oeoe.ber 115, la38 - FDR Presidential Library & Museum ew '·"'.ole UtJOn which criticc.l cot...
Transcript of oeoe.ber 115, la38 - FDR Presidential Library & Museum ew '·"'.ole UtJOn which criticc.l cot...
oeoe.ber 115, la38
All '~-' roa b&Ye doM ill
regard ~ poeelbUUle• ot wb"• .. ul••'
ln. Atrloa aDd tbe ... r1oea baa been .oet
helpfUl and I - dUlf grdet\11.
I fHl 'hat ft are DOW wbOllJ'
1arpl-bd 1n d1e01l••lllg ~ ge~~oenl
refugH probl• w1 ~ oOer aatlou.
I bope ' o han tale plN.a'CIH
Of eH1118 J'OU ~OD.
1ft 'b all good wl.U. ot .,..
Obrh ... 8ea.aOD1
l4i _,...__.. ............. --~~-
THE oJOHNS HO~KINS UNIVERSITY
LTI lo!ORII: . loiAI'rfLAND y. .. J '.
It id wi th .:rout .,lo .. bur• that 1 rec eive your rartner in~uiries abo)ut settloment poauibilities 1n ro?rt .oru Soutb Amorica . 1 s hall 'ce;;J.n luedi~ot.ly the prepur"'ti~n o: ti
few '·"'.ole UtJOn which criticc.l cot tlo"unt Ill'~<.& will be roprcs.n t~J.. Th10 mliP'J ~ill bo ecc om,»llivd ~>'J summary OX9l"Nit1orul .
If thoro 13 e l"'>SCl.bi.i Hy t1111t froo: fiftr t o •me hUI>..rod tnm111arul ;>copl" JUly join 11• such c settle:~~ent, t he ~itu.o.ti<:n is c01.d:loro.bly .Uter.J . It ''"" ::w:b 1ur~u;;roup s~ttle11cnt thnt c;as Ctl~ of th~ e\c~~ent• in t;ivlnt; the Cor:o:>n u.ic,-rants t '~air sW.bi.lity in 3~a~ht.u;. -::uru Sra:il. I hlld SUj.),JO~W
t l\llt you v.or .. thinkinG of " ~ll!>ll atr.a ci' tU.;r~tioo f:l tb r.llv sottl"r:ount Gr<:>Uj)S brigadeu >Hn th" ?J.d .
It• tile nor:..U couroe ot events t he a~:.l1tl.oMl !llll
terJ.al ·•.ill be reudy in "bout two •u:ulw. If ttd• 1" &u titli'"etory , you need no~ go to tho troublt oi' :..ekmwleci:;ltli, t.h.la :tttter.
Sinc~r"ly yom·s,
Pre&iJant Franklin u. Roosevelt The bhite Hou..u r.asnU,.ton , D. C.
\ ~~ \.,. 1(8.-..~o---.
THE ..JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERS ITY
BALTIMORE . MARY LAND
December 10, l 9S8
l(y dear llr. Prasidant1
I am sending ~ special messenger, and t hrough the kindness of Secretary Norgenthau, the African material which you requested
• ell recent ly a,nd which deale wit h the possibilities of white settlement in that cont inent .
The aaterial consi,sts of :
1 . A coapreilensh'e meoorandua of t wenty-six pages which &WI:IIIlrizes practlcall,y t he whole literat ure on the question.
2 . A small map showing the distribution of whites in Africa at t he present time .
5, A large mop of Afr ica , s imilar to the one for Northern South America sent you a few weeks ago, which shows the areas of cooler uplands where white settlement ia feasible and SWIL"lAI'i~ea in typed panels t he nUIDber of white settlers •hich can be accom.'codatcd .
AU of the above lil&terial can be sllali&%'izcd in the following terms:
1. About a lwlf million white sottl6l'a could be accollll!lodat ed i n Central Africa, not counting the Union of South Africa or Ethiopia. This is maximuw "bite population .
2 . Each f&mily would r equire capi 1A<l to the extent of &5 , 000 as en absolute mi nimum.
5 . The goveM'UIIents concerned would have to eJIIbark u~on a parallel spending on railroads to open up the available areaa .
4 . Concentrated aettle.ent in 1.f1Y one colOIIJ on a large scale i a undesirable politically and econom.l.cally . The white settl6rs already in areas in question bave great difficulties in puttin& th~ir export products u.-on tbe world market. Tobacco , tea, coffee , minerals, etc. are t he oxvort goods . There is an International Tea Restriction agreement, 8Jld no expansion of the tea w:o11 in a new pluce 11ould be possible without a change in tb& ugreement aft er protest f r om settlers elreruly established . There are aillilar difficulties Yi1 tb other products .
President Roosevelt! 2 December 10, 1958
The net conclusion froa the above facta (which could be
multiplieS. into books-full of words) 1a that the ret\J,gee proble112
must be solved by settlement planning on " world scale with absorpt ion
of settlers in lilllited numbers here , t here , a nd elaeflhere, and everywhere ,
so as to produce no shock to the economic structure of the receiving
country. Put in anot her way , the absorpt ion aua t be on such a l.iJlited
scale in any one a1·ea that the people already established in the area will
welcome the new set tlers . That wel come will be greater in proportion aa
the new settJ.ers are econO&icelly wall l ounded , backed up by capital,
and able to supply new skills that are desired in the area. All of this
means s pecia l study of many areas , wiao selection of groups to f i t
particular areas, and economic beckina t hat wiJ.l make each sett~ement
~roject a sound business undertaking.
I believe that money of the order of ~500,000 ,000 , expended on
sound advice ~ based on the best detailed information, will put the
r et\J,gees into new homes with more than " fair chance of successful absorption.
Naturall1, I would not ~ant to publish this figure until more work has been
dono. Africa ia not t he whole answer t o t he question, nor is South America.
Southeastern Asia has some possibilities, i ncluding SIIJIIatra for example .
There Mf aleo prospects 1n Australi a t hat are promising 1f the scale of
the enter,.riae is kept emsll. All evo.ileble areas are reouired, to do t he
job with the l east fricti on and the l enat disturbance of economic conditions
such as would inevi tubly arouse local hostility.
Sincere!¥ yours,
\ ?--a.. .. ()
President Franklin D. Roosevelt Tile White House Washington, D. c.
-TH E ..JOHN S HOPKINS U NIVERS ITY
July 7, 1943
Dear Mr. President:
A few weeks ago we discussed the cost of modern settlement projects . I promised you a memorandum on the subject. The accompanying document is in fulfillment of that promise .
The author of it, Mr . Charl es J. Liebman, is well and favorab]¥ known to me . Ho is a.s l evel- headed and painstaking a person as one can find . He and I have discussed settlement matt ers thorough:cy ·and often. In IllY j udgment you can re]¥ upon the accuracy of his f i gures and conclusions .
Please comand me if further data are desired .
The President The l'lhi te House l"lashington, D. C.
Sincer ely yours ,
'
Ootober 16, 18M.
Dear Bo..aa-
I ban bMD na41Dg wUb gna~
illwreat your •L1a1w ot LaD4 s.tu-t•.
I wiah I oould gat 80111 1Dfon~&UOD &boat
aetU•ot area• la Yueaual.a - the plateua
laDCl IIOl'tb 01' I<Mitb of the ~tnooo. Do )'0'&
IUppOII TOU can glTI .. & lilll Oil IOUOM
of 1Dfol'Datloa tor that terrl~or.rt
Pl'aa1dant IaaS•h 8o •••~ <lobu Bopkiu ..Unnl~, .BalU110re0
•ar.rl&Dd.
I
lob' dN.r Mr. Prw<doot:
[t.. io kil'd O( 70-u to MntiOn fq boOk_, "Lia:1t.f O! Land l S.t.tltment.• t aa takinp cte~ ~latal7 to ,atb•r to,ctt~r aocae Nt.trlal on the Orinoco count.r7 and witbin a wee!,....U. rill t:e in JOW" ~ - mostly cl1ppinR lroii""ia.g•:dnes and books, to eave yo\U" tiJr:e . Ir you woul1 lilct to havt~ me ~o over it wit.h you pleaot say the •:ord .
ln Vont:utla, at tbe ore~~nt tiao, to an Americtn, Ia. fiU11u [ , Pu;Sol~! Ke 1.e a yo\U\11' tnrincer of m'Ueh erpcr-
~ iihce and a •holly re iable &rd hont-r ft 1ndl:ddu..l . DuriJ'IP lhv prut. lt-n 1"1'· M hu ~ ~torklnr chle"l.J ln South Uifrtc• tOT ANdean al..r.J.ll.l: and irrlJ'11..Uon coa'&r.hu. & it ir.tt•t_.l.J aequelnt.td l;1t.h aou o!" th8 p-oU- or land ••t'loert.
I wol.ll.d Uke to pan •loct a • or"d about. your interer.. t s"l'} in thle qu.. t ion to the Coun<:U o!' th• American Ceorr&nhlc.c~.L__ t.,. I Soctatzt ,YOur old astocia.te:s 1n tMt or1·anint1on. !J..ke ,c.f ll)"ftelf ' tha:r •ould be dellt(ht.ed to learn or your interest o.nc:l it. it poaaibl~ that thty could ~ind a wny or securin~ the modest :)\lm thAt Rudoloh would r equi.ro to u.ko a .tptocW study ot tbe Orinoco &rt!4. Mr. Rudol~h 1a atudyin«J rood projc.ct.c ror t.bt Vennwkn vo.,~rnunt. .. a hi,.hu.y troa Ca.racns to LWu~ ~ecalt.o aero:~ the nort.hern outpo:::.tr. or the llndt::-: . In eon ... necUon w.it..b Udl -orlt, or follo.t.nr u , h• could .Uc. • speel&l rceonrAhrnee &t. !::all cod. ani report. ~a speeU'le q-uer:tloM or "•tt-leMJ:t. A t lt bon. a.tJM'• "roe ont! or 70ur ucreta.rto .• 1• All thlt.t. U rACeua.rr t.o &tArt. Uti£ bell rol.un,.
Sincer ly y oW" ,
Pro: 1c!tnt l'ratll.l.n n. Roo$e..-~t. The ll>Ho !lou!o .._.Mnctoa, J). c.
.r. I
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I
!love~btr , • uea •
..i&Qj' lbaau ror ~··~ tao t ..., hl.e In •end ~• t..'wt 1lltoreut.1t~<t lot.t.er about \be U.ano1 ol ven .. uel.a -•• ., Woll,ih 10<JZ <Meer1p t.lon 1• not ..,ou 1Nii"': to tile -olbillt;( of oolon1ut1oo.
}razW./, •-;at 1 a.a r.<.Ou looit1n.: f~r 11 l.llo ~aaib111~ of ••UL~bit.oJ or •parae!¥ l~l~bl~ ~ood ~grlculturol l aNI• to ..tllah J .. toh coloo1•• ~1;-;lt bt l iltt.
Qle!l eobn1eo ,....., not be l&rt • but , i n ..U ,)f\lbaf!'U!t7, ~).d,.; be l&r .. ·• t»'.Jtp tor auw..J. COOJIO-ret.i,.,
a aaoiat.oneo - aay fir~,;· 1.0 0 '18 h llJ>"'r..C U.o l&&llO - >le 1l a ·i.,.eza area .
l w l e U tro:> Y"'"' lottor t.J&L l.~e terri t.or iea ln Venoaue.l• that rou oeecr1t;e. nro ""'':.•t.'l or Ori!'l-oco Rtv~r. I e t.':.ere &rrl i"fomat..ion about tn• COJnt..ty .ou\b or t~1e Jri .. o~o Wt or. a ._-oo ~~ 1 .J I C ea- lt!Yel - u.y tu•· e t3 tJ • e ~o~~o r e~?
Alro , do you think L~e1·e 1• ••IY ,..,, •!.I>IUey in 's;-ot.ern Ver:erleli.r1 country on the LLI.ll'lrr • .tlo J<l o; t.bt A·Hea?
Or do y.:u t.."tin~c ti'"~ tore r" 'Co.id~i...!tlfl' t O'\ Colo"tbtc 1tvltf
All or t.~l·< in mrrol,f tor ~y o• n < for,aUon Uec•uae tht!re oro no epecific )L..bt tm r:K)t - b.U, 1 •~ rrctetul to :~au tor tho l nteroat ~"" ~a•o t.A<en.
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, ,.,. ,, .. ,, • 1
President Iaa.iL'l Bow:a.."l, {(' Johna Ho*in• Un1'-~ra1tv' , I)Uti'IOre, kl:,·\.4·:.'!!. ; h- •J
c:.rt.,r .(.J~t' r •• • •• .l~ ,,,.,_ c u•r. L '
1..) t L 'L NlJbll :.t
l"' _i ( ,...,.. • J.Jv (.i.;;.:: , Jll ~ ir-.. ( co
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. . . . , .. ' . . . . ·-" ... _
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·.~a. ·/.-'i ' "' q; I ,
, ·.•
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.· .. ;_ .• .
My dear Dr. Bowman :
Qrde Pari<, In Yorlr, BOYe.ber 180 19)9.
I am very glad to have your letter ot November 2~ 1939 w1th the enolosed oopy ot your letter to Lionel Ou;:t1s , as I was particularly interested in your~~ervat1on_ oonoerning the ultimate aims ot Germany and the d.1tf.1oult1es inherent in obtaining a •ra1r• peace.
Thank you tor your t houghtfulness 1n sending me this letter.
Very s1~cerely yours,
~ Isaiah Bowman, Ph.D., LL.D.,
President, The Johns Hopkins Un1vere1ty,
Baltimore, Maryland.
. ,• •
. \
My dear Mr. President :
DE PARTMEN T O F' STATE
WASHI NG T O N
November 17, 1939
In response t o your request of November 14, I am
t ransmitting herewith a draft or a reply to t he letter
of November 2 from Dr. I sai ah Bowman. Dr. Bowman ' s
letter with
Enolosures :
1. Froa Dr. Bowman, November 2, 1939.
2. Draft or reply.
The President,
The White House.
i s returned herewi t h .
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASH INGTON
.Nonmber 14, 19.39.
For preparation ot reply.
F. D. H.
Letter f rom Dr. I sai ah BowmanJ President, The Johns Hopkins Unive r<;it.y , Bal ti.more , Maryland, 11/2/ 39 to the President , l"ith enclosed copy of letter he has written t o Lionel Curti3 of England, in ":hich Dr. Bowman made some observations which may be of interest to the President in connection with the present 11ar in Europe .
,
Or"C:C 0,. TH~ PR!:SIOCHT
THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
BALTIMORE!:, MARYLAND
November 2 , 1939
l.ty dear lir. President 1
In correspondence With Lionel Curtis of Engla.od, I have made some observations which uy be of interest to you in connection with the present war in Europe .
A copy of my letter to Curtis is enclosed barewith for such consideration as you may care to give it.
With best wishes,
Sincere1y yours,
President Franklin D. Roosevelt The White House Washington, D. c. . .
• I
. . . . • . .
Copy for President Roosevelt .
t<ovem~r 2, 19)9 '
Cy c!ea.r Curtill
In r u ponaa to your letter ol Octo~r 17th, 1 aa il&O to oalld you turtner · -•ota OD t.ba rol&t1oo ot H1tlar to l. H- uahofor or lo:uoicho 1 ho~ tho oboonatiooa u.y bo of intoran to llaroon Fiaber , They a ro be
in& aont tbrOU&h Lore! Lothian'• o!f ica a1th a ~raonal letter t o him , Tho !acto are drawn 1111nly from a~urcao w1tb1o Oarm&n1 (ouaaor ot 1938) aDd otbara are f ro. Garman ocholaro recant~ har•J t hey are not oolorod by t ba
.. ot1o0&1 ra aponoao or rolua•••·
1
Ha uobolor h.u written a o,.~ ot boolto ot which tho rollo•lnt are tbo cbiot, H 11 to u. .. tbot tho Collo•111i r ...a.rlta ap,>ly ,
Qrao•oo , 1927 !lauotaina •ur Oaopol1 til<, 1928 P1• Orooaalcbta vor upd n&ch dea Wtltkr1!fa , 19)0 Janaa1ta dor Orooae• ch\ a, 19)2
Hauobotar ia ...rriad to e ither a rull Jowaao or h&l! J aaou, ye t be bu contillu.d to bold hia i'rotaaoorab.1p or PoU tio&l O.:ccrapby a t lllunicb.
!Ia . ia alto Pr .. J.dant o! t ba Go""""' Aoe.dac;r. Tba lat ter o~aoiaation corra oponoa wltb tho 8ritlab Council in dovot~ itaalt to cultural
oxcb&Qgea . lt io not like tbo Royal .t.cadeay, or tho "lational Ao•do11y or So1onoaa1 1ll tbia country. Hauoboter' • cootinuaooo in tho•• poa1t1ona i a a atriklnt o&captioo to t ho aonoral rule in Goraany a nd 1a duo to hia
a~cial re.:.&tiooo to Bitler &1>:1 111tler' • atr&t"CY • HoweYer , be 1o not a au~r ol tba National Socialiat Party. Except tor t.hia , ba 1o a aubor or tho lJui faa!~, a o to a peal<, ...., bao tda aoat u traoroin&ry i ntluanca upon HHlor1 1 broad etr at"Cical conca pta,
llauabotor 1a 1nt iaatoly rolat.:o aitb N.tdoraayor and !pp who
have oonoidora blo inCluonoo, but ! t i a Hauaho!or'• lona-at&DQ1n& And deep friandobip with bot h Hall &DU IIi tlar wb.1ch b tho important point. ~hilo
Hitler ••• 1n priaoa, Hauabofor vioitad ba u oh ••• k, adviaina hill a nd au,.~lyina him • i t b IIIClOrand& Olld rotoraDCI ~~~atar1al) ond Hitler ' • "lloia x .. pr• ~r· tho clear iapriot of Hauabofor ' . linea or tbo .. ht a.a c!ovolopad 1ll t.bo booka quoteel abo••· Bauabotor' a wou bao o!toa ~on put 1ll contrut \ o ~ book "The 1\ow World• , tinea botb oa&l ~itb probl..,a 1o tho f 111n of
poliUcal a oo,;rapb)', 1A¥ OWD DO ~oubt colored by II)' poa i t ioa in tho Wu torn • orld anJ in a country which • • • ona or tho ! lliod and ! aaoci o.tad Poa oro o!
tho Worl~ War , while Hauahofar 1 o book loolto out tram within a 4ofoo.tod country and r ov1o11 •orld evoata r roa tho atandpoillt of o)'llioiaD and ~tration.
.. ttr . Curtba 2 !lOVell ber 2 1 19)9
Hauahofor'a philoaoplu' alao inclu:iea a principle that ho derivoa troa Sir Jl&Uord Macltindar'a •o .. ocratic ldeala a.nd Real1t7• (1918) which bLa recoivad alaoat no attention oithor in tbia countr7 or abroad . llack.indor' a to.ra •Hoortl&Dd" ia very •uch in Hauahofor ' - tboiJiht. In etr11<1DC tom a , llecltiDder puts in oppoai tion the · lano yow or a nd t be aoa po .. r of Europa . Ricb in b1ator1Cil illuatration and in auc,:u t inneeo, bia account roYiewa tho lon& otrugilo and t ho poaeibil1t7 of OD ultimata claah obion aiiht turn tna aca.las •&•ina t aoa power. Cleu-4, 1/ E1.1rope ia overrun by u conaol1dated Xlght and looaer countriea wiped out , tho porta and i.n!!uat ri"l Of COlltiflontal !urope will bo &vailabl.o for abip bu1ld-10i on a ocala which coulo aurpaoa· Lho real o f t bo world ana wbi ch would yield a po .. r til&t. ai&bt brio,; tha entire world into subjection. 0114 a b&le.Dco cetwoan Ruoaia &Da Gar~ ano their aeparatio~ by & chain of looaor statu would put tho reat of Zuropa into a secure poa1t1on, e&id lllackindor.
Both direct and i ndirect avidenco anowa th&t tbis philoaopby, &de.pted t o Garm&ll,11 a proaont poeiti on, baa been &d.optea b7 llitlor and t h&t &11 of hie protentiona o! limited territorial object ives aro plalnly doceittul. Ho h&a ~ object aDCl that is to puah hia bouadariea farther and tarthor until bo obtains a aut1'1cient n111bor of aalt-water beaea t o make M o fine.l tbruat at England. Once ID&laod io aubdued tho roat of tho world i e Bi tler ' • oyoter , rllllll tba argU&ent.
Tho !4 in tbio oin\aant, f roa Hitler ' s s tandpoint, 11 Rueda. Thia 1:s &.1 80 the •tMJo:l••• or Ka.ck.i.adar'• a.rauaent. "'h•neYer .. •1ocl• power growa to 11enacin& abo, nn foci of power aro eot&bl.iabod and grow rapidly upon now power beaoo and parallel or borrowed teohniquaa. rroa H1tlor'a own sta.ndpoint, bia recognition of and cooperation with Ruoaia are fatal. fbio atr&D&thono tba StaliB reai.De and doublea or treblu tho pr.ati&o of Ruoaia. lD ay Yiow, the atrongthon.lni of Ruaaia aaa7 produce auon diaaat.ro-na offoct.a upon Hitlu ' a plana th&t it i a 118itber 1Cliotic nor fancifliL to eay that wit b.in ten yoara Fr&nce and ED&land •1 be t'i&btiDC oido by aida with Gei'Ully in or<! or to bold Russia in check .
ll
Lot 110 a nd a t'o• acdi tional obeorntiona on thin8• in &•~Ml'll• lt is •idal7 bolieYod in tbio country t.ha t tbuo io :i•DC•r tl>at II:DClilill' ae:l French propag&DCla u,y bring ua into the war. lly own opinioa t. bbat .boricana aro now -<uih aopb1oticatea aith reepoct t o propaganda . Shrill croupa oro and will continu. to bo board but tho aaaa o! tho people are not goin& to go into uothor •orld war in an o11otional a t ora. Tho eurunt faabio" of opiniOD is a\llllllod up 1n •Lot' • a1.llCl our own buainou•. 1 t ia therefore lorical t o se.y t hot •• wili f ight ouly it an outsider interferes oUb our buainooa, but logic will not determine tho outco01o of our rol&tiono .. ith Oor~~&~~T-et-war. lie noa think i t 1.o our buainoaa to a t.ay out of t ho !igbtiDC aonoo but t ho tilllo &aJ coao when wo wi ll roc&rd it aa our buainoaa to know bow Oora&DY troata conquered people forced to live under bar rule. In my opinion , .boric& will DOt fight to u.intoin tho inte11r1ty of tba Britiab •.Piro. Sho will not bo at.l.rrod by Groat Britain' a lou or foraor Oe.._n colonioo. On tho other ll&Dd,
T
l:r . Curt lot ) lloveabn 2, 19)9
I all• 'IIOu.l.o ho otLt'Tod proCoW141.1 abolll;j Geru.n.r invade the llotherl.aoao or
Switaorl.a.Dd. Tn .. o too coUDtrJea O..n a apirH,.l bol.:> on .U.orlea o lrt or
! all pro;>orUon t.o their pooer, po;u.l.&Ucn, """ ••••lt.!l. Tllo.r e t&n<l Cor f'roo
1nat1tuticllll in a 'I.UHo opecia.l ...... . Slloul.d Oom&07 t ouch either ODO o r
tn~, and oapec1•ll1 tho Hethor~• where tho offoot upon tho naYal and
• aarial bal-Dco •ou.l.d ba 1Aaell1atol.r ooon , Aaorlca oou.l.d at once roa.lizo that
onl¥ 8rH1sll naval n a .. u ot.a.n.i batoeon tho Gor~ tbnlat &Del tho A&orlc&D
ahcro . Tbore are no oUhtl otioo iJl t.hla ar{I UDent .,_, oo cooplo.Uties or le&ic. BrHloo leaoera wi ll then IIM.va too e 1Dplo taol< of po1nt1e& out thot
tho dea tructioo oC their f1&htlno ohJpo '"""'"" OonMn control or tho aoa n4
the oJ ,>ln& out or t bat t on per c&llt of our t otal cCUiorco which 1a i'oroi411>
aDd •~>lc:b gin a oU&uluo """' UD.lorpi~ to ou:- internal oco110017•
f.ban Ono baa puobod t.oa &r&uaont tbuo tar it 11 ne c .. oaey to CO ..
bac~ to •a• b&aoliJle o.m! t race other po .. Jb!o couraoa or •ctJon and de oUQ1.
llhet will Ruula bo dolll& iJl tho :aoantinf 1 boline ta&t Ruula 1a ""itin&
t or tbe ubauetion or Gon:an.r, :hat Ruooia 1a unable t o pr..,.ont that ubauation
b.r epariQ& s upplies , and thAt li=ltod obJ ect!••• conatituto Stalin ' s oreeont
prct~ru. \'lban t be root of iuroi'O 11 exhauoted econoe!cally on4 apirituall:r,
~hOD oUl it t. aeod- tl.:o Cor Stalin a Dd !or C01111uni&t :ioctriJll. To ua 1n thia
coUDt.J'T it ao .. o .. 1t both Goz=IIJ' oud latl.a.Dd-Frauco auet han thia 1D 111Dcl
1n c&r:r71Q& oD ob&t oooll& at tbJa " 1atoru:o to bo • li&ited en.
1 ban no iJlei<lo k.ooolo~o of tha COYO!'Din6 Jdaaa 1n the IIUJdl or
· t4o n11111er co:st.Dila of thou couotr1oa but I && guo .. ie& ti>&t each 1a o&Jtina
\ to see o b& t 1otornal atraino aro . loc:loa-.:1 b.r war or t ho pr e .. nt lillht 1atons1t.y
\
and tbat a judcaent on tho •~oQoaa ot •&illli • 11ore Jntonain war will coao oban
t be internal atroiJlt aro aoro cloarl.r ;>orco1nd . It Goraan.r beeiru~ to crac:l<.
&nil&Dd could tban .Cford to bo &Onerous &Del u.ko on rturos of poo.ce . Sbe
could do thU witb oidor &pproYol 1t Ruaeia .. ro _,.;,...u,. q 0 roaa1n on
I Oor.&~~J ' • aaotorn border blrt, 1n C¥ JW&IIont , ouc:b auro .. ion • ill not bo
diapla..rod l oot 1t huo proeJeol.y tho etract or br1Q&1nl Gan.:aey and tnal.a.Dd
te&othor.
Tho ref ill•• probl ... bu otirrod a ooctlon or ~be Aaer l ean I)OOp.le but
I de no t tb1n:.c ta&t it n..o otirroa til.• O&•••• oo .1111'11 tnat it o1U .C!oct
the war ioaua . The seal• ot' tho rof~ee probloll i s cloarl.r boyon, ~rlY.,to
resourc eo , a •ttor for &onrn&onta t o baodlo . It t.oolr. a large part o r tr.o
world' • obi;>-~iJlK to t.nwaport nvan<l lll.l..li one o r •oldhra t'roa .U.orlca duriJ>&
the l orlo liar anct provide • " " " ••• ot sup;>ly . No ouc:h rttal nood 11 Colt 1n
connection wi th the plAceaont of r e f ugeot eo far ~• t ho man on ! ho atroot ia
CODOOJ'Dedo l t 11 &anorally f elt baro t ha t ~Do rofUjjiO probloa will b.&YO to ba
.. t.Uod in !uro;>o, obatu•or •111P"t.b.r """ • hal-o•or nolp .-ll-acale sottlau11t J n
llaJtod &r&&S a&1 coot.ri out.o tooarda tho bolotorJnc: or hopu.
To ro~urn to • tno coii.<IUld or t he ..... • 1a not. tho toet of 1 tt Yaluo
aolll& t o bo det.ou'lluuod on t.oclln!cal v ounut in tho fl rot. 1notancot llo we not
han t o oalt. tor t.oe firot. atg,. or l&poir .... e\reJ>ith in Gora&A,Y boe&UII or a
falliJIC tup;>lT of critical alr.oral.a &Del •aacl\lnort•, ueill& t.ho word 1n i ta s oo t
aeooral liD till llroa4.r lr.e.red t o t.be ot raiJl or 1ntone1 .. •• r . t.bo cJyJlJ&Jl
po~ul&tion can b&rdly bo other than doJ octad . Ia ll!tlor' • dda :r in tho l oot
.... , . ••-.LT IMO ,_II: M~VL.ANO
Sonaber 2, 19)9
due ~o d111 t aot !.hat. t.. •illh .. \~liD_~ t.. ill r~ tar a ll&bb>.i.ai nr or .ill it a uto to tbtl !aet that btl ~l[.lt d•I ... t •in<:• be ill o.lrtllldy de! ... ted 011 \be iDterll&l Ir011U 1 lJlcliJ>ll t.o \be l&thr rtow. 1 beli ... e thn he !oel.o \bat btl ca c Mke but o,.. throw. It bo aioo .. t he t.llr1e t the !!rat tao, ho i a t1111abtl<l. fnat. raiaea t.be intereoUD& queat1oD whe ther or oot he 1o t illiabll<l o.lready.
Tbia briD&a •• beck t o HaWihot.r •D<I He81. Both ot thea are ClYiD& l o tano1Ye tho\lilht. to the 1Jlter...U. ecoaoay. Both or th• beliliYe the~ wit.b col olli .. Oer&&UJ coul4 atart. a now econoa1c er~. It 1e tool1•h to point t o t he prelliD\ r •aourcea ot thole colonie• 'and a ooert the 1dlelloll or their drt~&Ae. We do oot. kllllw wb&t Ceraaa t.ecbllolocy could 110w do ol t h t oraer colonie• 111 tho •&7 or lurpaaoillj! t nair preae11t pr e>:1.10t1oo . Oerii&Jl,)' require• cololliea tor ;>roatic• and raw -t.•rlala but. 1t require• 1D a far .aJ.cbtor doer .. tho rea..,.;>tion ot world trade . A year a,co whllll 1 ..., 1D Gerii&Jl¥, eYerT ballk.lD& &lid bualJlliSto oontoult&llt nto HTillc that Oen&DT aaat axyort. or .li ll and onl7 r•co'!tlT Kltlar ro.,...tll<l tho phnAill.
It 11 auertll<l that tho a • ocra•lc J.llioa are flgbt.toc tor a aoral pr 1llo1;>l• , t b&t. pell<:e DU.Ot bo built 11;1011 aoralo becauoo the7 are t he unoerp1DD1D& ot c0111'1danc•. fh• inhreot or t11t1 Auric&~~ people 1a not arouo.: by thio arc~ ae11t. Cy.aJ.ca &lid ouper-realiato are "Til>i \bat aoat or conU.oeGt.&l lurope 1o iaaoral and \bat the Motory ot tbe BrUilh fapire 1o tull of epioodeo ot the aort t b&t ll:ll&l.olld oow com...... 1D &T opillio11 , &lid opealdnc brO&dly, I thilllt tb&t; Ulrica •ould appron tb& return or t he O•rcan cololliea. It. would not apprO'fll o! aucb a retum t.o Hitler in the taee ot hi.a brolt&ll proaioeo. It Hitler' 1 daf"t. were coupled with tho return o! colonie& and other acta or 1ene roa1t7 on t he part ot GrMt Br1t&1n, it would otir Aaarica ~rotolllldly, It ia in o011e auch t erma tb&t Aaerioa 1a tb1Jlklnc 111 ita preoent ef!ort to 1Dterpret Lord Halitu' a r•terecoa •~• tiaa aao to the need at the cloaa or the war of a •macoaniaoua peace•.
'lb&t we baTa bare a.re t wo 1ncom•ua\D'abla qua.nt1t1eaa a aora.!. pr1ao1pla . or contidence oppoaed to ecolloaic a= t erri torial t.&JIIi blaa. Tbe moral priDcipla e•okea widll lD\llreat 1D Aaerica but ita ••""'Ill &lid et.raoath are beiDC diluted b)' d.a1ly r•• nctara t b&t cootidance itu U auat r .. t upon !air d ealiD& and tb&t 110 Ollll 1a wi ae &nOQ&h at the preiODt llOOtent t.o HT ob&t 1o t&ir . lfa llrll uoprllpared t or ~c•• .iu&l&nd, franc• , Oerii&Jl,)' a na oun•lna. l! rtctory tor !ncland C&lle \ollorrow oo one ill wi.le eoo-.b to aay wh&t t.ha t rtctory ali&D& or ahould D.aA, Ltlt uo aaauaa \bat •• aze dth you " ua !.hat " b&'ftl wo11 the war t od&yo -t 1o
I it t hat we liOOII;;l b&Ye woa! It .. li&T 0 c0111'14llllca0 • the tllno b ..,PtT or -~~· .. untll • bodied i o apec1!1c acto or thtoc• - terr11.4r1aa, trade , dia,........ot, et.o. Tbe aOIIeot. Wll t ouch Olle or tbeae · t b1oco •e touch • IIN"fll caD\llr. •e t ouch -t h1Jic t hat M'f be Yital to a future c010h1DaUon to rllllilt force ot un.k:IIOwn ""'eoath, t ar .,. .. pla Ru.oa1a . The t ra,cecly ot the world ia that it dooa not lmo•
, bow t o aake peace. Tho oat1onallnic achioery 1• ruoniD& wild without a etabi lhll<l I &OYernor in •l.ibt. At l eaat t WliD1.7 croup• i D thie COWitry are tryin& to t hilllt
out tbe teraa ot an acceptable paaca . 1 do 110t • • • in &Q¥ or tbo diacuaaion
. • I
I I
1\ t nuo f ar eno t b& abado• ot a bopa t b&t a r oraul.o can be f ound . I dread to tb.illk t b&t t b&t toraul.o 11uat be touo.i on t.be field ot bettle. I
After thia long letter I u pect you t o be co.,ple t e.ly axb&WI : ll<l a nd tb&t you .rill probebly not Ul'fi h a fur t her t or r ent ot cooo:aellt tor the dura tion of t h• • arl
J.o al'O&TI,
Li011el c wua, &a:~uire llalliol Coll.el• Olltor<i, Zoal&nd
(SJ.gned) Isaia h Bowman
'I