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!Ehc puxpaao of tllld cllopter
is four-fold. i!'irnt, it c:taminr:o
the pi,Lg?Lin $c>;>uli~t;loi> ivt. Tinuaaln.
In t h i o contoxls it otudios kk~o n u b
box of pilgrin~s visiting every year
botwe6:n lYlP-'L15 im11 ohmfa how
there arc thx~(? />flak pmiaila nnA
one lean peritxi of pilgrinagca t o
TLrwlln. Secondly, Lf mrnlnca
thhe ~rraci~iconotnic psoPiLan of LEN
pilgrin~s i n tam8 of ti?nLr orma afi
origin, ma1 ~und urk~nn baokgmunfl,
camfa aff i l ia t ion, occupational
div~jfelty, type of fan63y, BCLucationol
levels and r a l i g i o u s rtatua. 'L'hixdfy, it tsa.~aroinas the p i l -
grim ~lctilviCiers A t 'l'imn~oln. i!erc# i@ dlocunses why t h e .
pilgrims l ~ a v s u t i l i e a l daifforent type!& of nccomWntian
nvoiLabLe f o r t h e i r aCny at X'frumalo, rvhwtk~ex t h e p i l g r t ~ n s
h ~ v e visiC~y3 'I'ixumnkn alone or with tiialx family or i n thao
cor:i.)nay caf f r i end# or swrrs othcrr;, whilk a r e the )7Urpf$608 ~f
t t le i r v i a i t t o '!ir~1lk3l~, ~:Iiich places bcs ido~ a'irnsmlii have
Chc llilgrit~tw vloitei l i ~ ~ d l o r vrthat ];,url~oneil, ancl how rmch
uxpcnnl:litucn on ~:aiLgsim;il]m woo d.ncursct1 by tho nilgriins of
flifterey1.t econo~idc i(svciLo. FinaLly, tliia clrapter csoi;tlne:i
6ha i , t lgr i~n EiolA at. Yiru~!!nl;? i n ortlex tx, nnrler!dtanil tho
socio-occmmnmic prcll~Prrno ln 1r1diti ~lrnl. to n s c a r t ~ l i n the l ? G t v i i -
aivo Pn$!duonco of tklc rincrctl coinplc~i st 'l'lnrrflnl;~ a l l over htlia,
~ $ - $ ~ j - ~ . f i , ] ~ & ~ ~ $ j ! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ; ; $ & ~ ~ ~ ~
, L ' I I ~ irrl~!liniokrntion of itro~~!cirilo-:iis~pisti k.l~vaathirnnf!~s
koajrs ii ri~co&-d ol: tilo i~iLgrirc3 who v i s i t : Wiln tern~:~lcs of IL'airu-
stnLn, ' r , :I'iruehiinur, ~ ~ r i r t i v ; ~ ~ i i r ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ u r i d ~ i z and okher
roliitetl ~l;~ci..u cvory yonr. Proin till:: record urle can grbt i l k i t i ~
on i,ilgrirn gopul.atloo f o r tile l n o t aevaml decacleu. iin utnr::i-
nation of the pi lgr im gu;,ialatLcm La the lest fift+?ea YQakS
can rovanl the trw6 ancl iwgnLtuc?e of %Ire pi lgr ims vZrr2tinrj
the Titunala, S i rp :wt i mcf other tcnprlee.
The data on pi lgr im pf3ulattan far tbo d e c ~ n n t a l
paricda 1961-71 aad 1971-81 and f o r t h e f ive year peziiod
of '2iruiilaln has inormsed L'rorfl 10,40,754 in the yenr 1961
to 14,111,706 irr tho yeor 1965, Efmn 15,27,083 in 1972 ta
32,59,000 in thc year 19'75 and Lmm 36,76,000 i n $981 t o
136,50,82G i n ther year 1%5, The bstn turthor BIIQWR tha t
Prom 5907 onward8 there was a ngurt tn the pilgrim )?apuL~Cion
a t Tirurtaln f n r t l lo Eaci l i t ius in tomn of accomrhrdntlatt,
fnocl-cibt~?rlng nnfl tri!nsi:ort at; ~irur&a have been impraved
:;iilc:e t h a t year. iloroovor, f a c l l i t i c s f o r rumL crdlt had
21ilj3%twnl i i inc~ i ti10 YCiIr 1.0G5 bl?cduoe OL the, nmw oconcjmfe
,liriiin:~li\ te1n~3c wary day.
a t ?irninnLn, Losnol: is thcj n~mil)@% of! pilgrim8 oC ' l ' ir\~p;lt.l~
Tiruchar~ur on8 other plncao, :iindlnrL'y, gsa?olas tilo nunbes
of pklrjrime a t ~tirun~aln, ijrcoker is ttlza n~mbet o t pilgrimo
at T i r ~ & ~ n t i ~ T I F U C ~ ~ ~ U ~ anA okbuc p1acoa. A,urFn~ the l.ar&.
five yaara ths dai ly average numbmr aP pilrjrimq who viillterl
Tirugati, Ttruchnur, srinivnanrnnni;egclrorn and Ki'LlriIyilnrrPicft1i1tiI
i s iabouk 30 thouaMrrr l@thoursande, 3 thousandis and 1.5
smsuris of
On the hnnin of Chhe Crmd of Chi? pilgrimage during
the y@M?J 1971-L15, it i s nb50rved .that kh@Xe tlEe d~pl -~ ie t?
variatians and sensmol fluctucrtions i n the pilgrim popula-
tions a t '~!irumaln, i'txu;?eti ant7 other TILBCO~.
i) uoy-wiao vnriatkona rsveal thef e;wB~y, i/;anBoy,
l'ridny an(! ::nturrlay are the peak dogs, whlle Puoadap and 1Lxursday axe t h e loan &aeys ot ~sLLgrirn pcrpulntinn a t Tirumale a8 W T ~ L a s tho othnx plida~~a. ., r h n peak dnyo include We maxiinurn nrjsemblage of
pilyri~nfs. On tho loan day# the asanmblaga nf
~ > i l ~ ~ i i t l $ ; eblit3-
iil ::,oe~oairl fltlctuution:, ilhnt,r t h a t Chr s i x - m t h ;~crLod from 1.ltirc:ctl to iiwgunt, Ctia %rta-mor~t?i pclrioA erum Laapccinbor to tietuber and a? I:ev:-day g ~ ~ i d i l i n the
first 'iu'ck w2 January c~nrrt i tutc . three mwparatc pcnlc scnsenn of pilqriw:i\r-i~n t(5 ?:irurni?la, l'iru.~???nti nnil otller rrlotoil placeo. In fnet, the R ~ ~ O I ! L T I CIC
pllgrlljis ~tc@~'l lLy ~I?CCL?WOCW from ?:arch t o Rwjuol:
nnil St r;l:ucts in dol1uur.y. %hi:? incrcaoc: i n pilqrim
~oguLclCion a t !i:iwunala and ?I*:. othor ?)lt?csn i a 2br sevorsl rausmn. One roaacrn is tho zalationshlp bot~:ucm agriculture1 cycle of n c t l v i t i r s sncl pil- yrimayc. UiflIarwat rc;!~iuulo in t!.w country have somcwllut differant iagrlsrlltuml calmdc3rr, 9?1e
regional agricul tural cycLcs rovtaal t h r t t h e Eawmora snrP Llnnwlabourers am rcslrttively free from Lnrnz a c t i v i t i e s &t;k.ecr~ $larcli snd AuyurjL. The fortia?~:~
and Pamli4bourerr; makn pilr7timngc~ onLy iiuei.tq ehosrs sssctmris Mat: flc, P M ~ intnrfera with t h e i r agrb aultwra2 Prctivitiae. Thnreforcs, Auring tlw slack wri& htwm W c h Bnd AUQuSt, Lsrge nWr8 of ~mmsrs and PawLabouz~ha from diff:fersnt prnkr mf
tha counw v i a i t Tim~rneala md iEB refa t& pXacarr. Another reason is t h e fnflwwce at riifEsrent pluiods of v~cnCit3n i n uchoole, coLLege8, ogfices and car- t o in :jmrnnwit iis?i,arWtwta. UsueZly, &Itimcatianal i n s t L t ~ t i W l s and governlent de;>ertmerita h ~ v e aummr vaeotion, wiabr hoLidays mi! foa t tva l holidays b@tt~.recn i,:nrctr nncl iiug~tst, Sq?te&ec an$ octob,hnr, ilaccnbcbr ;)nil Jnnuary. Tlterse vnootlon poriorta &. irolidnyo com;>r!?rlao t he irmin piS!xrimage omuonu f a x the ott~lcnta, c;liii>loycos and ai,?zarillcycrs. A t h i n ? rf:o?:,!w for illn tus~aing u;~ of p i l g r l ~ l s i n larcjrs num- ber!: 2,i. .?.hr! ~::l,i-Lous occa~fcm e:q~ncial ly favowad f o r r;c:cirag the r..or. :tho t?ariwl t'xom septeinber t o cictoktex i a $:I ~pr-rim1 d :ipccCncuLctx fsrrtfvals a t : u a r u t . r:npceballg, thc grcnt annunl C(?:t'rlLv;~l nli h!rnhrnni-.s;lvmrl~r ,~l?rc!?B over ninc Jays
oc:ctlr:J in iliir, j:herioil. ilnturnlly it a tk rac t s large nuir~bor uE :iil:'lriinn froin iiJ.1, partxi of tl.10 cOUilWy. :1.:.~1(:6! 3.'2G7 ian, o spuut i n p1Egrii1 p ~ p u l . ~ t i b n i n kl~o ijprz~t Yiric?); aE ,J;;.?>uury h ~ f i ~IOCOI~SS a r e g u l ~ > r Eoataro r!l: Yirum?ln.
tii) ':'br,m l o alrso il lean aonoon of pflgrin~ayc. cat@ !l'irumnla,
'Ylrupnti ani! ottlor places. X t s t a r t o Ln Ncnreuibolr anr.3 co~xtinucra upto b'ebrunry. Xhnre w i l l Zln r f l i n ~
in the eaxJ.y ;;art of thir: pcciml. Thn I n t e r nort
nf t h i a prr lot l i n uatl?tlly coo&. klelrridee, earn1 work
w i l l ba in f u l l w i n g i n this peziocl. ;it khe snmo
t i r ; ~ , i n Wfc; parind, nsittior sCu8mts nor omployt?f?a j,n mimy parks 09: the cuuntxy have lany-term vucw t ion or hoSi(?oys. %'he xi?in, tha coul wonU~cr. *\I(>
busy l a n t work and,' Ulc nbsencr of fP10g-tern vncatla;, deter Ohe pen$@ from d i f f e r e t ~ t p a r t s of the country, f r ~ i n unilslrtaking u jowcn~y to pilgrim placer. "Ph~re-.
tom, M e perriaA from C3wo&e%r W i.'ebruory is a aZmck emalon E*E pilgsimg(8 ta T ~ r t a ~ l ~ , Tirupatd IU3d ah@ ralsltled holy &kaca)#.
'l8l?ua, tho occurrence af rnaxfmum n u h r & pilgdnnsr
a t l'iruiclla olld i t s &ateid plrictw mcf diffrvart tlmoa i n a
yeor a r c mLoteC1 to tlm mnimnl, agstcultural cycloo, to tho
diffcrcnt pc?rioGn o t vacotiun i n s c h u a l ~ ~ colleguu, oC27ics0,
itnc? certain tj~vcz3innt office@ and t o tknn rg1;lgious occusionc
e:;pncinll.y fc!vourcxI for sesin!! Mie Lord e,t TtmniaLn.
, , , 'L'".,. '.' ". , -P, , iAvt .~t ,T( ; : (:;P8+!,if.<;:C!:,V,X;;:?:iC::, l:j~J,J(;[31i.E ..-.... .."... . ......,."..."l .....--ww, :" .-,-.-, """A *Ir--*
I I : rrrirjln --"-.-."--.. .-. ,.
'Toljlo-35 nlnx,:i tti:,! ;itc$t<.;j-~.~lr;o ilistrfbution af the
900 ! .~iP$?rl~ilu clioa,!r~ f o r stuil',~ing hoir .rf~ci~-~conctmic ch::rr?c-
teri!rtLcr;. J:?IC! '300 iAl.;irl.ran chor&c!n o r thlo ntudy corn2 Emn
14 difL~?ri!rii: i ; l r ~ t;::!u tn inciia. Yl'io Give r;outhmrn ri t n b a nomoly
knrilira iriir:lc?3:1, ~..itYt)nti+,lu~, ! I iofiiiSchc!rrg anil 'L'a.mil i l ~ d i r
co11trlbt.i.cil. rllcir:..,: 'i:'rr;w t10 ije:-r: ecliC of! tlv: i;oti!iL pilgrim prii!u-
Lotiorr. Xllo rc;iit;!i,tliny nine ;atet$?cr of wi1LC41 (.ion, Uujnrcit,
i~!nhi~ro!ibtra ionr!l .i;ijij:;tliatr tony bo ct)n!~lf!oxed we Mest inilia,
,.'larliliy?~ i'i:;r:ic:;l~ miy lit:: tior:iqe;rkcR iln c:entral inilia, ;askhi onJ
Utwc i1rii;ic!~:i1 inay i~,? pue togetiicr :ta i!urt:h Xnt?:!in, and Gric:a?i
oni: i;r:!s(; t,;~ngnl rriy i:~s! +.c!ten ~t:crijott~::r an Loafern Lndinn con-
tribukw't le!:it? kl.iuln 10 p ~ p cent of tbe! t a t i ? L pilgrim populnrton,
Sf inC"ivi~1usl ::tnCcr; nre conaiiiercl8, '\nc?hse i!~aclanh
cantr ibutal for nl3L-n than Rolf 0f t h e ~silf~rim li3;>ul;?.-
t ion em9 Tami1 l i e r l i ~ co'nt;rl!~ueei3 t!, l i t t le i!;ort? than a;iu-fourth
OE Ma giLgxin pogulatianr rihile ttk!rnat;>9r.a contr21311C&l a
l i t t le mru Wan S park cant af the lrilgrdm j~op~ t l ak tan~ Ma!%-
pilgrim popuLattm and the rmainllnlg i:tabrs conktibut& less
than 1 par can\: of the yilyriln p ~ u l a U o n each.
Jn tr?rnts of We lannyuagcs of the 3taCnrt?ar fhoscr
openking thc i~roviclinn lengungos cnntrfbut;cd the bulk (nosrr
than 90 gor cent) rthila thoas @peaking the Asyon langungns
contrihutcil only ti fraction (legs than 10 per cent) cf the
pilijrirn po~ula t imi .
4:crmo ob' physic:sJ. Ristancc froti? Tirumiila. thooa
1ocilt1:O 11e;irci: ta 'iLru~i!:rlo co::tribuced i!:c:ro i,ll.fjritn pq~ul.ntior~
tirnrl tkiocil; viifch orc:. nituntr:cl far iitwy fmn '7:irufizcln. f iffh8t
ynar.irJ,Ly speiikln:,, it nr?mis that. on t i l r ? i i t ~ t r ~ n c o fmlr
'iiruroi~3.n increi~k r;, t-lic prupor'l;iwi ctf the i~iLgsirnw decxceaes.
:it i!i iotr?rc:;tir~y to :onkc! tlint ii~~i(>r~<jf(ll iY:kLc~ ~>il(~rirfl~j, ?he
ufl1:!11 ccl:~i~ionznt is n~r::m?cloi>lgj hi~j11e.t than tlre rural and
risa~l-wL~ot~ con:!:onontc. Endti~c?, Pnr roro than one-tbin'is of
the ~:iLtjrist Ltnpult7Ciml ( 3 0 per cent) is from taii~ms and c i t i eu .
i s from t:e:i&urlri;n cantrcn or those ~:,lnci-!a which are noi2:hr:r
villagtjo not: town8 bu,uf sharo the ctr~ractc .r l r~t lco of bath.
tihQwiao, less than una-t\rfml 05 the pilgrirn i~o,)ulntiun
(30 par crsnr) is from Yil lBges.
The slight. pr~?pan~f~fnnce of the urbanit* ptlgdms
over t h e s w a l and semi-mban pilgrtmrj may be hue ra Cwa
irnpoasnt renaons. One ren8on is that the economic 6hk\1$
aE the urlmn pil!;fririce i e bet,tor than that: rrE .the ruracila arid
swdlurban pflgsfras. imnothtir r eam i s t ha t t ' ia rural paor
with t lautr ex.ilcEin;~ economic activity kh;tt dc&mda thadr con-
s h n t iircstmcr oC how? ox in tl1oi.r neighbourho6rl may nut: f:1?1A
n~!ogo;cc tirni! ~ n d rtmonB .tr> unciwrtnke o joumay W diatnnt
IwLg [blncaa l i k e thaw of Zirum?ila nnd Tl,rupwti.
'rsb1.c.:-37 i3lroi:u .?,LIQ ~~csrc~~tni;i$~o i:iisl;riLitciori r;oe 2:n
~ L I < I &i'k$L'~lii!.; :,>y i&>fX lXd?b? Of: 0ri$Lili< t1E t l d l a$4 ki10h ~ t X . i l L ,
::c!irL-l\&"bi:tl iind urbi~rn hclig$ouurt;i. &olk> Ytntes 1Sko Pondi-
cbc!rr:: :tn.'\ l ~ d h i mntributdl, xne!.tIlon: ruse1 nor scrsi-urhan
plit:jcei;io i'xecp'k un:?.i:init,e yil.~~c:lrirri. k,'ho :,;$;itc?u of (.;o;!, iiujil-
r a t anel, itr,~j;in'cI~+m contrii~uke;i only rwink-ttt"aen pilgrJ.tos. Thc
sl;fit'!!o uf ilttw t~riic:o!.rin onrl I:ooL l,:ltl1yii?L crmtribut~ii nm.iil:L- . r.$.P<dl:; contribizta?d a3f- urixnl and traban pil!lrih~n, 'l'in? Wtk16?r "'".*
L'eferltid. 1,roporkioen of P.lrt! %'ilr;lL, i;l '~il~-W~~i~tl orid urban
~ l k ~ j r i l n a . i;r:rtn$.n ::?t;!tos t$liowltiij 113 rwiu l , B C I I O ~ ~ U ~ I ~ I I OF
urbi~l cori~l~oi~enl i n tI.~air cmCrlbutLons :or pi:lgrtm papul.ation
al: 'i'irr;unula ~nsy be clue k7 an orror in ~ielect ing the enropli: of
pi l~ f i iw fo r the present c>nr,airy.
f i fi,?,tkncl vad;lcf.a:~ ceu bt? nokicet? in E-iet.i-iai?il ;;ttltf:s
with rcgarci the quantum of Choir 6.~nWibu21on nf the %WaLr
umi-urban and urban piigrifae. Of the 277 j?iXgrFmr fm thha
mal %@as, about 6X p e t c m t came from Anilhra IJrd14@&4 #(1
pi?r cant crim P w m "fnri\il Ntlr7u anif tlko rsmnining 9 gar cmt
came from s ix atl~or :16nl:es, Sir~tilarl~, oaL the 283 aremi-
urb:bani.& pilrrtine, 66 pes cent oame frwi nplelhra & w e a h ,
2 1 per Cent catni? from '!:mif. IJi?du md thn rc!~nafning 13 pr.
cent came from ten ather i ;fatr .~. Thenr out of! ~ n e 339
11rb:mflu l?il!~rlffl3, w ifktla l%sa I ~ R I I 50 per cent came from
i:li.lhra iZrudeoh, <iii?#xit 32 h?mx cent a!r%? fxem T:?n~il PlatJ~!,
n<?3rl-~y II per: cent: c:?ain frcrm bIn.l"nnttrir;l, ,mOt11et: t i per coat
c:n,;io fron~ ~!.:,jo:~i;h;!ia nnii tile rcc~i~ ln i ,ny 5 ~ J C C ct:xlt cnmi: ;irc>jn
bji,?. ,,tb~c!r ;;t.!tei3,
?he. praprtion 0'; t~o.r,rl wrul acmirnurhnn piJ.rj~i~rn
noenbky excad that, oE Cho urban gllgrtms in the Stater; of
rvrdhra Pradeianh an8 Xerel. That mc?~5ns Xciris number of urbanfte
gLlqrims fm ~ ~ 8 h r 4 Pra9eoh an8 X e ~ ~ l a than okhrzr Stafaer,
v L i M irkumrla. It: i s 1 1 0 t m ~ h y that sxr one wves a w q drm
~ i g W a c ( tha mral w-enk of pfPr;rs&m~ma deemm$ m t i d m +
-t&xX:--
li3bLb30 sirown khe rmmntagc c l 2 ~ t r l b u t i m of! Chs
906) pilijrlmw kiccafiliny ta the i r caste, w i b d mcS xhs ot&w
group aELillation. Of! ?9l@ 900 pi lgrim, mra then 98 per
cent belong t o cast@ gmupu, about: I por cwC holnng Lo
tL"ibbef3 an8 lcrla ttiiln 1 per cent belong t o wkher groupe.
t;riionq tho COB"^^ qjrOUps, t;hOse cinikil~ un'cr Eoniard
tfxor~r> eo:s!,~ri?sr. n vo!:t mljnrity ki;o tlin tuxit? of about 08 per.
cent, ti%o:ic! iacludetf i n tho br~ckr'axd Clirms comprlee only '3
f , ?fit 1 thoJc? ;bloccii i r i t;lm fiCnnisloti Cn~;"ct?c: c:amgrinc
vrily ohr:ru,t 2 !>or wnt 02 tht! tok13. pLL?$ri~n l>r>l>ulorinn.
h . . iir~:nnt;j thirr forr~rirn'i ci~eitt?:;, ttnr pa&ulation of2 tho
I , rh~:! vaioy8n r ~ r ~ i l rfia tIan~rt,iili,!: i f 1 more thon Iicrrr
r~c!ws;:l r~tt:c<r: c;rtli;r,ro Cor~r)~i.n(?A :rho i;r:irR!:Ln@ a:;1 ~ ? ~ i o ~ t l y
$,lracqr cil'l,.i t i i61 VVoLuyne ns w6!X.L i ) ~ ) tite di\~.wa83ie an I I ~ Q X C ; ~ I I I ~ E ~ ~ C
I , 1 I : I I I : vuJrr!uvr:r the? ur+!hm".nri
arc? rt?lrrtivr?.ly i;wrt? rnb!.Loywl tltnn otbnr cii:ittru tho
'Voifi~ya:; ;r11A tho iir~,l%aia8$.8 are aselatively m r o veal* khan
othsr cne-tco. '!:he ni3Cum oi' tt1c:i.r oce~y?n.tlon Chun hna influ-
encefl them to ).JC narcs nw)hila t h a n ntlifirri. &van i n kerma of
rel igious trilirELicmri tho thraie caata rjmuga a r e more pilqri-
magworiented than other c;ri;kn ymupa. Thus them etttLbt~tos
raeam to have infltaenfnd r goo4 nuder of mo:%le from the
wets CastPr groups &a unAerti,ka )?iLgxiwag~'n t o TLrumaln.
The cultLvmtirty cr(slX!be of hi~Teli51 Kanmna, 8el'ljafi
T & a g ~ ~ p u s + 14.rrlalSyilra an& W&cprsr am stao wart zwpmsnr-
tad b me pilgrim ~~puPattm* 'thefie ~ u l t i t ~llm gmunls
hnd bccoma adherents of 8~i-Vaishnavtsm aslmca! the bctpirming
of the tenth thmt.llry. abvtounly khoy fcvour a p i l g ~ t m c ; e
to Tirumilir. l,lorc:ovolr, the llfgh pragartlon oE the cultivn-
t i n y castes m y *Len be related to t h o i t cicarn~mic s~a&ua.
Tlhe!;e cat;tc?s arc; rl?lntlVoly Gwrr wei~lthy than mny ather
ciiirteri i!nB tnc<~~tne c?f their oct~raarnFs wel.eLl-l~ntng they prfoxii?
:!~+vivclrc:l of 1:hciL: LiCc!-csians crst!i:~cnioa ~ ? t TirmnLm to smk
the l.,lo::sirny:; oS the t1eit.y o f 'S'ir1riirol3~ T'iaus becatme ief
tilr!tr r-r?l.l.fjioraa bncligmlw4".nc? %hais wa(iECh, th%y have a
t+,:n$lcncy t o CrnvcI t c l thc holy p2aco of :cicuroe~la for p i . l g r t ~ ~ ~ ~ r ~ c ,
Yi~c l,ncfil:ar"fl csstcs, of vri~crm thn ncharln o m 2310cli.i.
n t h ttiv i!hbeo ,ma thc? Yarlirvas ore shmr-p iin{1 cirttL@
rconj:c,x.fr, t.ht, I;iJi'lon nrr fk~i+dy-ta!,iior.il khthc ilwi7ngirs nnll bha
h~adwnnnl.io arc3 wonvflrr?, tlir Chnka1.1~ nr r ~tanhcmmn and the
i.'liinritilln arc! bnrberr;, 60 not nicrnncic~1,2y d o m i n n t ~ thcr pil-
qriin h l y . Oncr oP thcr caiki;onn ~nsy i;o tint thew caste group5
bit~ich are t l ~ l t.0 tt1~1,r [~"itrfln C C I ~ ~ T I ~ L I ~ ~ C ~ * L ~ I~OVEI EI +andt?ncy
l;o trovcml rc.latlva1.y si.iostc!s ilir;!,mcr~:; Eor rr?l i?ciwua nm"t
pi,lrjplm?,g~ f..UrpO,$crl. &.i!rIzi3j)i: t i l L ~ AD !li~.~A.ly 2)oCiIUi:~ the i r
ltv.valiho~ct tlei,sllils Lelns on cilrlh trsc.!oi,~c! which Fr: naerlad COX
u n t i e a t a l ~ d ~ t ~ ~ pdlcfrlmayjc:, fiaaif'loo, i n golir?ral, their ;;NvexCy
may be enothcr c:,ntxibuelng ftict.o:or l C i S not dri?it:ing thW out
of their vtll,rytyfi f ~ r lo~rg i? is tdnc~a for ~.rilqrlltmgn.
i s ta br? noted here t h a t thn i;ebedul@d tCa&t%ol ancl artldulbld
lrlbav WhO visit 4 iz~ l<u?Zo arc? f,mnr ,khr? @f i:&hr&
A n i l i i a , It i n ;cf ,raganujar
grc?cept~~r at the irr i-\ lafsh~vaa, who LeLd Ziw fowd;itlons
to cur~vr!rt ti la? :;ct1wlu2eLI eaatcs a!3 well as "clla Schcdlilod
.irihor; Into h i a "nth. ?!nl!rvnc, i.t: t:au not until thr? aholS-
X i 0 l i thrit tila iiclrel'iuleli Cantrs coukd nlakc.
Ct J 0 i i t 0 ! ' i ! l 611i:ilst 1950,
i,hc :,circr'illP<?~I 1:21:;:1x: :> iL~~k"&ir l~ I1CVOZ ijt:C;:n(!1?3 t h ~ l h i l l 0 IJQ
',I,'~KIJI~I:~:>. '~'h(.:
almi;tLy hem o]p.pl?iui~.d vaitllo exonirrfn.~ t.E1cr mnu&
gcrfom~ncec. Tbre cle,lty of: :rfrmij~aLn pxnys ;m intj.fiu";E gola
in t h e I i E o \?attorn flP folk Uu'idbiam, SLldli:;m, islain ant?
ChrSatFonity, nc 3 pr<.tl-i,hle~k.solvlni~ device. ~?uricl~er, UI@
!:!city of Tinlmalm i n r ~ ~ ~ o t a l more t o kt113 oncti12 ukriita Wan
to n !:pccSEiC r!.~]i.:\qinn. !!.horn is k> cor~ve~>~ncr j of bnlj,afn
0:: iJtP:ica,tlt: rl?.l.iiiir,nr: !:.Lthiri tlrr! ci;na:v:c:et rd ;: a;tn::iTie
sccf.sL stro:tni:1. '::t~di: i:i WIIO ~ : i t h rc":i;;t:,~i to x:f.?i(~ttLsnl,
l l ! . l , I l l ! : : I I 1 7 - 1 Pollc Ir?vo2.
(!ccuf:i?t,ioni?l, n tnklr:; c ~ . , ..,., ,,,"." *.".*,.,,,".-.-. ~. :?iik)Ir?-31, iii?cwn t,k~c:, ;:c.?s-ctnl:~ii~in ilX::tributlon o f the
900 p;iilrjrl.r.):: 1:ly t k~c iu : ::r:?Eli: ohor l$: ia nmd by thi!i% ~ccul;t?-.
tian. t,LnK,st thrt .c!-fuu~(;I~~ ('14.43 ;*>r c w * 0;: the? t o t a l nun-
her aE pilgrims arc k~t~ifirie:iI3nt@n nzlcl working em:dayc!cn.
h g r i c a ~ u r l ~ t s wlit$riac 4$axeo-afrtcus%kfr (1U. 11 ~~9rc:mt) O f
%he tots1 n a t c r af :~bl$jrirni;, ,itis nanlel;il!.:lop& 3Tiii tkac
xa.Llxad dmgloy~trs mrijrl$e a LlftUc wxa th>n ejnar-shtaonth
(7* l& pm emel ok Clw totat nuruL@r QE plLwirirn8.
The busineosmen and the working eny.rlrtyae# m~7risw
bulk of %he :j.ilgri.rn barlp a t ICimflla. They ere Mat wcssll*y
and the ealnsim? po~iu l~ t ion re?wl>s?ctivrreby, As such thsix
lilvolihond tlepending upon cash incorm h~llgfi thm t i a unlfer-
tnka ptl~~rirnacio tv Eha holy t ~ l n c o ~ . liurther, the n a t u m maf
t ha i r occ!q)ationu alno $8 tsuch that; it mjnCanglc~8 them i n o
nuslbcr? ncl nr)cinL, ocnnt~~fllc nnet aeher ??r@l~lens. I'iuiiiinsaa
i v l v i ricalci rnpf&i:ijXntL~il, sosnt? f:an?e:rri. J.mg nbnwk nmrket,
t.,5t~crat; ::~3!:1ily n113 d(?ifi:it~fl i~r i i l ab$Clt: C $ W U ~ C $ ~ $ . D ~ OC nnney. ijn
I o r I :?c?x.V~CC LII ijublic r3r privrit~! i~>z~i:ttudlonri,
;!ry:!lcir!o ( 3 ~ ~r~~it lf . :z~:f : ions~ Involrv~x~ e f f o r t 202 n:!coqnitim,
I r ~ r . :,~r:s:nvt.btsr i?nR for: rai!sc:;o;rl wf :mvsr.i:l. gxitwnncao. Lbx
'thc:;;~; ~Q;):I!X>~ lioC11 t l ~ ? ~ cnl:c?goricin uf x>ou!>lo 40,~)rmil upon t h e
~>l:obIcm noPvtn!? rloity cot ],,orti! Vc;nknti?st~nra ellr menking salu-
ti,o!.;i: t o tl.lic:ir c;nc:inl, nc:~nomik! and oWlcr :?to?,>lf?mn. ' ~ ' h u ~
t:hoir;. ~?co:~u~nir: cc>~::lition nnrl t h e i r risli-ori.r>nl:cd or pxublcm-
ouic:l~tcd occu~~ntiono FrrELu~nce! Cl~enl 'to iri?l:c n t r i p ta tho
i~o ly rrlcc;n of '.(Iiri~~iaLn.
!rhe agrriculturtntr:j c~mpcifii) only about one-Wiri3s
of tho t o t a l , nuinber of pllgrlmn. LIRc *a businsssmen a&
the woxkinq ~ > l o y ~ s n , t h e e ~ ~ r i c u l t u r t r r t s aLso have nbmy
social, economic, poLLtLoal. on8 other pmblorfs. Yh@y anlea
f ind t h e tori1 t~ be a provider of soluttnna SkJ t h e i r multi-
%mlianua pxoblnms. Dcit since thoy nro ti& to dho :hnt>il ma
bwauspl *hair iiv~liizoacl Bopttndrr 3.0s~ on airah i.i~.llcorka, only
thaw ;anusngmt thm r?ho are r~hatLv~1.y Ere@ from the%r fsna
rot iv i t iae er uim mn posrgans their il$~l.culewral $;*a% fa
eomcrtime wc? who ora w ~ 3 G W a o r rho have g m ag~d i t
facilities, mke s ~?flgrimnge to Tlrumlr. Thseefors, ~ n l y
those oyrkulrurists who can ufftrrd $m, RP their laisuse
t;Fmer, some of W f r tmey war aolm of their cr&ic facil"l6ft?.s
a tiilij.c8rni?gt uai?crtsbo yil~rint:i@e to the holy place of!
I :.2ncc aucll gno~ lo catiipriec a anrlll percentngo
a~oon~jnt. tlto a<;jricul k u d a t n , one CI:~ fir16 illy o smlf. 1m-
yl:xtir!;l 0 2 t:tk<,rt <~t 'iirtirtl:,tk**
Tho ilon-mn!.ilaye!d enlongst the ?.!kl<jriir& miiiptso sku-
,dento, hnurrcwiv.vwo onil othars. ii'ney unri~xtake a yilgrimga
ix?cnunc.r they are tho mt: n@&y ta -ad< Lmpmr*tliatre suluticme
t o t11eLr pmblcmtl. UWlouelg, ns non-earner0 they have t o
do;?ani\ upon their ougpttara for kkmay a d other nri:cunBary
airrm!yurnontn la bc i~v.xlu for untlertifi:.Peg R pi1;jrirn~ge. Dinca
tlzeir pil~jrim~aqo clo;~~encIs uiam tho conve~llmco us" t h d r a e p ~ z -
Qcaco, they have t% wunrU~ko tila iic11y trbs to '1:isumLu only
a.t the:! r~l.11. of their S W ~ ~ ~ O I C ~ O E R I . ila u am@(tciuL*nca, they hkwo
poor r~:prcl~entiition in the pilgrim bucly a t %'itwiiula.
'i'he re t t rml 6mi>loyee!~ co~apriae onXy nl~out: on*
huna%c?:c!dth port of! tho total iai.tgrfn~ population a t Tkumaln.
Yhcir i,mporthon i a s ~ w l l haeauao t11eis papulatian, i n ccm-
Waet w i t k t that WE th.ho ayricultwists, businsilpimm, working
mploysas anrl nontmpLoywl l r e o p Z ~ ~ i a onLy a tracticn cE the
gmexd flpu3atl~r1. Unnarrllly 8)?8&hgr they mmprise 'the
rg& pwu&atlm, Ad &g& m d ratirerX g~6pler +hey BcWat6i
F,U& oh thir *IFRLI in kha Cantmplation of the &vine + Sa
praying Eor tha httalth m& ~ Q X the welfare at their depen-
dant~ . :.s they ara also peneionprrs they have no aiffiellatry
i n ap&ing a pwt, of their pernstlm $or undertaking a gil-
grimgn to Tirumala.
ii ftlrt1li:r i:iaiiitaint,R~m of t ho (!laf.~'ibutton BE tlie
piL~jrlriis 1:)y thiir ijcx~,lpnticn iind !:tat* of origin rmvt!ala
tllui: a V i i 3 i lc;j~:'i,t.'j' i .Vi ?.ha !::tztc:.; h:~,!?a chntribut& b&gfn@ss..
I I v I ' ~lii~~ltyt?l.i~~ in unn'csnoc w i t h ngdcttXCt~rista,
n<ttc-i:!~~::loyr,:rl mid ilr:r%iroi' c,~~~tloyccs to the pilgrim lm9y nC
1 I I iP tiin i s ? . :.;tiltc!.:, a l l y 6 (/63 per cent) contr$butcd
Lire ~'Ll.~;risir; dfii.icnt?c?ilk ou tt~ePr refisna~@nP. benafftn, Alnust
l i ~ : J ! cl'nl: r>Z el~tr ;:i)rtc~rl'tuci!;Cs' are Fmm tha states
i ~ l i i ! ~ : ~ , ~ : . k 0 I : ~ L . U I I I : ~ ~ R . fiut s~~inng 'tltc: b~~sin.naeamc?n and the working
oh:$ !lofcic?,:; nlra~~:!t ~Lhrowi:ourths (75 p,sr cant) asn from the
,.,Lirtc:: ni::rrc:r to 2l'.:uun!na iiad the sansiaing ono-fourth a m
iroi,l L!W: :,k:rteo slt,t\;%Cced $or atmy from :i:icun18ln. 110 tli~ ASs-
Lieca i r ~ m 2insn;rl::i lac?at~;iwen *tic? propwrtim) of n<;sicultu-
gJ.;,ko, no:?-eilytloye!:l .mt3 retir~il mn!>layc:c:a becomes virtually
o i l E.iu.l: tlac pruplrctic~n (rl' ,tho buakno?ssrnr~ri sar~d working eynployeor
dijcgocopr;, il rc:l.otior;#ri,j> thwn oppr.rirs t.o exlet ktc.:uen thn
piL~ct,cis arrc: ,ti.~ctr 6t:!t,A of osir;in onrl iheaupa'kiwna2. st;nku,uc.
Emsmic s t a t q
-i8&lrr-40 shmio Echo wonmic stn tuo of t h e I)DQ nil-
qrhkns raomzfiiny Co thelc annus1 lnen~ne an8 the :>tat0 aSi
@rlg1nr Far We prsswi: purposs, the pelgrim8 wLbh en annusll
yearly incmac between F3,20+000 and i3*25pC10(1 nra grontarj as
r&ci:c1lo cloas ond Qiac;o wtth an arinuel inconirs d F:i.26,000 nnCl
i1110ve itrd O M U I ) ~ ~ U ~ C ~ D F xi& claas. mus* wr~cjst are 900
pil{jrims tho pr0:ui)nrtLuYir of i i ~ a [.;oar, t i le ic~iddle clecu ona
kl~c rich L'L;~LI:I ore? 2 1 j?er @+?EIC (PU7), 42 BE CO!I@ (382) ariifi
37 y or co~11: I3311 ri::;.~cc"iivt?1y. 3:kla tiriddle sAar~?j cwn~>xiaea
;i 5i.~j;:oc ceoilnii~ic ::t,,r?!l;ini!i tiilaal t h e poor ml:l ~a rich clrresc?e.
I i Wiit i;i:niLi.!;:i rc.tpr:!r,rkn.kafl hy tlnc: :il9K Gl.aia Xs only
i!sl..T ih!:; !>L:;c! 22 tiii? :jtr:olni~ rei?reoc?nte<l hg kht? o.iLt!~Illa c1ia:;n.
i'.itWn(;r thi. ;jour:llix~:n i;l:ak?:i a l l exmy t onr c ~ n t r i b a t n q
t:Iw ytilgrirnfl clix8aiEit?sl nl: lponw: but waty c x j c ? oi' therci colt-
~.ribtltc!P tlte ::rilgrtin~ ID C(IIW UWICP mi*'iiZc end r ich elailis.
; < E : O ~ I ~ J ,t.ti~.: rt,st OL tiicb :;tcitc:a c::<xitirkg i1ni2or klw ?.;ef;t.@gn, C*akxal,
riGi:tlx!rn iii~:?. :..ast~rr~ it~il.r*. (:VCL'Y cai?o of .tilcrfl cn;ztrlbutcd tlm
I : r r I i t ; L A I f r y 1 of t1ic;in coil-
L T I ' ~ : J U ~ , ( ~ ~ i l au~cill i~~:o~.iorc;i:,rr of t h e :.d.L~jri.~w ea.tcigariev::rl an
~;tith:llc cliiyjir one! cinEy 2 cl,nt:rlhucci'l an ir'?signLftci.,nt: pxapor?.
tior! of khn ;:i.Lgriri~n grrrti:~otl unrlcr rf.ch e1n.s~.
i.11 ~.?:~;.i,iLn;~t~,oa 01: tho c7Loerllst%kiun of t h e cconornlc
cl;r:sef; al: ;;tic: pilyricir; %lawn rimaolw an interofbttng pattr?m.
t ; l A :itabc;s cc,il"cslhut6~1 the r ich cL;?us of! pilgrhnn hut wly
@ feu :;tatcg c~)ntxihu::~;!:! both 'ktm !,i>os and "ihw mid?iLa clarrs
gilgrtms. fntarcvtingly c:n:nough, it i r r naticcd t.hnS. R R the
diabnce Erm Tirlwnalo incxiarrrccer the pWi?ors'cion of @re poor
uld middle class pilgrims dealaases. lhbs shwrr how wsaLLth
pIa~n M ant m1a La mDlailFsinq o large propoL-1:h cf
pdlgdms fmm differcult placc?~ of which amc are neBs ad
some irn? rlhtiant t o UIQ bc4y pZ&cf?s of "rtrwlr.
' - f a
'i:ablc-dl showa the p a z e ~ n t ~ q a d i s t r i h u t L ~ n .not! t he
~i lgrins ilccardin:~ ku tho t:~,pes of tlrcsir fernilia8 a 1 1 the
:~t.nk aC th<:hoLa: ersLqtn. 'tlw Pmnlli~s of the ~LlgrLina are
group& inrto thr@o types, nno~aly nudloiar, oxtentria& md poly-
~:jynoun. '1'Irc~:io feiiiili08 whtch c6anj:~riwe (! rmn nad hlo t&?ee
83 r i m , hi:; v:ii?n? and l ~ i a ~mmsrried chLlclr~n an8 $3 r,Dnui;c i?11!:2
hi:> vr hor uninarricd chiliiwn iisa cloanifierl no nuelc:ar
fnieilic?:~. The axtc?itClexl f t i f ~ i l iiis incluein v@?rticallg( extRnAe4,
1~ur ' izontnl . ly extc?niIe~l csjd verrScalLy a:: r+o.tl ns hori~ont,;ally
oxtc?rr~lc;l fsmilii:u. l'ile i%>ly#yn(lass fi:~mflico include a larm
lrio t,m v~ivao anii hi0 unmnrria3 ccl~ilrirc!n. nlmo8t tvo-thirr'la
a E kh?? f:~inillo:i of .tlrc: pilqcirnrr 3x0 uxt~~~idc;ia, 61 ZiLtlc 1imt:r:
thnn a~tc-thlm:i of: ello f"rn1iiLtc3:r of ale pilgriinr; ore nuclc:sl,:
till,? lec~g uian on0 ,or cent oE the hrnLlLc?i Of tila pilgjrims
itrc pt>lyyyt~ou~*
i:urthnr, ti vast niirjority of W?o :;takes cnntributcd
pilyrims who live? in tka nuc!lear Prmi&iss. AS~wst every
3trt.e ronWPbutRlX nwro n&cr of p i l g r i m l iv ing i r ~ the e x t c i ~ . ~
B?ed Iarnilioe than thasr 1LvLving in tho nualcnr fnmtlic?s or
w&ygymua eamilieun
the State ot origin. Out of the me-Wirclrs oE khe 908 pll-
gri.ms l iv ing i n the nuclmx f!nmtL%en, the praportiano of t h c 3
paw, Me micMla @laas ~ ~ 1 4 tila rich clnso a t e almast wuat.
0% tho two-thixda of the pilgrims living i n t1m ~ ~ t m d & l
ant1 polygynoue farnllies, thc? percmhgo of botlt the Micldle
clrun ;mrl the r ich claoa nxo W ~ I I O L ? ~ e~jitill anti tit t11a ~ a m w
t i in@ nor^! thr!n d~ublo thidt 09 t h ~ pol^ clnon.
It i u intnsoatli!g t o rrutc tlict o antaL1 uercculea$Tr?
of the ,,!nor clitso c~i~wng t h o pilyrfmr: livow Jlo oxtont?& Enfid-
i : : uut ips tho cltstr,ncc exom iOfrurnslu incrennca, the
pro:~~artirrri d the ,;JWJX l iving in f.'y.trn&ed typo of family
decreaws and cninca t o nilught. :rille sIiuws how tho poor
pcople mrilntofning a~t01~riec3 fimLli(?~ and l iv ing i n l~lacera Par
away from tho l~?ilgrSm p)li~crit of li'isurivll.? i i G a n0t URCZwt611ke
j,ilgrimagn t o Tlrtnuial;g, '.!'ha rni'tst?ns W?:f kh? i2Lverbo end
nc& WJ bf? exploral.
c.,cncrnlly iiiiecli:iri<:~, tilo nxtea6:lail fnmify s y s t m i n
r i l l titr! Chrec c:~on~~~~~ic cPa?~ac~ ccintriI>utcld :iDre pilgrin~n
f ~ t x t all the statna. Thia nEy $o ilue kc) ttke strung rdigiotsw
fnaWra moro aften wo0untuEell i n tho oxtend& f f a d L i e d tlnon
tn t;ho nuclear f s~d l ian . "s'iro ax.tc!ndocl F:orni&ico uauolly
c m w i n old p w y l ~ s vrha are tcers d~votreZf tu rc?lbgious aet ivi-
a#%. Their so la ic pmrainmt i n awes&? tlitwkianffi o r rittlol.
eat;&lri%iew* i2@&aps, t he 0x13 might have inPlucsrrc& the okI!:llar
wdxms ~8 6halr gPMZLLrara ko undxs&ab vilr~rimtiga and fuZPS1
their tdltbtjawa 4utiasL Wr jnflomants also tevcsLls8 t h a t
t h e i r eldt)t"B P m ~ ~ t e d %ern ta xrnaertoke khe pILgrima(~a to
%'lru~lalo, and thereby f u l f i l t h e i r r(?llgiwbl duties.
Naither mocJtsrn cducatiun nor m&em science and technolagg
could h a p the extcn8kul 2,amilies cul t ivs te tottnlly sectiletr
outlmk and thereby WCil11y waran them fm relffious act l-
vltieo. strung trar?itLans and agml peopLe are st211 plnying
their domklnnt polo i n t h e rnlfgious act ivi tLes of the
exteilclal cdomeatic groups.
Like t I ~ o c ~ x ~ c ~ I ~ M ! foritiliosa thc nuclear families
are ouk~jcct t o tthc irtfl~encos oE m3ern eclucotidn ;ins wfier~l
aciencw and rcrchnolqy. L t k ~ Cha c&endE*l d o ~ a a t l c qrourm,
.tilo nuclsnr Ek~rcrilivjs almo uro nat weaned Cmm the influence
oE tr;2tlition nnr.!i elderly peapfo. Jndeixl, the ststemen& of
thi: rr?3)l013d6nt8 rcvomlc4 .$that evonti~auqh meir nuclflar #;mi-
lie0 rrrt.1 ~ t r u c t u r n l l y raffnc2.cd. no itK'lep@n&ent units, they
a r c functianally still bspendamt on kh~mfr parental fnrrdliea
arid tha oldar 1~fmiila E B P O C ~ B L L ~ parent8 an6 gciml-porento
though otayiny e.wily Lm thrm conkinue ta exwrcise the i r
influence upon them in many rnilttera, e6pcteial3y in religiaua
l i f e . In other words, LiRo tila lla~tcnde8 fnmiliss, the nuclaa
families a l so e r e a t i l l un(1cs the otrong influlmce a!? trs-
di t lpn and 014 peaple. Further: inquiries my ~ ~ c a l ot;hcr
m w m a , t E my.
E
Table43 ahwe khiv p&mb*nki)~g~ dietxibution of the
plkgrj,m by Weir dtacatim~~I latatus and L'catca of ~tLgin+
(ld: the 900 ~ > i l g r l r n ~ , On@-trmth ($1 per ccne) ere iLIitsr,?ces
mil the rw~ninl.ng nine-%ma 189 per cent) A P ~ 1tkalfnt8~.
iimang tho 1Ftert7t(+i1, ~le>oc, edrlcnteid !at.xsir<m eifth clnon
tenth clnns, nncl thoso witdl ~ F ; ~ c I ~ ~ . c I f:i:m~1 ;;osBg~aau~t,~~ ~111-
cr?t:ff.~ti hclVP cxl~i\l rc+l)r': s m C n t i n n , each Coniprisinrj nborit
one-tktrtl ((33 :!lcr c:mt) oE thc 900 pilqaLiis. on the! otllrr
I , l:VnoEic !litti :LnCernmltiit~o r(ltxr:aCif;lA m)~ii~:rb~e: R 1i t t~c
~i!f>rc? tt[1,7n ont:- t~~~tl i (12.89 por cmltl of tho 900 pilgrimrr
~..hll(:: .thoso wlao r;tutiiwl upto fgLPr hb$:lf3 am;?rise> lm,l.;8 *him
c>ne-t,cntIi (r; per cr.!nk) of tit6 9130 piigrime. Thus 11ulF. of
tRc 900 g ik r l r ims r.i?ro m7ucatrrd.
Ti,iI>l~*4Q rc?v>:!!.ls the: clnllri vr~ri8timn of Cbc pil-
!jrii:~!r wit11 s?feconce WJ t h o i t cYliuentinti31 t ~ t ( i t u ~ ~ imnd 3t;ltc.
f I , ' i ' i ~s? ali?i;&.~lfno & l ~ l ~ a t L ~ i l d VarlOtl~:t : l 1:~ml
t l lo t i'r.i!mnc; the 201 illd.i:a!,riitos 74 pc!r c:t?rct: fjslonrj to lo?oor
I 13 ycr ciak l~r?lOr,$$ is t!\iiId1r. czlasri enrl ;?noVhor 13 pc,r
ecne. !!(?,long t o 11'1,611 e l i : ~ ' ~ . :i'l~lfi 3170t:j tho prcltkmihlari~~? of
, : I I e . r , i~s,~:.totj. ti>(: 72 f:$lgrirns with
ahicac;,!.t.icrr~ lapw f i f t h c:l;lss, 36 per rme: (26) belarig t o polar
cx;ii;*, 44 pc?r cant (32) .to rnir7tilo clis:;~, and 39 per cent (14:
t o ~j.ck~ clnon. 'I'h~ifi l,oi:lr Cbc: :.or:r karn? tht: 11liCTc3la cI,~.sr,
p t l g r i m n co.;o:3~iar. the bulk in knrrns (32 ~ihii%?t3C;!!L.y @~\ l~ i> ' rd~n.
Xn fr?cC *hey ccmpriei? nlmnt! twice the pEOpottLc3n af! t h e
rich pilyrimtr with eolmtatg MuQattan. Qf kho 297 pi l -
grim with &wel;lon bekwan liiW awl &nth olasn, 14 @per
tan* (42) bslang Cts pow clae*, 92 pw emf (152) hskm W
mldd1e daksr: arrrl 35 ller cmt (1031 bnlmg Ca rlch ctlnrrsr
'r'his atmwcn the, dornlnancc?. of mi&llo aaaa ewng thorn w i t h
~tLgh schanl ~ l u c a t l o n ~
J'molrr~ tha 116 pilgrims with &kem(t?diata ~rlucation,
10 ~ ~ r ? r ccilt (21) ilekORg ts 1 3 w pWrl 54 pox cenk ($2) & l a g
to the rnid?\le cliri~8 anfl 2U per cent (33) belonlf to Usa rich
cLaa!;. ihio chow%i plnca of ~ ~ r i r ~ ~ a c y of tht. rniddldlrs class
cmr tho o t k r tb1o clariscri i n rss!;ecr of junior coilegia%@
c?iluc,xCiori. On t l i f ? othher klnnd amurzg tho 232 pi lgximn with
gzailunte cduc;rMc\n, 57 pax cent (133) b6?2ong to rich clinss
rmlt orlly (3 per cent (10) bolony to :oi;aw clnse, l i t t t acnanrj
t l ~ : 132 pilgrir)~:j w i t h ~taatjgriiduatt? aN.cr*Cf on, 511 pat cant (42)
bfl$on?j k.0 the! Iiliildlo C ~ M ~ S , 45 i;CK cofi'k (37) bel011g t o the
rich cL~I?:~: nnd oonly G cesnt (5) k26&91?1:~ to tho pow class.
'lb hc brief, Cvro~thLfl:~ri elf t!?o ilZitnri~tf!o Lwlong
k ,,:ens r;,l;toc, i,,oro than kvwtlnlrc??i nf t:iit,t~t-a v!:Lt11 eLc?rntntary
r?ilUc;~f~c:::a hulc~r~g t.o p(31)a. c 1 . o ~ ~ 3118 tniclt?Po e l n s ~ , illmost haif
;in:! NOC:: t t l i i r i ontz-l;l%lrdr: oP tl.ii,raa w i t h hiqh aclboll nlucatiora
bc1.m~ (:B ifiiitlilla! cl~lns m ~ i l .rich cl;r:is rrmp8ctivaly, moso
t i~nn half ~md olrnoac mc.-thlrdclr: nE thwe a t h jvnior calle-
yiato ducation belong ta nlddlo ci63s and rich clasn rqree-
tively, Par motre tlmn hoPf and a l i t t l e mare than onmf;IrLriirr
B$ Wae wfth mlhgfate, wlucatim k l t & ~ y to rich claan an6
mlddla &a$$ reap&fveLyJ FnRlP M& lests Wan half Ule taka1
n m b r of $hose WM uniPa@Sky slfmtion helwrg to #rich
a1411 and xab$dla Gtleras c@argtsativdyc Thus, the bulk crb
pilgrims amonget Chtl mr nt.@ iltllemtas whale the? bulk
many N c r i ah and rnLdtll@ clans art! not @JrZy & u c ~ t & but
marc educated tfho ?21t pwr c~L:lase,
S"urthi?h VhB Stat08 sltununt~C1 n m r w tS, Tfrumala
contrihuti. the f~ulh o f khc illlh?~atata@ tiho are m s t l y fxm
the goor class. On the contxary, tho Dtates ai tu~ l tad awRy
from :l'irwnala contrrlktutcb a30 many ~ u c R ~ c , ~ ~ pllfjd.ma th:?t
khho nuutbcr (3E ilLi%;r?t.r\k!~ !!alas into insignlficnnco, (,lukta
akrlkirngly, 0s th:' tlicrkc,aco fsum Tiru~nalr; incrc;?ncn, t.ho
prt:y)o~:tl.on aE pY.lrjsirsc v!iCh hft:ltbor e:3.~mtia:,tlt ~ t t a i n ~ n t ? ~ ? t n
i.!lcsu?:;nn, :, rcbatin!:ship thus spy:a:c?tr: (to mztct ~ ; ~ ~ V ; Q G I I tho
::;tr:ti:; o f ar.ii$u~ of: tkiv pilqxS.alo naii c3iucntio:!n1 RS twL3 ner
clast; ! : : tntuo of tho pilgrlme.
r t ~ ? l i ~ i o u n st:ltus -,."ww,,~m...- ,--u,w
?'nL1e-45 ohm:; t.!i(i potoonki~qG jl?iictribwtiun o f Ct~e
900 i;iil(yrirna k$ thc!ix r c ~ l i p i u u n r,l;,i+kt~::;~ Of tllc 900 pilgrims
gB rrgr cie~l) are l i i n [ i U ~ nnii t.Lw rcninlni.n(j onr per cc?nt incll14es
Wtti18'lhl.c~tn, 1:uslirnn and Chrini:l.ana. ( ig(~ln, niilo1?(3 the 093
i.llndus, 84 rrrr cone: arc? Vi~ishninJ.O,en, 13 por conk lini.vFten,
2 per c m t (:nnapakyna 0.~1' l.1163 thnn 1 !?or cent :;nkccsyt!s.
Even though the bulk of the piY.grimn enmpxiuon !rlnclue, pi3.-
@ms of other reJigtma ~lacr cm3:1sist?. tl emall M y a t ?'Zrtmal~
More Elindue v l g i t Ylruilafe baeouse t hc i r 1 . i f O :I!; QrderaX ly
*cis r d i g i o w BeLth pzeecribc~s a t least once in their l i f e
tiw Further, not Q&VJ NFndus but Lt%ddRlsta, ~;lu.lucLims an8
Chg&rt&ans also v i o i t TU_tupla&is bccauee the i iei ty TiZurnctla
ha@ an uudiv*\ror~al npbraal. t a peupln of all c&,giunra os a
pzob1crm-ooiving 6upcmotwnl mrity.
r 3 m g ~ 2 & g w k & e ... Tho pilgrim ectd.vttic.o a t 'Flrrtm!Zs t ~ y be mwlved
t o v . typo!;% v i l~ iL ing the t.,cqnplc WE 1,ord Vfinkat~n;am.
ncain:~ tb* ianl, sc,ttinq rwiile of t h e rii\:ril n~mlcea perfor-
mi;;l in hnfl:iur of tlln i:~ort?, l?wrch~r;inn. o f haly ConiZs aC tho
4:cm::l.e ol" thr. ?:rQnl , ~ l c i . ~ i n r ~ ?.Re 'nolv t!ntf!r.Fnl.l~, nc:idnnrLcla,
::nc'l 1.cri~lsr shrl.!?c!!i it 'i'lrninola arhl v$.rii.ti.ng tho loon!. shop#
:n~r! nwkots ma: nnlriacj purchr.tlet,: c 1 t holy bnoko, #orno tioly
ohjcr;l~ and or~mc! tat~n!:i.le.
i,,Ltliongl~, ":lrortxiY;: on tlrllc rlilZ:r nnil ';lruy~z\td. h t th@
rtRo or :11c !1?.1.l~ r:~. , i~d otr .tilo dLn%ltxk c!r~tlflca. thoy nm
Lntc!r-:jcpcnc3anc pilgrim plnccc:~. !iithou*. to111:liinij 'Pixurntf
onc cotinnt re;rcl? '~ 'L~ul f i~ l i l . Tn Enct, the vti~r.ious ordiaancc?e,
insucfl by the? nacri!;l t62xc;n nn3 2afthCully tallawed by milliano
of pc2roo;nn inalcc? i t c*:j?Licit th0.l: tho pklrjrimilga t o T i m a l a
~ C O ~ I C C ~ D ~oinplt~~a m ~ ? only uhcn it Sncluilec: v ls t ta b
hoLy placar not mly i l t Tirbapatf but nlso t o the fi&Grc:d
places a t 'itiruchmur: ontl i;rLnivaamm%inga~iurnm vtiich arri in Che
vicinity of Tirup~,ti. 7,%Orefor@, %he ]~ilgrirn ockivities iio
ntJt st*p with ChaRe cnsried ni: Tkwnalo. k@rstXy they will ba
L o l 3 ~ & by thou@ m be perfam1 a t TIr~zpar:X, Timchmur aM
SrLnLvaremapusirm. ht Tlruahan'w there ir t b r? mp3e aE
ijoclOasi3 i*admvntkil~i, Uze consort QP. Lord VcnkPrte~wara~
iht ~rinj.~3am0ngapurm lit26 the twtp1e of iealywnuumkrstc8$uara
or VG'tknt~5~&t.~i r ~ t tho t ima of HXE w&dl;nq. An Tirw.tS
thc.ra ax@ the tc~r4lca UP Lord CovincIaraJa, cha b x o ~ s r of
L ~ t l Vt?nli:it@nvmra, i . , b ~ I Iinm, an incnm~dtion of ferit Viahnn
rvhn i s nonu othar than Lon1 Venkake:cr,irora 6ilmaeLf and Lord
:;n2Llr:c.u-!sri o r Lord ;I:@tmrn imshippc?d tjy thc sago IcapiXa who
era rt.'vc.r!.t.c-il liy *~oml Viohno, The l?nXy 112nt?c:s of Tinapeti,
:I:l.r:~,~cl:l,r~uoi.: nnrl :lrl.nivaai!mr?n~~c~~:~t~t:n~;~ ere Wlu6 ml.ittec? t o t h a t
0 I I . , ~ . I~lmco, 9.1: 1:: na tronilcr f P t h r ? t(?atr:llial st~bnr,
, $1, ..,,. . . L ' c Iscumb;!ns: rrlim t t ~ e ~li?nvLttc.n nf r.arvJ V~~rTtat.arr:~~rrrit krr
vlnl.~: '.~irtv:>:lnz.i, T:ia^iidht?ntinr an8 ~xi.aiv;~aarn:!ngar,ur~m also
kc?: tc'ic:~ riri~m?.lo.
1 n v t , Tir-nehanus and
i:itl.i.iivcl~ne:sn~ji~i3t1~: !XI:{ Iar: rc!sf.4ved into kst:t'> t:;l;rak vLsikLucj
t lxo tr:ii!;~li!r; and vi63ttng tho I rxa l she>p:$ nrld 1na~-!reCa t;a put-
ch;:ioc ilr>llg bowlro, 11oEy ol:~jccto nvrd :;o;nr. t ~ , k ~ n s i l n . Tho ah@*
!ling i.rctlvitiea c,Yi ~ , S I @ )J.lgrima ot %iru~i~'lc? i3o woll the
othr!s gllirct?a ace also rag;irdrxl or; an Lr;r;,nl-'ciirrt arjpeet 02
j ~ i L f j f i i ~ ! , i c ~ ~ . 'i'llc! f ~ l l k b011t:f : i p c ~ L i j i t ~ tl~uC; "b0 ilho YO06 On
t~o ly r~ll:~zimngc.t ( I must bring an ~~cE!asfL (pawti) ," b.loxc~vsr, juot i ln OCmijr:#:: v!atur i s crinrrid~?r& haly, tha foa1rn
o f t e n , tl, the i30ril are alsa cunntlofed holy, '?or thin
reais.co1 g,t&gdrae buy hnLy Cands (p~&sn8irm) and ptxrchaaa dames-
t i c : u m a i l s . f;fncs the tm3 nf Tt.Fa?~atwe! mfl saercd
abjracts mnilable a t Tlmnala nre not: wcilnbl~ at m y QrYuar
ptaaaa, the gilgstrae Cry M pUxQh:hasr? as mny holy ~ Q W W Wk3
sac& ObjocCs r#Lak& +a tile WpXe of Lord Ven'kntesw@ra,
IhUa ma r~ilgrim mcfivitiee; 8t ;l:'Strum~Xet and its mi&&
places of Ti~upaCit 2imhanur an& !~r&nivaaemangarpmm
&race both aocW &c!tiv.vltiw anll saeulax tletiviC8es.
m f eccorntx?&it.ion
Uerforo performing their 8ocmcl Plctiviri%b either a t
rirurmla w r st TirupaLi and its selafwl ,plac&o, the pilgrims
h i ~ v ~ to .os& a.cean~ticAatLon for their stay for a few aayra.
m m g We, pilgrims there mar be% a Latw who v i s i t T i m i L ; a on
a s p c i f i c day ancl return homa +Arc e m day. On the othsr
hand, o vast majority .y: CIne pilg~kmo atny a t Tixumnla ox:
Yirupati and v i s i t ~ I P J V W ~ . holy centres. EonC of these p i l l
&no avail themsalves of %a aec~ixnoc3ntLon avt~ilablo i n
clioultrins (dh~im~onlns), rottngm, an8 hetmla. Sow of them
s t a y a t tho housco of Choir relatives and a fw r l t acliuimrier;.
nccoinmcdation i n t1ie chwultrisa mninb?inad by the T ~ Z U I M ~ R -
'l'irupatf ::~evaeChonwno Fo ROC ~ S @ C I 1t 50 nv~iiliable on payment
of fix& rates of daily tent, Tharc: arc a Eow choultrios
m!lntainod by ydvnto ozqwniarrCimis. AwomMatim in theon
ctloultxies i s ~voi lsblo mly on ~h?y!8mt or? s~?ectPi& rates
of rental.
T&lol-PG shwib the parrcmtag~ distribution of the
pi2gdm according k% types of ~ m a d a t i o r i avail& at
Tirumabal BE the 900 pikqrim mly 7 DM cent have not ~kayahl
at my chwLt&y. hat& ar s d n a r y isa~auar t ; h q w a n t buJk Po
hhei~. m ~ r an ws (9ay Z d i r k & y crmErrr visitling XJrr
te tnpl le and ~ a @ b l g baM+ The r w f n i n g 93 per cmt have
stnyecl a t one pleca khe other* O t these, 25 p r ck?n2
m.outd use frr:u ncemtr t i fan avail&@ 2n c?hau l t~ i~s , in
a d n u r i e a am1 in the hams of relatives, tho zennining
$8 yes cent coda otey Sn &tuifl eiroldltrie~, mt%agc?a and
I~otols. cn kh~e o*ic?r Eimd e t TSmpa%S, a b u t 26 per cent
havc? not a t a y e in a hotel, choubfry or. aemineury e M the
se~ni%ining 74 par cent stom i n chocrulW3es, i n hctela and in
r13kirtivae;' Iruusc%. Out: of ?,hose, 22 per cant wailed them-
selvcts of ttia free u e e m n k i o n avsvaUablo t;a a iamrjs extent
in ctloultriao and la ,~amcr gxkmt i n tho kauscs af felnkives
nn.1 tt1c.i rvtrntning 50 par cent, ~ifsyctl i n hcstcler an4 i n mi& dmiflcrioo.
:in cxai11irfno"ion of the t ~ . 1 6 % of occ~rlntican ut;fliiterl
by Uln ilifforent cLn::mn of pihqrfnm fc:vcala that at both
!tiru?j:!i:;lrln onci T4.mp~t2, not LCBB ellan CiO pcs cent ef tho pow
ai;ionrq thn ililgrinr3, not letio %!?an 1.2 ~ o r cent of tho rflfiliile
~ l i i ~ ~ l pikgrirn~ and not Leos Clrnn 4 )?or callt. of tho rich pil-
gr i~~s 118~4 free ac~nmtnhlation~ llmmver, nt: Tirujla'ti nono of
the r>oar stay& in ]mid-choubtriu8 asit3 hokcJn a t Tirumla.
i'tboUt 81 per cent M t he middle claso .nllg~Lna at:&yo$ in
paicl-chauleries, catbgcm and hobI# a t T&rumnba an w13inst
59 PC cat aP $he fnM4lc cbarils pilgrims who akay& i n paid-
cbacla&-i.as and M&&a st. Timp~kt . 15urprisfn~Sy Che ~?ropoti-
t;lsms of Ws ~5oh gikgnlwe who at%ycaa in pe*idu~:hbuttrie~~~
wmpsla & ha%@&# & T3gmTa and T i m a t i @re almst: wZ,
W Ir Blsl par m k aad 89 gsr cant slaf~pactfveZy.
The f igurt ,~, Pn the t&Xa ce?vft~X t h a t a vaok mjor tky
of the poor pilgrims utitilbr&ts8 Prae accW&tian avaLLidbZs
in the choultriera, smbnaxias and httuaeer oL rel,&ives, oat-
tngm end hotelo, Sn 0tha;r worde Oh@ placw a5 a c c ~ a t i m
bs di rec t ly xoiatnf to the @conom40 ahtw QI? tha piXghSmst.
kiigher tho ecmomic nteCu8 of the ~'.bLyrirn~ b a t t e r Za the
type of occ-Intian ut i l izn7 by the pklgxtm~. Tho cottagcv~,
piiiel-choultries iirafi hokole conksin hc&tw PacilLltica of
nccorn!i:odotion thnn those? hv€dltlbAc An fmcl-choulkries. There-
fore tho rnitldlo class and the r ich whv ~ o u l d nftCotx1 euch
fnci l i t iars hclvo utilfired them. ilak tho !.ro6r who coitld not
~ f f o r i l such Eacilitic~ri nviiilw7 only thost, t h a t c a d 4 be
obcslnc?d by f~roe of rentiiLar The aeonomic s t a tus ctf the
IriLgrLrfls hike t l~uo tm n,.g?<:ro)rtt roPotl.ot~ahip vrtth ,kyiy?~ of
; ~ c c o ~ A I I I ~ ~ ~ J ~ ~ ~ : ~ av:all;ibl c fax tlac pilgrinn a t TFrurmLa nuii
' i ' i ru~l t3t i .
0% nsmQi&n
Tho type of oenaciatlan rcrvoalo whether a pilgrZm
hen c m e alone o r hnn corn, nLOnr~ with h i n i,ar&ly or: has coma
&n tho caqnny oi? r o t ~ t i v c a , PriemPs, tourist: party or caslunl.
Table-47 #haws ma percentage dlstributSon of tho
p i l ~ h m e ac~azItS~gl Cf) t h e i r eumomic 8.ti~kua aria typo cl t
~sawfi%tfon. O f tha $00 pilgclms, only @bout me-tarnkh wm
aZanr, natiltly swan-tmW aana atmg wikh t h s t r Z~&l;lrs, a
lictrla faeo #m ostwW*# Sam In tha Uampny E&%r&dl&
a i i t t lo mra t l~an On*t~?entieth ciltre in t110 company of
relaliv.vo?s nncl the rw~iiining inoiqniEic:mt fractian aasa 98
the m~j:x;my of! casual acq:~unfntinncns or u .touriot pnrty.
ihosc who can:: olane om3 i ~ i t ~ y l a trrdivi(1uals. t r t ~ ~ o o v>l~o cme
rrith tlieir' farnilion ccstn::.rtsa tPotiw!stic groups mull inclrxling
u Y:VAII imti l l iu t ~ k l : i 3 ~ ~ X O ~ C , I ~ ~ V % ? U 3uCkl &a l.,nrunts rmcl ddlllron
tiad o Elm., !roconrlur':y ~@!.I+iCPvt!o nuelt &I$; 1jr6+tl~lput1?n~ In-lc~cus
urul +.l.r;a~c?~chllclr&~n. 5'iio:ro v#'iio aiaw in Lhs Gtliiljiahy oE rela-
t i v e ? ~ coiq.~cine (jiotlpu i?ircik eoklsiskitig of n lpflgriri~ ant? hi,#
I ox i c . !Choue win CI?.III(! in tilo com?,imp of
r . 1 i I g o . i:;aC?i uwh (>mu!) lr~cLu1& a
(jroln;r oLI j~ i lg~ 'P i i~o vlio ilia@ L:rion!k; il'id WELO w@SdC?II in Uw
O,LIII<! or dSffi3rc!riC l>lscor;, biiXonya:3 'CQ tllf? aar2m or Biffcxwd
J:,~U.~'C!:JZ$.CJ;IC;, o;lfiu a: t4ii,ioi<:ilt c a i i ' ~ ~ ~ groups or religious
gr 'oq:~~. illiose vl~tr vtr;Ui!zd 111 'Wli! Cuis\tJiikly oL: cuouol id~riui~in-
,i.lnuo:i ;irtJ very fi'w. 'ilioy wcjrw akkl~~r cu-trilvullurs QE
~ ~ o l i l e ~ l t s 02 +A112 r;iti:n:t ciky ~ C M ~ J ~ W I I ~ YL'bO8i~8 Who C<irm iin the
~uii!~j;rri:, of ii .tour.lut 11aty iirt3 nluo very L'Qw. 'd.'l~c?y a l l GOI~W
In .Lomist huc~rs fwii i(5i;fw~utt POX.$& ixi AnilRra J:Jr~rlooh~
The clt3r;s-vc%siutiong i n xoL~rtBQn to the type@ aX
assclet~tion of the pilgrisntl revnil1 kWC nlmg &as0 who vin i t
slmg w i t h their families, the pmpartion afl t h s rnktlfllc and
rioh claars Sar ou&ank that CAE tho poor class* I n fact,
a h % thme-f!ourLhs of the propartian of the middle &sb@
a d rich pilgrims vis i t& along wLkh theis Pornilkas &@ againsf
a 1SttrLs mra than h ~ l f t l r ~ pr%WGi=X of t)re pg~r cXiaas'of
p f t g r b , %hi# nwgk#arE. ~*6arrrn@~t of n&%tXe mtl
rkh cLetss ~)ilgfrim may ha d~la W lam impor25ant ~ m s .
One it3 that WeY have mima tn @%?Lord a jarnay &ieh
incum haavy Wiivrrl csxp@nsarr seatson la %a% Way
night have @ken vaws t o win% On e p l g r h g a in khe
co:?pany wC ththcir fainilies.
Llnss~vn&atLons arw wZso stxilihg. i n t.e2nllion ta
kt10 ~:?il{brirnatgo uniiartnknn i n the CQrQXmy of friancls. yhwec
who c;rtnc: rrttl~ PxSendo arc nxmn nmmg tho pilgei~ns of rich
c?:l.Llu~j (12.39 pcrr cat). 'ihia m y be due to t h e i r Large
frtcniiship circles find noun& aconaRic means. 'ilhoaa who come,
oLonr! on pllgrilnoge sm Pnorn n m g the poor class (23.53
par cc;nt) OF: tho pilt:jrf~.lms, Pilie nhnws thelr pwortiy ancl
t1lrd.r cor~am;tm t c~onnndc i n a b i l i t y i;.r I.?rSng their familk+@
:~!,fm[j with .t;hrjrit. !rhciy m:Lght b;:vv :~f.i:o tzhkcln t.hnirc voc!3 to
cnnc! n E a i > ~ on n j?ilgrir:mge. It :mr, 02Ly rtklm it bbcorn*
iirrrv:i.r:~:!,l.c:! t.hoy :rhauli! tiiiyr tolc,r2c.;ri I vow ($2 f..i.rc! ~f:!ect thaf
tihay r1ou1i:l c~ni?ort:rl:n :t n i l ~ g a i r n ~ , ~ ~ ~ ! r:l.cxri: :rit,\l I:?~o!.s fmiLies.
,l,jrus tkqy nee 1~!1!13, rrr!r?ri! t,h:hnbt ocmomic: LirnF%~t;iana. A t
tit:. o;..r,?o tirm thc?y nm nlot l VJCIL w n r c 15 U'iair hnIplrssnneso
in uMo~al;in(; their jnlmoy to t t ~ r ? holy ~ L B c ~ ! QE pilgrimage.
,~mm t h ~ ? fact8 $L :lay br. infrrrrtxl t t t z t the? ~CO~QIRLU
nacur; of an indiv.vifiual t n on hf>~Xtnn% a3eeorm&nwf Of un;leK-
taking a i?$.lgrimcll;ct oithas o.ten@? O r aLcrng with his Enr~iily or
fn i;h~ cmengt sf seZa&ivc!r, frfentnds. ma ~thtlr6.
TOM@-@ shws %a d i f f e r ~ n t purposes dt? making a
pilyrim~go to tho ~ ~ 1 s Qf T i ~ ~ k l L a * Tham purpaea can
bo cl8esifiefl into six bmW catsgoriser naMy etlctal p ~ w
posse, ccvnomic purponoa, %luc&tlannl pmpsos, health pur-
i) Une of the eoele5 purpoec.8 i s "offeringM a child
to tila LOXT~. The d(?voteca who belleva that tha
cl?ild tiley gal tias due +n the blouolnga af the Lor4 "~f.'Esz"khc ~1Silfl r*1 t he 1~0r%7, :Ln this can-
nocticu! thoy bring the child t o ths? sanctum sancto-
rum, esa tba hard, and scquent kha p r l o s t ~ to involte the blr.osing8 of the Lord :br Pre chll8. lu'hm the
prleattr do kt, tho piLg~ims retire to one of the corridors s t t t~a tcd outside thc: sianctvrn smctorum mil mnmin thake f a r 8(31m?tim.m0, Ch.hr8r@aftar they
recclivu 11oky foods from Wza tdn~ple staff and come at& of t l m t ~ , ~ i p l e , f 'iiki~>g the chX1d Ento the senc-
ton, oa:l ri,ic:iLvLrig thr! l~lc:.r:%blg:; !;il ,L:hc? l.,Oril th.hrOugh
the priests ha8 a syn~bollc nb!mificnnct? of "offering" thc chtZd to tho Lordr
nnokhnr ~ o c f ~ l purpooa t a "pruaentatiun" of ;hc cotigLo W Chg Laxci, Lf a tmvl or wornon gets hi.:: or lacs iiesLraij nizi,t.:, tht,! cix~plt: take a vote t o
umlertnko n pll$rrimacye ta kha ttclnple of! the l,Orcl.
rha coulsle visits S;16 tm1pl0~ n%@s tha Lord, thanks
ale, &ox& %I: uoktlny it and prays W tho LaXvl tn blesij tt idth hq>;)y ainsriexl Life. 'ililiL; r~ctivi'cy of
the coupla $.a cnlkert "prosmChlg" the col$~le t o the
Lad*
&&@st slailaul m I a l purgoee i s Npre3sVICutimH QP Cka, mug&@ ttself lapnertba&&y a f t a Cha wa&Ug rikas me pifama. CilQ .~ktLgxBm who the
10arriikr~(?8 of t he i r am8 oa: &ugh%sxs taka the newly-w&de *a Cempls 8s 1t~r@prernt4* tha came t~ Che Law3 an& seek H i e Mcnsinart Esr eh-hsir happy
married Pifa. liew, it: is not a quastion o'E !pt- t inp a desirabLe t o tho WnR and d~ughlrers, but it I:; a westiaxr a6 bcstuwfng 06 khe mast happy mmi& l i f e Co tho ne~dy~wetls.
iL) '.i'iio scnnoioic j juc~~oooc: i:irc!! corac~'rnr;8. largalp with the oxrj~ctnd )n4tmf ill x~)~ft~r<l:::+ TIIc! oconoinic reward may
!m u i~rkfiy~?or ilnrvorrt for .Lho ayb"fcuSturizie:, h a ~ a . ~ i r 1 ; t : jo1s:i Cur i*.irc:: cilucatefi, pron~oCic>n tg the @!ripLn~ririi~?:~, ilo:::LmbLi! .i:ni~xnf or3 to ;,eo~pla in r>c?micc, nix? w~Ccti~r?cy o.L: hoar oUPic~! succt!c;s t o :fiZrrr ~.XOR11Gt:ljllJ. Y b l h gmux> !>f pw$>o- i;sn i 8 t11u:; mcolaiti?cl moiitly ,to eeonomicl n$tivi.t4r?s
,... of tlka ScivaLoos. nnc ~:il:.jximu ;~ : i lw voi+s or raciuesta , L I ~ I , . , LL? . . ,I ;4il,!~ri~d:;:,~~ c.7~' !;,LE~OE~~I c'-- J k t ~lacsf&i@qa
(r:>mac! l;ar :J c;:ic.r% l:Lcij) -Lo t\hc c,afi1 rstlmse h ~ 1 p they
~ougirl; f u r ;J a,x:ctftc c:conomic .cicOblerii or for ;>!a econu~iiic re:dard.
j.ii) ,, tr%o i:nr;roi;r.c: arc rclntml to eAu1C;dtban. :?om8 toke a pilqrl~;uqc. t o 'Tirumiil~ i n t t i ~ t s ! the i r chi ld
in to ~ ~ l u c ~ l t i o ~ t * i:.ithcr they bring t he i r own 17rh?ll?0t cix i!li:y :ir.,r!l,, .I!lc hot;! :.,I: thci t;.lriyle atlthmities to
Vrnalrc ~ I I F : I ~ W ~ V I C E I ~ OP a prlent fxom the Ao.socla- t i an of i>rieats (pu~ohi ta sangham) maintain& tiby
tire teiirpLc a41ilLg.ritjt~iit.1~1~ tin an uuajpici~us day,
ct n r~~)k*~Iculnl: i ~ ~ ~ . ~ i i : t o u : : ~n~rncnk, the ::!rLhmt con- Anctg certain rite!s nnd in i t i e ten Cha child LnCw c?ducetionl lhLs r i t u a l %PI c i~ l l~ l i? %#earning the Ir~sttcarrs (trkehiszabtiybiuam). h;iet~?x t h l o riruaL 5s c o w l ~ k ~ d , the child, cncortci! by itn r~tircntn *a priest, enter# the temp.l.s, rirres t h e an8
paaya # t t lB CCP s@& .the L a ~ i ' c blasaing &a it* ImXuca~m.
ciifforent i9m83osa reis&& t~ bwluaa:arlan is dwJc3icatio11 O f bu~lca ta the Lo&. Same authoxa who wxitc? xeligious baa:ts or hooks relor~El b %a ikfa- histozy of glary of the Lor9 wioh %Q cleclimita, Wetir woxku t~ the I~aril. 'uch peay~le? bring n copy ofi their ir.oxks, glncti it LoZczre the f c f - t of t1-m
iorcl, t d ~ c n &:ke it .mi! rtzi:ire t o a glace iasS;le
the t@mi;d@ cnna read aut a po~%i,m fmm i f as if th<hey 9x9 ~C!O~?$.~J(J 'k'J 'the h X & This f0IXd PZ'@* r;t?ntnthon of the vork to t h e i~ortl is perfanned by i! Cow e;li.illCiitc:~l who are exlmrt8 i n sacred iitarnture,
i v ) i'C!~r;Oii& 13C?,?.ltM iti ;iL:>0 ii 1;~ilfll.S ik~r. nlc.lcfi?ij a 1 3 1 -
i:rlmi?gr* 'ku 'i!iruluilln. iitro[;lc who suffer E m m sorne fl.lnc!uu~:tr; rnrr1i-u a viriit XU Lho ::or:A1>le: ,?nil pxap to tho i.ortP tx~ cuso tlioie illness nr XWS~QXF? tlieir
hefl1t.h.
v i ) The religious purpoeew 20s unrlert.tdcinq &i pil.gcfrnngo to ~:irurnaln nro iiaUy. illr: mwkive8 vary in clccas- rlonco w i t 1 1 agu ix1':i p;:x:!on;ility. ::t:?ncr;jlly ~pc!~S<ing
some oltl gcnpln unrlart.?lro 11 .jcd~rney t.0 %'iru~n~I~, to
ncquix~: i~mrit, t;O gat r&e~3tion f r o m sins and
purify th~mlves. 'ftkey ere fhe p&opk&? k12io GnntacPl f&mscrlvrs lFroiir t ha t;nr1dly af;Ccir:; cnc3 r.g!~o nxcr in search of tha gnths thlrrt L ~ e d the13 Cs :ptocns l i f e . o m @ pwpla, young @.n& oXA alike come ko sea tha La& solfie; oMcra who are, mossy e1d@rly poser coma, on gtJ;i.simaye CQ perEom ritual rramlcars in
honaw: OX *he LO&. They yay pxescribefi amuntr; of k~lorrcjr tn the @xchccjuc?r a,f trn11~L0 and gee *.he isewd.cee pfirfwrnsc? +:Q tho: LQK~. yhey n:,va thfl bnli~t* thnt by garforming such enrvZcl;.~ to tho E O X ~ tthey csn ncquirc? mctrit, mlerith@r ttka 0113 v!hO QWC! Or1 3 >!%&grti&?go tG th:? t~~l~jlc? nor the younrj anol old w!?o ca:nur to sen tile L ~ r d ani4 t!$c? el~~erly i:eopLa who yet the? .sn&red ~oxvlee8 perfarma1
i n lkunrtur aT: Uir! i,or<l have no ntlkor nmtivta kt~cm c?c;xridh~g !.x:rLi; ~ o C thenl;$olvc?:;;. !:are 8c~v~tinn is 6 i:trc.:iil !!ic.hc:nt r:n!y rc:"iurxr?:i in ~:~ :cub l in rp fgf"i11,
:;iiwci I ; K ~ . 711- ?~!:IK?J: r?:I.i.:~P.t?us cjrov~nfl $:or treder- tr-'l.ring n ptlr is.i:u;.:i'? to :biviaro-!l.?~~ Smne people m % k ~ L t i irj perf uxiii c~.!rt::Lal srrccif ieiis ~ khct ~. t f ' )k ;~ i . 11./:f.-?r.'h(: O S l i r ! l , r l.ci c,3t%::itier@il sn im,poyjaski>nt .,..;:.errJ.:Eli:c: .i:o .;.lro i,cjr<!!. :.: l~!..re!i.'aru :?om<? perrijle vVLakt tkir? tern)-tlr '?nl.y t.0 J J ~ ~ F - P their hair, l'hr;y get LirnSr he?ar3rr t.n:,i,aurocI, t;iko holy bath, enn the, Lax4 and ~u b::c'l: t,o t:irr:.fr plsc,:::. ::his tonsuring 02 i , l , : , . ,, ,, ,: , ~,JJ!; ~;~!cf."$.J:~.~:c: by 112t r::;i ,r~~ II:?$X cI:$:!~a) CI~!~~:JOI 1"-
Zen tk4.c ci1c!?.3?.ury oE crria'i: ~ l n : ; fkleshf:). +XLwre rnsy
l:~:? ot;iic!?c i3.g~:'irim ~~I?cJ t;::l;i> Vh):*:!J ti3 mmolre a yf lygxi-
: : : I : t r . LYI .LBTI~IB of aff:ei?ing : , I : i , t 1 : , : I 7 ; ~ ~ 1 . 1 thny ::onghk ffcx c . . ;.rrcli c ~:'r?hTlQsc! conacrt b4. . . . *,, :I .,,~,xil.i?L\r ) ;1 x:~l.i:.jLt:~~xii OAP~::, It may be an
i?ct.tnt,r.ilc rmc, w !a:aioL wirrt , citi c!!l~cationizl onc;, a ;,o]iieic;tl ljrici or CIIIC? ti~ixt: Li> 33:!.::& OD health.
Ii~!;;c::~d, :~over;:!E crl: .i;bo yil.y:rirr;~ klbo fuLfiZle8 their vot;a t c j .o]lc Lord 90s nocllsX, stwaomic, educntio~anl.,
c;fi3,:L%h w;i j;p:ili+xt~i:..l rrc;xntJwuti ilitVZ16 tonsure8 +&r!ir heads. t u d ~ a k~n-inajuriny ia nnnt p m l y on reXit~iw~a gmwdlr* iJn t h e ottwt ht~nlt, Lf &evueae without m y nmtLv\r~. cixcrjl?t that o f gi'iiiding rrrrLigiwus merit tonsures his hrjcc! ao an act nE sacrfeicing hi+ bratr w *he Mzd, then h%a j:dlgrimage has anlp a 4~3giaud
baeX8 but not eoonomic, social es omer basis. Iherofora rmng t h c r ; ~ pilqrkmo who offemd their hair t o earn xe1igioue mcit nm wncider& as peog~le tho vts i tsa the teq)lr? for raligilaus pusl,
pose wtrilc ntha~w who ci?Et?l& their hair in PiiLfll-
nx?nt: of tho vaws they lhava taken ear achiovlng spaciflc goal8 are cmsi<lcrd aa pwple w l l o viaf- tcd tila ttmplc f a r saoiel, lu?o!tornlc, henLZh, mIt2,-
cationnl cind politteal. purj3osas.
~'c?flnxrn;lnco sf life-cyclt! cePvfiinninn atao lis another raaaon for making a pil:~ri1ni3ye t o 'i'tmm~lil. iiorl the pilgrims pocflom Wesa Life-cycle cacelaio- nioa i n ilsacril.rutt i n the ctanpter 01% tho s,?cxc:d pnrllonn;incc!u. Blc)rr~, it ciouLd 8ufPice. to may tililt
tahiln Censuring of the haad of il clljlld and mrrlngc coromaniec are porfonneii by riwple of! a11 typos of camtm, ?:lit? nacmd tl~mad emi-!?my l a pcrfanwd
rna~tly by t h o Liri~lrmina nnil to :nurile rzst.ent by tbts
V t ~ i o y n o .
'tho aocuunt tjivnxr ok>ovrr, 9Lvvl.n only a : I ~ C ~ ? I I C I o f tha
tbotr: journey to ilrw~alra, ifw~~over, i n tzlo encounters wtLh
the other pilrlrlrn:~, thr ~ I ? V C . S ~ ~ ~ * ~ O L . c~uLt"Idantify 5 c w ~ e l
other purpocau of the v i s i t s nf the pilgrim a t TimmZa,
Some harron vTornEa, paid PI viibiC amtl W% a Vow Chat they c:!o~lLii
rimit tlls tsnpla arp$n if thny bcnr chL1drM. dim ~tMrn*C;
c w an a pilgrlma~e m the shrine whm %e!$ got t!:#o'ouf~h
t he i r annual maminatfonr, A party ooP middle ciao# niLorimo
came i n iitn nw car trJ thm tmpla and Wok u vaw that it wall
p@its# would stWe23 &we m w i k h k h of gmftts
wi'eh tila Z10xci W kl8Y of putking ofEarirlcyo into the a t f ee
wriuril (bundi). ::wmiI rich pilgrims canlo in khehr ne??
cart; an n m&?an t r i p to tllc holy plncc and prt3yed to tho
i,ord t o sso tElat Cht: new cars brirrg than back. Thare ~iws
fcvi ocJt~lcsu lvhcl broufiht t l~cQr ckiltirtsn Lo ttie t ~ a ~ 1 e prcmiaes
ao!l ~,ierformr?rl t l ~ c l r nnr-boring cnrtxmion. 'da:cr people vbei-
li?,i t k i c tomirlo bt?cnusc they won a ceur;. in n court ull la*!.
;;uioi? cithero csin:r? to :led< tho bLennlngn oiU the T,oril hEieore,
o!x:nd.n\j i! noti l>uaLr!r~ol;, n new Pdtct~ry (PX il riev! lii~> ~OPUPC?
c!nki?riiry n no\.> jolr, tolclng upon ,na ncrv ~ , o l i t i c a l ~ f f i c o ,
glvii~u tr clnncs! !9rogxali%x? t o m imtexnnClonal nudiencc arrcl
rclq?n:ji~ay t b i c i r f i r ! ~ t vnnturo in cfnunia Piela, A few c i ~
nn "to\trf:)Cnl' OX "viaitars".
r:ii~! prcccr%in~ QiocuanZun an t h c t tllffexent p~wposor;
ut viail;:j uE t h e pfZgrima rcrvonlu 'cia@ mnot Erot::uont ~!oCiv;>-
t:.io~r of Chc );~tl~jriiixi. i:id tho rrn.~,yiler; h>c!r.il tal:t?n over an
r!xk.?rii:iCr'i ~)r?ricd 02 t i ~ n @ c,udl au nnc! ox tot) ye'aro, tho i n f ~ x -
snkfon on t i re rrt~r;~nr;on of biults o.1 the! pilgrims udould hovi?
kccll fu13. i!nd ift t~oudt:. hiwe cxlmus~etl tho nksnifold motivii-
ticqrs of tkic pilgrimor ileawevB$$ 'he data snlatmfi tw the '300
sarqiloel 2ilqrirris does rf;vcs.iil haw tllo aitn d s pllgrllrwc~ci in
afton e i t h e r to f u l f i l Q vow nsc ~ mnle a reqUeotr what
m a c a y are t h e rW6t cmm SQE~&~&, BQ(U~&C, duceUannX,
h m l a p1itlcai and irttligioug prohliunn oE tho p?c?pLe Cmrn
gotn~j to #let tho i r riast pmblnms aolvcul by seuktny the he lp
aL tt~:hrb aupcmatuxiil wl~oso impt3stcince bins trmscmd& marl
@ire houniiariea OE lnciia.
~ablil-49 uhows the diweri:,utfon of: pilgrimit in
rc:lation tn thu aur:>asac of2 h,!!lc!fr v i ~ i k s w Che te~$~la of
t~.'irunulo. 02 tile 900 pilgrifi~w moro ti3i1m half ($3 pcs cent)
1nr19c 9:1161 i : i l~~ririn~c? on votm relab* to economic isetivitiea,
rioro th:h~>n one-fifth (21 i>ar curt) m?de pilgrimage on
sc?lii:jioils :pur):>aoro Uznt in valve^^ (ino yxoviouS vows, iancl t h o
rcani~lning one-f f f t h (20 por ccat) ma& pil.yritnii:.p: on uoctal
purl>Or;o?t (6 per acnt) heal th purpooef; (7 par cant), cdr~n-
t i o n n l ( 4 p?r cent) snr4 jialtieal puxpowar; (3 );;orcant) that
invulvm4 i:rcvd.au:,r vown, Yhio sho:!o t i io Aora~inencr! of mona-.
mic i,ntivation o f W I ~ iovoteoa Ear raokino ;3 irllgrim~g6! t o
tlromnln.
2abla-4l) alao slimus tho clnao-vtrriatic~~~riln of! *.lie
pil.!>rlrns i n ra1nt:Lon t ro the ptlr[:Ionr?n wf Chclir v i o i t s W the
ton~~,:rlc! of Tirur~~nii~. its bho cli~;ij oto'tua Incxc~noa, tilo
proporbion oP t t iw davotons with social purgo~los as tho bti~;ea
for t i ic ir pilgrknnga bncrosac?o. Tlic tablo zc>voaLn t h a t
arnoar; those who v2et.kd tlw toit?.?,?Ls on ~ ~ c l n 2 &~urpases, the
pmportion of tho iiddrlla aloss i s on* irolf t i m e % thiit r~i:
Chs mr an& the proparttan of the r i c h clnua i n i32m~jt
daubla t h a t of t h e par. Tl15a collfitms the COrihiwn obsaKv&-
t ion *a& dditlrs clwm and r i ch people I~nve lnoro moeLal
p p & L m ~ w r pople. %!h:hp. &Idla alaapi and tha %i&
are raare @ O E ~ W G ~ D U $ - ~ % khair: swinl plns ~mBaSa stetus
t\l+!* ttX? LXJOr. C;S~lncili:lly i n rrattopa oe m r c $ , a g ~ they
rc la t fv t? ly ilujra c~iref\~i. then the ;boor ilm chwaing the sort:
of o girX o r r boy idlo can lake a yuod r v i f ~ or a good hue-
bai?A. NaCurnJlp i n thiiit: anx ie ty t o or& a s u i t a b l e mta
for th?:ir childreal they s o l i c i t .&tie lrelp of the divinity.
r r l i a dnos not: mafin t h a t the poor bestm~ 1 , S t t l s nttclrstim
i n ?.tic r:c!lcctinn ot a rrcitc? for t h e i t ~ l~i l r l+r) t> . In rilt7t.csSs
of totr~.lrril;lyjt!, tho ;~w3r arc.: kcLcCFv<aLy l.eoo concna'ned than the
n1i3~{lu c l i i ~ j ~ nl:ii %jlo rich i;oe@o. Sn eantxx!etdng tho n l l i i ~ n -
CW, tho mirlitlo ulam w:i rich p e ~ p k e enoouncsr nwro
~ ~ r c ~ ~ . ~ l o ! t ~ ~ ; thnii thr! j'?mr. :i'hcrcfore there is RO liOY~~lot" i f
p;~):~,lt! vuftl~ lai~rc. r;rrcbi:!3, p,ro)lrzms Itavo n highor xapre~;c?ntotion
i l l f i i l ~ i?ilc;lrJ.~n bm:l.y a t 'virumln.
:.,ilililnr cit.inn vnrieitloraa uc?c!n o n f e t 'dith refc-
rc:rkct. to pflgrim;!;;j;lclo krnei7 on hcnL%h pur1;asno. Ir;iqj?ier Mlo
clai::~ ati?tua o2 tho pilq&*lm:~, morn occci,~ to br: thi? xc!proai~~~-
t t ~ t i u i ~ tux h i y h t ~ r c:lns:su:i of pilqrims a t '.<trtimirErs. ii~;zony
tile clt:votcae {rho vinF.k,r?Ei tlin 'te$r1p1t? r5ithur befo~u Qr aft~.clr
auoltl~rtj o :;oSuCfon Eor kl~lloir i iodth prak~lems, t h l g mmiddle
cLar?a cun~px$,r;o :! l i f t l a a o o ~ that1 S;r;mtJilrcls ('1 pez cent)
that of tho [IQOX hut: t h ~ rich psolslr @of:xtrir3o leos Wnn tltrc?e
times (9 1:er cent) thnC a2 tfro @oar, TIICGB firjurn~ ahow t11sC
the rnicldl@ d a o s md t h e r i c h hwu lmrsl health problcu~n k11an
Chs pmr popls. i n Pact the xrr,vcrss mdd have ka kibo cornraon
In fndia bgtc!auar@ unlSka tho middle cLa~s an8 t h e xlahr tba
l i x ~ ~ s do &lot ham the mms l;o gat a cum far kheir &&i6)#geb
0s t& a~ the maria d;o tsar& long Blskaucrrr ols
p i lg r imso srh3 cjct the help of t t ~ e crupemafural. The miOr>le
cloaa rmd kha rich Lia suffer from ?my heal th pr&ldrn~ but
unlike the ~ S Q W X thay have t h e racanoMc rosaurces M have
malicnl, a id antl c W f o r the fllnaslr or f z ~ v e l long dE~tan-
ece to rcbilch a holy i~lncn and Clrsir helath pxaI~Zem~
r,olvc:Q udth the ileIb!.v Of the: d~2ty . :fhfln it l a true that
CIB:~CC.'L~ !3f: i~eOp)?!Ic! kwt, heaLW? ~ B O ~ X C I O B ~ tho fimr becaun~)'
ni' ui?s.irarii~~t,rit.Llkr or n)?.~ltlntx'ibic?rx and lael: nB adatquore eco-
r~?>iirLc ro::ourcr?c, '(:he ~trl!?la c:'lnr:n and ,the rich because of
i:i:rlnut:eltioar oa fr1b:.1lanc~3 nutr i t ion tlc!?lritr* @tlec!uncy nf
1 1 i n t i it, i s 3 r~~jui>lly tetm t h u t rinllho thr! pour, the
irld<$le c!.o:~::; ;nrQ t l io .rich b ~ v a ncilro econaok advr!ntagofi naC
:;a;Ly 11, h;!.vt iitcrclimI tr:c!s't:(.o'!nC hut ntso t o terlrvc1. even long
iii,:;~t:~i~s::r!.; Lo c~eolr. t.l~c, 1!,(:11? o !ji~:~c.ertr;lturd po!,!ara f o r get t ing
i . , i t , i n 'Ykrtn it irr olc?n~- why tlacl middln
1 I i.hi e f . d ~ with fii:?altl? p~:obJ.a!~c !l;lVr! ih hlt:~lzar 13z"Oi?Or-
t d m i i:!~;!n t i .~c , nitor ,,>i?oipla? im t1i.r :,:J.l~jdm k~o3y itC 'i.iniw>la.
Clans-virric~tio~ln i n tanna ~ p$lr:jrimngofi on polit&
c a l pur~:lo!aoa nra inf;i!xc:rtin!y. An;l?ii:g tho dovoteo?l w h o ha&
polikicitl i!~tiv;xClur~a t ; ~ un:Ie!r*ii4~e i:tic! pilqrimngo W X14romala,
tliers i s nono x~?parust?nt the r):,170rr &nf% there) i e higher
rapr~:jentat$.on :or the ziq11 ( 5 @ f ~ x cennt) Chjn fat tho m%Nc?lr?
clase (3 gcr cant). :i'lit3 rt:rxl?ons Par thcsa variations nxo
&car. I40yt cjcncr,aLlp e,?cnkfn~!, the p t l m a r y ca~?cn?rn of t h e
gaol: i r adlrning 05 their livlvnliho&. X:venthou~~h they ara
amxe of Ch* p ~ l i t i r s , t h y are nst Win involve4 i n acklve
pc22itiUs. 'Weir ita~*tgsclny lies dwa no* bvo~vcs ehem in
aro comiilicotcd a x@liti&nl siruakion thptr , no t only hinaertr
thhcfr s~latenarlncc? but cklso delnandn e uolwkion wtkh %t\l heclp
of su:~omrasturnls 9fh0 are! Socetnd stiles and d l e o away from
them. On the orhar kina, the miridle c laas mA mare so the
r ich nro, by s~ulrc? large, the active yartici~:entzr Ln ~ o l i t i c n .
1hCLx U C U ~ F . ~ Y ~ G I~ick(~row~3. .tRcir ntannriciil, rIr~nit~~i>cn, and
i.1k:i.r: lilrtjo foLl,i)i;l!:9 ilavvg boc011:o %ni:orLmt irujrei'rionta af
o r v i E : 3oirrg invnlvcd i r r zwch act ive
pr>lLtlc;:l 1Lcu it f:; inc!viti.hlo for WII?~ ke k;,~cr? ::r:vcsal wlls
. c : : . '~''i:ci:~>forc, er i n c~bviuu:; why only tho mfdldla
elas:; J:L? i : ! ~ rich but nilno Emrrt tkn !::oar tlilvo n rc?prt?nmtn-
tior1 cmlsng tho pil~:jrll;~r; r~iln iic.vk? un:'!osi:c:licil a i3il$$rimage to
;,'ii:~uii:.la p ~ l . f . t i ~ ? i l ptWp<)t~C!G~
: h m ~ r i ~ i t n q l y cla!;u-vasi:itiei~s issn obscnC nfkh rmEe-
rwlco to t h e p i l t~r i rugc wri'rorcaken v i t h ~?ducotionaX mevtkea.
'~'1.1e y:oox, the midrllo n n 8 the r ich classon o,! ;)i,lgriuns who havr
colne U1 rirwealn wtW1 'lduca'kio~2aZ motives have @~3unl mprk
sentntion. 'ittie rtiay bu Buc to uc.voxcil factors. 1Y.t CkIflrjW
tiavo n i'tm bclic~f +dint a 1:hi10 I : IL~~, ;~ .L-( :Q i r 1 t 0 ~ d u c a t i ~ f l at
8 i ~ ~ l y placu ILXi.j 'Liruin;ilii cfin r:chiovvc: grl?i?i\t SUCCC?SB in the
f i e l d 02 &IUCCI~~OJI. iJOlitlVcZ, not all pwi>ls can affsm'i a
t r w l w ~ ; a tmLy plnce~o on8 i n i t i a t e khair ci.rildunn in to efliiu-
cakiart. i$zitm%gcit eirlat kwr o~lly Chosa uiho atoniebo?~ :t>m16?cl Up
a w rearourcase tla ur~1ort;lko 61 pilyrhige cm come W Tirwla:
m& t a i a a t e the i r erhilclrrtn inka &ucetfmi. Unlike the paor*
*ha ariddller dbaa 3rd thas d c h can b a r tias c o e t ci? a jWmlrY
t@ a May pZscer l i k e 2 L Z U d s r
Nr~itl~er naar nor nridrlln clitsn gwp1a could take a
pfl(2rfmi:ye on the pwnoso of darlicating 8 baolr to the 5ntY7.
: c t i n n ntrrmgc cnincicfenco that thoen ~J!IO rleclictatad kt~eir
bncrlts t o thn LOrd i?rEf ?)In0 rich. tleAicating n book to t!%o
I,ord i!: iirl ar<?uou:~ t;lrilr bocatiso it iflv~lvcn ;nonoyo 9xlElurnco
;?nql 1.0t o? r:ritin;Icc~, Cnn 113 to k~<?(s&zT.nl:~ i: t r i p t o the
hi~1.y i,.ti~t:!c?, COnt..;cWWlc: ?~fi!;iinbntri~C$.v jnorrionnr~l of tho
t:i::r,~,.l.i! i~ i i<! i!c!f: I:hi.:ia: porZ:.i!i:.;$:ion to ~cc!k entry in to the aancC!
*~:i;ti:t:::~!:~i!~i EOC ? ~ d l . c i ~ tin:; illo Isool;. L;ria>times ;i poor man or
:I i,~f(l?'ll.n cl;:!;~ !,rtr!ion r j t? t? !!Rtron:rqe fnlni r:r?ver;.ll !.!co$)l~: %a
;!:: .I I b i;l~.,i:~l,r. t~lion<.li: C ~ I :r,rjnRLci;tr.> hlo hit:&, ;io*~ilvcr, in tho
I)~:c~::c:n~ COI'lf:?:Et tllr: itl:?n coE ~ ~ n l t t ~ , ::CJ.IOLCITCIIIII i\nd j . t ~ f l . u < ? n ~ ~
!r::iv~, uii;iectskon e !:iilrjrilii;:(,j~ tr~ '1f.ruiz;iJ.n t,r> rl~?Fc;8tc t h e i r
to t h ~ ? !,S(>J.-(l*
. .civujral ;>oo;?lr! o f 011 tllc! thh l l r rnlaa:it?n hsivm ;~l:;o
coin;! to TLrtroial;.~ to f:,12til, chair vow:; aftor gott ing acli3m&nsio!
lntn ,ic?sirccl o?ticntiw;~l inr;cPttrtian:i nuell a:: ~miduato, pmb
qfrodunte, cn$jilloi.rlnq,j :!nil mcr:1fc::l, collc?~~ci:i. ii:Auc+ltionel
ay,porl:tr~~il:ic!i ara ou;;LLy i~vvRLlnh?.r: tc) i!l.l cl8,r:~r:os of peoirle
.-.t: ,t110 r;;.i!irc .timi: ;;:?.;!f.sc;Lo~~ i l l to ei?uc:>tionilL inetf tut iono hao
!.>ecoii;c? i l t jhly aa~q?e+,$tLv.~o fox n.11 clnr;::res. iJ.1 the three
clar;scr; not only rely u y n t h a i r harsl work ancP in tn l l iqmcn
but :ilsa ui;dt~ the auL~enlilturr,l. p0;vera. i.!111: the? poor ~inI.lke
thasa of tlje middle cLaar; nnQ tire rich [my not: hovu econa~~lic
~ a e r t + i ) r e i., pi1grim::rjo .to ti p~lnca l i k o T i ru~mL~.
Thr r$spi,rpnslea of t he taformants TGVORI t h 3 t the. poor unlike
$h.hose of the middle &ass en6 thha riheh hnvcs eLn.wlxye bau\
jvrliciouu i n spmdin~3 tllelr scanty remaurcen an khck ~ptl-
grinxiye t a *irur;ialn.
Clnse-veri;uticanx; In relatlla? to tkie eewroruic nntb-
vati0;33 for the v i ~ f ts 02 .the j;~llt;gxL~n~ are interosti rig. ),&re
tltnn three-fourtlza (76 pnr ~ent) a t the, iaowr, and r 39ft30
ranre t lmn Ll;q1.ll tho r,ra;:oxtton nP ~ I I G wie?dLe ~ L a s n (34 par cent)
nni? t.h:hc rich I!jl mi!r cent) ht?vfr unclsrtalcen pilgrimrtg~s on
tho bi.334:.: of cccnnr>~:fl.c !~;otLvors. Xn rllic c o n t a t one pay aak
why !',he E:ORS I . i i l~13 al !IIc~)IFII. M ~ ? L . F J s G ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~ I t l l i 3 1 ~ the iziicIt?let
ci.n.;~:; ilnd t h e ric.c:l~. 'liicri? i r r no iriuy~Lt? ansmr. rlok~civer,
f: i icx t:olloi-dni~ cch:tr:arllx~cy ieey nft;ir :;om@ explanation.
:ciconril y, ,:SIC? rnnturx oi: t i le! ~.!conornic nrclblcng f Welf
RQII ~:atn~th:l.r~~:~ ~ C I CIO w i t h t l l ~ III~JIINZ' ri?prf~~tzntilti(l~~n OR the
poor kt~tlnn tho 111<7,13.~ cLnrjrj trilr.1 kiru rl.cil. I ;crmr~~,lI .y, ,tr~e !,>oar
r e o r r e i 3 , 1 . i irkxil(s the rtdddle
cli~ss [email protected] arc liwre wncnmr;r;i ,~~:rii;h t h e i r iii;i~alancal or i!a:i.--
c ient f fmily buiig~tS, and Wle rich arc r,louc t;r3ucil~'d kiy ,their
AnsdeyyaCe aaviriys and w~ua.ti:>fiictcIX~ buliycks. Lkl suCh ,lie-
EcrentiaL a i t u a t f o l ~ s ~ i f Wle iiaor, the mid4le cllii:;~ mid tho
rich eirhe~f ex!:,e~t&, tt~urr cxpwt:eii or urjm~~c?ctcil
riah ham&, b&lan~eii err our~~tus bud~c;t::, aai\ bu;c@~r ijavfny~
and hugc pecuniary E e W a ro$porcll;ivcel!, Uiey my c~nsrfdc~t
ttlesu UG ~cono~illc tiitVnr~@i?ljos bcaw1~al upon them by t h e aivi-
nitii:o. Thcseforr! all Uw t h ~ t i e clar;~an wT paa$L,ae aro prozlc
'm fnvouc a : l l l : , r i i t~ge to t i le i ~ v l y pllmcc 1II:t? 'i'irwnltLs,
Neithrr t.h.ha paar not tho ml.c¶dla clans can afford ta
bra i n v e ~ ~ x a r in an b8uskry l ike that 02 ESlm*nk?king. So,
only rich have the smomic advankaga of l~&ng' f i S m p m -
dwezn, AEgrr invosttng huga auaar cf munay in chra production
of fllmo, it Ls but siaCux~l for t h s pWwcklf: ta emk t;h@
help of t h e 8ui?amatural t o make the fi1.m s hax-office
nuccct?ss ,md R ~ln~urcci of: qreet wonnmic gain. Thus, as a l t
the t h m c c!lnf+:lC?:i of: 1rc3opl.o arr! moro concerned w i t h t h e i r
cconnmLc lift?, an ovc!r~hol.mlng proporeio~z at each cl'lmso
caiscn!; a:> :rl.Z:(cimc to ,l'irumnl.n. l:lirth~.+r, an tho poor, more
then thr: n iR i ! l n cl;i?;s nnd thcr rich, h~vvvc% grentor mnern for
t.hc ir ,:canornf.c ilccd8, tt7\? Ei~riini'r itas a >~S,ghcr r ~ r ~ ~ e n ( ; a C i < > n
t.11-n t,hr 1.r.Vtrr i!? t ! ~ !>il.!rrim hn'ly at: T$.runinla. Plorcover,
L!.I!~: A:h;. o~i;l*lS.c cZa.:~a ,?r.nil h , the poor nlnn ~ L n h to
: 1:h~~ir ccono!?:ic q:!irtr; w i t h tho Gr~sd by umg nf nffesinnn
4;o t.he or.:!, tlrc: .,:c>or nlcro hove ~ 0 1 n c t moans t o t ~ i k e a h e i y
, t r i p to :I :>LRcc. lilct, r i i F ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l i ? .
r.lnos-vnuic~tlons ~oeril m axint i n r e l a t i o n to tilo
rcli!~iou:; ,puryo::ca $:or ~ i h i f h fltc ;7ll!jrilon trnvel t o Ttrumolo.
:iilo i'i:~un:n 111 t h e tcbLa rihub t i r a t t i w ~c! i ) r@centa t ion of ,Me
I a , (26 per cent) and thr! riel1 (23 per cent;) is morn
thrm Bolli~le that oftth poor (I1 pcr ccntl. ' this snornaly
raise!; ellr. c~ucottoi~$ nro tho poor 1n::s rcl iytous 1:tten the
rriicldle c l o o n anti tho rich7 'the ;!nnw(?rc> i5t mny not be.
s t , tho may i~avc! t h ~ wish to come on e pi].-
grirozgc! but t11hr.y rray not hovc? aOaciun'te ImIa t a ry rosousces to
EulflZ their wiah. For Chin ronsrm, many poar people who
had u e dasife to v l d t Tirumla might not have unclerWhan a
halg jauruef t o T i r d a . Un the contrary, rnfiPdle class
and dch may not. anLy hmtd a wi& but: ~ l a o have the immo-
no i ~ ~ r ~ r t f l e if Were i s a lawe pmpa&lon of the m l d & l ~
claw% a d the dQ i n the pilgcirn M y at: llirumnlat
:;@conrily., i ~ ~ f i t OI? a e pogr pwple are i n t h e habi t
of pontj;??onin~ t h d r 1~12grimageu wti~at~ RXA pureiy me-ant fo~or
srlF!&uus l,urpoanB. Thnp urnwal3.y ~ m # t ~ m e i their pilgrim~;3es
oven f o r Cwa o r three yenrs, till. W I O ~ p003 up the xqu i rwl
mnonc?torq recourcc9. t:orJevnr, the pw a r c not i n the Wit
of i~oo tpon i~~g the! pil~jrlr~tt~ged rel.n~aB LO sncinl and ecmanfe:
~wtivo:: lx!cal~ac nitch pilqrimlryes a m bouncl by vows which
rocrulrc Lr~nc3iuta Pulfil~nent. Dut the pllg&.imnijr;s w i t h reti-
gllouct anbjoctivou orla not under vows imrl therefore they axe
unilort:~Jton leimu~e3y. On the CQntrOry tt1n mitlillo claorJ ant3
the! r i ch rlo not hiive ouch bclrit b n r s i ~ r i l nnrA oconolnic hunlles.
i,vc:i i f ! t h y hava auch ht~rc3tr?c, thcy are selativoby nlnre
tor!lpixory thim thnao oE tha !>@or. Tharc?t:orc!, mbra rriiili;llo
clcuia 011d r i ch peol:L? an ptl!~rimz$fi~e w i t h rediglour; cim#ves
arc l ike ly ilo bo oncount.e+r~rl wt: n tioZy pli3ca itkc! Tfru~mLa.
Ihicf;llg, rime i a ;nn Pmpoxtanl: fac tor cantmlling
tho pilgritnngno k#sscfl an tllo roJ.$gdoua uimo only. Tbc rdi-
g i o u ~ puxpoaa of thl! pilqjEim%Jn i r i l ona t ldkoly t o ariyinntc!
from a das i r e Eox 8wCerlaZ benefit. Such a pL1gdmge La
likely to bw combinad with a v ts lC ts other sacred plnaen.
Since such a gily~imge is llktaly to take cansStlasiihTo ttrm,
a weak or mrwr mlatlveLp aE8luaant pilgtirms axe l i k e l y tm
~oneti%ub kt digniE?icanb man a ptmdomhm%, grnpork1.m aQ
fhrt pagrim body ak a a w e d l i k e %'Yrumlsr ma 5 1 ~ s -
1&m L ~ S fhs poor rrnXg glLves them 88tdquaa le$#m chW&W
which they can unfiertnk,@ a ~ikjrimorjc! baud on tel igiaue
m t t v e ~ . ~ ~ W T O O V C ~ , t he i r Liv@lih~od ~S;VOEI then1 smX1
$.name out of r~hich 3.3.vlng8 ura ir~~:~c,:,nsiblc ur har41y WE-
s ib lo f o r wnc2wrt;rking yilgLYm~f[aa, cjll the ether hand, the
mirldle c l a m ancl Mlo ricll can dovoto con~iileritfrle time fax
unrlarti~kin(l thin t y ~ x ~ & pilgr5m;~go. In fact , the v~.ltitl-Co-do
farmer:;, tiatrl.t;hy hrrsln~nsiilen, well-glucccl e~nplageeo have
token zzx vacation ;m:l opcinP, t i lm on l:d.l!jdmlge based on r&L-
giouo crimo. :~cvmi:!i oi! tllern viuitcrl nu m.:aay ohtheir as
l.ro:.i[~ihl~ iicpondin~ lr1~flil t.krc rnmlo tc i~ ly 9osaurccun a t t h e i r ilis-
roliginua oi(lniflcnncc hail hajtgen& Ear ibrh extendwl pardoll
oe nbour a wec~l ' i or mare. 'That moons unlike +:he poor, t he
rnlildla clims anil tlto rich hil,vu ~clmx~iato time and iranstaxy
resources t o nl!%art'l t,hio typo o f undnrtwkiny. :ihust~fortl the
poor vha unNerertlra n pilgrilmlge f o r it xoiiyiaus purpose wXonc
r@:ellgious i~ij.~arl&, ??@tilegs cvr>i> mi).rrilr.. Dut rrnlilie the mLddlo
c?lssa ancl tfke ~ L c h Uey iumc their own hwjler, 02 time, nloncjy
and habit i n undart~akfncy n klalp jaumey for acquiring reli-
gious merit or far cori&wking a rekigbam rite. ,~'hc farce
d" habifi smoagst Ul ts pear LIB &at dC 8 3 1 m ~ paatgtonunent aE
r pilgrfraage purrLy w i t b rtaliqiour, 1wtSve b u t it doe# nee
aZXw th-s p @ a $ p m m t of? a piLgrimage based on #wi!aJ, dnsd
wonmlic motive#. fi tSramugh attudy of e l a a ~ v a r k a t i m r i in
rdotioon ta the ra l ig iow i~urpQsas gP the pilgrfmagea i s
called EOX.
'The rruxpoijos for which ppllgrimv tswd W iol'irumola
nlea seelo to be in ~Lrplficant rolatLblshiget to opcciicic
~ti . it .t~ac~. 'T~IBXC EIc!C?m31 to exist a rdtat ionst~ip ~ B ~ w o w ~ ) . .&a
c~mu~~atboacsl stntua and tlsc emrlornic purfmnos of the ptlgri-
mogc. 'Yhklos who undextoak the yilgrfmqe:, w i t h ac:ononi.c
inativecr a r e the f,:hw>rs, -kh:ile busii~esumm, and kk~e m~rlcly;eoa.
u thc! enste s b t u s and th(i ,pilcyimidgi?s ba3c?ii
on eati1c)intc iisr? rn l i y iouu ~ U P J J O W J ar6i I I I ~ o c - s c ? ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . A1~~7ngi3t
thu!ie clcnrutf.!co uhu hovu unilartokon pilgciiuayen for ec@nomic
purglnaori, f l ~ c r o 13 n large rc~~resent~~lion f o r CIm fanning
ci?i;tcr; (:rcddFs, iia!tvnno, unlljnn, rcalagk? Kixpuo, i<8 l1~t r iy i~s~
i.lttrlaliarri er13 l i h ) ~ k ? i i ~ " ~ ) , i i l@r~:?ri t i lm C w t < ? B (V0ii:;yan nnf?
ilan!a.!jdis) iincl for )?rie$tly conte on4 nrtisn!a ceat@:rs [or;iiimino
;in6 SOFIE backl~aril C U B ~ C ~ ~ ) a
:i'hnro i s Esirly obvfo~ia relrlti.onahfp b6ar;Wem tha
age ant1 canto rrtatu:: artcl the roll<yioun puspoac: of tho piLgri-
mages. Thaae who carno an n pPli;rlma(;e w i t h rc!ligiouo mtivea
a r e i n rhc! age gmup 40-65 yenra. NoreMIer, R Vast !ik?joritr
02 mam balonij tw the p r i a s t l y (Wrahmtna) mercsnkile
(Vnisyas), and f~osmSng (EeAdfs, Yams , Balijan and 1:shntriyno)
eiauasla, *his clsarky raveals the CQaesa~ndenccs batween
Chc r)anakritis wey of l i f e ac the caste gmuprr and undsrtaking
n pUgrimage with g&tA~t&aus l ~ t - i ~ @ ~ "
T h i n fa a180 a rakationship between Ehe imlltLcaZ
l:tatus of tl-la dwOt6J~w mcnrl kl3@ r)alfticloal pwfmnae of! the
i Thoso tiwatcset; who undsrmak a pifgrLras~~e
I~rrsd on ?:olitien.l rwtivw are active politic4en~t. t)L: thatre,
63 per cent belon\? t o oi;edtl.i8, ].;iirrui?as nnd r, Ew ather farrtiing
C ~ S ~ O G , 33 per c a t llolong to 1?~~1Jmn14n?+ and thuo mmalninlj 4
per ct2ni: Lr!,Zong tn ather c;lr;tg? group:r,
:i.'he prcc%?irag d ioeuss to~ ahown t ikirt there SN EairEy
ohV:LOus rc!lationc!bip battiern the age, ccaski?., clet;~, ocerlpa-
t ia;~;~l , poli t ical an4 rel igious trtotuo erf tha Aowoteer: ,?11e3
the yut-l,mrir.rt of Chcix !?flgrFmagr to 'sir~uflsla. tJhatilver this
rc~lntionnhlp i s , ono titl.ncj i s clcas. ':ill(? t~a~plo of Tirun~:,ila
ir; o r r p ~ ~ i a l l y Env~urFil by pi,lc(rimri t v i t t n r?paCiflc p@roonil2 o x
ru t e r in l deniras, wrivcr oncl prablnn!h tcnr:l? aften, :Jx?
objective of 8 i>ilgrirnngc! to 'L'irurls?la i s either: t o fulfil . a
vow or to imke a rerdu(?gtr i!or a 1 ~ r g e r'i~lrfoor oIj dmvot<mw,
yilrjrimaga is not onLy rcli(jiouoly dciuir"Llr? orrtP ) . B ~ C ~ Q ~ ~ ( J ~ -
cn l ly nntiafying activity but :lLoo mb actkvity with much
ri+fcronce to Chr expeCC;mey of a s1reeSfic rc'v1arr7. In other
c;a&clia, thtr n),acil:l.cfty 01: mut,ivei i:i tnvatly c blb~bs o f the
pilyrin~agc t o irLirun!ala.
irow. rlze queatim irr why the pilgximngco W Xisurr?Ln
am Lwrs oE&n M e an vaw~lil The anmti.1: may X;o Iout~rl i n tho
natuspi of the dsrity, the accarrsil,lti~y W tohe trmpka, aniR the
apocialitr d the ter@?fc. Pirat, &a warnpolitan nattuat of
the &W fb~voura the gmeence oE a l l craw, croMs slnBl *&I&=
g i w . S m I P T y r Ohs Loz'd t@ EegbrEld a a p b ~ X @f WIDI)E~*YI
htlpk3ineas and salviacton. 'I'hlc~ idwa mnCXnues to &at in the pcoyla and mimifeaw ituel@ oC the trample of ma Idor3
i n t h e Eon of fulf:ilrc3n% of varun, a~hlc*clc:i~>nd of merit 9nd
rdlan~ption EEOIYI ain. :i:hirc?l:y, the Cor8yI.o of the Lord i a
rciiiiily cir.:cc;!i:!iiblc ;,\t i&J, ~~I:IC:I(?FJ t:o ~ i i l ~'tnputl~i'r:to!!i: froin
cvcrr jii:irt o f ti10 c?oua~t:ry. '.tl)rl: ioc;lna, n ::1i>~ci;!l reLigboi.se
ocor:;lon rice(! not iin ,9:aitc:i i f u r 'bo tul".l ;I vn-: t;u the Lortl.
pl.l.\jsJ.nlu tb~roulghout ,ti~i: ycxiu. i?iC,tllly, for t l ~ a fulfilment
o:t ~~liitc?bd.i~l c?anixc:~, :a 17atty ?[I;lt~mtc;cl over! : i t tl qr6::c:aC &it-
t:il~co P ~ C J I I I tho nncitl-eul,kuu:cl ?11?.%.t:u d:? ~ ! I C :>23.1:e.Lma naems to
):I? iiU>J1(! i l ~ i ~ i ~ . : i b l i > t:t/lWl iL :?Gel::,' ~ . E ~ C : I V ~ I " ~ ~ CIQZOS~ t<> thh OQC~O-
cittur?il iirlllnu oj: t l ir? pilgrimn. ~,kmLoi;01y, no matter hot#
I t i deity : u tilo ,;~LS.grirnn vi:;it tila deity
viro can :)rovlile :;r31utl~:11$3 'i:ii3 kla~ix prablenis. ;?icoplc! tend to
exert: U~~?is:;clvc!:q man! raaflk1.y .far a 1llg:il.y ~;r.eciffaI ntrun<fLy
~ic>nLi:c;l p~~::ult tir;in for tilc:rc :jwioxaL u ~ ~ s t ~ c : ~ i f i e B goals.
Piaonn ul! ncceonihiJ.3.ky tn i~i~vc? a vLI:~? t!m tie& -._,- _, l_ly.l. *,." ..-,. ::.,I'., ..""--.,.11_1..,l.P.6 ,... ,.I" Yi.:...ll-...... -- 'r:ni!lc-49 ::l~ci~.in tl~c? pcmtmtiifliJ ili!,C~fl>ution 0f the
yLI.rjri.n~o mcoriling to kt~r. iailono of occt?uaibi.lity W hove. n
viol$ of? the J~orf3 (dt~srrnnnllr) a t the tmq,lt;l of Tirllnlnln,
;.:ore then ha l f (53 aer cent) mnv& thmagtl t h e l m g ~(C3Wal
qwue and he8 a~ccel?fltI,itity ta t he ~letnckiun sanetorufil t o t~nvcl
a vim of the XIQXL~* Hare then csnol-twmfieth (be!%$ gar
were veby kmportmt pemonri, EIB the^ toad ajtxaigha~uny qe to
Uxo sranctum sanctorurn and have tI1e view OC the Lordr ktom
than one-tenth (13 13Es cmt) could pugchase biak'rsta of adrnia-
nian inW joining tho ohnrt ~uauo ti, t!m L~DIICIUIO ~ ~ U I O ~ Q P U ~
anrr Bave a af +ha LON, LCEI:~ tilt11 ona-lfiStti (10 pw cant)
cnulrl hnvr n 'ri@l,> of! t l z r r JJC~FIS imly n2ter ,p~ctking a m a w i -
ccn pc.r.fnrr%d in il:?nonr: of t l ~ o i,r,r!.:.
ill.! ':fg(i.i??a ft'i ti40 tuiEYl.~ dl80 tm3id l%?i,tt aJna@L
:ji,w cc-!It <J tirc: p:,oie went in the ~rxauc C ~ J A ll@~l i s viaw of the
~~orrl I)ilc.i~li~! titcy lliiii tlwit;ht?r rucn:m;i~:lation Lottorn to avnfD
(:ilo riaio!t<J ia~r moao, VJ pilmitiinc tkcko't?; t o ski> Mle ~ U O W and
,,jt?l: i'!iri.!ct: entry In'& tile fianceurn 8Rncksrwm M hove a vicv of
I 0 x 2 on tho contrary, nbrJut 69 pnr cent o?2 the mtdtllar
CLU::IEP l , d i ~ j r P m u CUUL~I go in the quL?ur$ to hava a via%? of the
mrci avid the rcilritinlny 90 par c@nk h ~ d o A q ! t ~ l ratibnr methnz3n
t;u iltrve <.I via$ 0.i' ti10 imioirl, %a t h i n c:;tr~%ox,:.:t;, '~l lnilst 6 p a r
cent couM ufiltzc rccomi~@~%list.ton letter:;, 2'1 !i,m calk ~ u l d
~f.Eoxyl itioney to ):jurch!.chuow kickat:: of inilr~~iuaim ;knd &>auk 13
pnr ccnk t:aubt? gat tilt* v<!r!.caun ~rc!~vic~i.?r; pclrt~rm~il to reach
t h e n;?nctuln sanctorual i i n r l hnvo 3 i>J.ij:lk of the LQFL?.
lhrr xictk ~~r~vtx l tl~+?ir afl:lut?lr:e &%en i n gaining
acccnnil,iliky tt3 tho otinctl.,u% snncknrum arid t~ l ive i lg 3 vie+? of
liDw3. L493 elan mc-~ourth oP chair ~~urnbor ciuv~x? 19 the!
generat queue but m r a than tt~ri?t:-9owthhd uusul; atr\icr mows
to ga to Mt. smctum and see ZFhs LoBL About. 17 per cml: o f
ba* VQZF inp~rkajig persona ukilbeeril %heir pchraonrk
7 par C m t 1yufchsM ticket@ of admission on8 as ~iwlf a@
35 pet cent of Zhm utilizml their 'paid seemicaat ta have
dix~)ct anwy inta %l?r shlncCum nn% I ~ v e o view of the I.rsM.
tjO!:, f;!tl~?Ei'2~,01> Vfi 1st: r'c7i1r$:i,t>iqp~'i +;kk;,f; ??hT
I ! ! 2 : ; i ! I : 1 1 j : j , . : t!l<,iir e,fflu..
t~:ie!f! 1.n ~ ? > . ? . : L I I ~ f?,i:t,:r;?. i,::::.,tt:.~;~ t : , ~ t,!j~! ?~:'IIC:,~"II~,I ft?~: vics,j.,,g kk3,@
1,orr17 'it>!, PC**,OI:II: :I::) t.Iiil::ti; i;he?j: i.!,?x<,j ~YY:.'!Q~: VO!~ :Ilfit: .k\k~y
:~onl.ll i;;ovc? I n I I I t i ! i.lie.n 1li;vp vie?,, 02 .me>
1>1;r11+ 11.' ttii,$; f.r; w, ,>. x!c:!J. ;?.te(!. 1 ! \~~ ! : f , :L , : ,~3 f i pxj . f>~r;~ 1,fny 90
I : i t the jii~ol: yl:d:?%u! ;xi?!? 60 i\c?r: cr::!t 017 the:: i ~ i c ~ c ~ ~ ~ ?
r:ln:::: Iccr!:~li. !:cn.i in ,tJ1( :!(ni:.r-l:l. cp:..ru:i r~ni l hctrl E I v i ~ r i of the
i8or:?.4 :.Inly n!.ou.i 1 3 ::x!x cc:~~,?: or ? h c !jaol' ?>I?$: ~:Z~fioni: 21 per
n . 0 t 1 d 7 . , I . . : : . ?!nr!c!r vw ttr ijn in the
i f i . I I : ? v t t i . '!:!le nimoinbg 77 per ,rant
of.' II~;<>,? I~c>r'l ~~ei,t ,h?r ~t?coii1:i!f?11i>r3tiOil latt,efi~ nor f;BnQtttr,y
XOGiX1rC:C(i:l t(> j~~?i'cfrc::;~ (:LcI:r:.6:3 k l f ader?:;:!im and arrange 'pti i l
ncrv.i.cc!i' h i i ~ o @.C!C(?DL' 'Cb rhc; i:nnCtUrA an0 see chi? LorOi(.
I I : o r I , t i c r 3 i t 0 the rnic?ePLar
cla~r:?; ,,ear,la i!i!ir~tc:;3 Go s;,lvc! Shn ucwco n@n(?'tiix>r ~ ~ s O U ~ T C ( ? ~t
thui i : itlt,boa~':l i?::i! tllr:rg:rLarc ,tilay bcxl nut ~1CIlixrx2 fhair mmay
to ~ i ~ l ~ x : inai!il:: :it:, ilrr L;I, reai:ll tlir! sonstuin and havn a view
of .khti Loc,l, ra.;i,on C\ieli.! &!,'lli> cl;i!;s pcl~pl43 dl6 not hnvt?
recom$ndsctnara ~3 nsi)?~ d i r ~ c t wkxy intx elm Enncturn m?
the T I . ~ ~ Q k~ snVrW wxtp:r~t c l c ~ d ~ ~ a ~ l i i t i ~ flxi8-
tmt reIatLm b the inwanrs aE gaining access t o the
~ ~ g t ~ #mcQrua have a v i m ae the bfir(L
poM aenticae [~qt amrf~
W l h 4 0 shims Who pmantaye diotribuCion of the
pil!yrlr;tr according ta Vie %>inid aemfet?st (srjbta senran) got
j~c?xPoxmecl in h m u r oP the i,aml. $'he ~ w i c c l s got p9)rXonmd
i n hhcnous: of the Lord ~rs8 Gwprolnhomt;n swa, Visvwm~%
ClOO pil~rimo &out. 1U :?as cerrt C F I O ~ theae sewicca pe&omd
in llunour of tho lorti 2nd of 1;I'to sanaining la2 par emt. n]/mst
70 DOX cent Eulfilli~? uom vovts and tho 0Cb0s 52 per imt
crcritc? t o tlw? tr?r!n~l~lo ta f u l f i l eltrtr zi?lir]iozns cleniren rtithouk
nny vows.
?i~~lgng thcl tbroc) cconoa~ic clo:;t:r?m cri: tho ~siigrirna,
tlio &mix t:oiild not gc!C t h c flc!mltc~to prrfor;iK?d in hosionr ot
Cha? i.~ril f u r f;hc ni>vlor:is r;ja?:on of lCra ?rovcrty. A!ar~(j tho
r ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ l ~ cli~ar; '>c!o!ilo n:ona !got cnrtnin :iomiarrt!a ouch i i :~ T~malr3
SWZI, rirchanr?. scvth nnii Ximp~invcii nwr7 6r~rforrnod i n honour
o f tha Lord f o x Uiey Liwolved Inryc?u* ori~untr, of nonoy which
tiare heyoncl tbois moann tie ssnrure. unliko the meddle dosa
pwplo t h o rich got olio uarvica ar tho other pclrfomd fax
ths Lard. Tha s m ~ t ccamrflgn i;etvieeu wt &3~&7m?d by fhe r ich
ate XaJynnotsm& flevu an0 the i.)ratyeka iinlyunotswc :3r:vs.
;im@ of tile rich got 1iaL"PoW watt 'tnosa samiceer ei?ch 02
which tnvoLya8 yaymc OE hmvy awmra of mnay to the rnchaquar
af the Wple &initl~a%inr. Zlhw, cPa#mVaEiakfana do
atlt Sn sc&plCipn to "M w ~ i e ~ ~ got' gelcEem by
yisiks of 1 3 L l w d a athas: ekiw-
'J'able-51 nrhowu khhs pacca&g@ dfartcibutlm af the,
pi3ijri.ims cccording to klreLr visits to at? ~ h r i n o e ather %on
th* Cetrr,le of the Lord n t Pfrumla. Oi! the $00 pllydms
alwat; half violted 8hrlne or: Lard Vwat~asrrami, a i l k t l e
rrwe kl1+1n ma-quarhr viaitad the sl.ix%na OE LQm3 Vsra~nsqjn,
u little loss tI16rr afiwauartez rrtattml Chr! sh~hxirre of Gdnc
i;nnanufc?. tibout 17 par cont viaitel tho si-iririe of ti%@
r:,njilncyo i t 2 G k l i r . 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ 11 par cw.t vLait& the holy !:llerc in
tho l;c~:?:)le ItitcI~on vihr!rn L;iotl~,iacle V&ulaflatL ia install&i,
iil9aut 5 pox conk v k ~ i t d the c100Cd mxridor 035 the Gnnctuin
~,unctaran rqt~oro Lord Vfehvaksona i a lacatwl, and only about
4 per c w t viaitoil tho shrine of Lorit Yo.mnnr~xal~aawrami,
shrine of Lard V m B ~ ~ s t ~ a a % . its t h i s t u raulogLsacl $,n tho
re l ig ious lktrnrature, t h i s hns Tong bacame aomitan knoru&&g@,
whether Mraurlh actual P ~ ~ Q i n f i o r tylrough om1 rraclitlgn.
On Wa athex hanfl. the Other ohrinen a r e n u t ou lq iz&, In
ttsa rcvliftfoua litr!reCw~i, h@ncet they hnvo hacoato l c r a popu-
Tar. Thereforn, S t f e not the j>hy!iiecLL i?r~xlfnkf;y to t.hc
moin dcbty of l~or4, Vcn:art@ri~i;ar& but it i o the rgsa?t mra e.?E
antiqui ty J.inlttail to t h a t OE I,ozc\ Vc.nliotu:cnv~t~rn thek besCowntl
high ~ ~ r o t i i r u and l~f!,jh rriinctity 11g1~1 t:I~ll(r a h r k 0 a$ LOrd
L.i :,T. * 1 I , J O ~ , ~ . I ~ I ~ .. (.... nnci tkit!soby <ire?$ a ~:olaCfvc?ky 3.rixg:ga b&y of
~:,i,lyr%.rtt:b WJ tlit! nhrin;o of lion3 Vorr~hant:nia%. Kvovt the Local.
ancient; iiccounLs (olrtmlo puronrrs) aleo 318!7imxt ktih inference.
Vi0ikfl 0 2 - 2 i u J m t a .".--.-* 'i'iibltbFi2 & t w n +2:~? ~ ~ o r c c m t ~ y e Li:ii~trj.l~utian aP ttbo
pihgxlat:: i ~ y ei~iiir vlti i ts ,co ;i;f.h.~ ~lt?l!~l~~arielj (mathas). of tho
900 ~~tl.ijritris, only % prir cent v i r r i t ~ d tilt? so;niniixi@a. :>;ore-
Qvcr, none WE ill(:: ~ W J P vi.rrit::tI tho aoii!ln.nnricf;. Only f ive
n1ir:irIl.e cTo::iw yr?,op.:L~: rind 24 11.cil pe41161 v i o i t ~ ( 1 the shrinas.
hhy none oE the .anc;ilbnsrto:11 drnrrt poor j,ilgsima'l 'the xmaan
2s tlwc i f tho poor jrilyrkinr; \:&#ti to v i a i t t h o serninarfoa
they hnve to okay f o r one rwxe Bays This lwans heavy Sbnm-
~ia.PL1 drain which Mey cannot aEfad. Z'ho midale clecm and
rLEh pi lgr inr Ao not faca #tach ixvblemrr. A~it>Uler par-
tlnmk questica~ to bab mIoP?CI i n t h i n cone@xt i s +&at t?!>~
th+ #caxninar,&ieb i n ghylaral heva not drawn mny p i lg r im? 'LW
wrcm f r r Chs frsaa papu3arLty QS t h e eeominas iea. C w i ~ r a d
t4 the shrinw, tiM ~clmlnUrlala are lies8 p?p&er~ fa fa&
none of tho scrmfnariatl, @:wept &.her of tiatkisamji bW~ea&
is aoeociotad vkw 1 : f i l i g i o ~ ~ w w t a of imp~rt. !ri&out:
Ulis nsiaclcfatiQn, tiia alkaneen f&r aecqting the sw~irmarLnu
ne: pLa~i'!a BE h L ~ h sanctity ore hcl,o& ~1im. Unless th is
hnl$:)ena, dovutoor; Emfn cltffaron,nt r&gione are not 1Pkk?ly to
coma as l~il<y~in~s.
As nnir? ob0vi3 unllka the abhor sminarins, &fiat of
llathirrainji rlntht~n~ 5s jmpukilx Weavse le uras acconloci pzaa~
tigc by nsraclstlng uikh religi~ut: went8 ni.: $rr,,,ofl. It ic;
tilo 1;~lncs~ wllnrc! o!? clacatie wP greztt 1705.&3c5 ni+rm?lg Hritl.ttrirrnjijS
v . It; L:; .?law trio 1;Qnca r~horc the isoml lrlnnsc!La: pli$yeR
clici~ iiikh i i iathir i~ lnj i and acailercK3. it m a t hfily. ii!~e tgacli-
t t u n o l litoxilfwcn ZJSYQ rnvevcals C ~ B E ~ Q two w m t ~ a s a 0 ~ i ~ t e f i
with elv! 1Lfo of iflord V~bnk:itast~ara rand tifa c3wotee i:athlr8t,inji1
ilcnmvor, noi.r there %.n nu Xi%rmtl kcl .oa~oi?arjiita fnc&ictt
that t h i e placm in an ancient, EohgaCtcm one of greater
snnctity. Por Wrio remon t h i s c~r?rlinac.y lu nor aktraeting
170 many !,,ilgrima co it ~rserl to dotWsict pkl$lrims iibouC e em-
e t q ego. It, t~awwer, sstnrta as ,tho most ~0:jdwr gnaa ~lmut~gst
tho seinlnariee,
grim v5aitad the holy wa.teri?alta. Amol~gaG them the pmpor-
kt(gt of OM rich i t 8 mra Chw tWiaZ: uf thrr poor: an8 %he mWlr
c l a s s p i l ~ r i m s . ~ u r W s r , mjox&ty ofi %a p i l g r i m vieritalrl
chc ir;c~~avlnesenm Cdzthmn an6 the t,kaeagantJzl ti~harrr.
Unlike the othrs hoiy wa%rEakls, thoee of ~ e p v i -
nuswa tirthnrr arid tilraaaganpit tirthilrn d m more ~ . , i l g d m
beca,u!le the rdinfoua l l tmfnk i lxa has morc often eulaqjized
them 423 centros of groat r;nnctity. L'tcrkhehar, kh@ mlfgltsue
troili'tinns iinvs acrorciml than mom prastigr, tlian athers by
Linking .t:h~i!l with the tdrill?ll? of Mn? Venkriton%?ura. Now
t h i n linkinq has been (lone by the rcligtous Likeratme has
b(:!r~n a:;.,,;lai.ned i n tho fis~t cha1gtr.r.
'iher@ ero oather raimona co $;ell. An maellant mots-
TPIILP: ~oild rnnkos tt10~0 IioLy traterEnlla ncc@r;sihLn from Tiru-
mnLo and L ~ c k throwjhouC "Jle pcanr. Tilose who are vrilling t o
!JQ t.0 thcoo cc?ntrr?s con Crsvnt by bus. ito(zirln Br.limc that
;I holy dip iri tlic.;n Cso l m l y r$atcr.f?iills can rc?linvo them ffrotn
c t l l siino.
~ l ~ n o o t 70 ;,@r cent af the: pll::;cSma have not viritad
athour; i>luces of lrerly wntc?rEolle to2 mnny x ~ a s a n s ~ 8011% of
th#;m t;(i<l not IIBVQ t o vv lp i t Chaot? ~;lr,cr;?s. some clid not
h$vc rimey upeniji on a t r i p to rheisdj boly places. Soma
cTLB aot hlrvo sutfictenl: knar2cflge alxrut: Wese holy wutoxfalis.
&a& of tsansgo,ct t~c i l i f i es to the holy woleerfdfr aueh 88
WnmaTucJflhnm tttctra~n, iQaspu ttrtham an!? wthcts have yrcvenC&
pilgrlnrs to +aka ra journay W thee& @acre& ornuell.
g&&&oE the null~sims I x walaccaq!
'?able-54 showe khe percmtage diatrkhution af kha
pilyrimo uccorillng to their v i s i t8 ta the templa8 locatad at
Tirupnti, Tiruchanur aria riMn2vnaamnngnpu~m* $.a said
alewhere?, the pilgrlmgc?! to l'iru!nale i s belienveil t ; ~ be
coin!>lato only when i c inclules visit8 to the ternplea raC
' ~ L r u ~ ~ f i L i , iLrxclii!nur ailii Griniv~stlmm$nyu~ab?~, Xhr tentplea
1 r 'iiruck.onur and r;rinivasi~raiir~g+x~ur#~r~~ aci.~uerad an
,iiir;r ~.IL ; .~r~tS<juirty i iM high ni~iaceiky ii!rcrTuuc? they :*ra nssoein-
L i d v:161 tilt! tc!;1141kc c j i ii,orii Vr?nhoter;carn, in faat tho myth8
i:rr:I tr.2, I L tioctr i~sn3cinS;otP w i t h the %c<ilple of Lord Vnnlcatw.lbmr
iirt? fu:;;xI w i t h rhoon connoct.wJ <with the 'tc?.nlj>lc*s o f Lad
Ocrvlncliiri~j;~, Hotcil, otrd J<i3r)il~f~war?l ailC Timlpati, the t M t p L ~ of
i,ndin;iv;:itirlovi i?t 'i'iruchnnnrr nniA the tomplcr af! t . O ~ l Kolyann
Vcnkntnnru;?ra at i;rinivnsnmnn(lnyrurnm.
.~ilt! tirbtc. rc?vc>;rln . t i t o t al.maa'e $17 1':':r crxc 06 C ~ I C
i,:l.l<!rlnr::~ vi!;i,tsci tVi(: terij>lc o t i?nti:ttrrve;tb:ic!vi, tho ~onoort of
L u d Vcriliri tn3via-;nrn. iircit ii~!ixnu i i VUB* tniijori'iy of the piL-
~ P ~ I I A who to "iru:nxd.ia t o oed: tlrc! l~encvnle~cn and
help of $he cmoort oE i,crLr3. Vrir~'lcat~owam.
tor r$imiSor rcarion, nlitlosi: t+;!o-think2 Oi: t\\c &it31
nWar of pi1rJrinu vf.sit& the %crr&~lo aC Lux0 c.iavinQerc~la-
awaa % $rup&tir bovin68~nj~s1?8.1~1i is hl it3veQ to br? tho
&dm brother of Mcii Venk*,itewiviSm. r'.lmout one-third of the
W a L nunlr~r of piiyrima visitc?d kh.ha teiiplo of Loxd Kapblb
awcsrer. This t e ~ l e has e&[email protected] so tnueh a xcsyutatllcn La
t a regnrdcd as a place of groat a n t i q u i z y and high ~nnctiCy.
The wadi t ion rwaaltr t h a t tha grr!etk oncimt sage Knptla
himaelf Linstnlled %a kcan of :lava in t h i s t;p?n~.)la. Them-
fo re the !)lace 11na ncquirM grea t p o p ~ l n r i t y ~ compara.t;lvely
leiis nw';>cr (sf i'ilirrian v l a i t cd tiha tei%A>loa of i:oc7~nda Rexmit
and I<.i?lyi>n;i Venk;zl:nswaso. rile tcs!:~ll,lr: of X.od.anljn !Inma is not
62s milch yopulnr i?3 t l i ~ t of LIXYT; ~2ovLnB:wmj~mnmi, A~t;hough
t i 1 ! Xc!lynnn Vi-n1:nr:asr;ir;rii lo pc~~dstr it; I n s i t ~ ~ a t d
f u r <lii::iy fro13 ' i ' i ru~x~t i .
:i.'l~o claur;-v;~rlii t inr i n re:t~~l;iol? ,&w t l~i? VILEI.GD 02
i . ~ lr. ., : 'S%i!r i f i~s to t i i c : ~hr i r l t : t of Yirc~g::t;i, c h n u r , :>rinf-
v.:~s;;.la~in~j~s!,"~ur~:~~!i rc:vc:*l. E!li!t f t L:i rnorr. of tc?n the rich :hd?o
v F d t thi:::i? t~p1.i::; for they hrlva acI@c-juoro time nnd rnanotnrp
rc::ourcofi to vL:iit t!lc;rrc! ::~l;ict*o. I r rcs !>oct i~c of t h e i r c lesn
s1:iittm 3 vost mnjority vifiit t h e temple of.! UOElflcr,~ PnAmavatL-
Acvi bccnr~nt. l.t cow!ri~n!ncls mom ::oprrLnriky than other temples
nave t h t of Lori3 Venlretc?rib~nr;!, ~n?l. noro thtn other t;mplspr
in iCn t~cighbnnrhor@ it bna~;tieol; thc t2mtecjs t o make kheir
pilgrimage n com:(?leto onc hy i;lr!Rbnq it v i s i t to F,tnd*ZEl
pilgrims i n raLstlon to t i le luvelci of c?~jlc.r~iEiC!xre in~i%rrml
an t h e i r r;,ilgrim;lg~ t o b r i r u ~ n ~ l o anii nther mlo~tnd pl?rceo.
rawg the $00 pilcjr5.inns 0 Blittla lags %t%n 58 ],>i?r rcant nptannl:
betwoen ~r.100 and ri,2i00 on t h e i r pilgrimage and *u remi*
Ing %pea% betwmn k%*MD/- aad mm W P~r5,000/*r.
Phts class-v i t r tak~~n8 lo rela.tion t~ ther 10vels BP
rxpenclikws i ~ ~ c u r t c b 513 pi lgr lmga show t h a t huniaraad percent
of the paax, more then ma-thirdi GE ttia? miild&e class wnO
about onfrthirci of the rich pilgrims s;mt naC mar(? khan
r;.500 on i,ilrjrin:ujc?. l o n e of the ~niAalle elaan gilgrirna could
srx?ncl laorc than i'::+3,900 on pil~jri~cirjc. iin thr. L'onkrary We
rich cnultl ci:~cncl 81mro tlirirn 3,3,500/-. '!ileir o~~:~onilituro on
pilyri:n:>(jc. Grf~rir;cvl mrc!n thr! !:;.5,00:)/- lc>veX.
'&i t : ! fl~~etl~i,E;ia>:: tr1 Chsi axi>endLt,\ro S n c u r r ~ l 0x1 ail-
irr%n~..i!.ic :: ;!~:i! .rr.li.l:l.:tl kcr t :hw cliucnncn t ~~vc l l o? , nu~nlswr of
IIIC?:~~); ::!r :scr,nm:i~inftcl, $h@ r i tua l BCEV~CI?FI /iot pfir:lreormo& in
lioncur OF .the? t80n?, thc uffer inyn n?alir? to tkc: Lord, the (jiEr;s
glvon t o t11c bcgiJrrs, the rcnC paiJ to the hotel, c!&>Cttifja OP
otl;llcr mccoinmoiintior~, lhs? chaxgms paiil f a r MckeCs of ~dmlssiot
i o r f ~ o t l , f o r holy fnofiri, fat" pruch;,se a f sac.reil a r t ic les ,
ri:li~jlous bonko, and AomesCf,c utcrlnila. Tbora mny bo Other
tnciclental cxl!snt!ituxe such ns rnsdlcinen, paywntr; nuele to
portere, t:arlu!.oy cpant on feedin[? t h o jroar and fat pniil to the!
pxir??itar 'I'hur; aevt?ri~l E~zeta(7rfl llwc got i3ixecC rclistlan t~
tilo exL,fijlijiturc L;ic~irrcii by tlic !ic.Mt;::t::: Or2 their &riPgrimngc
itrmirj,a and its; relatccl ~ J L ~ c C ? ~ . ~ .
Poreigners who c~mc-
'Fab1f3r56 ehoi!~ tht i~vrcmtaga i2istsfk>ution oi? ki-ic
fDreZgnara who Wcrtook n journey ta the Cem~?la ot 2 ' i m X a
during pi+rZc?d 5m345. This dslta is l w a d uyon Chs
m w ~ n matakstnad by th8 Ttrurnaka4Ximpaki Uavas*aaan'
autttoritlss. ~aPnast 59 gemcnt are $ r a m riwope. t<(orc
27 per cent are from iariwrica. Aadrly 6 hwr cent nra fmm
rbtrto, 5 per conk a m &mm ciustrih sncl L-lr;w %eaZrnnfi, nnd onJly
2 per coat are from a;%dca.
i-iWng the 5 ~iincartcrtn aowkrI~?~l , U.%.A, cantxibutgd
vt~out 22 I?W cent ~ l t d 2;ha nmnainirig rnkm~ciea ccntsihutcad
nliout G per cmt. rli:urrig klao 14 biuropaon countries, Great
orlt; i in nntl i?'r!.nca.! coia&trii:tlWd lnasc urn 2b par cent and Zhe
ri?j:bt of kt10 countric?n ct>r1tribuW'1 li;~:: thna 23 pl?r cmt , All
the 5 :!Psicon coun.krloa hrivc coittrib~~tod less tiuon P per ccnnt
elctr. l\!~!l?xlq tilo 3 ~.i:aii?n m3uwWi03, <Jqi?an i%nd ii;jlny~;i.ck can--
tcLbuGc?i !; !,:or ca!ilnt orlii r.Eie rt?nt r.t>srr;ri.I:nitcfi nllnut S pox awt.
cli!r;txi!iir! cc9nrril:~ciec;~l ani.:rout 4 ;,cr COnt 13ut N0:r Kcoland cwnU"i-
butc<l lcnn than I ijtlr: cmt. Thus I d may bo s i i i U that the
cla,nrelapd countric:!: 4:: wall. as tlioou counrrict::~ v~hbch l~rivc!
c o x ~ l l i l r~Lix~Ion:i b i i M ~ X ~ : t i m h:?vr: ~~mtrSl3ute.x3 ~ac)rn nurPS3ex 5%
gac~pl.: thir~a ktlc? i;Icvr!lrti,tny couiztricn oa well <arj Chic 'thir(1
:1~rll'i countr i t :~ t ; ~ the b a y OE foccd.qn vPrbitors or p i lg r i~m
nz: !i'inue;:ilo..
foreigners who und~lsoolc a j a w e y to 'i'lrurn?la accortling to
the pwp~ssr of Ute& rLeit k~ '?isumaLal Hbxa t\~,lzon haLt the
uu&ax ma? ptip&nm $ 3 p n cam Iti'bruwla as -tats*
Gn ChBir wrlld w*lur Way hplva chasm TlrrPfrnlla okso sar a @ace
M the& S m ~ e & . A w ~ f mjw*1ity of them ztra fm f-
l i t t l n m a than ma-CmW (12 par emdl of the
foreigners coma to 's'lrwila for We hac~clac p u ~ 0 s s of!
sltzuilying its ~rchmol%y, '%toe Poreignars otudis?rl the
~ r t and ~r~hit(Sctuxu Of: WIC tci.rntlo of %mm~la,
nlrrtost thret*.eirmtiotho ($5 per cmCl of tho bt.1
nur~krer of fo:oPeigTleru Crw to rirm&?la ns pilyrinra. ::am@ of
thera arc., bnliworii Sn t.risl?nn cult: whlla others tlrcs Clroae
u:ilo are deeply intertist& in iIfn& phl l~oophy ~ n 4 culcwe,
%'hey ~ I W E ! c:e)n?u t o Uruma3n not m l y t o rac-n Elto Lon3 but also
to occ:!uiro ralirjllaun mcriC,
'i.ilora urore ~.bhuro who caifiu! ( l~ir tumla QR tho p i Z -
grlllii~ga can:blnsci w l t l s "tmua^SsmE'. Pimy won$ fn t e~e~ te t3 tn
Hi,niluio~il. PRoy were! on n werlil Mw, i iw~evw~ Ciia tlsity ai!
'iiru~nibl.r; vlno tho object: of atkrtiction thet11. :titair tour
V:C~E cormin@ with o pt2grim3ge t o %'ixuv,:u%o, BepondDing lzMJn
the tot?,l, tima t h a t Cllcy tl~cl <.ac?~I& to i\cavote to wOt11J Wut.
The pur;aoon of tlleir pilrjxir&!ju ~tiflinosjtd QrOl'oia a de9ire
for spirikunl beriafit but no% for material benefik.
3.f tha Eor(3lcpara who hnva mink, on ,n rl,lailgrlmge
an13 k h s m who h+v,vo carr:a an i? piliirimilyc> ~amJ~inPxJ, with towiorn
are Panuicterec? togerther, their pro:?Orbi:2on wmen Cl, iwzc t3on
ortc-thid ( $5 per curt) of: t h ~ total, ilu11!13er of faii;tcjnar::
who cam tb T ~ . ~ u M D ~ Xa Pnct* lwth th tm ~ B ~ F : ~ D S L C G my 13tl
t30at33d $aga&gr iae fllgshs becaugls Wla chief obJactivp! of
visit. C@ T i d i d is the gainhy of rekigLouo &$,
spirttual bonefits. Do.t-3 a?r;ierica <mtI k;uxope L W ~ C I E S ~
butad inam nu~nbaf at ouch pilgrims and pilgrim-CU-twlrlsts
to i:hu bnily of fo~okjncjyff at Yirurk?lo. XC i a Lt6xestFng
to no% tlknt mout p53grtrils nr~d pi lr~rimciamtmwlots Im
America hod a1ret.y visit& the te111p1,o of ea& VenkaCeshraw
10aa1;~d at i,ittobLUigh ah route t o the h a y ~ ~ B C C of Tirumla*
- k:pJlbic>l (m - .-- "...
'rho pilgrin? f io ld uf Tlxur~inla to:n;ilc r m n l a intn-
rt?3Ciny n:;atlol, t~nttemiu~g. i."som the! pilgriri~ ragiotmra
tanlrckikioil hy t t ~ u toiiipl@ auui;hidritieo, it %u evident ?&it *)to
,,. . ?~~ui i l ; - i%w tf ! i~?; ih i e , oae of p~tin:IiYdlu ~IIEsP(~c~;w. li'11~.> spatial
i I i : ; t r l b ~ t i ~ ~ ~ oi: the gill:yrlrcw itrf-{f.~6:1'lc~ t h a t ~ I ~ L I ta~610 10
r.ol~~t;c?tl nK)r$t to tho iirnvidiun apoid-iing arerat? c i n ? loai; to
tilo i.Xyiin llpncik&n~] areairs. tIotmVerr this i'iold &tirn &lca$JCJ@-
riitoa this d~ff1?~0tltX111 Laflusncu uu,c~t~:d by tho teniplc.
ihu fieh3 drrto revcnlu an if 'Ulo kc%f>lo i o u%arr;i;ly great
lnflucncc? on tk~o i~r;?vii3f,m npiiklmg arcnr, on& neyliglbze!
influenct! on the, /'.tyiiti q)e?akLt~~fle arf~ien. IIrlf! tho nnm171@23 b~e!n
eoLlwt& over an ~~x1:onMd ph:ri& aP one or *.via yenrrf, tho
ranlity would have been exactly what EJlc j?lL:.;rim xeryistoro
had j.n&j.~.catea with rofoxoncs to the ~'paeinl dl~t~ l tb t~t io t t
Ula pilgsirmr. Xl~e gre~itor tnfluasrca of the *nr~le m the
D#$vidien rapaaktng arm& khan on W AXym spoczleiny arena
my nt@fbUCar_t ta tRsz ag(*r.oXrf E U ~ ~ U X ~ I ~ diff~~eretrcet~ hbm
t W Q BCBPD.
*:url;ht?r, it kit notic& that a@ Ulc dfstmce in-
cxeasos fxm viWnu;raEfi, the pr~po%ion af pilgrim# dewasco.
iiQdcr\lcl;. this ZTjL~ti;IEIbShl.j5 ip nm-~aniiam and inamtd d&et;-
tianal, b ~ s u m tho re2atl.oonahip ho1ds go& to $O qrf?a% WtWC
far the oriviilinn apmking arms an8 to a laasex extent to
tl-6 rirgnn s~eakinq oman. ifad it bean madam it vtes ~ Q E P C C ~ C ~
Pl.c:l.d anc? the docmiiisirirj l+xapost;i,w ~f 'tila pilgrims !\avo
;il:;o lxon nbanrveQ Riy :;~l]jE~er, ??ho~ri1~1ur-nj,' anrl i:hn!:siborti,
i.li,llh~tL.i? illlii Pill. 3
canto, ltle onmyled pq3ULation nllw~n t h a t the c a ~ t b cmga~ittnn
of tho pilqrlma docs not rofPocL thu c a s e coqaanS#nn of the
rcccspecttvvc ragiono Warn wltich tho pilgrims came, Tills fs due
ta aan~plirling wror. fn $ncC, th:bst caste ccamposftLan of! %ha
pLlgsim body at 'L'imnw~La ilaas ~Cmr9nL the C s f M C ~ ~ f . t i . a n of!
the ragfans from which the: pilgrims crane, h l m s t s l l c~ntrrs
-- 1. b j ~ r s h . ~ ] ~ 2948 4 39242% 8 . Blur&waj $973 a i f b I 4 6 , 3. CMrabarkFCI, Ha%[email protected] and P d is190 r 77-78.
i,luravus, it i s noticed fnanr t . 1 ~ pilgrltn rc?gFstars
~ o l l at: the r'lo:!:~&ca populstiurz Uliz~ there is a high "r\m-
I I L O ,. ,.,, -, Joe?) t l ~ l r a inmn t h a t ttar. c?aity :.k T i ~ : t ! i ? ; ~ l ~ 1& rela-
kcxi tn:rre to tho f':>ru;~nrrl cmstc!ti .tli&n t t i ~ baekt~nrcl cnstal?.,
I . ? l . ! A 1 1 ' t i :Chc nncxcul text#
rqn-o:?rmt,ati~ of tho b~ch,~n~~l Ccr?nCa~;;:, . : i ~ h t ? r l ~ l ~ ( t caste8 ~ n d
:iche*;lnle:l rribsn from tilo i3rrivtAtnta tipc+a?cing area9 in thc
pilgrim Rmly nC Tirnminln. Gat .t,\~ir; i t3 not ao. Xhat is the
rcestmf ~ h o rcrnmn J,ir?c iii t h c c?cor~o~aic factom and farces.
%he pnos ecm~ornic ctnditian o f these caste ~~ tr&bnl gxmpo
Biawwqpt$ pilgrimage t tn Tirumla vl'iich lncurs heavy expan.
dikwe. filmply because kapwifie gmups, an account 02 their
pararty, mula narr; CWlFI QR a p i l g ~ W t e tu Tirumalo dales not
Ehat kha drsiby af liirunaZa i s not: relato8 t.e thoaa
trrcl.eiiiu gcwpa, Thorn evre in t e a t tha womamic ooh~DMbi*F@
that: ~&:BF them Caater and tribal groups P m ~ t l s r ~ ~ n g ti
jQwnaY to the! t@s?pket of Tirimla. Fhsr quant2katIv~ d h h
xl>lnC& to the WL~I~LWX krtpQ1lnttion mQ tPlw figures abt;alnts?
from ail~lrSm ragistert~ mny give an exmmua M~I t ~ m t
tha :~an-InBtnn WmaXa WQSB is z a o t a d mr@ to the hi*
caoto.oa and widdle castc:c?o, llhe erctuaZ a/Cuakion $8 different,
'Xlw: deity i a r e l s W CI, all cartea but the weI,l-&%lo f!o~ou?*.
traril c+~stoaoar unlilcs the poor: k>a~IPwnxd nnaX Seh~dulecl caltes
nritl ;.ci.im3ulod Tribeat ttava tho luon~bary reooercco t o under-
tnke n pil!pfmnyc to Tirumpla. Yhlo aituntim rnollLfc?&fxl by
t i 1 oconon~ic tcfncl;oro Boas not t:ur,poxt tt.ai!t 'cha Bolt!
af ,tR.ruin;$I.cl 90 rc!Lntc:tl w r e to the iriglx caster, itnd mit?d&o
t . r i i i u olio~makkon &t?6 ncae reinforce ths conclwSon C
o i i~hi,rri?dv~aj' oncl chi15xtiilrarti. h*lnlhntr~i and :'eilJ that pan-
.tni;i;tt~ sacrr!d ~ l a c o 3 , i n cjcnor;l, aro actlatcd iccrrc the - hi yh ;#kc?. i ~ i i ~ l d l e Ccntcr;.
r.bCI? rc:>pect, tn sucnl-url!ion b>ackpounf3 of the pll-
~c!.Ix;Y, both thr 11ilgrttn regtsCisx."i am? the enn~Lw1 pwguLation
rt~vtvr!:~l, thnC &ha 1a~l lc OF: khc? pilgrirm were fmm uchan an3
scrnl-url~iln plrcea. m~Pa&~ as QIYO m e a *?my Cxom Tilmmda,
Cl~o rural component oE khe pilgrhn A~ereasas mnrsi&-?irably.
Th i s observetion fa cntktratxy to khe p@palns BeTieE that; mm:
background favours the3 trrntitutlm of pilgrimi,ye.
4. nh@r&aj IEY17 8 IU4-19'A.
5, ChskrabmkL, Wh~%&'a and V i j l I980 I 78.
i ; l t lr ceCarmce t o the a*tucat$ma 36ve3 of p~jgr$,-
~jw.ya, tho pilwirn registar8 as !re31 ae IF: pmamt cmpitricaal
dntil X c l ~ t 2 ~ d the Eclck tJ1~it a Vast i>%lj~&-iQ oE the i2ilgfiRls
hcil soire forinn1 &lucatinn. The inci.dmco ai? the iSliteratss
I s ri9t!lff r'.C tho fll.st;mcr? Iron P!,smiula lncroolnoo tha
propartinn of idl.grimo wiWr higllc?r c&ic?at.lonal ~t%ainlrxnW
incre;i!:c!. l'l~ifi ifcmmntlon i o nlrie mntrarp to thn pagular
)t(.l. 1.i3 l: thnt c?lusrii;ioii L:; rtcill:nn i r ~ q eiia i n r : t S t u t i of pLLgrP.
Ul::,,:J,:!*
;$;:2N~i.:$: -~g.~dJ.sr&!:ia Ti~r:: !iinriu rr.!li:;&t~u$: lit:eri?turo i,s r,:!:rlotod with
cv:.rca:::l:;i~iIrj o% ballof t h t i t visiting the iscr(;d glacoa it an
c i t I i!ui: tile occtmrian lii-~?rna*urc tclatml 'u>
;.I$,,, ~ ;~ : I I I~~~.J ! (,#); I ' ~ r 1 3 ! ~ 1 , ? ~ 8 t,!~.l'!~l!:~.~ ? l f : ~ l ~ c ! ~ , f J j1O9,? l:.kit': ~ , X Q ~ Q ! . C ~ ~ W J
i : 2 Llli! i:rii!l,:l.ri: ;lot c~13,l.y r?c$k;i.:r.i'lciia blre !u:lantiarro rrnedn b u t
<,j..q$ ;jiC7 X , : J , $ + $ , ~ , J ~ , : , L:I+:~$~>:P:G c>f: tiis ! : l ~ ~ v ~ ~ i : ~ ~ ~ : ~ . YIIO v t i ( 1 ~ cLr-
. , 3 : : t : h P : I . 1 lul
,, ,,. ~ : , ~ ~ ~ J U J , ~ X : . L ~ ~ . L L ~ ~ J ~ I ,>j, ;li(,! ~\tttr~(?c?~ii:: z1,1!1 ~ ~ ~ : > r i - ~ ~ ~ ~ i r i i i ? ~ ~ l m ~jrnun&
i:,:(c <>i>(i l :~~lg Lilt: i l , $ b ? tji! t:hc? !,&)rt.l ,>:: ~ ~ ! ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ s i ~ ~ l l ~ ~ .
It is olvvlor~aly bow rnuch to rsxrrc~ct: that nJ.3. dovotaals
of the ?,an1 i ~ i l l hrivn nn-~!tundnnr? hnses for tha !mri>ona nf
their visits to Tiruf i~ la . 1:tt Z6;11iky, thrt,rofoxn, sow B ~ v o -
vi8j.C tho kaal-rlo of Xicuii!mla i >~C i r .u tW of n 11lt~~ly.rel i -
gloue Seeitre and &came ht;caurdn of a m4enc n@s8.
:.$ince tho ~g)wia l t t .y cE the MSZ isr ~ F & ~ ~ s Q ~ v ~ ~ ~ ,
okmiclusly tho dc)VOtor?a M8ortiil:c n pilgrimage to the twle
l a t g e l y for the soluUcn o f kh0 pxoblms of t h e i r dai ly life?
mWor than fulPilLbng their upiritu:ual needs.
fils &cube the litesctturr? mlntml w cte pm~um cad
I af ths i,,or?l iu quit(> w l i c i t u11out urn matit bas-
eo.oidn{g cat& tiin-miw~vi~ay qus l i t i o s of tha r,ard but iC ts mre
vocal about the? ~~rob.lw~t-c;olv&q potrara of the &a&, J'or
t h i n rorh:qon, n:ore oftm Clie n l w of 8 v i f j i t to tho texry\la of
?Irur~xiSii is to iiakcr n rqueot or: Zu f u l f i l a vow.
,:Pila 1:r~a1;do in r@nrKily acct?~;i,llric? at o l l timcc~ to
al.1 iirlujrlo ~ ~ K ~ D ~ Q C L ~ V C I @E P:hcir C C I S ' ~ ~ ~ , GracB o r rnliiqLen.
i:'Urt?:hc?r, :I :&).rc?c P,nl xcLiyiorar, nccocia;~ nee1 not bn \ d t c c ? fo r
to L'olf PI n VOI,I 'ti ,,,or& :i!im r;toture nE t h ~ ~ ( E I R F ~ C i n
t i . Thr? rr;pukotic:~n o f tho t811pLt? hnli r ~ c s l trr?nr,cm~~c~T t h e
br3zu~tiarica of l; l~t> cowtry. ':.'lrexfldc~re, the di.st,nncu Smrn tho
dovotsos4 nrr?n 02 origin 1s lol37j ant3 W@ pllgrimgn Wkwn a
lotl!~ Cirno, tsnuolly r. fa!, d n y ~ txa cvro b~r?s>?cn or even m!>ro.
l'ho pilgrims ara thur: not only fmm UIZI~ country hot &so
fmm owerfll othar cowtxtas (3mq GQntir3F11LSr
tpclcific nokiva i s t h ~ balifl of kho iailgrim8q~.
Ths templa i a a s ~ c i n l l y favaurcd hy pilrjrtms with D D Y : C ~ ~ ~ C
pwmal of matartat dslaSrrzs, mat&!ss ma probZem, Tho
BLveraS~y af pilgxlzn b&y is tam# of @aUal ly wide arctna
mwrlis how &ex k e q h af high #m@tl%y CYa Q ~ M U C I V ~ M tkm
d m - x af p i r ~ Z n u r V ~ ¶ n d w q on a dZstank 8eiky tar
solt1ki.m of at~~%&f.teaaa mil pmblem OE Qadly l i f e . %liar
obrtamtion, rotnfnrccrr the calrclulusim of ~ h n r a a " that
i,)eol.~Xr! t m c l t:o amrt: thherii~elven more ro&:iilly for n higi.cjilky
~[ienlf Emy,, st;ronl:[ly dcuircv3 rasulf; than fag more ::$r?nsral
nnnpcc3.fieA goals. 13uk *.he dilt:~ 19 ineificqrrato Q cwntfnrliot
rho conclrlaion of ~hnradwclj" t11ac gilgriiiw who viere bow3
fu r t i lo lengthy all-Pn&la pl1grirdagc? I # ~ > R C ~ lacrst coneomnit
iif:out Chci oj,rnciPicl :jonls.
'i,'ifi cn"ccl;jrlyy sf ):,urymar?a is of greot itnpostanes
br?c:iu.m? 1;: t o intinmtc-ty related %itfh tho eoclnl, ecunor~tie,
errJ ptlic'r corltliCrLmr; UT the DOCSCIFIS ~,?i?king a pPFIgririk~~o to
I 'Pl~c! iininl!pnin rcwo~la l~ow the Siff went guqpsos
tor iukiFch tl>o pilgrl.ma mtlr?rti.,ko ig j n m e y ttz, Tfmmola bonr
0i~!nl.ficcint r o l o t i o t m h i ~ ~ o to the class, caste, aacxri~iation,
miueati.:>n, p01itI1:~L liiic, nnii rodiyiavm stxtuo of tho
$.<iI.:.jrirw.
:r,t~(! eln::n ntatuo is O i r t ~ c t l y rc:latrd t o the propor-
t i0 .n of thn clnvnten who cumw an n ] .~l l ! fri~i inj~@ wikh ;h~@hl
P U ~ ~ ~ O S C * I ~ i i l lgh~il t i le cconomlc otntuus, greater vai.tl he Wte
sey~roscnkat~ion for the j?ilgrirn:; -+:l~o visit 6118 ke:~:cj:wolr! on
s f r ~ i ~ l t purj:ronos.
pokitk!~l ~ltivellr, t;@NWally epeakdngr belmej @ me middle
c lass and d r h .
i3roadly speaking, @ass variation are r~bbsnt with
r~)Qarorico f;o the pilgrimages un$~lrkakon w i * aducational
mtlverj. However, bias in favour clE a @peelfic ecorrmic
cXams, my bB founil i n relation to a ,pilg~.ir,1~gc? apocially
unlart:?l;e~n with tha rmtive of dwlkcaUi~g a book. In Pact
I t i o ttlu rich or those who arc! g a t m i d & by tha puhkic
iilnne can ii&iici>t~ thk?ir baoka to the deity bcsi~unc! tletlbca-
tion of R 1,:ork involve^^ flnjlllc~3, ~ I I ~ ~ U L ! I ~ L I C Q and other aecolos
factors,
The xliiturt! af econar~iio l>sublnriin far tho solutiwl
o!: libicb tbu ~lcvoteen have undertc?lic:n a ptlgrintaylc depend5
t!.y20n 'khc cLaoo atat,i\.uc 02 tl'ia dwoteen. Tha )?car axe nmra
canccrnc+d ~1it.h thc 1,roblerno of their auutonanm. Tilo ~ ~ i c ~ ~ ~ l t ?
clt3r;s orf: a1:feckorl by ,problc!1~3 of doficlk. Eilmily isudgo.!xa.
Uut "de rich are cancr:sneil with the Invct;~cnK?nk, 8avFngu ;mk!
iiuye yrofitru. ,i'lie ecaaomte niotivc?~ of ,&he ~ > f L g r i n ~ g ~ + ~ ~ rwc!t31
+&e actucll 1ip;tt"rial ci>niliCPorjs onrl t~rnblt?~iil, uf the pllgrb~w.
More of tiao poor than ak the rniitd1.a Qlosa am9 the
rich Uodertrtaka pilgdmagca baaed m dmnomic l!ntivss. Plrir:
mntradfct@ tlie ~,oguLar bdliaf t h ~ t the nitridla eLnan and tiic
rLuh e r s suacqtiblcs t.a more aconmic problems ~ r ~ i x aro j~surlu
f a w j ~ ~ t ~ a Bilgsimagcs m account d mmnamic pUXpQS@8,
'Phla obslamaams indfuaCe th&:hai: Chs b c ~ u a o of thdr
pen to r callcern f o r t h e i r l ivel ihnad o m more afsr"lfated by
octnot':cic psQhlurns, hmce W~ey bsve a 3 o ~ 3 e t re1)rebanC~tion
stnan,:;st tljo !iilf;rri:nn wi:a vLsit+?d w i t h economic intrtbvas.
Yhr, Qat~o-!1Lotinotibr~~ of pilgrflnts are n h o ralnhd
CR tho pilgrllil;rgno k)nsed ?don s6jligboua puy!?osea. jti;mg tllnso
w ! ~ Cililli? or1 ~ o l i r j i o t ~ s ~1U8[IOSE:Ot tb1t3 r(8prcsantneinn of ale
r1116'11.a nEb:18n intl tllc? rilcti is $evar~l tiitioc.> mncJro t t ~ i ~ t lmt 02
Chc! poor. 'ibL!; Arr~li ; not liic?c~n khiik tllc 1:)ons. art! ! . o ~ rexi-
L It only mc;ars i:k~e.l; hocauoe 01: cnri:?:in habits, i~mfie-
t:u:rcy a;: iaolie:f;i~ry ronoutco:k @nil ~il~iilomice of urgency in the
YuXflli;ronc o f rcliyiouu aeczda tho poor taka tlrcsir: d'wn ,Cllilo
tx) caiiic: nn n p i l g r i n i r ~ g @ >en& an rclPi~ioacr ijurl>oeeo.
'4'izc: purr:lonclB f o r which tho pil.grl.rrinc;tls sro unflets.
till/l3ll iXJ?? c l l ! : ~ l2:>l.;l'ki.il 1..> Cn@tC? 8takI.I:: #.inti rjri>F~?~~ir)-!ial. nt..nkl
.,,I I . ! I F ! px01.?kc~ti!i nf ~ ~ q x ~ 4 S . c , t n ~ > i , I Ley ( 3 f cven k.:3 i13tc: robslk~i3 t3
ec.)rt;id.n si1otc.s or :~toP;~:;8Lwrto. C:ofit,~:>l CC 1 . ~ x 9 . L ~ ~ tLn1tdy
r;!;!fljs ::.nil I)c!ttcc r:rn>p$3 n u ? "i!. t,m_n,r&I:l.ct:~~t1:1.1~ evnlt::; c3f agrR-
clfl.1:\jr;iJ, ca::Cc!n, !.*rlcc: !r+.l:c!, Bd.(jhr:?: :,m;lLCr: ani2 bottcrr
r,;ivin!y:: arc! the unforcse,en oventf. aE ioesc~ntile~ crintoo.
Urrusu;~l d~rtlimd far tii~nc?lcriicnCt:> i n an una,:!?cctad evmt ~clatrni
t o Zthe artiaan castwe* S P F ? C ~ E ~ ~ sej.lg$eua event not cctcr-
brat& every year rmy sCtr8ct: pr10~1Qy 6 8 & ~ QKIUpB. FIUrC-
wer fie i3leshmL~ar or px,rLeaUy caste gxoups ere re l ig ious ly
wm m & l e gmupar. ii'hle V ~ ~ l e y a e or the nusrc8afile ymups
am rnwrc ia l ly mre r&ilo gmps. Y k m m i s no wondlsr if
gilgrhs Im euch 1mbi2a cetsnla @mpe hwidea thaae JEmm
n ~ ~ r r l Qkh~f Gnat* gxoupa that face pmbleirs o f wpmd&c-
table events, a6istwnEilrs in largo nunb&rs a t a aacxd place
lilco Tirumale. d i p a r t fmm tha c?d&t.%Med occupstlearal
$JCOU:3dr there ace pfOfesai~unnL clasoccl 8uch aa the blue
collnr wWk:)tars, mnnagers, $,hyaicians, mcginaars sncl inidus-
tcii~liatsj. They tm hrlvc? ~axubL~?rns ai~laketl to :nrapr&3Lewbi-
lity oli events cnnnc?ct.cxl with tlihir grof~rioafana. Tho Went;fl
aray Bo ~)ri)i~,[.[).l;i(x~ in job, tznn~,E~.'r fram one 1)Zaca to another,
m::jni:.ra,bion f:rori~ i:or%ct,i~in ch;ar.jno, fovourtl of kossca, suceass
ia stargory, on c:ngi~let?riog f ea t ox Aozwiiiilncl fo r :?pcciff.c in8.uu-
Crinl 1)rr~Oucto. 'Lliono nepocts o f tti(? puqmoee of jsil(yl*inwgn
nr:w1 inuch ilurthfw tnvesCLgaEton LhaC hsa not boon poosLh10
111 the preoenc f!ielc2 enquiry.
! I ;incgo::r::!> includr. tlzosrn nli:;ioirc puruu?$t,!o witbch axe
~: ic? i , i~ t : bar acgtlirinqi ~mrit , accuri~ul.n~Lon nP mssit ; m i l the
%'hay do not signify any vow# or specific ceremandes. +ihan
a gilyrim says Chnt he hag, corm? @itQly Eos piigrimfigo, far
seeinq We deity ox fox taltiny aacx& bath it mean8 he isi
l ikely ~a parfarm csrtnkn rrligioua obnlsrvallcrso, reten and
cercm$as appgoprtata irea the p&s?n, including s hnLy bath.
Hewav#r, rites land c w l e r e are! mat LWrbqnt in ~m8s2vear
tihay dra dwirabla acljmcta ta yf2grimeg*.
. , ih@ W@cific P~rposea af pilgrimgea, on the con-
txarp, alcc cmct:rn~xl l a r ~ c l y wZCb me's own pemon. Tho
iievotcc Vo;r..i t o lll~.Ics ~1Lgrtrnaqa o r perfam certrraln smns-
cury or trtatcr3,nl sacrifices to deity wboata help he
1 o r $7 c r r o r n '?tie sa6182, ecrmtsmic, &u-
cst.in!?nl, lir:cltt~, p o t t i c f i cnil!a rcL PqPorx~ purpouoo
ili.'c:-cyclc purposua) n:i:y l>o inclucllcx? frr .the 8ycclfic cat*
qory o.? !,ur,o::ou Pcrr they trra criuzcemt!d rrlti~ :hc;pc?cik'ic,
i , l;i::ychi?logtci-l, c?{iucntinnnl, m?i1ic!ol, ]:~ulit;tcitl and
I : I '.il1:1~0 I.:.: nr:~thin(j t l w t is spiritual, per SE
111 tiic!::e r;;,c?cific f:JUr&>O3aE# brhbcll may Snclurle iicrtliro for 4310
clrru of : ilclt'rennoss, for a fi~jle offopring, for: a swl0able
miite, for u r;uocoscfuf walliIii?g, for bcc;$;or cwps, fax highholr
i t , for nllc~vvintinrj anxiety aver job )?rom~tim, Eur
cc?c!u~.~~!rattori from illnc!:~, for nuccesa in exatntLnntLon, for
nl'!mlsoion into an ~uca tbonal inatitutiuil, ?far riinntng an
elnctlori and ao an. :thc$e [>ur~osas a m $:,i~ro.Ly ~nundane r!nrH
peromlol but ~ i x ~ n y apponr W clang to t1kO realm of r6Aiglt)n
bcci~una the pilgrim nhcfvn hta [email protected] on t h e su~ernotural
? ;.hbr; 6iopanlhinco Srs m:psn::;i:c%'i ist the fnsrn of cvmmit-
a V O ~ I B ~ xitu,cln nn;l cextzt~o~l%e:i presclribml by the r o l b
ttts, rituals and ccr~monic!a tiaek ho yetEom~e, arc mmornly
asvices fog the :htixyc?c:el?ncy o f tha attaini1:arf of (;lie cleai~&
gosjl. 52
'rhn ~lulsccllancou~ pW~JQa8~9 of p91grimg~u incXu8a
O~uriot or nure ~ I ~ i t f . n ( ~ inntex~att9. i i Q m ~ pilgrim8 i,rt$EeJr
WJ ca l l Chorn~elvua t ~ u r l f i t n or vlaitaro. Sottic? kiaalrEl:y irusi-
nosmnan. wdl-UE.ilo fawtm and sol~riec2 :yuvemni.rrt nq?loyces
ZIceider~ mmny foreigners tiika ten vaeatfon en(?, corm c-,o 'l:fmmsln.
as tourfoto andi v i s i t a r ~ ~ en3 rr;jx?nil kin@ '0 im away front iha
I t i 0 I i n i l l r c Thln saiilp1.&j
::ill:ufia!r: ('lo 11o.l: i.nc:i.r~i;Ar ?,tic! nlS.nci,:!l,li:1n~!(1111n cntcqory but
;.?l:on!fci"i.tlrc: Porci.iw!ars tfbio viod.tr:il t l !~ r:t~~ni,l.a, ;I vast ai:ije-
r l ty Ercln~ig to thr: i:il~ic~ll?Plot;ta!: catecjnrp. :if thc. Fozcii(:\vzrit
snrl t;litl c?ev.votcen 5rc.i;; In i l in arri canol~:lcrcil 'e?9gwtlli?r on1.y ml
Lnsl.~nfi-ictn.i; I o f I . I i iklelu<ic(l i n tho mlaeoXn
X,!ncou:~ cntc!,i:xy.
,., ~ I i o nl:?jvic catcr~!?rizc~!.ion of the purponrs of pilgri-
friarjr: rmny noti be 6:x4-mlnl?;l l.n rci;niorn t,o ktii c:i,irn.JncIion natuce
oP the! tc81i:iI.o trji ':.'i):iimola ~ ~ r i t l the? i?:\roor;oo oE kilo vLnltw of
t 1 i~hi~rililw~j" ~0ncl.uI1FJ(r thi~t: pan-in:llnn shrL~es
ou no1.l na S1-m !;u:.~rc?,rc?gi.n;~i~L nhsdnno cu.ca .L~>:iyc?ly gansrab-
purpo::c oric?ntert but ncrt .s;lnci.Fic-]?~e(ii)~ie r>rfontr?d, That
moonr;, nuctr hl.yh lh:veL shxitlos nr'c vf*r.L4:@!i ,Lilrq@!y for gc?i?e.-
~lr l yul;sQsUf$ :fe*. ell&? v ~ u $ . ~ J ilIC3l~ag r!E!!r&& 20% ! J ~ n @ r ~ l
purification 2nd to a srziilll c.xecr,t for i:pwific ;lUrJ>O8We
uur the pxi'aont w1uIry 011m tttcit a pamiiinclu twnpln like
&at of' r$gumpa i ? q luo vtsited l;irqaiy for spaclfic puLpnsa8
&cause the v i s i t # utrca xllciW1 tm 8pctEic gaxoonnl or relate-
rial, &$ir@s, mtiv.vaar r%nB p r ~ b ~ e ~ m . iihuthur this $8 an
P
la, &hpt*aw&j 1973 t
~ c e p t i o n or Wore m rsmrsl. okhws of th ia typc m y be
understood Only in khhe XigtiJht o f twehee raeearchea related
M tilo solationnhip b@cwhe~n the puaoorss of %he, pilgrinv
and the levels of slncrstl places.
Is~!Torc! f%or:iining{ khaw the tc~q$~dc vf TlrwmoLo li@s
: i 1 : 1 intc!r!rntion, i t w i l l . hc bo.i.tr!r t~ linow what
r::;:;.ct.ljf l a t i ;c ::oci.o-eiilter~l i1ivi.rr:St.y 91: bj.Efr.:rent villngoa,
+/\::ti::< aar:i ot.hcr cok,1~1:11it! brt irrlli,;: QIIC?. hob? tlli?~ ~~ivc~r1~Lty . . i , . it. I , t I Ilii.! jjx'&.'L IX.UBI~?L~E)T ~f
etrsti! ~xuu~lis In T1zJis in;ikcl tktt! IitiiLno ~13eic71 8y:~kc;ir1
unic!ur: unc?. i.vcrt %hri ot~iallufi;t i~n~~iluis kill iltive two or
tllrcj!v ca~:c (JL.Oul)li iij.fJ1L11 Cl lClr L~.r~iu~ldaxi~^j~'n, iJ11ii lRE011 ~iilii-
ges, Q)wna on;: uny Qtti~r given LfxoLtty, ~uay cani;airr ea
many a s 30 or 40 t1li:fuent Ooute I ~ ~ Q U ~ B . Sowewar, vlthirr o
? well given lwnl i ty , the rank of @very ccosta ia mrt? or lo.;,
& @ f i n d in tetmd of rFtuaS purity and iplXukL,iont nccu,:)at;ion,
1lftpatyl;le or myt&.int~ &a@ thnt 19 hi>orCant in clete:eri:~ini~ag
metal worth,
Ritual PllriW, on5 its ogbp~sLte, r i t u a l ,poSluUon,
refor to n a;crsan'n o l i g i h i l i t y ;yo w{~$roach the goBe. '%'ha iiratunlnn nrc rLtu!'lly ~ W Q (alttiough *!pay m y be pollut@
hy c ~ r ~ ~ ~ f n u ~ ~ ~ t r m c a o or i?eo~ie) condust twny rituals
for pm,pld in the w:mnwrity. iila ficheclnlwl Castes m tho
~tt~c?r Iiolati, or@ rit11i:klI.y p o l l u t ~ l paopSa vk~o may no% cntar
any of the tc?;r!?loo ~,xsopt t1:lroir own. Ont?'s sCnto of lrituilt
:,lurity, llot~c?ver, iiapemis lnrqoly on iris eaonsintton with
, to~li l t inl~j things, fur tila cclrsto p~rtpJ.c! :1IvIcIe 14) thuir ~ I Q X ~ C I
in.to gubsjtnnctrs th:,l: ilr>flll? iml :rSntnnci!s t h a t purify.
I~c: C C U G ~ ~ I Y se t t ing far allch nsswintion i u occupei-
tinil. Iha lirahln%ns nra high bacouan elleg or0 prlentn
work vitir t!io qol'ln, not pclllting nt0~stmcc~. 3110 Veisytm
I::il?l~ ncxt t o ?:ili: 1il:iiiii;rl.no ir:?c-irtr;tp, tilay linva t:o dnpaglR 11pm
trac:7,e !i!Iicl? Lnvolvi)o irorli viiklr i.iuii~:~n bi:j,L~~gn, no6 p:>l.lotin<i
?,uk3ot.::blca;.i. '.tClr! ;1(j1:'hcul,turP3to ; ~ r i l i n~cx:: t o tlic? tr<a!err$
bcenucc? Choy derit o i l t i ) c~~St.ivl'!tiora t.;hi.ch invnlvor; touch with
m:lny potlutlng :;uJ.itit;:nck?:;. 'fbc! axtiaim costcs rmk next to
tlln nyriculturisfr; f a r thuy dank with ~mixJ-cuCting, iZOr1-
rrorltinj, pr~tti?ry-rimking nnd 80 on t~lifch involva aetw sf
~ m l l u t i o n ~ u c h u s rmoing death to Cha tnme a110 Ina@cW
l o t at perspiration tmd t t ~ o cmn of BCILIVR. 'the barhers nrr?
impre bcciuaar they cu t ha i r ilnd nnilrr, but theae Chinr~c; a r e
not, terribly defiling, so h&csrs hold B rmk bolotl tha
a&tsan gmupr. %'he rank af w a a h e m $8 Sower bacsrlas their4
mrC WILA FLoUring *hahad hen b a n cantPuntnztted by
WM.& wine, an& pcsrhopr wanslwual h l m l . 2Aa Gchrbd*d
Csates rimk tlwi lQwefPlt bccauscl they deal with deed animls.
aometim t.arlr with humtnn fecao end othor leavings*
6'. ssocancl a e t t i n j t h s t Ckfli~sffi attxibutaa of z$t.ual
purity i.r dir19.!1~f- jccnusc the r i tua l purity of fc~oa varies,
psopla ccln be rat%? mccv~fling t a what tt~oy er.i't. 'ihe nza~i-
iilinri nal Vaiayns arc! mt%? purer because Wicy are vegatxarlens
and a:; such tk1c3y nvoirl siimt, ?iialctr it! dc,Siking heceuss nZ
itn hooocfntion FritPr (4ewkh. Xniost aLf. othor caotoo ore
i n - v : t ~ r;u they rank h a 3 ~ 1 !'jmtlmino ant3 tile
V~iiayrls, in thlii et>~ltcxt file0 thus0 Li; u r;?,nA%ntj v~hidi 40-
gcndn rlpon the type of: meet (pal. m o t , chL@kt?l and park1
oni? mt:i. I'hfi :i~I1Cilfie?i I:aGtE?S i \ rC Xiill'l;.6,di th~! l01108t hS:3klB€l
uivy (>t,i.t t i lo cxtroi~~ljr contominatkng food rlamolg beef,
iltldez f n c t o m r~l?o indicate LwcXs of ritual. p3lkv.-
tio!~. ?)rinkinq LLcpor a5 not a &mrticularIy ptzra tlrinq k3
do. i,'coplr! vi'r~o cusko?.oianril!g h'ncwurily~'? i>lLflor.i reraarrP;i<jr! in..
of 11:~i!uirirvl o i,creavt:.fl, rromn to sl,!racl ti10 rea t of her
I l f ! ~ praytn(j Eor her ilenfnil I~usbri~ij, ~IPC i1!13x1? dm~~ura th'm
t;hcine (jro~i!~~ W ~ O R C vLdo110 rrnmtn wmnrrie12. !:r(~-marikd
anoxvnl. rslntl.ans and ,tkt(? fzoe ~il<~vrn!tc?ult of r;omon in pc~l?lic
are alsto Bigno of low status eo bc iiv~ideC1 11y hiqhox ran1:ing
gxoup8.
sefera ta the l u l e n tlrt!C govern who trlay dine vjith *wh~rn.
Caste peo;lL(? 11c:~~cVc Clii?t !?nllution i!r confaqioua, ewing
freere~ nnr: pawon to tho IIC~XZ: l i$e D cwbn<tunicabl~ Q&(lilsB.
:'citcr and fowl0 jrfi~.t&~iLZilrly f.'oo<X %hat i s ~ X O ~ B W ~ k>y
biikiilg or )Joi?hcc t ? z l n ~ m i C :lkl.klut:ion rlD8t readily. Cons*
ri.ucrrt:l.y, bf90::rle i3xatrcisa i~r!?et cnra to civtjiil cowkrrmination
iii i~cq.:r.:crg)tiilg ~tetl food. E ~ O N I otiwr!~. ihay u r i l l o~ l ly ~iecept
t: 11;:j i i l lavirr <:.cI~,&c'R 02 c:!~uR~ UT. I ~ l g h i . ~ g t 0 t ~ 1 : : illid * i s ~ O X ~ I
oi: dili:i3~;:ckZoii i!rcivdc:li;::1 ii rc!adi;iLy al>:x?rvctl;L~r ay&ol of their
pl ;~cc i n :;ottliil rariking, Jl te I ~ . v ~ ~ I I ~ ( I L ~ I s , :.'or ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 1 p 1 . t ~ ~ v1 iL1
I t a 1 0 I a , rlttdicating filcrir aui:oriar
pasLtfolr t u n13. okhcr :jrouyc. Ilhr: ;.rchmlulex7 Caste groups
accept, food :two> cvory <>$her cnale, vivitily doinonstrating
ti!c!ir loi.s:;t. ntatzt:r, ll'ieanui-jc ol" Illr:r2o> m11trictians. i t i n
not mnuoucil Par nnt? t~ :of3,.li? i i ~ + > r a k ) ~ r : ~ UC C ~ B ~ O B ciooltinq tt~rrix
Coljd uo]:ii~ratnly ;it i'i ~O~, i :un i ty tonst.
y r r t~ i c l r L ~ ~ O K : J t o phhy:lteal d la tonco btamen
y,cr:;onn, Lr: nnatbi ,r interi!,ctloirnY r~!c?oaux:t? of rank. 0nl.y
FC!U,:C: \JX:,>UIJ:) 02 r o l i ~ i : i v ~ l y cq~dnL mn'li: i.rlL.1 *it tqather i n
J ince i:!t {I fc;i:~t. ' iho ::iclu?ilulu:l Ctriitao pro c P u 3 u i f l e c l a s
untc.~ur?l.ribLc:~ bccnuuc? pkiynical coi~%;icct rr ' i tkr them w i l l poLluto
~~&ij<&r~ WE t ~ i g h c r cr!oton. Y l ~ i . ~ ' t i n why 8chsdulad Caotoa
l i v e i n separate hzuitli~ata eC the of a community.
an4 self-effxcing !;uinnur. In Chu prcsenncc 0f nigher caste
mrnberrs,
' T h 1 . ~ i:~ri.af iiiaacmn%nn (j.v,vr-e s? pfctu~e of t h e ntt;"cri-
butt?!? ntlil fntoc;.ctS.wls b~ikwf:pn canto ,?roupa nt: M e Lc!vcL aP
s rtsr-3 or an rlr.hi~n r?<>i;:~.!mSky. I t rev~i~lti tile socio-culku..
r:%Y, r;livcriiQty in rtrr(!X :.it?<: irrk,sn ce>%?i;.unlt.Ln~. .:it t h o s::iiic
t:%nn 1.k i:iJ.GQ l?i-.v.::13, !ti.):; ;?nrtit?b!?atim~ fyf <!ive&fl63? C ~ S C C
:!r<:~;r>zj i n ~~ii~!i~irnfJ.y ~'C.)~IDC:. ~:i?~tivc!fz: nwj noinn oti1eltl.r act$-
vi::tc:~ i.jrilit~i!: ~il$.t:v i>~(il,rlr:.t t I l v ~ r ~ ~ l . t y oOB tkw? C ~ O * gri>t,~pa.
il!x!r!vor, ctVoil i.ll; I;!rh? tfnl:? of !~tr~,'aiP~::t~ting O f unity, klae caste
!jix!q:~:: ~ I Y C i)i:i\~1 to d:l:;plny 1:hcir fifvorc;il;y a t t h c Icv~ l . of
< I c ~ f ? l ~ ! ' ~ l ~ ~ ~ l i ~ t y .
tt t i I ? . ' i , 13 . t I 1 : l WWi
I i : : I : ! . Isillfcr!~ilt~~!~t4,0~.1,~1 bnarrl on
cnt;l;c:, C~.:I:I,'>~ c)c!cI~.,~?I?.~.cw~ /?k?d e c ~ ~ r ~ o r ~ j . ~ r~t:>kus :II~LJ:I; .~*.~>:iy ak
1 8 1 '1'1141 ii~';!i'liilf.n~:;~ ?:!LC< it;:\.injj3~1 21,210 SO!:((> 0thriltl.r CiikIb:!
grtriu;ai':i v~hl.!.c~ !jcrfnsr~~fiilq ?i!)i;ic' of! t!:!le.?.r i.d:Er-cye1.a rLtusLs
outnl,rlc ,l:ilo ti!lii!rl.o of ':j,ru;iii~ln r.~i:~y lic!m.:! U ~ I tilail? ! 3 f J ~ ~ ~ - l % 1 ~ -
gioun i i l ~n , t i ty nnil thnrt:by ju r . t i ty tiit.Fr unpcr:Lor Stati%J.
i3uC 15nc<! fhr!y entux: tho enr,~il;llc?~ ,tl~e,y rmv~,! ;.lOng with pC:l?dl?
of rlny cerlcfl, crew? OX relbgton an8 EuIELl their v!>k~s or
8W the Lard.
The tern:>lcs itsolf induilm sweral aWols t h 3 t
silgnirl, racrib.culturn3. uqua1Sky of all the d~tvatatas. 1%
srhatmnsl of myayaf oauplas in their atan8lng peoture with
falfl& hands s l i g g c ~ t c & ~ a s a i a t i n e t f a n s iikika r i c h ma
t h o poor are istralwant far t h e ~ a r d * ~ h o statue8 of the
r:uslirn t 2 0 ~ 0 W t ~ f n their BUndinq ponkwe vtI& fold& henas
hesfdr!o those O f t h e iifnl!M ludevntocn a w l i s @ hn re l ig ion
P B no 11uxd~c t ,3 rro:ich the l,,ord. :<he acczpEancc: of the SrL-
vtrink~ni~vite idovvatnow riho bolo~ql:A ra .tho cai;kt?,?a ~f ppfieatp,,
! u ! oostiarrt nriO ~ntouel1aF~1~1:; i n t o tha PoZd of
r - n v ~ i i n t h w n indicnten hob1 cookc? ~ Z E DQ barnlor W
tnnvc love for the Lor(Y, rec!?kve thm bLesn!.ngn of ?:ha 1,10rd
iirld bc ona w i t h t ho L~Qrrl. Occqmtlon ~ I n o iloa!w not ha~~!per
wac*:: nl?pwo:ich t:o tb~a Lafil o f !L'fru~ia?ln. l'rnOS.tton h s ~ it
t:hi!t i i priest, 13n cj(jsil?ulturi~t, a ~(lttL@hi!rd, a 1eakhE)Z-
;.,ock~?r, i: ocl~olsr , e? singer, a di~ncc?r or even n p r a o t i W t e
i?i:!~~;ri,~c! their occty,akko~?nl i!FversL1;y had ;1c?ru2red n.pZritual
c!Ccc:;s to thi! i r0~d.
i . * ; i ~ i n , tiic:! r:r?li(lLuus 1I.f tei:ckcrt? Fif(lhli(~1lt:l irtnumc-
r.nl:ll.c? i;;ykfz;: v;i:klScll rtrvc!;!l l-laol: rhr? Aryan ?.rr w~1.l nr: ttlo
a~ravividlon ~p~:rk$.ncJ paw;>lo ware crxtlnlly Sicvotsxl tQ tho IaXcl.
ilic nnsccto.i.fon of various ~ l l r i t l ~ ~ v i t h tl10 nninc.?o of royal
pcrsonagcn, rc?lSglous ntnlwastn ntrd grost nn~st loe of: JJravi-
dinn origin, tho ns8oel~C26n r,f nuniffieant g ran t s alaia g i f t #
of l an~ l , galfir oilvm, jev~@llery, fit38 ):?fecf.ous abnao t,fitil
the ~ealet ly , wi$h the royal fnrnilter: an& ~ S t h U I ~ ntlmLnbaQre3-
tlve andl army of f iea t8 fmm var.rfoub Dravidian an11 Aryan
regianmr and the aaaocirrtiw ail various hnLy waterfells uith
mwa PanBavae, %rJ, Ramr i3esaraChii babi~3ea tbam OP
nnciant naans af Xum$ura, ngnsthya, KepiLa ma so an #*a-
1Lse hati the Lord hod bwme irnp*nf k~ bow che irryaflaf
;rnrl tile) U+i*viiii*na, Wily elre k ~ r x l t ~ r l n l , racial , 1iuyliaCSc.
occui3cationa1, soctal, rconornic, ~~.I.Ltfc& orad rcZiginus
factor:; uc!ro no lr!tj;r&dl~lta, a t l i??~zt idcaliy, r3 ti.vfship
t i 9 . . tind how t.h~ Zlow o~t cltrvat~ga ?%an1 a l l gmupfj, from
a l l :.,art::; imn(.:i a t a11 tim:?:; of Iridia to Wte tofnglcl of Tirufl*I1i
::jpi~li:~oli::ei'l [email protected]'al intc~gralirut irk '&?mnfi oii ia cawqta-
litan i~utlonlr , unlvc?raa:L hrotl~cdlocd :1n?3 qsfrStuol unity,
;.!:ven the sacre3 functionnrino a t tlla ten\ple aP
:riruvneLa tlynk~olien how the n0cica1~c111~x&l divnrskClnn nrn
ia:~::?t~rinl i n sonring the Lor<?, seetng U1m &om3 an8 amking
nn:l.v;ltinn frouii Uro i~Qxc1. 'Fhcy cotan corn differant csocna.
Uot tlue !prL~x~i:I>.l.~ sf ~c?NIc(? tae l~~ nlwny* boc-in xlght, hna
i ~ l i i t ~ y ~ be@n thrc?h.!:kng in tE1e xovurcmc@ &or mnarvicer in klin
inte{jratir~n of 019, snc7 irr klta yror~a$jokiori sf tlao booic prln-
ciy)ic~:> oi; univer~~i.11 ~ t ~ ; j ~ d . i t ~ e
!the t,f:n~)?lc of ' ~ i r u ~ i i t ~ l i . ~ hi.? dlci~iyc addn~itted rwn,
r:oIl:Gn and ci.iilclrr..r~~ .rLs long si12 @i~c?ijut?m<l lifnt%ry rcv@nla
~ICJG; wt?ri c'lutlng t l i c u.:oroQ,,eriocl uk vjutuan'w degraaation, tho
te1iy;ilc l~ i l r l thrown i t u i:inorca opt?ll t,cb kiol~on of a1.L entocjorins,
be thay vlrcjinu, married or wirlo!vo. Tho temple history i s
inpiate with asvwal wm~!iplea l i k e coneart a£ 'i'irumrln-
nattbi, the wMaw n m l y Tarlgondtt Vmkectfimba, the acnraral
vaacrW vttginra who noC only rorahi1>2& the Lord but a l m by
their dwat ion ta %he Wrrl bit8 Mame woxsh%pful, or rWSm-
ti& ta tha, p i l g r i m * NQ ~ X s a m p m L tfi nffiasnwy Pep **
tempin's ~ ( i l e i n kntqrattng tho man aM women by ignoring
the cmns-acx difformces An rnnttms of ~ ~ X i g i o s i t y .
Tho @cs,l~lU of TimmLa irZso provi&r en emiron-
i i l~ll: :lithit1 whlclr "LIQ s@elaJ. dt@t$.:iwtio:~~ of pilyrtm::
i\t!Ry. i t kltr$l dlraudy hean l l t~n t fo ] l~~ tj1qa.r: type 02 ~0;oeinL
oriltx c!xPota in a village?, a DX iiny cUlcr cuwrau?dty ift~
I ! ! I t fu ;ill o,r~3i1r bar;cd ~ $ 1 ~~t~~qijl~~ui; di.f&gmc~s mjd
tiivr?rsil;ic;s fu tcxr~ls w2 isccujiati~~l, fdal l~(ibL:-$., ca !~ ,~ !@ng~~ l t ty
I I rfucll a cocj.al o*.ciog <kiuirpi.@cil:.n i3:3 pif-
r:,sil.~?i i:t!i!ch khc? p;c,:iajc;t:; 4s '&I@ keifij:~].~:. "'1). c;:r;.Lca can
viui;. the! aiixictuin NOIIC~O~:UI:I. In 'ii~~? rush r:iL pi.!s:~rins i t i n
i i i ? ~ ~ u ! l i ~ ~ l . r ! Car ttcc i~bgi~c':r c;+ntc>n Lo avoL11 r:~rtling i n to phy-
:.?ica!. ctin"cici: i-iith ,khc louos. eih:i.(..&t:i. .;k 'cikc? Ciiflc? QE swd-
I t I : I c b 1 J V . 'ihere
1 I : : v 0 i t J ,tile ?~uej.n af
;,~]~,>,;;:i~;,>,:i,~~{ f,>i: (:.!!>tt:, t n :c%:ct+~i:v;i;br:j ,thr: 1>1,,~:::3iXli~~$~ 57Wli1 tho
S . . i :ri~a'i.lr;el~., ';IIc; I.ioEy fsnil (!9snnc:<:t;,1n) :~Efacr!d to
,?lr:: r1nlt:y ci~ii9 3.ptcr IIZR'C..PI~~UP~ ~~~IZ IXITJ: :~ t11c !,j i lyrlinn m ~ y not
I?n refranefl try il ~.4.L:!rlrtt r~:: Ill<;h~:?r c:aotc? avcn l.2 hf.8 turn
corlli>pi !,:r!Por~ :~?r rill.kcl: 2 i?f:Lgrirti o.C i.ewcr cnste. :In ttlci Prea
distribution of f o l d crvcry <ley f o r t h e t,ituusnndci of pilgrlina,
neither the tulns of ~miaf!nanlSty nor* the namo of prmllnify
err, &ssmnred. 8, CmhmZn rozy a t t no%* ti5 to n<ch~luZeA Cnsts
person in n kine of pilgtima. Zhaar? rritunkions in ria:?nA out-
side t;ha t e v l a yrlv~ius ths pt3grlmra w i t t i ern wjsmllty wlrlch
An the pmfasla world doas not taxfat. This provirled a &ear
waw?lo of cocio-nilttirel integratLun 8f t h religious
lave11 in tho aacrwl precincka oE the of TIPUIMXB.
$!lsiblr: t r ; l n u E o r ~ i i : r t i d l ~ &fee
%hi! tC:rnx)Lr! not only prtav;i.ilec m r?nvironr;icnt for
s'~c$..Pc:u~~:u~~. l ~ t ~ < j : ~ t b ~ ~ t bBC :13!~0 f8rlt~t.5 ~I&IR'&~R~ 5 1 1 % ~
t i . 1 t i?t.i:rc?ct:g gf lc;jrin!n Exnm lar~cj i? i r;tilric:zs ~ n i i daf.bnc.a
1 i t . 1 . I ! I : t : I , f 4: l : r ~ ~ i i l ~ r ; nn
~::,:~.~:lliql.c~ (.Ik ti,<? <iV,L?? ~ ! l l O 9rx:'\:,<?xs !>:>%\> t?l*:! ~ t ~ ~ i ~ o ~ o ~ ~ ~ h ~ c ~ i ~ "
1.c*L1:r?.r~tr!; I.cli!;il.n : ~ i l A tlit? iiv.rt.??rl;ll.intic a!:poct!~ oE irinAuismr
I i l.rt ii ~it~L!.o:~~r~~hicc!.l n1)str;rc+:i0i! i ~ s NC'II. :I$ ill:lb~u-
in.:snt, for i::anqll~lc~ ;?uv:i~r:s. :1:6 23 t:hL:; fr,amr:c!ork :rhich pro..
oi,,~o,-; ;\ ?vi.!il.r; ne t <xrl,y ?or !3,!1<(oc3t:3\~''43g: the inrtaghtian of
U;o c1rp:t.t; r,nci !.iC,tJ,r: kr:,~il.l.r:Lonr, 9.n i:l~t:. clli'rtctc??: o : N ~ e LoM
il!??. ::)l.:~o f:nv n-cr~;nZ,:xLng i;k!r, vRCr!l i.ty n:i $1 ~L"oi~i:-.~~~oilit~r~1'1m.Z
I i . 1 t:hr? !..or'ii.
i.v~*ry~.ik~or<? in Sxrrlii?, U I ~ I 1Stl;Zc! .krriiiii.innol Boirlna
arr! ~;l:bc;c'&ftc-r?u~):~t~:~~,: ~ r i c ~ l t ~ i l l~12t in ulilny pLiic;m in Endid,
tilo ~jr<.ci(; trutlitioiriil duikiaP ntro vourh gcnn~xr.iZ-~ruryoan orion-
tLyi tlli2n O ! J I O C ~ ~ ~ C - ~ U ~ ~ O U F orl~ta!. I:o(.?~vcP, ohrinea lfka
tho:^^ of Yfrtmrll;3, '~.'irdm.ti?*L ant? :ioha.r:LIr!nlkri nre moxe
8pt?cttfc-~uurp!;e nxtent&3 khan genoril-purgc>$e crstcnte8, i!a
n lj.ttl:fl: triid$.tj~nbl, deity, ccnturit,!s aU0, ,thr? Irord trould
have! k;hrca a filjeciiii~-l>~i>t%c o r i r n t d daiby. :!:h,~ (:~ntcmci-
sing rclffiiouo &f to iitiyitt hzve oe~o~!@l g8ii;:te.r :G?n~tiky
than wan bithacp be1Lcvsc7. They 1jmzli4 f@ve o o t ~ b l l s h ~ d pl
Lhk betwarn the l f t t l n ~ 2 d i t i ~ I I a i deity an11 the appm~sia*
park nE gnai~t Craiiitton. 31ae lacaL aoity might L?lav~ hr3d
cc?rt:iirt fe;>.kur.t?s i i S i : E ~ u uanfula,>ca .i;o tiwon of a ymae ~ra..
d L r i ~ l l ~ l i!eitg, ilnuic3ly &ow.l Vis!lnu.
M! the efforts of t h e r~~licgiolas a?:l,itn succe&?eci,
rn8 tile r!ro\fCed nuru of grfmC ,krwI2Cinnnl. Aeity Ilnrl gram,
the? i.,os;.l mXr!hC l\::ivt! qr~:;rarilccl :i higher ot:i!Cwre nncl r?nkarcd
13oLall.y t h e f;]x'c:;~t: 'Lm.!;il.tritm nP i.lint:Ivtisiii. ::211ct.1 't.li~+ Zi t tSo
br;>rl;ltio;i,.il. c:lero~:iiir::c: er~~~i;inut!d to oomribtk wl'ch thoso of the
rjrc?iil: t,ri,xIi'ciurr i r r -hc! strcr~d porformncas, tilo pil$;{,ri~?ac;rc~n
t o t l ic> tc~ii4::~l.;. oi: t k i o Lkc3rul rtllr;hk G~nvn b!?co;ne more np?.ciiiie-
~ , o r ~ o a c oric,n,kcpl C;.l;li the c~cilcrn.L-:>nrponi? "rrbentwl. Yhf:;
r*.~l.i~jl.i>nn nikunticr~ e11::~Iat hawk? .tilt? r~ori! ta retain n
r~n!,,.,~lcly i t~ to : , ;~r i~ t r : r ' i cil~:.rzcl;~,:x of tile l i t t l e ;:a& gro&!'k trotti-
t;ici~:: en0 n t i;Rv !lose : :Fine iic)i:ilnt:e?r!,nrj with the vitirlity 0.f
; g*.r!;!.k,-.i:ri:1,3i'L:d.rli1~3,Y~ pc~ i~ - ! l i~~( I~ . l r%?ft:y,
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