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OECD SERVICES EXPERTS MEETINGS TOWARDS A SERVICES TRADE
RESTRICTIVENESS INDEX (STRI)
Paris, 10-12 December 2008
REPORT
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OECD SERVICES EXPERTS MEETINGS
TOWARDS A SERVICES TRADE RESTRICTIVENESS INDEX (STRI)
Paris, 10-12 December 2008
The three OECD Services Expert meetings dedicated to the ongoing process of the development of a
Service Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) took place at the OECD headquarters on 10-12 December
2008. Between 60 and 80 persons participated each day including delegates from non-member countries
and experts from academia, BIAC, the WTO, the World Bank, and industry professionals. Jacob
Kierkegaard from the Peterson Institute for International Economics chaired the telecommunications and
construction meetings, and the technical workshop was chaired by Frank van Tongeren of the OECD. The
meeting brought together experts from the business sector, regulators, policy makers and analysts to
exchange ideas regarding the most important barriers to trade in the remaining pilot services sectors. In
addition, the meeting provided a forum for the expert judgment needed for the sector specific indices, for
one of the index elaboration methodologies [outlined in the Road Map [TAD/TC(2007)4].]
The telecommunications and construction meetings were divided into two main sessions. During the
morning sessions, presenters from the OECD Secretariat, the WTO, and leading private sector firms
provided background information relating to trade in telecommunications and construction services and the
barriers providers face. The material presented during the morning sessions addressed the following
questions:
What are the most important driving forces for trade in this service sector?
What is the preferred mode of supply to foreign markets (commercial presence/FDI, cross-border
supply or supply by natural persons)?
Does the preferred mode of supply differ between markets? If so, why?
Are modes of supply linked in a way that supply in one mode is impossible without the other?
In what sense, if any, are foreign suppliers at a disadvantage to local suppliers?
What are the most important policy barriers to providing services in foreign markets?
During the afternoon sessions, participants took part in an interactive exercise designed to gather
expertise and judgment on the trade restrictiveness of specific regulatory measures. During these group
sessions, each group was asked to rank and score possible barriers to trade in services from a list provided
by the Secretariat.
The technical workshop on trade barrier assessment methodology took place in the morning of 12
December 2008, and brought together academics and policy makers to discuss methodological issues
related to quantifying trade barriers from trade data. The workshop focused on the top down approach to
estimating trade restrictions from services trade data, inferring the existence of trade barriers from
discrepancies between observed trade performance and what would be expected in a free trade regime. The
workshop featured technical papers presented by the Secretariat and discussed by leading academics in the
field.
The agendas for the individual meetings and evaluation results can be found in the annex to this
report. Background papers and participant presentations can be downloaded from:
http://www.oecd.org/trade/stri [Towards a Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) - December
2008]. This report highlights the presentations and discussions in the four sessions. It is not intended to be
a summary record of the meeting. For further details, readers are encouraged to turn to the papers and
presentations available on the website.
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TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES
Session I: Trade in telecommunication services and barriers
Keynote Speaker: Ewan Sutherland
Mr. Ewan Sutherland provided a broad overview of market trends in the telecommunications sector
and noted several challenges to effectively portraying the impact of regulations and policies in an index
format. He described the transitions in market structure in the telecoms sector noting the progress from
natural monopoly to oligopoly or duopoly in many regions. He recognized the relevance of market
concentration but also emphasized that other factors such as timing of entry, corruption, frequently
changing policies, and geographical factors have significant impacts on market entry incentives. Mr.
Sutherland recommended care in crafting and compiling indicators to add value to the existing tools in
view of regional and industry dynamics.
Presentation of OECD background study on telecommunications services
Speaker: Margit Molnar, Senior Trade Policy Analyst, OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate
Margit Molnar presented the OECD background study which highlights sector characteristics and
provides an empirical analysis of the relationship between trade volume and regulation. The telecoms
sector is characterized by large fixed and sunk costs and distinctive network externalities but is no longer
considered a natural monopoly. It contributes significantly to productivity growth in the economy and has
witnessed falling prices due to liberalization and technological advancements. Telecommunications
includes a broad range of related services but limited data are available on the range flows.
The empirical analysis employs both top down and bottom up strategies. The former utilizes mark ups
to measure relative competitive pressures in the market without identifying individual sources. These
indicators varying across OECD, these indicators countries these indicators incorporate input prices and
provide a more useful comparison than other indicators such as average minute prices.
The bottom up approach analyzed the impacts of different types of regulations utilizing econometric
analysis of the economy wide and sector specific Product Market Regulation indicators on outgoing fixed
line international minutes and FDI stocks. Regression results indicated that the economy wide PMR scores
had a negative and significant impact on cross border trade while the sector level PMR had a similar
impact on FDI stocks. Further analysis would benefit from the availability of improved data on both trade
flows and regulations.
Discussants: Lee Tuthill, WTO,
Tilmann Kupfer, BT, Head of Trade Policy & International Public Affairs,
Anastacio Ramos, Verizon,
Eric Loeb, AT&T, Vice President of External and Regulatory Affairs
Lee Tuthill began the discussion of restrictions to trade in the telecommunications sector with a
summary of sector specific regulatory patterns contained in the GATS schedules. She noted the distinction
between trade restrictive measures and domestic regulations in the WTO. According to data available, the
most common barriers to Market Access include restrictions on the number of suppliers, followed by
foreign equity limits or restrictions on the type of legal entity. National Treatment is most frequently
limited by nationality and residency requirements for board members. Ms. Tuthill encouraged the OECD
to keep in mind maximizing negotiator utility when elaborating the STRI index.
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Private Sector Perspectives
Tilman Kupfer from British Telecoms briefly outlined the experience of his company and the
challenges it has faced in the international expansion of telecommunications activities. Mr. Kupfer
described his firm’s operations in 165 countries and business strategy targeting corporate customers
outside of the UK home market. He highlighted the capital intensive nature of the sector and stressed the
importance of effective regulation in allowing access to incumbent networks. Heterogeneity in the
application of regulation across countries was also stressed as an area of concern. He acknowledged the
importance of regulation as a key element in creating a level playing field and urged further efforts to
address enduring bottle necks through appropriate regulatory responses.
Anastacio Ramos shared the experiences and challenges of his firm, Verizon, in entering and
expanding operations in foreign markets. He identified restrictions on FDI and access to incumbent
networks as the most substantial barriers to expanding international operations. Licensing requirements in
order to access submarine cable landing stations and limitations on value added service provisions were
also mentioned as significant constraints. Mr. Ramos underscored the relevance of expanding and
harmonizing VoIP regulation in order to foster investment in infrastructure and further development of
these services.
Eric Loeb from AT&T put forth his company experience emphasizing the importance of issues
related to commercial presence in foreign markets. He identified the value of formal trade commitments in
bringing certainty to the investment climate. He also noted the importance of creating independent
regulatory authorities and increasing transparency in the regulatory environment. Mr. Loeb asserted that
joint venture (JV) requirements can be especially constraining due to the impact on the quality and
consistency of services rendered. FDI restrictions in the form of protection of national champions were
also noted as inhibitions to innovation and investment. Mr. Loeb encouraged the Secretariat to consider the
value of a hybrid qualitative and quantitative approach to STRI index elaboration due to the acknowledged
data problems.
In the ensuing discussion, participants focused on the empirical results of the OECD study which
showed that the regulatory measures found in the telecoms specific PMR did not have a significant impact
on cross border trade. The derived nature of demand in the sector may explain the lack of significance for
the sector specific PMR indicators in impacting cross-border trade. Participants also reiterated the extent of
data problems for the sector, including the difficulty in determining pricing due to bundling and wholesale
payments. Delegates also advanced potential areas for further measurement including technology
restrictions, restrictions on assigned spectrum, content restrictions and the size of activated international
transmission capacity.
Session 2- Challenges for Boosting Trade in Telecommunications
Speakers: Youlia Lozanova, ITU
Scott Markus, WI- Consult GmbH
Raul Katz, Columbia Business School
Youlia Lozanova gave a brief overview of the first and second waves of regulatory reform in the
telecommunications sector and highlighted new strategies to confront the shifting regulatory challenges.
The first wave of regulatory reform was characterized by a movement toward the establishment of
independent regulatory authorities, privatization of incumbent carriers, and the creation of a level playing
field for investment. This resulted in substantial growth in regulatory influence and corresponded with
substantial expansion of ICT services across the globe. An enhanced regulatory environment has facilitated
convergence in the sector; expanding access to innovative technologies and services.
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Ms. Lozanova asserted that competitive markets are especially critical to promoting investment,
spurring growth and expanding connectivity. As technology advances and Internet Protocol (IP) becomes
the new priority, a second wave of regulatory reform is necessary to address the changing needs in the
sector. These reforms should include technology and service neutrality in licensing and development of
converged license frameworks, increasing transparency in regulatory processes, spectrum sharing and
trading, and removing the regulatory barriers to promote movement from 2G to 3G and beyond.
One particularly noteworthy example is VoIP. Despite the successful expansion of this service, the
regulatory response has varied tremendously among countries and created substantial uncertainty and
obstacles to service providers. Regulatory responses have ranged from the illegal status of VoIP in some
countries to complete de-regulation in others.
In order to confront these challenges, the ITU recommends the expansion of infrastructure sharing
strategies in order to increase access to broadband technology. These sharing strategies are becoming
increasingly common in ITU member counties and are offering new opportunities to expand network
deployment at decreased costs.
Scott Markus elaborated on further challenges to boosting trade in telecommunications services by
addressing the topic of non-cost based pricing in national termination rates (NTRs) and roaming charges.
The inherent tendency toward inflated prices for termination and mobile roaming encourages increased
mobile penetration rates but discourages usage and decreases provider revenue. This is primarily due to the
perceived asymmetry in retail payments and influence of market power. These charges are no longer
appropriate as multiservice networks, Next Generation Networks (NGNs), are carrying more data than
voice. Mr. Markus stressed that the shift to IP is not sufficient to discourage the use of high NTRs and
requires regulatory intervention. Similarly, mobile roaming charges are non-cost based instruments
characterized by limited visibility to consumers and often in excess of predicted monopoly based prices.
Recent trends indicate initial steps have been taken to address the problem, as demonstrated by
wholesale and retail rates now being regulated across Europe.
The harmonization of regulation of VoIP services was also highlighted as influential in trade
facilitation. According to a recent EU study completed by Mr. Markus, the increased popularity of VoIP
services is being curtailed by access limitations due to regulatory disparity across Member States. This is
partially due to the distinct approaches to addressing numbering and emergency service access challenges,
and requires standardization in order to allow for full trade potential.
Raul Katz discussed the impacts of explicit and implicit FDI restrictions in telecommunications. Dr.
Katz utilized case studies for surveying how FDI restrictions limited investment in infrastructure and
decreased consumer welfare. Each of the country specific examples underscored the critical impact of FDI
restrictions in diminishing competition in the sector. Dr. Katz further investigated the ideal number of
market participants in striking a balance between ensuring access and providing incentives for
infrastructure investment. This is particularly difficult in the presence of FDI restrictions which limit the
number of market players. Due to the direct relationship between market structure and consumer welfare,
Dr. Katz concluded that FDI restrictions had a particularly strong impact. He encouraged OECD countries
to make the appropriate regulatory changes to address these trade inhibiting factors.
In the ensuing discussion, participants explored policy options to promote regulation which fosters
innovation. In addition participants discussed the relationship between NTRs and mobile penetration rates
in influencing carriers’ business models, and explored the complementary relationship between VoIP and
fixed line services.
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Session III: Group Sessions- Ranking the restrictiveness of regulatory measures
During the afternoon session, 64 experts were divided into 8 groups and invited to come to a group
consensus on the relative restrictiveness of regulatory measures set out in a questionnaire prepared by the
Secretariat. The participants were asked to place themselves in the context of a mobile operator looking to
enter an OECD market by acquiring an existing carrier and evaluate various regulatory measures. The
participants were asked to score individual regulatory measures and then rank the broader categories. The
regulations were grouped in the following categories:
Discriminatory measures related to ownership limits or restrictions on operations of foreign firms
Public ownership, size and scope of public enterprise
Price control
Regulatory transparency in licensing and permit systems
Barriers to competition
Session IV: Plenary session
Upon completion of the group exercises, the participants came together for a final plenary session
during which the results of the group ranking and scoring activities were compared. The groups also
presented their experiences during the exercise and the group dynamics in the discussions. The ranking
results are summarized in the following table:
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8
Discriminatory measures related to ownership limits or restrictions on
operations of foreign firms5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Public ownership, size and scope of public enterprises 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2
Price control 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 1
Regulatory transparency in licensing and permit systems 2 4 3 4 3 4 4 3
Barriers to competition 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 4
As indicated, there was consensus among the telecommunications experts that ‘Discriminatory
measures related to ownership limits or restrictions on operations of foreign firms’ is the most trade
restrictive category. This was followed by ‘Barriers to competition’ and ‘Regulatory transparency in
licensing and permit systems’ which were perceived to be moderately restrictive in relative terms. The
‘Price Control’ and ‘Public Ownership, size and scope of public enterprises’ categories were found to be
relatively less restrictive to trade in the sector.
Measures relating to legal limits of company shares that are allowed to be owned by foreign investors
and exclusions of publicly owned companies from competition law received consistently restrictive scores
among the eight groups. Regulations pertaining to the allocation of scarce resources such as frequencies,
and roaming tariff rate regulation were also consistently ranked as relatively restrictive.
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Consensus across groups was less apparent on the relevance of public ownership and the presence of
special rights for public firms, or government influence over competition authority decisions. This may be
due to the infrequent presence of these measures. Participants noted that golden shares are not commonly
observed across OECD countries, except in Turkey and Portugal, and do not play a significant role
affecting trade in the sector.
In addition to the measures included in the telecoms questionnaire, experts suggested the inclusion of
other measures which were regarded as influential in restricting trade. These measures included restrictions
on the number or spectrum capacity for foreign firms, and as well as restrictions on spectrum trading.
Participants also highlighted the importance of including indicators portraying the rule of law or degree of
corruption within the target market, as these impact perceptions of the trade restrictive nature of other
regulatory measures.
Overall, the afternoon exercise was successful in providing a consensus on the trade restrictive nature
of regulations. It facilitated dialogue amongst sectoral experts, policy makers, and business representatives
in order to pool knowledge and experience to better understand the impact of diverse regulations in the
telecoms sector. Meeting participants provided positive feedback for the participatory session, as well as
advice for future improvements. (Please see Annex for summary of participant evaluation results.)
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CONSTRUCTION SERVICES
Session I: Construction Services
Keynote Speaker: Dr. Victor Chuan Chen, University of Melbourne
Victor Chuan Chen presented a broad overview of construction market characteristics and factors
which influence construction contractor behaviour in their choice of markets and entry modes. According
to recent data, the top regional markets include North America, the Middle East, and South East Asia. In
examining contractor motivation to engage in international construction activities, Dr. Chen highlighted
diversification of risk as one of the main motivating factors. He cast doubt on the effectiveness of this
strategy due to the strong ties to the business cycle which often lead to recessions in the domestic and
foreign markets simultaneously.
The discussion of construction contractor behaviour was centered on decisions regarding choice of
market and mode of entry into these markets. The business engagement time frame and entry model
decisions are influenced by a host of internal and external factors. These include market attractiveness, the
presence of a trade link, cultural distance, legal and administrative entry restrictions, and company size and
experience. Dr. Chen highlighted some of the findings of his study on how these variables impacted
international contractor behaviour and asserted that regulatory and administrative factors are one of the key
variables impacting entry mode selection. He found that contractors are more likely to use permanent
modes of entry for markets with fewer regulatory entry restrictions.
Presentation of OECD study on construction services
Speaker: Massimo Geloso Grosso, Trade Policy Analyst, OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate
Massimo Geloso Grosso presented the OECD background study which provided information
regarding the construction sector characteristics, trade patterns, types of regulations governing the sector,
and an analysis of how regulation influences trade.
Construction activity in OECD countries accounts for approximately 4-6% of GDP and 6-9% of
employment. The share of traded construction services in OECD countries, ranging between 1.4-1.8%, is
small relative to the economic importance of the sector. This limited tradability may be due to the
predominantly local nature of activities in the sector, and the necessity for establishment of commercial
presence abroad for international activities. Demand for these services is driven largely by infrastructure,
as financed through government procurement or through innovations in financing through public private
partnerships (PPPs). The sector is also prone to corruption, due to the complexity and size of projects and
the large number of actors involved in many construction projects.
Trade data for the sector were captured through Balance of Payments (BOP) and Foreign Affiliates
Trade in Services (FATS) statistics. Short term trade flows found in the BOP data reflect the cyclical
nature of the industry. Among OECD members, Japan and Germany are leaders in both exports and
imports for short term construction projects. Longer term trade is dominated by Germany and the US for
outward foreign affiliate flows, and the US and UK for inward foreign affiliate flows.
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The construction sector is subject to a variety of regulations due to the public good nature of the
output. These regulations include health, safety and environmental planning measures, restrictions on
commercial presence and the movement of people, government procurement stipulations, among others.
Econometric analysis of the relationship between trade and regulation utilizing PMR data for member
countries show that regulations have a greater impact on longer term trade. Short term presence seems to
be mostly affected by inward oriented policies. The study also found that regulatory heterogeneity,
measured by differences in bilateral PMR indicators, had a negative impact on FDI.
Discussants: Juan Marchetti and Claudia Locatelli, Trade in Services Division, WTO
Nicolas Bernier-Abad, European Commission, DG Trade
Michel Démarre, President, European International Contractors (EIC)
Mark Casso, Construction Industry Round Table (CIRT)
Claudia Locatelli provided feedback on the OECD study complimenting its coverage of the sector
but also proposed a few additional factors to bear in mind. In particular, Ms. Locatelli urged the Secretariat
to consider the adoption of GATS classification for regulations and mode of supply, as well as noting the
challenge of including the implementation and not only the letter of the law into the index. Questions about
the potential impact of market concentration on the statistical sample were also raised.
Juan Marchetti commented on the relevance of the regulatory content of the background study and
on the econometric analysis. He confirmed the relevance of the barriers mentioned in the OECD study but
also suggested looking at regulations relevant to consortia, due to evolving firm structures of large
international contractors. In reference to methodology, Mr. Marchetti suggested the elaboration of separate
foreign and domestic indices as has been done in early work by the Australian Productivity Commission.
Nicolas Bernier Abad echoed the WTO Secretariat concerns about the lack of GATS classifications
and urged further attention to GATS consolidation of commitments for the construction sector. With the
degree of liberalization of services in the sector, he found GATS commitments to be lacking in scope and
number. He emphasized the relevance of market access regulations.
Michel Démarre shared the European International Contractors perspective on the types of barriers
they have encountered in their international business activities. Major barriers included lack of
transparency on market opportunities, burdensome prequalification procedures, and worker mobility
barriers. Mr. Demarre highlighted some of the dynamics of the international construction market
explaining the fragmented nature of the regulatory environment. He commented that the barriers were
relatively uniform in OECD countries, but differed substantially in developing contexts. He highlighted the
particular importance of transparent and non-discriminatory procurement systems in providing access to
large international projects.
Mark Casso shared the results of a survey administered to the 97 CEOs of US construction and
design firms. The results summarized the types of barriers the private sector representatives found to be
most relevant to international construction activities. The Construction Industry Round Table members
identified tax policy and contract enforcement to be the most significant barriers that US companies face in
their international operations. For international contractors doing business in the US, liability and
professional licensing requirements were delineated as most burdensome. The survey also evaluated local
subcontracting requirements, labor costs, business and professional licensing requirements and financing
availability. These measures were found to be influential but moderately restrictive in their impacts.
In the ensuing discussion, meeting participants explored developments in the construction sector
market structure and innovations in financing and procurement activity. The relevance of structure and
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appropriate classification of the STRI for trade negotiation purposes was also noted. Participants further
commented on the importance of factoring in the actual implementation of regulations, beyond the de jure
aspects. Consideration might also be given to the rent-generating or cost escalating impacts of specific
regulations.
Session II: Group Sessions: Ranking the restrictiveness of regulatory measures
During the afternoon session, 50 experts were divided into 6 groups and invited to come to a group
consensus on the restrictive nature of 70 regulatory measures presented in a questionnaire prepared by the
Secretariat. The participants were asked to place themselves in the context of an international construction
contractor bidding for a school building project in an OECD country. The participants were asked to score
individual regulatory measures and then rank broader categories in an effort to build consensus and provide
the expert judgment to be used for on approach for determining the weights for the STRI index for the
sector. The regulations were grouped into the following categories:
Restrictions to commercial establishment
Restrictions to the movement of people
Government procurement, subsidies, and tax measures
Public ownership, size, and scope of public enterprises
Barriers to competition
Regulatory transparency in licensing
Red tape on start ups and administrative burdens
Session III: Plenary session
The groups came together for a final plenary session during which the results of the group ranking and
scoring activities were compared. The group moderators also commented on the exercise and group
dynamics in the discussions. The ranking results, by category, are summarized in the following table:
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6
Restrictions to commercial establishment 6 7 6 7 7 7
Restrictions to the movement of people 7 4 2 3 6 4
Government procurement, subsidies and tax measures 3 5 7 6 5 3
Public ownership, size and scope of public enterprises 2 1 3 1 2 1
Barriers to competition 5 6 4 5 3 5
Regulatory transparency in licensing 4 3 5 4 4 2
Red tape on start ups and administrative burdens 1 2 1 2 1 6
Participants held similar views on the most restrictive and least restrictive categories but, but there
was less convergence on the categories in between. The groups agreed for the most part that the category
of ‘Restrictions on commercial establishment’ was the most trade restrictive. Participants also agreed on
the less trade restrictive nature of the ‘Red tape on start ups and administrative burdens’ and Public
ownership, subsidies and tax measures’ categories.
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The scoring exercise showed a strong level of agreement on the restrictive nature of foreign equity
limits, corruption, discrimination in public procurement processes, and binding quotas limiting the number
of foreign suppliers.
In light of the lack of clear expert consensus for this sector, the Secretariat noted that other expert
judgment exercises may be carried out to get a clearer sense of relative restrictiveness in the sector. In any
case, for all of the pilot sectors, the expert judgment approach will be complemented by an equal weights
approach as well as the ‘top-down’ econometric approach as discussed in the technical workshop on 12
December.
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TECHNICAL WORKSHOP ON TRADE BARRIER ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY
Introduction
Hildegunn Kyvik Nordås began the technical workshop with a brief explanation of the bottom up
and top down methodologies that are being utilized to elaborate the STRI. The bottom up strategy consists
of collecting relevant policies and then assigning scores and weights to give them appropriate values in a
final composite index. The top down approach approach utilizes econometric techniques to analyze
discrepancies between observed and free trade estimates of trade flows or prices. These approaches will
complement one another by aggregating information from trade data and on existing regulations for a more
holistic picture.
Session I. Mark ups and openness to trade
Speakers- Margit Molnar, OECD, Trade and Agriculture Directorate
Novella Bottini, OECD, Trade and Agriculture Directorate
Margit Molnar and Novella Bottini presented the methodology utilized in mark up estimation and
the trends in competitive pressures across service sectors in OECD countries. The estimations were
conducted utilizing firm level data from the Amadeus database. The study presented the ranges of mark
ups for 20 service sectors in all OECD countries. The analysis results showed that higher mark ups were
associated with service sectors which were less traded, had network features, or human capital as a major
input. Lower mark ups were found in sectors, or which involved whole sale trading, computer services, and
construction. Analysis also revealed correlations between higher mark ups and a higher FDI
Restrictiveness index and lower (less open) PMR scores.
Discussant- Laszlo Halpern, Institute of Economics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Laszlo Halpern complimented the study for its novelty and scope of data presentation and provided
suggestions on issues that could be explored further. He noted a possible selection bias resulting from the
exclusion of smaller firms from the sample. Other recommendations for furthering the analysis included a
deeper examination of how the service production function may vary from its manufacturing counterpart
and consideration of other variables such as value added instead of turnover. Mr. Halpern also suggested
looking at the sources of competition to better understand why Central and Eastern European countries,
Italy, Spain and Portugal had consistently higher mark ups across sectors.
Session II. The extensive margin and fixed trade costs in services
Speakers- Hildegunn Nordås,
Sébastien Miroudout
Rainer Lanz
Sébastien Miroudot and Rainer Lanz presented the recent OECD paper for top down trade cost
analysis utilizing two approaches. The first approach estimated the probit equation developed by Helpman,
Melitz, Rubenstein (2008, HMR) and regressed importer fixed effects on incomes and price levels. This
analysis produced rankings of importer fixed trade costs for goods and services. Furthermore, authors also
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utilized the Novy (2008) method for calculating bilateral trade costs. Through economic regression
analysis, they decomposed calculated trade costs and identified country specific effects. The resulting
rankings by country specific trade costs appeared plausible as they were generally consistent with the PMR
rankings.
Discussant- Peter Neary, University of Oxford
Peter Neary assessed the study as a useful application of up-to-date theory to an important empirical
problem. He reviewed the advantages and challenges that correspond to each of the methods utilized for
inferring trade costs. Prof. Neary critiqued the methods employed due to problems with the distribution of
the error term in the Novy method and the implausible variations in bilateral trade flows in the HMR
method. He furthermore suggested a strategy on how to estimate an STRI incorporating the intensive and
the extensive margins of services trade.
Session III. Regulation and trade: an econometric assessment
Speaker- Margit Molnar, OECD, Trade and Agriculture Directorate
Margit Molnar presented the OECD study analysing the indirect channel impacts of domestic
regulation on trade. This was done by utilizing an error correction model in which trade flows, demand,
and competitiveness were cointegrated. This model was augmented with regulatory variables to determine
their impacts on demand, price elasticities and speed of adjustment. The analysis revealed that domestic
regulation, in general, increases the demand elasticity of imports. Economy wide regulation also increases
the speed at which imports adjust to changes in demand or competitiveness. On the export side, results
showed that sectoral regulation in export markets increases the demand elasticity of exports.
Discussant- Joe Francois, University of Linz
Joe Francois commended the authors for taking a novel approach but highlighted a few empirical
issues to keep in mind. He questioned leaving FDI out of the analysis and the presence of structural
stability. He recommended repeating the exercise for goods data to check for robustness and using
extrapolation to stretch data.
Session IV. Panel Discussion
Speakers- Joe Francois, University of Linz
Peter Neary, University of Oxford
Peter Egger, LMU and IFO
Chiara Criscuolo, CEP and LSE
Chiara Criscuolo presented her analysis of market structure and characteristics of firms engaged in
services trade using firm level data from the UK. Firm level evidence indicates that liberalization affects
different firms in different ways, making these impacts relevant for policy discussions. Ms. Cricuolo
summarized the characteristics common among firms engaged in services trade. Compared to goods trade,
trade in services is concentrated among a relatively small number of firms, trading with fewer countries
and in a limited number of services types. Ms. Criscuolo also noted that firms trading in both goods and
services have the highest export premia (apart from skills and TFP), and that pure services traders are
smaller, but more productive and more skill-intensive than firms trading only in goods.
Peter Neary underscored the challenge of index elaboration in view of the difficulties of relating
empirical data to unobservable phenomenon. He also noted the importance of satisfying negotiators and
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academics at the same time. Mr. Neary advised caution in the interpretation of residuals and pointed out
that the Solow residuals are sometimes called the ‘coefficients of ignorance’, due to the difficulties in
assuming precisely what they may be measuring.
Joe Francois discussed some of the practical issues related to the elaboration and use of the Services
Trade Restrictiveness Index. Among challenges to the process of elaboration, Mr. Francois highlighted the
possible interaction of market structure and impact of openness as well as joint delivery and cross-mode
effects. Mr. Francois also suggested crafting the index in a manner which could be useful for negotiating
purposes, and keeping the end use in mind during the creation process.
Peter Egger presented a new project estimating general equilibrium effects of trade frictions on trade
flows. Employing a multi-sector gravity type model for merchandise and services trade sectors, he is able
to survey the effects of trade frictions on GDP and welfare. In addition, Mr. Egger also commented on the
difficulties associated with fixed costs in trade equations, and the limitations of what the indicator may
represent in terms of providing thresholds at which marginal firms export.
In the ensuing discussion, participants highlighted the major challenges in elaborating a Services
Trade Restrictiveness Index utilising the top down methodology, and emphasized the need to continue
improving the data. Participants acknowledged the difficult nature of the undertaking but also expressed
gratitude that the OECD was undertaking such a valuable task.
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ANNEX: EVALUATION FORMS AND MEETING AGENDAS
Feedback from Participant Evaluation Forms for Telecommunications Services
The evaluation forms compiled feedback on the content, structure, and comments regarding the most
and least useful aspects of the meeting. The level of satisfaction participants recorded (on a scale of 1-7)
for the quality of documentation, the presentations, and participatory exercise.
Summary of Results
1 to 36%
4 or 544%
6 or 750%
Overall Quality of Background Information
1 to 3
4 or 5
6 or 7
1 to 30%
4 or 535%
6 or 765%
Overall Quality of Presentations
1 to 3
4 or 5
6 or 7
1 to 36%
4 or 533%
6 or 761%
Usefullness of Ranking and Scoring Exercise
1 to 3
4 or 5
6 or 7
The content of the meeting met with general approval from the participants with over 90% of participants
reporting the presentations, materials, and afternoon group activities to be of good or excellent quality (a
score of 4 or higher on a scale of 7). Comments regard useful aspects of the meeting highlighted the
participatory session and the presentations by private sector representatives. Some participants found the
technical discussions on index elaboration methodology less useful. All participants noted they would
participate in further OECD meetings based on their experience at this meeting.
16
Feedback from Participant Evaluation Forms for Construction Services
The evaluation forms asked for feedback on the content and structure, and comments regarding the
most and least useful aspects of the meeting. Results from the evaluation forms are set out in the charts
below.
Summary of Results
1 to 30%
4 or 548%
6 or 752%
Overall Quality of Background Information
1 to 3
4 or 5
6 or 7
1 to 317%
4 or 541%
6 or 742%
Overall Quality of Presentations
1 to 3
4 or 5
6 or 7
1 to 328%
4 or 548%
6 or 724%
Usefullness of Ranking and Scoring Exercise
1 to 3
4 or 5
6 or 7
Over 80% of participants were moderately to very satisfied with the content and structure of the
morning presentations (as indicated by a scoring of 4 out of 7 or higher). Similarly, over 70% of
participants expressed their satisfaction with the afternoon participatory sessions. In the supplementary
comments, the majority of participants regarded the afternoon group exercise as the most useful aspect of
the meeting. Further clarifications on the setting of the private contractors’ envisaged mission and some of
the regulatory measures were recommended for the future. Several participants also noted the need for
more time for discussion, particularly for the afternoon participatory exercise. All of the respondents
asserted they would consider attending future OECD service meetings based on their experience at this
meeting.
17
Feedback from Participant Evaluation Forms for the Technical Workshop
Participants were generally positive about their meeting experiences. The evaluation forms compiled
feedback on the content, structure, and commentary regarding the most and least useful aspects of the
meeting. The figures below illustrate the level of satisfaction participants recorded on a scale of 1-7 on a)
the quality of documentation and b) on the expert presentations.
Summary of Results
1 to 30%
4 or 546%
6 or 754%
Overall Quality of Background Information
1 to 3
4 or 5
6 or 7
1 to 30%
4 or 538%
6 or 762%
Overall Quality of Presentations
1 to 3
4 or 5
6 or 7
The quality of background information and content of the meeting met with approval from the participants
with 100% of participants reporting the presentations and materials to be of good or excellent quality (a
score of 4 or higher on a scale of 7). In the commentary of the most and least useful aspects of the meeting,
participants were particularly positive about the panel discussion of leading economists. Several
participants noted the need for more time for discussion following the presentations and a few found the
subject matter too technically advanced. Nonetheless, all of the respondents asserted they would consider
attending future OECD service meetings based on their experience at this meeting.
18
AGENDAS FOR OECD SERVICES EXPERTS MEETINGS 10-12 DECEMBER 2008
WEDNESDAY 10 DECEMBER 2008
9.00-9.30 Introduction
Welcome Remarks by the Chair Setting the scene Presentation by the OECD Secretariat Keynote speech: Ewan Sutherland
9.30-11.15 Session I: Trade in telecommunication services and barriers to it
Presentation of OECD study on telecommunication services Margit Molnar, Senior Economist, OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Other speakers:
Lee Tuthill, WTO Tilmann Kupfer, BT, Head of Trade Policy & International Public Affairs Anastacio Ramos, Verizon Eric Loeb, AT&T, Vice President of External and Regulatory Affairs
Discussion
11.15-11.30 Coffee break
11.30-12.30 Session II: Challenges for boosting trade in telecommunication services
Presentation by Youlia Lozanova, ITU Other speakers:
Scott Marcus, WIK-Consult GmbH, Department Manager Raul Katz, Columbia Business School
Discussion
12.30-14.00 Lunch
14.00-16.45 Session III: Group Sessions
Ranking the trade restrictiveness of regulatory measures
— Horizontal measures
— Sector-specific measures (telecommunication services)
16.45-17.00 Coffee break
17.00-18.00 Session IV: Plenary session
The groups will report their results
Summary
18.00 Close of the meeting
19
THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER 2008
10.00-10.30 Introduction
Welcome Remarks by the Chair Setting the scene Presentation by the OECD Secretariat
10.30-11.45 Session I: Construction services
Keynote speech Dr. Chuan Chen, University of Melbourne Presentation of OECD study on construction services Massimo Geloso Grosso, Trade Policy Analyst, OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Discussants
Juan Marchetti and Claudia Locatelli, Trade in Services Division, WTO Nicolas Bernier-Abad, European Commission, DG Trade Michel Démarre, President, European International Contractors (EIC) Mark Casso, Construction Industry Round Table (CIRT)
Discussion
11.45-12.00 Coffee break
12.00-13.00 Session II: Group session
Ranking the trade restrictiveness of regulatory measures
— Horizontal measures
— Sector-specific measures (construction services)
13.00-15.00 Lunch
15.00- 16.45 Session III: Continuation of Group Sessions
Ranking the trade restrictiveness of regulatory measures
— Horizontal measures
— Sector-specific measures (construction services)
16.45-17.00 Coffee break
17.00-18.00 Session IV: Plenary session
The groups will report their results
Summary
18.00 Close of the meeting
20
FRIDAY 12 DECEMBER 2008
9.30-9.40 Welcome
Welcome Remarks by the Chair Introduction: Top down versus bottom up Hildegunn Nordas, Senior Economist, OECD, Trade and Agriculture Directorate
9.40-10.30 Session I: Mark ups and openness to trade
Margit Molnar, Senior Economist, OECD Discussant
Laszlo Halpern, Deputy Director and Senior Research Fellow, Institute of Economics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
10.30-11.15 Session II: The extensive margin and fixed trade costs in services
Hildegunn Nordas, Senior Economist, OECD Sébastien Miroudot, Trade Policy Analyst, OECD Rainer Lanz, Trade Policy Analyst, OECD
Discussant
Peter Neary, University of Oxford
11.15-11.30 Coffee Break
11.30- 12.00 Session III: Regulation and trade an econometric assessment How regulation affects trade in construction, telecommunications and business services Margit Molnar, Senior Economist, OECD
Discussant Joe Francois
12.00-13.00 Session IV: Panel Discussion
Peter Neary, University of Oxford Joe Francois, Johannes Kepler University-Linz Peter Egger, University of Munich Chiara Criscuolo, London School of Economics
13.00 Close of the meeting
21
Participants list for Meeting of Experts on Telecoms Services
10/12/2008 - 10/12/2008
Chairperson/Président(e)
Mr. Jacob Funk KIRKEGAARD Research Fellow
Peterson Institute for International Economics
Australia/Australie
Mr. Graham ANDREWS First Secretary
Permanent Delegation
Mr. Edward SULIKOWSKI Director, Services Trade and Negotiations Section
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
Belgium/Belgique
Mrs. Catherine RUTTEN Membre du Conseil
IBPT
Mrs. Hilde VERDICKT Premier Conseiller
IBPT
Canada/Canada
Mr. Robert MCDOUGALL Counsellor
Permanent Delegation
Mr. Steve WILLIAMSON Senior Advisor, Regulatory Affairs
Telecommunications Policy
22
Ms. Christine ROY Senior Trade Policy Analyst
Services Trade Policy Division
Department of Foreign Affairs and International
Trade (DFAIT)
Ms. Emily YU Policy Research Analyst
Office of the Chief Economist (BPE)
Czech Republic/République Tchèque
Mr. František HESOUN Senior Advisor
Electronic Communications Department
Ministry of Industry and Trade
France/France
Mme Carole LIEGOIS Chargée de Mission OCDE, OMC, UIT
Ministère de l'Économie, de l'Industrie et de
l'Emploi
Mme Nadia TRAINAR ARCEP
M. Joël VOISIN-RATELLE Chef du Bureau International
Autorité de Régulation des Communications
électroniqes et des Postes (ARCEP)
Germany/Allemagne
Dr. Alexander RAUBOLD Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology
(BMWi)
Greece/Grèce
Ms. Tilda KYRIAKOU Architect
Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning
and Public Works
23
Hungary/Hongrie
Klara BARONFEIND Expert
Trade Policy Department
Ministry for National Development and Economy
Japan/Japon
Mr. Atsushi KUWABARA First Secretary
Permanent Delegation
Mr. Masayasu NAKANO Director
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
Korea/Corée
Ms. Soungin PARK Deputy Director
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
Dr. Hankyoung SUNG Associate Research Fellow, Ph.D
Korea Institute for International Economic Policy
(KIEP)
Mr. Hyunsoo YUN First Secretary
Permanent Delegation
Mexico/Mexique
Mr. Guillermo MALPICA SOTO Director-General for Negotiation of Services
Ministry of the Economy
Mr. Edgar OLVERA JIMÉNEZ Director General Adjunto Normativo de Sanciones
Ministry of Communications and Transports
24
Mr. Mario ALANIS Minister for Economic Affairs
Ministry of Economy
Permanent Delegation
Ms. Flavia FARINETTI Counselor for Economic Affairs, Trade and Industry
Permanent Delegation
Mr. José POBLANO Attaché Commerciale
Mexican Embassy in France
Netherlands/Pays-Bas
Mr. Arnold VAN RHIJN Ministry of Economic Affairs
Mr. Wieger WIERSEMA Economic Counsellor
Permanent Delegation
New Zealand/Nouvelle-Zélande
Mr. Andrew JENKS Deputy Permanent Representative
Permanent Delegation
Ms. Jan BAILEY First Secretary
New Zealand Permanent Mission, Geneva
Poland/Pologne
Mrs. Anna ZAK-GÓRSKA Ministry of Economy
25
Ms. Ewa PAWLOWSKA Second Secretary
Permanent Delegation
Spain/Espagne
Mrs. Alicia PINDADO GARCIA Chef de Service
Deputy Direction International Trade in Services
Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade
Mr. Eduardo LANZA SAIZ Telefónica Internacional S.A.
Mr. Diego MOLANO VEGA Sous-Directeur Général
Telefónica Internacional S.A.
Mrs. María Angeles ASENJO Director
Confederación Nacional de la Construcción (CNC)
Sweden/Suède
Ms. Irene MARTINSSON Programme Manager
Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation
Systems (Vinnova)
Mr. Jonas MATTHING PhD, Programme Manager
Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation
Systems (Vinnova)
Switzerland/Suisse
M. Blaise SANGLARD Conseiller
Délégation Permanente
26
Mr. Steve KUMMER Département fédéral de l'économie
Turkey/Turquie
Ayse ISILAK Expert
General Directorate of Banking and Exchange
Undersecretariat of Treasury
Mr. Erkan TEK Expert Assistant
General Directorate of State Owned Enterprises
Undersecretariat of Treasury
Ms. Sibel KAPLAN Chief Commercial Counsellor
Permanent Delegation
United Kingdom/Royaume-Uni
Mr. Keith BROOK Head of Service Sector Statistics
Strategic Policy and Analysis, V615
Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory
Reform (BERR)
United States/États-Unis
Mr. Charles HOOKER Deputy Director
Office of Multilateral Affairs
US Department of Commerce
Ms. Amanda HORAN Director for Services and Investment
US Office of the United States Trade Representative
Ms. Diane STEINOUR National Telecom and Information Administration
U.S. Department of Commerce/NTIA
27
Ms. Emily TALAGA Regional Specialist for the Americas
Federal Communications Commission
Ms. Meg HAWLEY-YOUNG Advisor for Trade Policy and Agriculture
Permanent Delegation
EC/CE
Mr. Brian JENKINSON European Commission
Ms. Maria STAFILIDOU Telecoms Expert
European Commission
Chile/Chili
Mr. Felipe LOPEANDIA Counsellor
Permanent Mission of Chile to the WTO
Slovenia/Slovénie
Ms. Alenka TEPINA Undersecretary
Directorate for Electronic Communications
Ministry of the Economy
Mr. Bojan VALANCIC Undersecretary
Electronic Communications Directorate
Ministry of the Economy (ECO)
28
Brazil/Brésil
Mr. Ricardo GUERRA DE ARAÚJO Minister-Counsellor
Embassy of Brazil in France
Mr. Felipe BANDEIRA DE MELLO Secretary
Embassy of Brazil
Business and Industry Advisory Committee (BIAC)/Comité consultatif économique et industriel
(BIAC)
Mr. Dirk MANSKE Senior Policy Manager
BIAC
Mr. Jeremy BEALE Vice Chairman of the BIAC Committee on
Information, Computer and Communications
Policies - Head, Knowledge Economy Group
Confederation of British Industry (CBI)
Mr. Frederick DE BACKER Manager, Regulatory Affairs
Telefónica S.A.
Mr. Karim LESINA Executive Director, European Affairs
AT&T
Ms. Vicki MACLEOD Consultant
Telstra Corporation
Mme Serena ROMANO Manager, International Public Affairs
Telecom Italia
29
Mr. Jörn SICKMANN Senior Expert
Deutsche Telekom AG
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)/Union internationale des télécommunications (UIT)
Ms. Youlia LOZANOVA International Telecommunication Union
UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)/Conférence des Nations Unies pour le
commerce et le développement (CNUCED)
Ms. Mina MASHAYEKHI Head, Trade Negotiations and Commercial
Diplomacy Branch
Division on Trade in Goods in Services &
Commodities
UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)/Commission
économique pour l'Amérique latine et les Caraïbes (CEPAL)
Mr. Nanno MULDER Economic Affairs Officer
International Trade and Integration Division
World Bank/Banque mondiale
Mr. Ingo BORCHERT Development Research Group
The World Bank
World Trade Organization (WTO)/Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC)
Ms. Lee TUTHILL Counsellor - Trade in Services Division
Trade in Services Division
World Trade Organization
30
Experts
Mr. Julian ARKELL International Trade and Services Policy
Mr. Chuan CHEN The University of Melbourne
Mr. Patrick JOMINI Visiting Professor
Sciences Po
Mr. Raul KATZ Director, Business Strategy Research
Columbia Business School
Mr. Tilmann KUPFER Head of EU Public Affairs
BT European Affairs
Mr. Eric LOEB Vice President External & Regulatory Affairs
AT&T
Mr. Ewan SUTHERLAND Independent Telecoms Consultant
SPD
International Telecommunication Union
Mr. Ben SHEPHERD Niehaus Center for Globalization & Governance
Princeton University
31
Ofcom/Ofcom
Ms. Reka HORVATH Comeptition Group
Ofcom
Verizon/Verizon
Mr. Anastacio RAMOS Verizon
WIK-Consult GmbH/WIK-Consult GmbH
Mr. J. Scott MARCUS Department Manager
WIK-Consult GmbH
32
Participants list for Meeting of Services Experts: Construction services
11/12/2008 - 11/12/2008
Chairperson/Président(e)
Mr. Jacob Funk KIRKEGAARD Research Fellow
Peterson Institute for International Economics
Australia/Australie
Mr. Graham ANDREWS First Secretary
Permanent Delegation
Mr. Edward SULIKOWSKI Director, Services Trade and Negotiations Section
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
Belgium/Belgique
Mr. Yves HOUSSONLOGE Juriste attaché en staff de la direction générale
Qualité et Sécurité
SPF Economie
Canada/Canada
Mr. Robert MCDOUGALL Counsellor
Permanent Delegation
Ms. Christine ROY Senior Trade Policy Analyst
Department of Foreign Affairs and International
Trade (DFAIT)
Ms. Emily YU Policy Research Analyst
Office of the Chief Economist (BPE)
33
Czech Republic/République Tchèque
Mr. Radek VANICEK Official
Ministry of Industry and Trade
Germany/Allemagne
Dr. Alexander RAUBOLD Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology
(BMWi)
Greece/Grèce
Ms. Tilda KYRIAKOU Architect
Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning
and Public Works
Hungary/Hongrie
Klara BARONFEIND Expert
Trade Policy Department
Ministry for National Development and Economy
Japan/Japon
Ms. Setsuko SAYA Deputy Director of Urban Policy Division
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
(MLIT)
Mr. Atsushi KUWABARA First Secretary
Permanent Delegation
Korea/Corée
Ms. Soungin PARK Deputy Director
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
34
Dr. Hankyoung SUNG Associate Research Fellow, Ph.D
Korea Institute for International Economic Policy
(KIEP)
Mexico/Mexique
Mr. Guillermo MALPICA SOTO Director-General for Negotiation of Services
Ministry of the Economy
New Zealand/Nouvelle-Zélande
Ms. Jan BAILEY First Secretary
New Zealand Permanent Mission, Geneva
Poland/Pologne
Mrs. Anna ZAK-GÓRSKA Ministry of Economy
Spain/Espagne
Ms. María Angeles ASENJO DORADO Director
International Relations Department
Confederación Nacional de la Construcción (CNC)
Mrs. Alicia PINDADO GARCIA Chef de Service
Deputy Direction International Trade in Services
Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade
Sweden/Suède
Ms. Irene MARTINSSON Programme Manager
Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation
Systems (Vinnova)
35
Switzerland/Suisse
M. Blaise SANGLARD Conseiller
Délégation Permanente
Turkey/Turquie
Mr. Davut AKGUL Head of Construction Projects Department
General Directorate of Constructive Affairs
The Ministry of Public Works and Settlement
Ms. Ayse ISILAK Expert
General Directorate of Banking and Exchange
Undersecretariat of Treasury
Mr. Onur Andac SEVER Computer Programmer
General Directorate of Technical Research and
Implementation
Ministry of Public Works and Settlement
United Kingdom/Royaume-Uni
Mr. Keith BROOK Head of Service Sector Statistics
Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory
Reform (BERR)
Mr. Keith FOLWELL Strategic Policy and Analysis
Department of Business, Enterprise and Regulatory
Reform
United States/États-Unis
Mr. Charles HOOKER Deputy Director
Office of Multilateral Affairs
US Department of Commerce
36
Ms. Amanda HORAN Director for Services and Investment
US Office of the United States Trade Representative
Ms. Meg HAWLEY-YOUNG Advisor for Trade Policy and Agriculture
Permanent Delegation
EC/CE
Mr. Nicolas BERNIER-ABAD DG TRADE
European Commission
Mr. Jan-Willem VERHEIJDEN European Commission
Chile/Chili
Mr. Felipe LOPEANDIA Counsellor
Permanent Mission of Chile to the WTO
Brazil/Brésil
Mr. Felipe BANDEIRA DE MELLO Secretary
Embassy of Brazil
UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)/Conférence des Nations Unies pour le
commerce et le développement (CNUCED)
Ms. Mina MASHAYEKHI Head, Trade Negotiations and Commercial
Diplomacy Branch
Division on Trade in Goods in Services &
Commodities
37
UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)/Commission
économique pour l'Amérique latine et les Caraïbes (CEPAL)
Mr. Nanno MULDER Economic Affairs Officer
International Trade and Integration Division
World Bank/Banque mondiale
Mr. Ingo BORCHERT Development Research Group
The World Bank
Mr. Charles KENNY SDN
The World Bank
World Trade Organization (WTO)/Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC)
Mr. Alexander KECK Counsellor
Economic Research and Statistics Division
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Ms. Claudia LOCATELLI World Trade Organisation (WTO)
Mr. Juan MARCHETTI Counsellor
Trade in Services Division
World Trade Organization
38
Experts
Mr. Julian ARKELL International Trade and Services Policy
Mr. Wim BAKENS Secretary General
CIB
Mr. Mark CASSO President
Construction Industry Round Table
Mr. Chuan CHEN Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning
The University of Melbourne
Mr. Hans-Peter CONRATHS STRABAG International GmbH
M. Michel DEMARRE President
European International Contractors (EIC)
Mr. Patrick JOMINI Visiting Professor
Sciences Po
Mr. Pascal KERNEIS Managing Director
European Services Forum (ESF)
Ms. Debra RUBIN Editor-at-large/Business, Management and
Workforce
Engineering News-Record
39
Mr. Bernard HUVELIN President of the Economic and Legal Commission
The European Construction Industry Federation
(FIEC)
Miss Novella BOTTINI University Carlo Cattaneo -LIUC-
Mr. Ben SHEPHERD Niehaus Center for Globalization & Governance
Princeton University
40
Participants list for STRI Technical Workshop
12/12/2008 - 12/12/2008
Chairperson/Président(e)
Mr. Frank VAN TONGEREN Senior Agricultural Policy Analyst
TAD/PTA
OECD
Australia/Australie
Mr. Edward SULIKOWSKI Director, Services Trade and Negotiations Section
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
Mr. Graham ANDREWS First Secretary
Permanent Delegation
Austria/Autriche
Mr. Peter SCHOBER Counsellor for Energy, Trade and Industry
Permanent Delegation
Belgium/Belgique
Mme Florence BURTON Attaché
SPF Economie, PME, Classes Moyennes et Energie
Canada/Canada
Ms. Christine ROY Senior Trade Policy Analyst
Department of Foreign Affairs and International
Trade (DFAIT)
41
Ms. Emily YU Policy Research Analyst
Office of the Chief Economist (BPE)
Mr. Robert MCDOUGALL Counsellor
Permanent Delegation
Czech Republic/République Tchèque
Mr. Radek VANICEK Official
Ministry of Industry and Trade
Finland/Finlande
Ms. Kristiina KAUPPINEN Commercial Secretary
Ministry for Foreign Affairs
Germany/Allemagne
Mr. Matthias AHNE Stagiaire
Greece/Grèce
Ms. Tilda KYRIAKOU Architect
Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning
and Public Works
Hungary/Hongrie
Klara BARONFEIND Expert
Trade Policy Department
Ministry for National Development and Economy
42
Italy/Italie
Mr. Natalino LOFFREDO Head of Unit
Ministry of Foreign Trade
Dr. Tiziana ZUGLIANO Italian Ministry for Economic Development
Japan/Japon
Ms. Setsuko SAYA Deputy Director of Urban Policy Division
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
(MLIT)
Mr. Atsushi KUWABARA First Secretary
Permanent Delegation
Korea/Corée
Ms. Soungin PARK Deputy Director
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
Dr. Hankyoung SUNG Associate Research Fellow, Ph.D
Korea Institute for International Economic Policy
(KIEP)
Mr. Hyunsoo YUN First Secretary
Permanent Delegation
Mexico/Mexique
Mr. Guillermo MALPICA SOTO Director-General for Negotiation of Services
Ministry of the Economy
43
Netherlands/Pays-Bas
Mr. Henk KOX Senior Economist, Department of International
Economics
CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy
Analysis
New Zealand/Nouvelle-Zélande
Ms. Jan BAILEY First Secretary
New Zealand Permanent Mission, Geneva
Poland/Pologne
Mrs. Anna ZAK-GÓRSKA Ministry of Economy
Portugal/Portugal
Mme Alzira CABRITA Conseiller
Délégation Permanente
Spain/Espagne
Mr. Enrique GODINEZ CALONGE Sous-Directeur Général Adjoint
Ministère de l'Industrie, du Tourisme et du
Commerce
Sweden/Suède
Ms. Irene MARTINSSON Programme Manager
Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation
Systems (Vinnova)
Mr. Patrick RABE Counsellor
Permanent Delegation
44
Switzerland/Suisse
M. Blaise SANGLARD Conseiller
Délégation Permanente
Turkey/Turquie
Ms. Ayse ISILAK Expert
Undersecretariat of Treasury
Mr. Erkan TEK Expert Assistant
Undersecretariat of Treasury
United Kingdom/Royaume-Uni
Mr. Keith BROOK Head of Service Sector Statistics
Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory
Reform (BERR)
Mr. William NORRIS Counsellor for Business and Industry Affairs
UK Delegation to the OECD
United States/États-Unis
Ms. Amanda HORAN Director for Services and Investment
US Office of the United States Trade Representative
Mr. Charles HOOKER Deputy Director
Office of Multilateral Affairs
US Department of Commerce
Ms. Meg HAWLEY-YOUNG Advisor for Trade Policy and Agriculture
Permanent Delegation
45
EC/CE
Mr. Wolfgang IGLER Official
DG TRADE
European Commission
Mr. Kay PARPLIES Chief Economist Unit
European Commission
Mr. Jan-Willem VERHEIJDEN European Commission
Chile/Chili
Mr. Felipe LOPEANDIA Counsellor
Permanent Mission of Chile to the WTO
Slovenia/Slovénie
Mr. Jure PLANINSEK Adviser
Department for Multilateral Economic Relations
Ministry of the Economy
Brazil/Brésil
Mr. Ricardo GUERRA DE ARAÚJO Minister-Counsellor
Embassy of Brazil in France
Mr. Felipe BANDEIRA DE MELLO Secretary
Embassy of Brazil
46
Hong Kong, China/Hong Kong, Chine
Mr. Donald NG Deputy Representative
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
to the WTO
UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)/Commission
économique pour l'Amérique latine et les Caraïbes (CEPAL)
Mr. Nanno MULDER Economic Affairs Officer
International Trade and Integration Division
Economic Commission for Latin America and the
Caribbean (ECLAC)
World Bank/Banque mondiale
Mr. Ingo BORCHERT Development Research Group
The World Bank
World Trade Organization (WTO)/Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC)
Mr. Alexander KECK Counsellor
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Experts
Mr. Chuan CHEN The University of Melbourne
Mr. Peter EGGER Ifo Institute for Economic Research
Mr. Laszlo HALPERN Deputy Director
Insitute of Economics of Hungarian Academy of
Sciences
47
Mr. Patrick JOMINI Visiting Professor
Sciences Po
Mr. Peter NEARY Professor of Economics and Fellow of Merton
College
University of Oxford
M. Mathieu PARENTI
Mr. Julian ARKELL International Trade and Services Policy
Miss Novella BOTTINI University Carlo Cattaneo -LIUC-
Mr. Ben SHEPHERD Niehaus Center for Globalization & Governance
Princeton University
International Financial Services (IFSL)/International Financial Services (IFSL)
Mr. John COOKE Chairman, Liberalisation of Trade in Services
(LOTIS) Committee
International Financial Services (IFSL)
International Financial Services London (IFSL)/International Financial Services London (IFSL)
Ms. Emma CARSWELL-ENGLE Trade Policy Officer
International Financial Services London (IFSL)
48
Johannes Kepler University of Linz/Johannes Kepler University of Linz
Professor Joseph FRANCOIS Economics
Johannes Kepler University of Linz
London School of Economics (LSE)/London School of Economics (LSE)
Mr. Holger BREINLICH Research Associate - Globalisation
Centre for Economic Performance
London School of Economics (LSE)
Ms. Chiara CRISCUOLO Research Fellow
Centre for Economic Performance
London School of Economics (LSE)
Peterson Institute for International Economics/Peterson Institute for International Economics
Mr. Jacob Funk KIRKEGAARD Research Fellow
Peterson Institute for International Economics
The Vienna Institute for International Economic Stucies (wiiw)/The Vienna Institute for
International Economic Stucies (wiiw)
Ms. Olga PINDYUK The Vienna Institute for International Economic
Stucies (wiiw)