s, m
ost o
f who
m a
rech
arge
d w
ith p
rodu
c-tio
n of
wor
king
dra
win
gsof
the
build
ing
elem
ents
in th
eir
char
ge.
It is
up
to th
e ar
chite
ct to
see
that
,in
the
end,
they
com
e ou
t eve
n:th
at e
very
tim
ea
part
of t
hebu
ildin
g is
sho
wn
it lo
oks
the
sam
ean
d th
at th
e el
emen
ts in
one
set
of d
raw
ings
dov
e-ta
il w
ith th
ose
show
n in
anot
her.
Oth
erw
ise,
tous
e an
exa
mpl
eth
atis
not
tota
lly u
nhea
rdof
,
the
cont
ract
or m
ay fi
ndth
at h
e is
ask
ed to
put
ahe
atin
g du
ct a
nd a
bea
m in
prec
isel
y th
e sa
me
plac
e.F
or a
ll th
eir
com
mun
icat
ions
aspe
cts,
the
draw
-in
gs a
re a
lso
acts
of d
esig
n.It
is a
t thi
s po
int t
hat
the
deta
ils o
f the
bui
ldin
g,th
e pl
aces
at w
hich
its
vario
us p
arts
are
join
edto
geth
er, a
re w
orke
d ou
t,an
d in
the
curr
ent e
ra o
f sim
plic
ityof
sur
face
, de-
tails
are
all
impo
rtan
t. T
he fa
mou
s as
sert
ion
by
an a
rchi
tect
that
"G
od is
in th
e de
tails
" m
aybe
dubi
ous
theo
logy
, but
itun
ders
core
s th
e lo
ving
care
whi
chto
day'
s ar
chite
cts
put i
nto
them
.
The
del
icat
e ar
t of
the
spec
ific
atio
ns w
rite
rT
he w
ritin
g of
spe
cific
atio
ns is
no
less
an
art t
han
the
mak
ing
of w
orki
ng d
raw
ings
,bu
t it i
s pe
rhap
sin
a s
omew
hat e
arlie
r st
age
of d
evel
opm
ent.
The
draw
ings
, to
reca
pitu
late
,sh
ow w
hat g
oes
whe
rein
the
build
ing.
The
spe
cific
atio
nsde
fine
the
"wha
t" a
nd p
rovi
de p
reci
sein
stru
ctio
ns fo
r pu
t-tin
g ev
ery
item
in p
lace
.T
heir
prin
cipa
l con
cern
is q
ualit
y: th
ey m
ust s
tate
the
stan
dard
s to
be
en-
forc
ed fo
r ea
ch it
em u
sed
inth
e bu
ildin
g an
d al
sofo
r al
l im
port
ant p
hase
s of
the
wor
k its
elf._
The
spe
cific
atio
ns w
riter
, the
n, is
in p
art a
pur
-ch
asin
g ag
ent f
or th
e pr
ojec
t, pr
ovid
ing
ash
oppi
nglis
t cov
erin
g ea
ch it
em a
nd e
very
build
ing
com
-
pone
nt. H
e is
als
o so
met
hing
of a
judg
e, a
ttem
pt-
ing
to a
ntic
ipat
e an
d se
ttle
in a
dvan
ce p
oten
tial
conf
licts
am
ong
cont
ract
ors,
supp
liers
and
the
jeal
ous
prin
cipa
litie
s of
the
build
ing
trad
es.
The
nee
d fo
r ac
cura
cy a
ndco
mpl
eten
ess
The
vol
umes
pro
duce
d by
thes
e sp
ecia
lized
au-
thor
s ge
nera
lly h
ave
as th
eir
fore
wor
d th
e ba
sic
grou
nd r
ules
for
cont
ract
ors.
The
sein
clud
e th
e bi
din
vita
tions
and
inst
ruct
ions
, the
bid
and
cont
ract
form
s, th
e bo
nd r
equi
rem
ents
and
the
all-i
mpo
rtan
tG
ener
al C
ondi
tions
of t
he C
ontr
act.
The
bul
k of
the
spec
ifica
tions
isor
gani
zed
acco
rdin
gto
trad
es,
and
the
sequ
ence
of t
rade
s is
dete
rmin
ed b
y th
eor
der
in w
hich
they
per
form
thei
r jo
bs.
The
trad
e se
ctio
ns o
f the
spe
cific
atio
nsbe
gin
with
a st
atem
ent o
fth
e sc
ope
of th
e pa
rtic
ular
trad
e's
wor
k.It
mus
t mak
e cl
ear
exac
tlyw
here
the
juris
-di
ctio
n of
one
trad
e en
ds a
ndth
e ot
her
begi
ns.
Nex
t com
e a
list o
f the
mat
eria
lsan
d eq
uipm
ent
requ
ired
for
the
wor
k at
han
d;pr
ovis
ions
for
any
shop
dra
win
gs o
r sa
mpl
es r
equi
red
tobe
app
rove
dby
the
arch
itect
and
clie
ntbe
fore
thes
e ite
ms
can
be in
stal
led;
pro
cedu
res
tobe
follo
wed
in c
on-
stru
ctio
n of
all
elem
ents
of
the
build
ing
for
whi
chth
e tr
ade
is r
espo
nsib
le;
stip
ulat
ion
of a
ny te
sts
tobe
mad
e of
the
wor
k; in
stru
ctio
nsfo
r cl
eani
ng u
paf
ter
the
trad
e is
fini
shed
;an
d, fi
nally
, the
gua
ran-
tees
whi
ch w
ill b
eas
ked
of th
e co
ntra
ctor
.A
ll of
this
may
sou
nd q
uite
dry
and
tech
nica
l, ye
tin
a r
eal s
ense
the
trad
ese
ctio
ns o
f the
spe
cific
a-tio
ns te
ll th
e hi
stor
y of
the
Am
eric
an b
uild
ing
in-
dust
ry.
It is
her
e, fo
r ex
ampl
e, th
at n
ewan
d re
vo-
lutio
nary
met
hods
that
will
chan
ge th
e co
urse
of th
e in
dust
ry a
re o
ften
first
rec
orde
d, fo
r m
ost
build
ing
rese
arch
is p
rom
oted
by
indi
vidu
al p
roj-
ects
.It
is h
ere
that
new
pro
duct
san
d m
ater
ials
unde
rgo
the
acid
test
.It
is h
ere,
too,
that
ana
chro
-ni
stic
met
hods
of b
uild
ing
are
pres
erve
d an
d co
di-
fied
beca
use
the
spec
ifier
kno
ws
that
mor
e pr
o-gr
essi
ve w
ays
wou
ld m
eet r
esis
tanc
efr
om b
uild
ing
offic
ials
or
unio
ns o
rco
nven
tion-
boun
d co
ntra
c-
1
tors
. And
itis
her
e th
at ju
risdi
ctio
nal j
udgm
ents
are
reco
rded
whi
ch, b
y as
sign
ing
wor
k to
one
trad
e ov
er a
noth
er, c
an in
the
long
run
brin
g pr
os-
perit
yto
the
chos
en g
roup
of c
ontr
acto
rs a
ndcr
afts
men
and
eve
ntua
l ext
inct
ion
to th
ose
excl
uded
.It
isun
ders
tand
able
, the
n, th
at th
e sp
ecifi
ca-
tions
are
nev
er p
repa
red
in a
vac
uum
. Whi
le th
eyar
e in
pre
para
tion,
the
arch
itect
is b
eset
with
pre
s-su
res,
the
vast
maj
ority
of t
hem
per
fect
ly le
giti-
mat
e. F
ortu
nate
ly fo
r th
e cl
ient
, sha
ring
thes
e pr
es-
sure
skn
owin
g w
hich
sug
gest
ions
and
app
eals
toac
cept
and
whi
ch to
rej
ect
is p
art o
f the
arc
hi-
tect
's jo
b.S
ome
of th
e pr
essu
res
com
e fr
om s
ales
men
of
build
ing
prod
ucts
and
mat
eria
ls, w
hose
rel
atio
n-sh
ip to
the
arch
itect
and
clie
nt is
som
ethi
ng li
keth
at o
f the
lobb
yist
to th
e le
gisl
ator
:th
e sa
lesm
anis
a s
peci
al p
lead
er, b
ut h
e ca
n al
so p
rovi
de u
sefu
lin
form
atio
n.T
he s
ales
man
's g
oal
isto
get
his
prod
uct s
peci
fied
by b
rand
nam
e; fa
iling
that
, he
wan
ts to
be
sure
the
arch
itect
doe
s no
t nam
ean
othe
r br
and
to th
e ex
clus
ion
of h
is. T
he a
rchi
-te
ct's
goa
lis
to b
e su
re h
e ha
s co
nsid
ered
an
reas
onab
le a
ltern
ativ
es in
his
role
as
the
clie
nt's
purc
hasi
ng a
gent
.It
used
to b
e th
at th
e sp
ecifi
catio
ns w
ould
be
full
of b
rand
nam
es fo
llow
ed b
y th
e te
rm "
oreq
ual,"
but
the
tren
d is
tow
ard
perf
orm
ance
spe
ci-
ficat
ions
whi
ch, h
owev
er, a
re tr
icky
to p
repa
re.
Eve
n th
ough
som
e tr
ade
asso
ciat
ions
and
inde
-pe
nden
t tes
ting
orga
niza
tions
hav
e de
velo
ped
help
-fu
l sta
ndar
ds fo
r m
any
larg
e an
d ba
sic
item
s,it
still
take
s gr
eat s
kill
to a
pply
thes
e st
anda
rds
toth
e pa
rtic
ular
situ
atio
n at
han
d.P
ress
ures
als
o co
me
from
the
cont
ract
ors,
onc
eth
ey g
et a
look
at t
he p
lans
and
spe
cific
atio
ns.
The
y m
ay h
ave
favo
rite
prod
ucts
and
mat
eria
ls,
favo
rite
way
s of
doi
ng th
ings
, at v
aria
nce
with
wha
tth
e ar
chite
ct h
as p
resc
ribed
; the
y m
ay h
ave
had
a
,31
.ftC
fAkr
tft.
bad
expe
rienc
e w
ith a
n ite
m in
the
spec
ifica
tions
;th
ey m
ay b
e re
luct
ant t
o ex
perim
ent w
ith n
ewbu
ildin
g m
ater
ials
.A
rchi
tect
s, e
xcep
t for
thos
e fe
w w
ho a
ssum
eom
nisc
ienc
e, w
ill g
ive
thei
r su
gges
tions
car
eful
con
-si
dera
tion.
Inde
ed, t
hey
ofte
n ca
ll in
one
or
mor
eco
ntra
ctor
s fo
r ad
vice
whi
le th
e dr
awin
gs a
ndsp
ecifi
catio
ns a
re s
till b
eing
pre
pare
d. T
here
is n
osu
bstit
ute
for
the
know
-how
that
com
es fr
om d
irect
expe
rienc
e in
con
stru
ctio
n, a
fact
whi
ch p
lace
s sp
e-ci
al im
port
ance
on
the
care
with
whi
ch th
e co
n-tr
acto
r is
sel
ecte
d.
Com
petit
ion,
neg
otia
tions
, seg
rega
tiona
nd m
oney
Whe
n pu
blic
mon
ies
are
invo
lved
, the
re is
a ti
dydi
visi
on b
etw
een
the
com
plet
ion
of d
raw
ings
and
spec
ifica
tions
and
the
choi
ce o
f a c
ontr
acto
r. T
heco
ntra
ct d
ocum
ents
are
pre
pare
d, a
pub
lic n
otic
eis
issu
ed in
vitin
g re
spon
sibl
e bu
ilder
s to
sub
mit
thei
rbi
ds, a
nd th
e on
e tu
rnin
gin
the
low
est
figur
e ge
ts th
e jo
b.T
he s
yste
m o
f ope
n co
mpe
titiv
e bi
ddin
g is
atr
aditi
onal
par
t of t
he r
oman
ce o
f con
stru
ctio
n.It
isfr
ee e
nter
pris
e at
itsfr
eest
and
mos
t fra
ntic
form
.It
virt
ually
ass
ures
the
clie
nt o
f get
ting
the
low
est a
vaila
ble
pric
e ta
g on
his
bui
ldin
g.It
also
has
a gr
eat d
eal t
o do
with
the
fact
that
Dun
&B
rads
tree
t rep
orts
a r
atio
of n
et p
rofit
(on
sal
es)
of o
nly
1.18
per
cen
t am
ong
build
ing
cont
ract
ors.
If w
ide-
open
bid
ding
is a
per
ilous
gam
ble
for
man
y co
ntra
ctor
s,it
also
has
its
chan
cy a
spec
ts
for
clie
nt a
nd a
rchi
tect
. The
low
est b
id is
sel
dom
the
mos
t rea
listic
one
, and
a b
uild
er in
dan
ger
oflo
sing
his
shi
rt c
an fi
nd r
oom
for
cost
ly e
xtra
s in
even
the
mos
t tig
htly
dra
wn
cont
ract
doc
umen
ts.
Mor
e im
port
ant,
it m
akes
pric
e th
e pr
ime
basi
s of
sele
ctio
n, e
limin
atin
g th
e op
port
unity
to w
eigh
the
cont
endi
ng c
ontr
acto
r'sco
mpa
rativ
eab
ilitie
sto
turn
out
qua
lity
wor
k.T
wo
alte
rnat
ive
met
hods
are
ope
n to
the
priv
ate
clie
nt. H
e ca
n re
tain
the
bene
fits
of c
ompe
titio
nbu
t lim
it th
e co
nten
ders
to a
sel
ect l
ist;
or h
e ca
nsi
mpl
y ne
gotia
te a
mut
ually
agr
eeab
le p
rice
with
a ch
osen
con
trac
tor.
The
com
mon
ele
men
t of t
hese
two
met
hods
, of
cour
se, i
s th
e sc
reen
ing
of c
ontr
acto
rs in
adv
ance
.S
omet
imes
this
sim
ply
mea
ns ta
king
the
arch
itect
'sw
ord
that
he
has
wor
ked
with
a g
iven
bui
lder
and
has
foun
d hi
m c
apab
le a
nd r
elia
ble.
In o
ther
cas
es,
how
ever
, it m
eans
look
ing
into
the
succ
ess
of th
eco
ntra
ctor
's p
ast p
roje
cts,
the
size
and
leng
th o
fse
rvic
e of
his
wor
k fo
rce,
his
rep
utat
ion
as a
n ad
-m
inis
trat
or o
f con
stru
ctio
n an
d ev
en th
e ki
nd o
feq
uipm
ent i
n hi
s co
rpor
atio
n ya
rd.
The
neg
otia
ted
cont
ract
has
the
cons
ider
able
adva
ntag
e of
allo
win
g th
e bu
ilder
to b
ecom
e a
valu
able
col
labo
rato
r in
the
final
sta
ges
of d
esig
n.O
bvio
usly
, how
ever
, he
mus
t be
a m
an w
ell k
now
n
and
thor
ough
ly tr
uste
d by
bot
h cl
ient
and
arc
hi-
tect
. If n
o su
ch m
an c
omes
to m
ind
and
the
clie
ntop
ens
the
proj
ect t
o bi
ds,
the
use
of a
qua
ntity
surv
eyor
can
hel
p to
put
the
bids
on
a m
ore
real
istic
bas
is (
and
also
pro
vide
a p
revi
ew o
f the
even
tual
cos
t of t
he b
uild
ing
whi
le it
isst
ill p
os-
sibl
eto
mak
e ch
ange
s).
The
qua
ntity
sur
veyo
res
timat
es th
e am
ount
s of
mat
eria
ls r
equi
red
for
the
build
ing
and
som
etim
es th
e to
tal m
an-h
ours
of la
bor,
put
ting
a pr
ice
tag
on e
ach.
Thi
s ex
tra
serv
ice
is th
e ru
le in
Eng
land
and
bec
omin
g m
ore
popu
lar
in th
e U
. S.
Ano
ther
form
of p
rote
ctio
n fo
r th
e cl
ient
who
choo
ses
to in
vite
bid
s ta
kes
the
form
of d
epos
itsan
d bo
nds.
Eac
h co
nten
ding
con
trac
tor
is r
equi
red
to s
ubm
it a
depo
sit w
ith h
is b
id.
If he
is th
e lo
wbi
dder
and
for
som
e re
ason
dec
ides
to p
ull o
ut,
the
clie
nt g
ets
the
depo
sit.
The
am
ount
is u
sual
lya
lum
p su
m d
eter
min
ed b
yth
e ar
chite
ct o
n th
eba
sis
of h
is e
stim
ate
of th
e pr
ojec
t's c
ost o
r, le
ssfr
eque
ntly
, a p
erce
ntag
e of
the
bid.
The
suc
cess
ful
bidd
er a
lso
is r
equi
red
to p
ut u
p a
perf
orm
ance
bond
, ins
urin
g th
at th
e w
ork
will
be
finis
hed
even
if he
goe
s ou
t of b
usin
ess,
and
ofte
n a
labo
ran
dm
ater
ial b
ond
guar
ante
eing
pay
men
t of s
uppl
iers
and
subc
ontr
acto
rs.
The
con
trac
tor
has
been
ref
erre
d to
in th
e si
n-gu
lar,
but
, in
actu
al fa
ct, t
here
are
two
basi
c w
ays
to u
nder
take
con
stru
ctio
n: to
eng
age
a si
ngle
gen
-er
alco
ntra
ctor
who
will
subc
ontr
act w
hate
ver
wor
k hi
s ow
n fo
rce
does
not
do
or to
eng
age
sepa
rate
con
trac
tors
for
each
maj
or s
egm
ent o
fco
nstr
uctio
n. T
he la
tter
prac
tice,
som
etim
es c
alle
dse
greg
ated
bid
ding
, usu
ally
invo
lves
the
letti
ngof
indi
vidu
al c
ontr
acts
for
the
shel
l of t
he b
uild
ing
and
for
its m
echa
nica
l and
/or
elec
tric
al s
ervi
ces.
The
con
trov
ersi
al r
ole
of th
e ge
nera
l con
trac
tor
The
rel
ativ
e m
erits
of t
he tw
o sy
stem
s ar
e th
esu
bjec
t of c
ontin
uing
con
trov
ersy
with
inth
e co
n-st
ruct
ion
indu
stry
. The
gen
eral
con
trac
tors
cla
imth
at th
ey a
re in
the
best
pos
ition
to c
apta
in th
ejo
b fr
om s
tart
to fi
nish
and
poi
nt to
the
adva
ntag
esof
hav
ing
a si
ngle
coo
rdin
ator
res
pons
ible
for
the
entir
epr
ojec
t.T
he s
peci
alty
cont
ract
ors
clai
mth
at th
is p
roce
dure
no
long
er m
akes
muc
h se
nse
in a
n er
a w
hen
mec
hani
cal a
nd e
lect
rical
sys
tem
sac
coun
t for
an
incr
easi
ngly
larg
e pa
rt o
f the
cos
tof
bui
ldin
gs; t
hey
say
it si
mpl
y pu
ts a
sup
erflu
ous
mid
dlem
an in
the
way
of p
rogr
ess.
The
dec
isio
n be
twee
nle
tting
one
or
seve
ral
cont
ract
sis
usua
lly d
eter
min
ed b
y ea
ch s
peci
ficbu
ildin
g si
tuat
ion:
the
natu
re o
f the
pro
ject
and
the
cust
oms
of th
e lo
cal
cons
truc
tion
indu
stry
.If
segr
egat
ed o
r se
para
te b
ids
are
take
n, h
owev
er,
the
clie
nt s
houl
d be
pre
pare
d to
pay
the
arch
itect
an a
dditi
onal
fee
for
the
clos
eco
ordi
natio
n th
at
KA
RL
H. R
EIK
wou
ld n
orm
ally
be
the
task
of t
he g
ener
al c
ontr
ac-
tor.
And
reg
ardl
ess
of w
hich
sys
tem
is u
sed,
the
clie
nt a
nd a
rchi
tect
sho
uld
exer
cise
the
sam
e ca
rein
scr
eeni
ng s
peci
alty
con
trac
tors
as
they
do
in th
ese
lect
ion
of th
e ge
nera
l con
trac
tor.
The
fina
l dec
isio
n to
be
mad
e in
cho
ice
of c
on-
trac
tors
ret
urns
the
clie
nt to
the
fam
iliar
sub
ject
ofm
oney
. Bid
s ca
nbe
req
uest
ed in
the
form
of a
lum
p su
m, o
r th
e co
ntra
ctor
can
sim
ply
unde
rtak
eth
e w
ork
on th
e ba
sis
of a
ctua
l cos
t plu
s a
nego
-tia
ted
fee.
The
firs
t sys
tem
is s
impl
er a
nd m
ore
clea
r cu
t, bu
t can
tem
pt th
e co
ntra
ctor
to s
have
corn
ers
if he
beg
ins
to r
ealiz
ehe
has
sub
mitt
eda
disa
stro
usly
low
figu
re. T
he s
econ
d pu
tsth
eco
ntra
ctor
on
a m
ore
prof
essi
onal
bas
is,
but d
oes
not o
ffer
as g
reat
an
ince
ntiv
e to
war
d ec
onom
y.S
omet
imes
a c
ombi
natio
n of
the
two
is u
sed
inw
hich
the
cont
ract
or a
gree
sto
aco
st-p
lus-
fee
arra
ngem
ent,
with
a g
uara
ntee
that
the
tota
l will
not e
xcee
d a
stip
ulat
ed "
upse
t pric
e."
Sav
ings
are
split
bet
wee
n cl
ient
and
con
trac
tor
on a
pre
de-
term
ined
sca
le.
With
suc
h de
cisi
ons
mad
e, th
e tim
e ha
s ag
ain
com
e fo
r th
e cl
ient
to s
ign
his
nam
e.E
arlie
r, h
eco
ntra
cted
with
the
arch
itect
for
a co
ncep
t and
ase
rvic
e, th
e ne
t res
ult o
f whi
ch w
as, t
o th
is p
oint
,a
stac
k of
pap
er. N
ow h
e is
con
trac
ting
for
equi
p-m
ent,
for
mat
eria
ls a
nd fo
rla
bor.
The
net
res
ult
this
tim
e w
ill b
e hi
s bu
ildin
g.
how
to tu
rn a
set o
t dra
win
gnt
O-a
ll(Ji
ttarr
r
Con
stru
ctio
n ca
n be
and
som
etim
es a
ctua
lly is
the
happ
y cl
imax
to th
e en
tire
leng
thy
proc
ess
of c
reat
ing
a bu
ildin
g.C
onst
ruct
ion
also
can
be
a ni
ghtm
are
of d
isap
poin
tmen
tan
d di
scor
d, n
egat
-in
g al
l the
wor
k th
atha
s go
ne b
efor
e.W
heth
er c
onst
ruct
ion
is a
clim
ax o
r a
nigh
tmar
ew
ill b
e de
term
ined
, in
part
, by
the
cli .
1nt's
ear
lier
deci
sion
s an
d th
e ar
chite
ct's
ear
lier
labo
rs:
the
care
take
n in
the
sele
ctio
nof
the
arch
itect
him
self,
of th
e co
nsul
tant
s an
d of
the
cont
ract
ors;
the
real
ism
of th
e de
sign
; and
the
prec
isio
n w
ithw
hich
the
desi
gn h
as b
een
redu
ced
to p
lans
and
spec
ifica
tions
.A
nd it
will
als
o be
det
erm
ined
by
the
clie
nt's
actio
ns d
urin
g th
e co
nstr
uctio
n pe
riod
ahea
d.T
hest
art o
f con
stru
ctio
n m
eans
cha
nges
inth
e re
latio
n-sh
ip b
etw
een
clie
nt a
nd a
rchi
tect
,an
d it
also
mea
nses
tabl
ishi
ng n
ew r
elat
ions
hips
with
con
trac
tors
and
build
ing
trad
esm
en.
The
clie
nt m
ust k
now
whe
n to
spe
nd a
nd w
hen
to s
ave,
whe
n to
au-
thor
ize
chan
ges
and
whe
n to
sta
nd p
at a
nd,
abov
eal
l, w
hen
to ta
ke a
han
d in
the
build
ing
proc
ess
and
whe
n to
ret
reat
beh
ind
the
term
s of
the
con-
stru
ctio
n co
ntra
ct.
Exp
erie
nce
is b
y fa
r th
e be
stte
ache
r in
all
thes
eth
ings
. The
onl
y ad
vice
to b
eof
fere
d th
e fir
st-t
ime
clie
nt, a
s co
nstr
uctio
n be
gins
, is
1)to
kee
p hi
sey
esw
ide
open
, and
2)
to g
o by
the
book
, ins
ofar
as p
ossi
ble.
The
trou
ble
is th
at e
ven
the
book
isun
clea
r on
cer
tain
sig
nific
ant m
atte
rs.
The
arc
hite
ct a
dmin
iste
rs, t
he c
ontr
acto
r su
perv
ises
The
bas
ic g
roun
d ru
les
for
the
cons
truc
tion
proc
ess
can
be fo
und
in th
e pr
evio
usly
cite
d H
andb
ook,
and
in th
e so
-cal
led
gene
ral c
ondi
tions
(D
ocum
ent
A20
1) o
f AIA
's S
tand
ard
For
m o
f Agr
eem
ent
Be-
twee
n th
e O
wne
r an
d C
ontr
acto
r. T
oget
her,
they
form
the
clos
est t
hing
to a
com
mon
law
for
the
build
ing
indu
stry
,co
dify
ing
both
trad
ition
and
prac
tice.
One
of t
he s
igni
fican
t mat
ters
whi
ch th
eyle
ave
a bi
t mud
dy is
wha
tth
e ar
chite
ct h
imse
lf do
esw
hile
con
stru
ctio
nis
und
erw
ay. T
hey
are
quite
spec
ific
abou
t a n
umbe
r of
his
func
tions
, spe
lling
out w
hat h
e is
to d
o ab
out c
hang
e or
ders
, sho
pdr
awin
gs, c
ertif
icat
es o
f pay
men
tan
d ot
her
esse
n-
tials
.B
ut th
e la
ck o
f cla
rity
conc
erns
the
mos
tcr
ucia
l tas
k of
all,
whi
ch is
see
ing
that
the
build
ing
is b
uilt
exac
tly a
s it
was
des
igne
d."I
nad
min
iste
ring
the
cons
truc
tion
cont
ract
,"sa
ys C
hapt
er18
of t
he H
andb
ook,
"th
e ar
chite
ctde
term
ines
in g
ener
al if
the
cont
ract
or's
wor
k co
n-fo
rms
with
the
cont
ract
doc
umen
ts."
But
then
itgo
es o
n in
the
very
nex
t sen
tenc
e, "
The
arc
hite
ctis
not r
espo
nsib
le fo
r th
e co
ntra
ctor
'sfa
ilure
toex
ecut
e th
e w
ork
in a
ccor
danc
ew
ith th
e co
ntra
ctdo
cum
ents
."T
his
seem
ing
ambi
guity
rep
rese
nts
an a
ttem
ptby
the
arch
itect
ural
pro
fess
ion
toes
tabl
ish
a di
s-tin
ctio
n so
fine
that
it w
ould
do
just
ice
to a
med
ieva
lph
iloso
pher
out
ofth
eju
stifi
able
mot
ives
of c
lient
ser
vice
and
sel
f-de
fens
e.T
he a
rchi
tect
's r
ole
in c
onst
ruct
ion
used
to b
ede
scrib
ed a
s "s
uper
visi
on"
or "
supe
rinte
nden
ce."
The
aba
ndon
men
t of t
hese
term
s by
AIA
cam
ein
resp
onse
to a
serie
s of
cou
rt d
ecis
ions
in w
hich
the
arch
itect
's c
onst
ruct
ion
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
in th
e ey
esof
the
law
wer
e st
eadi
ly, a
nd s
omew
hat f
right
en-
ingl
y, b
road
ened
. Ind
ivid
ual
arch
itect
s w
ere
held
liabl
e fo
r m
ista
kes
that
wer
e cl
early
the
faul
tof
cont
ract
ors,
sub
cont
ract
ors
and
othe
rs; i
t beg
an to
seem
that
the
arch
itect
cou
ldbe
sue
d if
a de
liver
y-m
an tr
ippe
d an
d br
oke
his
leg
whi
le b
ringi
ngco
ffee
and
doug
hnut
s to
the
carp
ente
rs.
The
eas
y w
ay o
ut, o
f cou
rse,
wou
ld h
ave
been
for
arch
itect
s to
dis
clai
m a
ny fu
rthe
r co
ncer
n w
ithth
e co
ntra
ctor
s' w
ork
afte
r al
l, it
is th
e bu
ilder
,no
t the
arc
hite
ct, w
ho c
ontr
acts
to s
eeth
at e
very
-th
ing
turn
s ou
t as
inte
nded
. But
this
wou
ld b
e an
unac
cept
able
abr
idge
men
t of
arch
itect
ural
ser
vice
s.F
or o
ne th
ing,
few
con
scie
ntio
us a
rchi
tect
s w
ant t
ogi
ve u
p so
me
mea
sure
of c
ontr
ol o
ver
the
exec
u-tio
n of
thei
r de
sign
s, e
xcep
t in
unus
ual c
ircum
-st
ance
s. F
or a
noth
er, t
he c
once
ptof
the
arch
itect
as th
e cl
ient
's in
depe
nden
t age
nt, p
rote
ctin
gth
ecl
ient
'sin
tere
sts
durin
g th
e bu
ildin
g pr
oces
s,is
one
of th
e pr
ofes
sion
's b
est c
ount
er a
rgum
ents
toth
e sa
les
pitc
hes
of th
e pa
ckag
e de
sign
and
con
-st
ruct
ion
serv
ices
.
1727
k77/
77'3
,...
Hen
ce A
IA's
rec
ours
e to
sem
antic
s,in
tend
ed a
sa
rest
atem
ent r
athe
rth
an a
cha
nge
inth
e w
ays
thin
gs a
lway
s ha
ve b
een
done
.T
he te
rm "
con-
stru
ctio
n su
perin
tend
ence
" is
don
ated
toth
e co
n-tr
acto
r;it
ishe
, say
s th
e H
andb
ook,
who
isre
-
spon
sibl
e "f
or d
eliv
erin
g to
the
owne
r a
proj
ect
in fu
ll co
nfor
man
ce w
ith th
e co
ntra
ctdo
cum
ents
."A
nd it
is th
e co
ntra
ctor
who
als
o ha
s th
e du
tyof
"man
agem
ent o
f the
con
stru
ctio
n pr
oces
s."
Man
agin
g co
nstr
uctio
nis
muc
h lik
e m
anag
ing
any
ente
rpris
e in
volv
ing
the
prod
uctio
n of
goo
ds.
Iten
tails
suc
h ev
eryd
ay m
anag
eria
l fun
ctio
ns a
sth
e pu
rcha
se a
nd a
ssem
bly
of m
ater
ials
and
com
-po
nent
s, th
e ha
ndlin
g of
per
sonn
elan
d th
e co
ordi
-na
tion
of a
com
plex
pro
cess
acc
ordi
ng to
a s
tate
dsc
hedu
le o
f del
iver
y. N
ot s
urpr
isin
gly,
con
trac
tors
have
turn
ed m
ore
and
mor
e to
the
met
hods
of
busi
ness
and
indu
stry
for
man
agem
ent t
ools
, fro
mba
r ch
arts
to th
e co
mpu
teriz
ed c
ritic
al p
ath
met
hod
of k
eepi
ng th
e jo
b go
ing.
To
mai
ntai
n th
e an
alog
y, th
e ar
chite
ct's
rela
tion-
ship
to th
e co
ntra
ctor
is s
omet
hing
like
that
of a
mem
ber
of th
e bo
ard
of d
irect
ors
to th
e ch
ief
oper
atin
g ex
ecut
ive.
The
rev
ised
Han
dboo
k ca
llsit
"con
stru
ctio
n co
ntra
ct a
dmin
istr
atio
n,"
a te
rmw
hich
cov
ers
a m
ultit
ude
of fu
nctio
ns.
The
arc
hite
ct, t
o be
gin
with
, is
the
prim
e in
ter-
pret
er o
f the
wor
king
dra
win
gsan
d sp
ecifi
catio
ns,
esta
blis
hing
and
mai
ntai
ning
the
stan
dard
sw
hich
the
wor
k m
ust m
eet.
He
is th
e ju
dge
of w
heth
erth
ese
docu
men
ts a
nd s
tand
ards
are
bei
ng fo
llow
ed,
chec
king
sho
p dr
awin
gs o
f bui
ldin
g co
mpo
nent
s,ap
prov
ing
sam
ples
of m
ater
ials
and
equi
pmen
t,an
d au
thor
izin
g an
y ne
cess
ary
chan
ges
in th
ew
ork.
And
he
is th
e on
e w
ho c
ertif
ies
prog
ress
pay
men
tsto
the
cont
ract
or a
s th
e w
ork
proc
eeds
.H
e do
esth
ese
thin
gsby
mak
ing
"per
iodi
c"vi
sits
to th
e si
te, e
xpla
ins
the
Han
dboo
k,in
tro-
duci
ng a
noth
er u
navo
idab
le a
mbi
guity
.T
he m
ean-
ing
of "
perio
dic"
has
to b
ew
orke
d ou
t joi
ntly
by
the
clie
nt a
nd a
rchi
tect
on
the
basi
s of
the
par-
ticul
ar s
ituat
ion
at h
and.
Und
er a
nor
mal
fee
ar-
rang
emen
t, on
ano
rmal
siz
e bu
ildin
g an
d w
ith a
norm
al lu
mp-
sum
con
trac
t, it
does
not
mea
n th
atth
e ar
chite
ct w
ill c
amp
at th
e jo
b fu
ll tim
e. In
stea
d,
FR
AN
K L
OT
Z M
ILLE
R
he, h
is r
epre
sent
ativ
e (o
ften
the
sam
e st
aff m
embe
rw
ho h
as s
een
the
build
ing
thro
ugh
draw
ings
and
spec
ifica
tions
), o
r on
e of
his
con
sulta
nts
will
try
tobe
ther
e at
all
cruc
ial s
tage
s of
the
wor
k.T
here
are
man
y ca
ses,
how
ever
, in
whi
ch fu
ll-tim
e "a
dmin
istr
atio
n" is
inde
ed a
nec
essi
ty.
If th
epr
ojec
t is
larg
e an
d co
mpl
ex, o
ne o
r se
vera
l ful
l-tim
e pr
ojec
t rep
rese
ntat
ives
may
be
requ
ired.
If it
is a
war
ded
on a
cos
t-pl
us b
asis
, the
re m
ust b
eco
ntin
ual
audi
ting
of m
an-h
ours
exp
ende
d an
dm
ater
ials
pur
chas
ed. T
he c
lient
has
the
optio
n of
payi
ng th
e ar
chite
ct e
xtra
for
thes
e ex
tra
serv
ices
or h
iring
his
ow
n pr
ojec
t rep
rese
ntat
ive
to k
eep
an e
ye o
n th
ings
. The
use
of a
pro
ject
rep
rese
nta-
tive
form
erly
poe
tical
ly c
alle
d th
e cl
erk
of th
ew
orks
can
pay
off
hand
som
ely,
but
he
mus
t be
chos
en w
ith c
are
and
shou
ld, i
n al
l cas
es, r
epor
tto
the
arch
itect
.O
ther
wis
e, th
ecl
ient
ison
lyad
ding
ano
ther
str
and
to th
e al
read
y co
mpl
icat
edw
eb c
reat
ed b
y th
e va
rious
line
s of
aut
horit
y ov
erth
e jo
b.
Lin
es o
f au
thor
ity, f
rom
the
clie
nt to
the
wor
kmen
The
se li
nes
of a
utho
rity,
som
ewha
t par
alle
ling
the
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
outli
ned
here
, are
spe
lled
out i
nth
e G
ener
al C
ondi
tions
of t
he C
ontr
act,
whi
chpl
ace
the
clie
nt in
the
catb
ird s
eat.
His
res
pon-
sibi
litie
sar
efe
w,
alth
ough
rath
erim
port
ant
he p
rovi
des
the
site
and
pay
s th
e bi
llsan
d hi
sau
thor
ity is
ulti
mat
e.T
he tr
icky
par
t of t
he c
lient
's jo
b is
the
dele
ga-
tion
of th
is a
utho
rity
to th
e ar
chite
ct a
nd c
ontr
ac-
tor.
It is
the
clie
nt's
mon
ey a
nd th
e cl
ient
's b
uild
-in
g, b
ut h
e m
ust r
ely
alm
ost e
ntire
ly o
n hi
s ch
osen
agen
t (ar
chite
ct)
and
proj
ect m
anag
er (
cont
ract
or)
to s
ee th
e jo
b th
roug
h.If
he ta
kes
a pe
rson
alha
nd in
thin
gs, m
oreo
ver,
he
can
lose
som
e of
the
cons
truc
tion
cont
ract
's s
afeg
uard
s an
d gu
aran
tees
he, n
ot th
e ar
chite
ct o
r co
ntra
ctor
, can
bec
ome
resp
onsi
ble
for
defe
cts
in a
ny p
art o
f the
wor
k he
has
dire
cted
. The
clie
nt, h
owev
er, s
till h
as a
n ac
ein
the
hole
:he
can
fire
the
arch
itect
any
tim
e,an
d he
can
dis
mis
s th
e co
ntra
ctor
for
a va
riety
of
reas
ons,
incl
udin
g ta
rdin
ess
or in
com
pete
nce.
The
aut
horit
y w
ield
ed b
y th
e ar
chite
ct (
or th
ose
repo
rtin
g to
him
) is
the
dele
gate
d au
thor
ity o
f the
clie
nt.
He
can
orde
r th
e co
ntra
ctor
to s
peed
thin
gs u
p, to
ret
urn
subs
tand
ard
mat
eria
ls o
r bu
ild-
ing
com
pone
nts,
eve
n to
tear
who
le s
ectio
ns o
fth
e bu
ildin
g ou
t and
sta
rt o
ver,
all
in th
e cl
ient
'sna
me.
He
is fa
r fr
om a
uton
omou
s, h
owev
er. H
e ha
s a
voic
e in
the
gene
ral p
roce
dure
s an
d ev
en e
quip
-m
ent w
hich
the
cont
ract
or p
ropo
ses
to u
se o
n th
epr
ojec
t, bu
t with
in th
ese
limits
itis
up
to th
eco
ntra
ctor
to m
anag
e th
ings
the
way
he
thin
ksbe
st.
If th
e ar
chite
ct in
terf
eres
und
uly,
he
can
un-
witt
ingl
y ta
ke o
n so
me
of th
e co
ntra
ctor
's le
gal
resp
onsi
bilit
ies.
And
the
clie
nt c
an, a
t any
tim
e,pu
ll th
e ru
g of
aut
horit
y ou
t fro
m u
nder
the
arch
i-te
ct's
feet
. Som
e co
ntra
ctor
s (a
nd e
ven
supp
liers
)ar
e hi
ghly
ski
lled
at c
ircum
vent
ing
the
arch
itect
and
esta
blis
hing
adi
rect
rela
tions
hip
with
the
clie
nt. O
nce
this
hap
pens
and
if th
e co
ntra
ctor
turn
s ou
t to
be u
nscr
upul
ous
the
clie
nt is
at h
ism
ercy
, with
no
one
to b
lam
e bu
t him
self.
The
con
trac
tor
has
auth
ority
ove
r th
e su
bcon
-tr
acto
rs (
exce
pt w
hen
a se
greg
ated
or
sepa
rate
con
-tr
act i
s us
ed)
and
over
the
wor
kmen
(w
ithin
the
som
etim
es n
arro
w p
rovi
sion
s of
thei
r un
ion
agre
e-m
ents
). O
ther
wis
e, a
s on
e au
thor
of a
con
trac
ting
text
book
has
put
it, h
e ha
s "f
ew r
ight
s an
d m
any
oblig
atio
ns."
He
is r
espo
nsib
le fo
r co
mpl
etin
g th
epr
ojec
t on
time,
with
in th
e co
ntra
ct p
rice,
and
, as
prev
ious
ly n
oted
, in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith th
e pl
ans
and
spec
ifica
tions
. Eve
n if
thes
e do
cum
ents
are
inco
m-
plet
e, o
r ar
e in
corr
ectly
inte
rpre
ted
by th
e ar
chi-
tect
,th
e co
ntra
ctor
can
be
stuc
kif
som
ethi
ngsh
ould
go
wro
ng u
nles
s he
reg
iste
rs a
pro
test
inw
ritin
g du
ring
cons
truc
tion.
He
also
has
prim
e re
-sp
onsi
bilit
y fo
r sa
fety
on
the
job.
If he
has
sub
-m
itted
a lu
mp-
sum
bid
, he
mus
t exe
rcis
e th
ese
oblig
atio
ns c
ome
hell
or h
igh
wat
er. S
mal
l won
der
that
the
cost
-plu
s sy
stem
is g
aini
ng in
pop
ular
ityam
ong
the
cont
ract
ing
prof
essi
on.
Eve
n go
ing
by th
e bo
ok, t
hen,
the
dist
ribut
ion
of r
espo
nsib
ility
, lia
bilit
y an
d au
thor
ity d
urin
g co
n-st
ruct
ion
isa
delic
ate
bala
nce.
Inpr
actic
e, th
ehu
man
fact
or is
all-
impo
rtan
t. M
ore
ofte
n th
an n
ot,
it al
one
is w
hat m
akes
the
bala
nce
wor
k.
Sore
spo
ts: c
raft
sman
ship
, cha
nges
and
the
cale
ndar
Wer
e it
not f
or th
e fa
ct th
at c
lient
, arc
hite
ct a
ndco
ntra
ctor
nor
mal
ly s
hare
a d
esire
to s
ee th
e jo
bdo
ne w
ell,
very
few
bui
ldin
gs w
ould
eve
r re
ach
com
plet
ion.
For
ther
e co
mes
a ti
me
on e
very
job
whe
n pr
oble
ms
aris
e th
at c
ould
pit
one
agai
nst
the
othe
r, a
nd th
en "
the
book
" is
of v
ery
little
hel
p.O
ne a
rea
in w
hich
suc
h pr
oble
ms
freq
uent
lyco
me
up is
qua
lity
of w
orkm
ansh
ip. T
he s
peci
fica-
tions
are
sup
pose
d to
set
the
stan
dard
s to
be
en-
forc
ed o
n th
e jo
b, b
ut th
e sp
ecifi
catio
ns c
an o
nly
go s
o fa
rth
ey w
ould
be
endl
ess
if ta
ken
to th
ela
stfin
e po
int.
Als
o, th
ere
are
som
e st
anda
rds
that
nei
ther
wor
ds n
or d
raw
ings
can
con
vey
with
prec
isio
n.S
peci
ficat
ion
of a
cer
tain
text
ure
in a
nex
pose
d co
ncre
te w
all,
for
exam
ple,
may
brin
gqu
ite a
diff
eren
t pic
ture
to th
e m
inds
of t
he w
ork-
men
than
was
in th
e m
ind
of th
e ar
chite
ct.
Ano
ther
sor
e sp
ot c
an b
e th
e m
atte
r of
cha
nges
and
extr
a w
ork.
The
sou
rce
may
be
the
draw
ings
and
spec
ifica
tions
them
selv
es; t
he b
uild
ing
proc
ess
is b
ound
to r
evea
l gap
s in
eve
n th
e m
ost t
ight
lydr
awn
set o
f pla
ns. O
r it
may
be
the
arch
itect
, who
finds
that
a d
etai
lth
at lo
oked
so
mas
terf
ul o
npa
per
look
s cr
ude
and
clum
sy in
pla
ce. O
r it
may
be th
e cl
ient
, who
sud
denl
y bl
urts
out
a lo
ng-
supp
ress
ed fe
elin
g th
at h
e ha
s al
way
s ha
ted
one
kind
of p
anel
ing
and
wou
ld li
ke a
noth
er ty
pein
stea
d.A
third
cre
ator
of c
risis
can
be
the
cale
ndar
.T
he jo
b is
goi
ng s
wim
min
gly,
and
then
com
es a
strik
e, a
sho
rtag
e of
mat
eria
ls, a
long
spe
ll of
rai
nor
a v
irus
that
run
s ra
mpa
ntth
roug
h th
e bu
ildin
gtr
ades
. The
clie
nt h
as m
ade
all s
orts
of p
lans
and
esta
blis
hed
his
budg
eton
the
basi
s of
asc
hedu
le w
hich
(he
thou
ght)
allo
wed
ple
nty
oftim
e fo
r co
ntin
genc
ies.
The
con
trac
tor
has
agre
edto
mee
t the
sch
edul
e. B
ut n
ow th
e en
tire
proj
ect
has
bogg
ed d
own,
and
ther
e is
no
telli
ng w
hen
it w
ill g
et g
oing
aga
in.
Ent
er th
e hu
man
fact
or. T
he a
rchi
tect
, whe
n he
finds
slo
ppy
wor
kman
ship
, can
rant
aga
inst
the
decl
ine
of th
e bu
ildin
g cr
afts
, dem
and
that
the
who
le th
ing
be d
one
over
and
hin
t dar
kly
that
he
inte
nds
to b
lack
en th
e na
me
of th
e co
ntra
ctor
unle
ss th
e le
vel o
f qua
lity
impr
oves
. The
con
trac
tor,
whe
n he
find
s ho
les
in th
e dr
awin
gs o
r is
ask
ed to
mak
e a
min
or c
hang
e, c
an te
ll th
e cl
ient
that
he
expe
cts
to b
e pa
id fo
r ev
ery
extr
a m
inut
e hi
s m
ensp
end
on th
e jo
b an
d po
inte
dly
ask
why
the
clie
ntdi
dn't
get a
mor
e re
alis
tic a
rchi
tect
.T
he c
lient
,w
hen
he fi
nds
the
job
falli
ng b
ehin
d sc
hedu
le, c
ansq
ueez
e th
ela
st p
enny
inpe
nalti
es o
ut o
f the
cont
ract
or, e
ven
ifit
driv
es th
e co
ntra
ctor
clo
seto
ban
krup
tcy.
The
res
ult o
f suc
h be
havi
orin
eac
h in
stan
cepe
rfec
tly ju
stifi
ed b
y th
e te
rms
of th
e co
ntra
ctis
to m
ake
big
prob
lem
s ou
t of l
ittle
one
s an
d, q
uite
poss
ibly
, to
brin
g th
e w
hole
pro
ject
to a
tem
po-
rary
hal
t. F
ortu
nate
ly, v
ery
few
arc
hite
cts
and
con-
trac
tors
act
that
way
, and
the
wis
e cl
ient
em
ulat
esth
e .r
estr
aint
of t
he m
ajor
ity. H
is m
ost e
ffect
ive
safe
guar
d is
not
a b
ond
or th
e au
thor
ity to
with
hold
paym
ent o
r an
y su
ch d
evic
e; it
is th
e de
sire
of m
ost
build
ing
prof
essi
onal
s to
do
good
wor
k an
d to
mai
ntai
n re
puta
tions
it h
as ta
ken
year
s to
bui
ld.
Onc
e in
a w
hile
, how
ever
, a m
ajor
cris
isis
allo
wed
to d
evel
op, a
nd th
en it
is ti
me
for
arbi
tra-
tion.
Whe
n th
e di
sput
eis
betw
een
clie
nt a
ndco
ntra
ctor
, it
is th
e ar
chite
ct w
ho is
the
arbi
trat
or.
Thi
s is
the
maj
or d
iffer
ence
bet
wee
n th
e ar
chite
ct-
clie
nt r
elat
ions
hip
at th
is a
nd a
t ear
lier
stag
es. T
hear
chite
ctis
still
the
clie
nt's
age
nt, b
ut w
hen
the
clie
nt a
nd c
ontr
acto
r di
sagr
ee,
the
arch
itect
isex
pect
ed to
ren
der
an im
part
ial,
prof
essi
onal
judg
-m
ent.
Sho
uld
the
disa
gree
men
t be
a se
rious
one
, or
shou
ld th
e ar
chite
ct h
imse
lf be
invo
lved
, it i
s co
m-
mon
pra
ctic
e to
res
ort t
o a
mor
efo
rmal
sor
t of
arbi
trat
ion.
AlA
follo
ws
the
Con
stru
ctio
n In
dust
ryA
rbitr
atio
n R
ules
of t
he A
mer
ican
Arb
itrat
ion
As-
soci
atio
n.N
orm
ally
,a
thre
e-m
an b
oard
isap
-po
inte
d, w
hose
mem
bers
are
fam
iliar
with
con
stru
c-tio
n pr
actic
es, a
nd th
is b
oard
dec
ides
the
disp
ute
afte
r a
full
hear
ing
of b
oth
side
s. T
he m
ost s
ig-
nific
ant a
dvan
tage
of a
rbitr
atio
n is
that
wor
k ca
npr
ocee
d pe
ndin
g th
e de
cisi
on.
Fur
ther
info
rma-
tion
can
be o
btai
ned
from
the
Am
eric
an A
rbitr
a-tio
n A
ssoc
iatio
n, 1
40 W
. 51s
t St.,
N.Y
., N
.Y. 1
0020
.
Wha
t to
do b
efor
e se
ndin
g fo
r th
e m
ovin
g va
nA
t som
e po
int d
urin
g th
e la
tter
stag
es o
f con
-st
ruct
ion,
the
clie
ntis
likel
y to
won
der
ifth
epr
oces
s w
ill e
ver
end.
The
she
ll of
the
build
ing
wen
t up
fast
eno
ugh,
but
now
the
finis
h w
ork
seem
s to
be
drag
ging
on
inte
rmin
ably
.T
hen
hege
ts a
cal
l fro
m th
e co
ntra
ctor
: his
men
sho
uld
beth
roug
h in
abo
ut te
n da
ys; t
he c
lient
can
beg
into
mak
e hi
s m
ovin
g pl
ans.
Thu
s be
gins
the
ritua
l of c
losi
ng o
ut th
e pr
ojec
t.T
he a
rchi
tect
mak
es o
nela
stin
spec
tion,
mor
ese
arch
ing
than
any
that
hav
e go
ne b
efor
e.If
hefin
ds d
efic
ienc
ies,
they
mus
t be
corr
ecte
d; if
not
, he
reco
mm
ends
to th
e ow
ner
that
the
cont
racw
r be
paid
in fu
ll an
d th
e bu
ildin
g ac
cept
ed. S
omet
imes
,w
hen
the
owne
r is
in a
hur
ry to
mov
e in
, he
ac-
cept
s th
e bu
ildin
g as
"su
bsta
ntia
lly c
ompl
eted
,"m
eani
ng th
atit
isre
ady
for
use
even
thou
ghso
me
wor
k m
ay r
emai
n to
be
done
.
JULI
US
SH
ULM
AN
The
am
ount
ow
ing
the
cont
ract
or o
n ac
cept
-an
ce is
the
last
of t
he p
rogr
ess
paym
ents
plu
s th
eso
-cal
led
"ret
aine
d pe
rcen
tage
." T
his
is th
e am
ount
whi
ch th
e cl
ient
will
hav
e he
ld b
ack
from
ear
lier
paym
ents
to th
e co
ntra
ctor
; usu
ally
it r
uns
betw
een
5 an
d 20
per
cent
of t
he to
tal.
The
ret
aina
ge is
afo
rm o
f ins
uran
ce th
at th
e co
ntra
ctor
will
not
leav
eth
e jo
b un
til th
e cl
ient
and
his
arc
hite
ct-a
gent
are
fully
sat
isfie
d.B
efor
e th
e co
ntra
ctor
get
s hi
s m
oney
, he
is a
sked
for
a re
leas
e ab
solv
ing
the
owne
r fr
om ii
ens
orcl
aim
s fr
om s
ubco
ntra
ctor
s, s
uppl
iers
or
othe
rs.
Oth
erw
ise,
the
owne
r m
ight
find
his
bui
ldin
g at
-ta
ched
six
mon
ths
henc
e be
caus
e of
abi
llth
eco
ntra
ctor
neg
lect
ed to
pay
.If
any
liens
or
clai
ms
are
outs
tand
ing
whe
n th
e bu
ildin
g is
acc
epte
d by
the
owne
r, th
ey a
re d
educ
ted
from
the
cont
ract
or's
final
pay
men
t. T
he o
wne
r al
so r
ecei
ves
a w
arra
nty
from
the
cont
ract
or fo
r a
set p
erio
d of
tim
e, u
sual
lya
year
, afte
r ac
cept
ance
. Sho
uld
the
roof
leak
or
the
wal
ls d
evel
op c
rack
s du
ring
that
tim
e, th
eco
ntra
ct r
equi
res
that
the
build
er c
ome
back
and
fix th
ings
up.
The
clie
nt, a
s ca
refu
l rea
ders
will
not
e, h
as ju
stbe
com
e th
e ow
ner.
The
bui
ldin
g is
now
, for
the
first
tim
e, e
ntire
ly h
is. N
ext t
ime
he b
ecom
es a
clie
nt a
gain
, he
will
be
a w
iser
one
, but
nex
t tim
em
ay b
ring
a ne
w s
et o
f pro
blem
s. F
or b
uild
ing
isne
ver
easy
, but
nei
ther
is it
eve
r du
ll.
.MO
RLE
Y B
AE
R
I
'aw
l!!ol
4'11
1111
1111
MR
.._I
IIs
,
