Table 26.1 Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month and Illicit ...
OECD, 2nd Task Force Meeting on Charting Illicit Trade - Kristiina Kangaspunta
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Transcript of OECD, 2nd Task Force Meeting on Charting Illicit Trade - Kristiina Kangaspunta
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Trafficking in persons Kristiina Kangaspunta
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Definition of trafficking in persons - three elements – Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
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Different types of trafficking in persons Categorized by: 1. Form of exploitation
2. Profile of victims
3. Type of countries
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Distribution of victims detected globally, by form of exploitation, 2010
Sexual exploitation
58%
Forced labour
36%
Organs removal
0.2%
Other forms of trafficking in persons
6%
Source: UNODC elaboration on national data
Other forms: • Forced marriage • Body parts removal for rituals, • Pornography, • Begging and petty crimes, • Child soldiers, • Baby selling and illegal adoption
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Gender and age profile of victims detected globally, 2009
Source: UNODC elaboration on national data
Boys10%
Girls17%
Women59%
Men14%
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Countries of origin, transit and destination • No clear types – many countries are mixed types Figure: Selected European countries according to their consideration of being
an origin, transit or destination for trafficking in persons
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Domestic, regional and transregional flows, shares of the total number of trafficking flows, 2007-2010
-Trancontinental - Victims traff icked across different
regions24%
- Regional - Victims traff icked from the nearby
subregion 4%
- Regional - Victims traff icked w ithin the same
subregion (cross-border)
45%
-Domestic- Victims traff icked w ithin the same
country 27%
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Shares of detected victims who were trafficked within or from outside the region, 2007-2010
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Countries of origin of victims detected in Western and Central Europe, 2007-2010: victims of 112 different nationalities were detected in the region
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Countries where East Asian victims were detected, 2007-2010: East Asian victims were detected in 64 countries worldwide
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Impact of trafficking
• Individual level: – Physical and mental health impact, substance abuse, stigma, social
exclusion and marginalization • Political implications:
– Shaping policies including on migration, labour, prostitution, border control • Impact on the rule of law:
– Linkages to corruption and other crimes, reduces the accountability of authorities and their possibility for impartial policymaking
• Impact on human and national security: – Links to organized crime together with significant human rights, economic,
social, and political impacts endanger human as well as national security in some regions
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Economic impact
• Receipt of little or no income for individuals
• Redirection of the profits from legitimate employers to the criminals
• Reductions in revenue since trafficking generates no tax revenues, and it can be linked to tax evasion and money-laundering
• Transnational trafficking: loss of migrant remittances
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Global turnover from trafficking in persons
Difficult to estimate • Hidden nature:
– Difficult to estimate the prevalence of human trafficking
– Difficult to measure the profits made out of the business of
human trafficking
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Proceeds of transnational crime
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Criminalization of trafficking in persons with a specific offence as of November 2008 and August 2012
83%(134)60%
(98)
12% (19)
18%(29)
5% (9)22%(35)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
November 2008 August 2012Covers most/all forms PartialNo specific offence
162 countries and territories Source: UNODC elaboration on national data
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Number of convictions recorded per year, percentage of countries, 2007-2010
No data available,18% of countries
covered
No convictions,16% of countries
covered
1 to 10 convictions,
23%of countries
covered
More than 50 convictions,
18%of countries
covered
11 to 50 convictions,
25% of countries covered
Source: UNODC elaboration on national data
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Countries with the best rating in 2010 in the 3P Anti-trafficking Policy Index
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Nexus with Transnational Organised Crime and Evidence of Convergence with different forms of trafficking
• More than 30% of organized crime groups active in Europe are involved in more than one crime (Europol)
• Poly-crime groups involved in trafficking in persons are often linked to drug trafficking
• Other links: fishing industry, environmental crimes in the form of marine living resource crimes, arms trafficking, maritime piracy, alcohol smuggling, corruption.
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WWW.UNODC.ORG
Photo: Tina Imbriano