МОСКОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ИНСТИТУТМЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ

(УНИВЕРСИТЕТ)МИД РФ

Кафедра английского языка № 2

СБОРНИК ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИХ УПРАЖНЕНИЙдля студентов I курса

факультета МЭО

(английский язык)

СОСТАВИТЕЛИ: Ст. пр. Яковлева Н.В.Ст. пр. Виноградова Т.В.

Москва, 1999 г.

От составителейНастоящее учебное пособие предназначено для студентов I курса МЭО и содержит грамматический материал, предусмотренный программой I курса английского языка (продолжающий) МЭО МГИМО.Пособие может быть также рекомендовано для студентов II и III курсia, изучающих английский язык в качестве второго иностранного языка.При подготовке настоящего сборника составители исходили из необходимости расширить недостаточный объем упражнений, имеющихся в основных учебных пособиях I курса, предусмотренных программой и используемых в качестве базовых.Данный сборник содержит упражнения, направленные на закрепление грамматического материала и развитие навыков использования временных форм глагола английского языка. Как показывает опыт, правильное использование времен английского глагола представляет одну из основных трудностей при развитии навыков устной и письменной речи. Эти трудности связаны с тем обстоятельством, что система английских времен достаточна сложна для усвоения и требует повседневной и систематичной отработки. Основную проблему представляет собой выбор конкретной временной формы глагола для каждой конкретной ситуации. Студент должен уметь правильно выбирать временные индикаторы для пояснения временной ситуации. Для этого, помимо упражнений, в пособие включены подробные таблицы, систематизирующие правила употребления времен английского языка.Структура пособия и порядок расположения упражнений по разделам направлены не на первичное закрепление навыков употребления времен английского глагола, а на выбор правильной временной формы, соответствующей конкретной речевой ситуации, с учетом временных индикаторов.В сборник включены упражнения как из отечественных пособий, так и из оригинальных материалов иностранных авторов. Список использованной литературы прилагается.Предлагаемое пособие может быть использовано для аудиторной работы, а также для самостоятельной работы студентов с последующей проверкой и контролем со стороны преподавателя.При подборе материала авторы ставили цель помимо закрепления грамматического материала развить также навыки устной речи у

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студентов, расширить их словарный запас, обогатить из знанием типичных ситуативных речевых реакций. В этой связи в пособие было включено большое количество диалогов, связанных текстов и фрагментов художественных произведений, которые могут одновременно служить дополнительным учебным материалом по развитию навыков устной речи.

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CONTENTS Page

Charts 1-5........................................................................................4Section I. Simple Present and Present Progressive...........................9Section II. Simple Past and Past Progressive..................................18Section III. Present Perfect.............................................................28Section IV. Past Perfect..................................................................40Section V. Present Perfect Progressive...........................................49Section VI. Past Perfect Progressive...............................................58Section VII. Future Forms..............................................................65

Future with will..........................................................65Will versus be going to..............................................68Future Progressive......................................................72Present Tenses for the Future:....................................75

Present Progressive as Future..........................75Present Simple as Future..................................79Present Simple for a Timetable.........................83

Future Perfect Simple and Progressive........................84Present Perfect Simple as Future.................................89Review of the Future...................................................90Other Ways of Referring to the Future........................92Future in the Past.........................................................95

Revision...........................................................................................97

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AN OVERVIEW OF ENGLISH VERB TENSES FOLLOWS IN CHARTS 1 THROUGH 5. The diagram shown below will be used in the tense description

now

past future

Chart 1. THE SIMPLE TENSESTENSE EXAMPLES MEANING

SIMPLE PRESENT +)I watch TV every day.+)It snows in Alaska.?) Do I watch TV every day??) Does it snow in Alaska?-) I do not watch TV every day.-) It does not snow in Alaska.

In general, the simple present expresses events or situations that exist always, usually, habitually; they exist now, have existed in the past, and probably will exist in the future.

SIMPLE PAST +) I watched TV last night/+) It snowed yesterday.?) Did I watch TV last night??) Did it snow yesterday?-) I did not watch TV last night.-)It did not snow yesterday.

At one particular time in the past, this happened. It began and ended in the past.

SIMPLE FUTURE +) I will watch TV tonight.+) It will snow tomorrow.?) Will I watch TV tonight?? Will it snow tomorrow?-) I will not watch TV tonight.-) It will not snow tomorrow.

At one particular time in the future, this will happen.

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Chart 2 THE PROGRESSIVE TENSES *Form: be + -ingMeaning: The progressive tenses give the idea that an action is in progress during a particular time. The tenses say that an action begins before, and continues after another time or action.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

a) He is sleeping right now.

He went to sleep at 10:00 tonight. It is now 11:00 and he is still asleep. His sleep began in the past, is in progress at the present time, and probably will continue.

PAST PROGRESSIVE

b) He was sleeping when I arrived.

He went to sleep at 10:00 last night. I arrived at 11:00. He was still asleep. His sleep began before and was in progress at a particular time in the past. It probably continued.

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

c) He will be sleeping when we arrive.

He will go to sleep at 10:00 tomorrow night. We will arrive at 11:00. The action of sleeping will begin before we arrive and it will be in progress at a particular time in the future. Probably his sleep will continue.

* The progressive tenses are also called the continuous tenses: present continuous, past continuous and future continuous.

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11:00

11:00

11:00

10:00

10:00

10:00

Chart 3 THE PERFECT TENSESForm: have + past participleMeaning: The perfect tenses all give the idea that one thing happens before another time or event.PRESENT PERFECT

(time?)

a) I have already eaten.

I finished eating some time before now. The exact time is not important.

PAST PERFECT b) I had already eaten when they arrived.

First I finished eating. Later they arrived. My eating was completely finished before another time in the past.

FUTURE PERFECT c) I will already have eaten when they arrive.

First I will finish eating. Later they will arrive. My eating will be completely finished before another time in the future.

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now

arrive

arrive

eat

eat

eat

Chart 4 THE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSESForm: have + been + -ing (present participle)Meaning: The perfect progressive tenses give the idea that one event is in progress immediately before, up to, until another time or event. The tenses are used to express the duration of the first event.PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

2 hrs.

a) I have been studying for two months.

Event is in progress: studying. When? Before now, up to now.How long? For two hours.

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

2 hrs.

b) I had been studying for two hours before my friend came.

Event in progress: studying. When? Before another event in the past.How long? For two hours.

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

2 hrs.

c) I will have been studying for two hours by the time you arrive.

Event in progress: studying.When? Before another event in the future.How long? For two hours.

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Chart 5 SUMMARY CHART OF VERB TENSES

SIMPLE PRESENT

The world is round.I study every day

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

I am studying right now.SIMPLE PAST

I studied last night

PAST PROGRESSIVE

I was studying when they came.SIMPLE FUTURE

I will study tomorrow

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

I will be studying when you come.PRESENT PERFECT

I have already studied Chapter One.

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

I have been studying for two hours.

PAST PERFECT

I had already studied Chapter One before I began to study Chapter Two.

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

I had been studying for two hours before my friends came.

FUTURE PERFECT

I will already have studied Chapter Four before I study Chapter Five.

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

I will have been studying for two hours by the time you arrive.

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Section I. Simple Present and Present Progressive

Chart 6. SIMPLE PRESENTa) Water consists of

hydrogen and oxygen.b) Most animals kill

only for food.c) The world is

round.

The simple present says that something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the future. It is used for general statements of fact.

d) I study for two hours every night.

e) My classes begin at nine.

f) He always eats a sandwich for lunch.

The simple present is used to express habitual or everyday activity.

g) I have only a dollar right now.

h) I don’t recognise that man.

i) He needs a pen right now.

Certain verbs are not used in the progressive tenses (See charts No. 3.1-3.2). With these verbs, the simple present may indicate a situation that exists right now, at the moment of speaking.

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Chart 7. PRESENT PROGRESSIVEj) John is sleeping right

now.k) I need an

umbrella because it is raining.

l) John and Mary are talking on the phone.

The present progressive expresses an activity that is in progress in the moment of speaking. Is began in the recent past, is continuing at present and will probably end at some point in the future.

in progress

m) I am taking five courses this semester.

n) John is trying to improve his work habits.

o) She is writing another book this year.

Often the activity is of a general nature: something generally in progress this week, this month, this year.Note (o): The sentence means that writing a book is a general activity she is engaged in at present, but it does not mean that at the moment of speaking she is sitting at her desk with pen in hand.

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start now

finish?

Chart 8. NON-PROGRESSIVE VERBSNON-PROGRESSIVEa) Ali knows this grammar.

Some verbs are non-progressive: they are not used in any of the progressive tenses. These verbs describe states (i.e., conditions that exist); they do not describe activities that are in progress. In (a): «Ali knows» describes a mental state that exists.

PROGRESSIVEb)Kim is reading about this grammar.

COMPARE: In (b): «Kim is reading» is an activity in progress. Progressive tenses can be used with the verb read but not with the verb know.

Chart 9. COMMON NON-PROGRESSIVE VERBS(1) MENTAL

STATEknowrealiseunderstandrecognise

believefeelsupposethink*

imaginedoubtrememberforget

wantneedprefermean

(2) EMOTIONAL STATE

lovelike appreciate

hatedislike

fearenvy

mindcare

(3) POSSESSION possess have* own belong(4) SENSE

PERCEPTIONStaste*smell*

hearfeel*

see*

(5) OTHER EXISTING STATES

seemlook*appear*

costoweweight*

be*exist

consist of

*Verbs with an asterisk are also commonly used as progressive verbs, with a difference in meaning, as in the following examples:

NON-PROGRESSIVE (existing state)

PROGRESSIVE(activity in progress)

think

have

tastesmellseefeellook

I think he is a kind man.

He has a car.

This food tastes good.These flowers smell good.I see a butterfly. Do you see it?The cat’s fur feels soft.She looks cold. I’ll lend her my coat.

I am thinking about this grammar.I am having trouble. She is having a good time.The chief is tasting the sauce.Don is smelling the roses.The doctor is seeing a patient.Sue is feeling the cat’s fur.I am looking out the window.

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appear

weigh

be

He appears to be asleep.

A piano is heavy. It weighs a lot.I am hungry.

The actor is appearing on the stage.The grocer is weighing the bananas.Tom is being foolish.**

**COMPARE:a) Bob is foolish. =Foolishness is one of Bob’s usual

characteristics.b) Tom is being foolish. =Right now, at the moment of speaking,

Tom is doing something that the speaker considers foolish.

The verb be (+ an adjective) is used in the progressive to describe a temporary characteristic. Very few adjectives are used with be in the progressive; some of the most common are: foolish, nice, kind, lazy, careful, silly, rude, polite, impolite.

Chart 10. USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE WITH ALWAYS

a) Mary always leaves for school at 7:45.

In sentences referring to present time, usually the simple present is used with always to describe habitual or everyday activities, as in (a).

b)Mary is always leaving her dirty socks on the floor for me to pick up! Who does she think I am? Her maid?

c)I am always/forever/constantly picking up Mary’s dirty socks!

In special circumstances, a speaker may use the present progressive with always to complain, i.e., to express annoyance or anger, as in (b).*In addition to always, the words forever and constantly are used with the present progressive to express annoyance.

*COMPARE:«Mary is always leaving her dirty socks on the floor» expresses annoyance.«Mary always leaves her dirty socks on the floor» is a statement of fact in which the speaker is not necessary expressing an attitude of annoyance. Annoyance may, however, be included in the speaker’s tone of voice.

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Exercise 1Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or present progressive:1. Debbie works (work) as an administrator at the University. She (organise) all the timetables and teaching schedules. She (work) very long hours at the moment because it’s the start of the academic year but she (go) on a short holiday at the end of the month.2. Simon and Sylvia (stay) in a cottage in the Yorkshire Dales this month. The cottage (belong) to a cousin of Sylvia’s but the cousin is away: she (cycle) around Norfolk for a few weeks. Simon and Sylvia often (use) the cottage when Sylvia’s cousin is away. They really (enjoy) being in the middle of the countryside.3. The International School for Languages (do) very well at the moment. About two hundred students (take) evening classes this term. Many of them (need) to learn a new language to improve their job prospects but some of them (learn) a new language purely for pleasure. The European languages (be) very popular but Japanese and Russian (get) more popular too. The school (provide) good learning facilities and (organise) a range of study tours.4. The world population (still increase) rapidly. Many people in the world (already starve) and many more (suffer) from malnutrition. The population (grow) fastest in the poorest countries where people (need) to have children to look after them in their old age and where many of their children (die) at a very young age.Exercise 2Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or present progressive:Maggie and Jill, two friends, are talking at a party.M. Jill, how nice to see you. I don’t think (not think) we’ve seen each

other since that party at Jim’s last year. How (you/get on)?J. Oh, fine. Everything (go) very well.M. (you still/go out) with Dave?J. No, I’m not, but I (go out) with someone called Jeremy: I met him at

my pottery class.M. Is he here now?J. Yes look, he’s over there. He (talk) to Barbara.M. Oh, yes, I (see) him. (he/wear) a yellow jumper?

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J. Yes, that’s him.M. Oh, he (look) really nice.J. He is. I’ll introduce you to him when he (come) over here. So what

about you? How (life/treat) you?M. Not too badly. I (still/work) at that awful cafe. I (keep) looking for

other jobs but the problem is that I (feel) so tired when I (get in ) that I (not have) much energy to look through all the job ads and everything. Oh well, I (suppose) something else will come up soon.

J. I (hope) so. Oh look, Jeremy (come over) here. (you/want) to meet him?

M. Oh yes.Exercise 3Open the brackets, using the present simple or the present progressive tense:1. Mary (see) Peter standing at the bus stop:Mary: Hello, Peter. What bus you (wait) for?Peter: Hello, Mary. I (wait) for a 9a or 14.Mary: You usually (go to work) by car, don’t you?Peter: Yes, but the car (belong) to my mother and she sometimes (want) it. She (use) it today to take Tom to the dentist.Mary: I usually (go) by car too. Jack take me because he (pass) my office on his way to the factory. But this week he (work) in a factory in the opposite direction: so I (queue) like you.Peter: Here’s a 9 now. You (come) on it or you (wait) for a 14?Mary: I (think) I’ll take the 9.

2. It is Friday evening and the Brown family are at home. Mrs. Brown (listen ) to a concert on the radio, Mr. Brown (read) a paper. George Brown (do) his homework and Ann Brown (write) a letter. Mr. Brown always (read) his newspapers in the evenings. Mrs. Brown sometimes (knit) but she (not knit) tonight.3. Mr. Black often (go) to the theatre but his wife (not go) very often He (like) all sorts of plays. She (prefer) comedies. Tonight they (watch) a very modern comedy. They (enjoy) it, but they (not understand) some of the jokes.

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4. -Why that man (stand) in the middle of the road? -He (try) to get across. He (wait) for a gap in the traffic. -Why he (not use) the subway?-Lots of people (not bother) to use the subway. They (prefer) to risk their lives crossing here.5. Englishmen very seldom (talk) on the underground. They (prefer) to read their newspapers. Those two men in the corner (talk). But they (not talk) English.6. Peter: You (go) out tonight, Paul?Paul: No, I (stay) at home. The neighbours (come) in to watch TV.Peter: You (invite) the neighbours often?Paul. No, but they (invite) themselves whenever there is a good programme.

Exercise 4Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present or present progressive tense.1. What Tom (think) of the Budget?-He (think) it most unfair.-I (agree) with him.2. What this one (cost)?-It (cost) 40 pence.3. You (hear) the wind? It (blow) very strongly tonight.4. You (see) my car keys anywhere? -No, I (look) for them but I (not see) them.5. He never (listen) to what you say. He always (think) about something else.6. This book is about a man who (desert) his family and (go) to leave on a Pacific island. 7. You (understand) what the lecturer is saying?-No, I (not understand) him at all.8. What you (have) for breakfast usually?-I usually (eat) a carrot and (drink) a glass of cold water.9. When the curtain (rise) we (see) a group of workers. They (picket) a factory gate.

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10. Why you (walk) so fast today? You usually (walk) quite slowly.-I (hurry) because a (meet) my mother at 4 o’clock. And she (not like) to be kept waiting11. I (wish) that dog would lie down. He (keep) jumping on my lap.-I (think) he (want) to go for a walk.12. You (recognise)that man? -I (think) that I have seen him before but I (not remember) his name.13. Look at that crowd. I (wonder) what they (wait) for.14. This message has just arrived and the man (wait) in case you (want) to send a reply.15. Stop! You (not see) the notice?-I (see) it but I can’t read it because I (not wear) my glasses. What it (say)?-It (say) «These premises are patrolled by guard dogs».16. She always (borrow) from me and she never (remember) to pay me back.17. You (need) another blanket or you (feel) warm enough?18. It (save) time if you (take) the path through the wood.-No, it (not matter) which path you take.19. I (save) up because I (go) abroad in July. 20. I (think) it is a pity you don’t take more exercise. You (get) fat.21. The plain that you (look) at now just (take) off for Paris.22. Tom never (do) any work in the garden; he always (work) on his car.23. What he (do) to his car now?-I think he (polish) it.24. That film (come) to the local cinema next week. You (want) to see it?25. How Peter (get) on at school?-Very well. He (seem) to like the life.26. Why Mrs. Pitt (look) so angry?-Mr. Pitt (smoke) a cigarette and (drop) the ash on the carpet.27.This is our itinerary. We (leave) home on the 8 th, (arrive) in Paris on the 9th, (spend) the day in Paris, and (set) out that night for Venice.-That (sound) most interesting. You must tell me all about it when you (get) back.

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28.This story is about a boy who (make) friends with a snake which he (find) in his garden. Then he (go) away but he (not forget) the snake and some years later he (return)and (look) for it.29. He (find( the snake who (recognise) its old friend and (coil) round him affectionately. But, unfortunately, the snake is by now a full-grown boa-constrictor and its embrace (kill) the poor boy.30. The snake (feel) sorry about this?-I (not know). The story (end) there.31. How you (end) a letter that (begin), «Dear Sir»?I always (put), «Yours truly», and Tom (prefer) «Yours faithfully».32. What the word «catastrophe» (mean)?It (mean) «disaster».

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Section II. Simple Past and Past ProgressiveChart 11. SIMPLE PAST

a) I walked to school yesterday.b) He lived in Paris for ten years, but now he is living in Rome.c) I bought a new car three days ago.

The simple past indicates that an activity or situation began and ended at a particular time in the past.

d) I stood under a tree when it began to rain.e) When she heard a strange noise, she got up to investigate.f) When I dropped my cup, the coffee spilled on my lap.

If a sentence contains when and has the simple past in both clauses, the action in the «when clause» happens first.In (d): 1st: The rain began. 2nd: I stood under a tree.

Chart 12. PAST PROGRESSIVEg) I was walking down the street when it began to rain.h) While I was walking down the street, it began to rain.i) I was standing under a tree when it began to rain.j) At eight o’clock last night, I was studying.k) Last year at this time, I was attending school.

In (g): 1st: I was walking.2nd: It began to rainIn other words, both actions occurred at the same time, but one action began earlier and was in progress when the other action occurred.In (j): My studying began before 8:00, was in progress at that time, and probably continued.

l) While I was studying in one room of our apartment, my roommate was having a party in the other room.

Sometimes the past progressive is used in both parts of a sentence when two actions are in progress simultaneously.

m) It rained this morning.n) It was raining this morning.

In some cases, the simple past and past progressive give almost the same meaning, as in (m) and (n).

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Exercise 5Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past and the past progressive.1. What you both (do) at 7 o’clock yesterday?-I (play) chess with my brother and Eliza (listen) to the radio.2. He (be) the captain of a ship which (sail) that night for Discovery Bay.3. When the doctor (leave) the hospital, he (catch) a glimpse of himself in the glass front door.4. When her father (come) in she (sit) before a red tea-table, finishing a very good tea.5. Next day, while he (shave) he (cut) himself slightly.6. The door of his room (be) open; his mother still (stand) at the window.7. I (slip) away while the others (have) coffee.8. At nine o’clock the train (crawl) into the station. In a flash he (be) on the platform and (move) up Railway Road.9. And, smiling to himself, he (begin) to make plans, fantastic plans for the future. He still (smile) when he (walk) up the rock-cut steps.10. When we (talk) I notice that he (roll) a little ball of plasticine between his fingers.11. While the water (heat), Ma Parker (begin) sweeping the floor.12. He (gather) up this evidence in a newspaper and (carry) it back into the sitting room where Jennie (sew).13. He (dose) off while he )watch) the new show.14. Mark (see) the picture of Nelly in the morning paper while he (have) coffee.15. One morning Mrs. Strickland (send)me round a note to say that she (give) a dinner-party that evening, and one of her guests (fail) her.16. It (drizzle) when they (come) out of the house.17. Maggie just (pass) the shop and (head) for the door when she )come) face to face with the tall bronzed man who (enter).18. It (be) a pity I (have) to be out last night.19. Just as they (walk) down the path to the front gate Anne (run) out of the house and (overtake) them.20. He often (visit) us when he (live) in Moscow.21. It (get) dark and I (suggest) that we should go down.22. John (come) in, (look) at the fire, (stand) a moment, (turn) and (go) away.

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23. She (take) me to her mother’s, where they (expect) me to lunch.24. Listen, this girl (arrive) here two months ago.

Exercise 6Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past or the past progressive.1. He (write) a letter when I (see) him.2. Harry (do) his work while his brothers (play) games.3. The man (fall) down as he (run) for the bus.4. We (sing) a song when George (come) into the room.5. While the teacher (give) a lesson, a small dog (walk) into the room.6. When the telephone bell (ring), I (work) in the garden.7. My hat (flow) off when I cross the bridge.8. The rain (begin) to fall while we (watch) the game.9. Just as I (get) interested in my work, I (have) to go home.10. He (lose) his pocket-book while he (see) the sights of Rome.11. Jack (do) his homework when his father (come) home from work.12. Mary (wear) her new dress when I (meet) her yesterday.13. The pupils still (write) their compositions when the bell (ring).14. She (walk) along the street when she (see) an old friend.15. The woman was very tired, and she (lie) on her bed when her children (come) home from school.16. The sun (rise) when I (wake) up this morning.17. The sick child (sleep) when the doctor (come).18. I (read) newspaper when I (hear) a strange noise.19. It (rain)hard when I (go) out this morning.20. We (listen) to the wireless when the telephone hell (ring).21. The little boy (fish) when he (fall) into the river.22. Jack’s mother (cook) the dinner when he (come) home from school.23. A lot of people (see) this accident while they (wait) for the bus.24. He often (go) to the British Museum when he (study) at London University.25. He (fall) down and (break) his leg while he (play) football.26. The travellers (reach) the town just as the sun (set).27. The boy (jump) off the bus while it (go).

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28. The hunter (shoot) and (kill) the lion just as it (jump) on him.29. Mary’s father often (sing) while he (cook) in the kitchen.30. The old man never (go) out when it (rain).31. The travellers (see) some camels as they (cross) the desert.32. The gardener (find) a box full of money when he (dig) in the garden.33. When I (go) out this morning, the sun (shine) and the birds (sing). It was a beautiful morning. I (walk) to the nearest park and sat down on the grass. But while I (sit) there, black clouds gathered and (hide) the sun. It (begin) to rain heavily, so I (run) home. My hat (fall) off as I (run).34. Jack’s father (read) a book last night when he (hear) a noise in the garden. He (open) the window and looked out. It (be) a dark night and at first he could see nothing. But just as he (shut) his window, he (see) a man. The man (try) to climb over the garden wall. He was a thief. When he saw Jack’s father at the window, he (jump) off the wall and ran away. Jack’s father (run) after him. There was a car at the end of the street. The thief reached the car but just as he (get) into it, Jack’s father (catch) him.

Exercise 7Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past or the past progressive.1. Mr. Smith never (wake) up in time in the morning and always (get) into trouble for being late; so one day he (go) to town and (buy) an alarm clock.2. To get home he (have to) go through a field where a bad-tempered bull usually (graze).3. This bull normally (not chase) people unless something (make) him angry. Unfortunately, as Mr. Smith (cross) the field, his alarm clock (go) off.4. This (annoy) the bull, who immediately (begin) to chase Mt. Smith.5. Mr. Smith (carry) an open umbrella as it (rain) slightly. He (throw) the umbrella to the ground and (run) away as fast as he could.6. The bull (stop) and (begin) to attack the umbrella. While he (do) this Mr. Smith escapes.7. When he (awake) she (sit) by the window. She (look) at something in the street, but when he (call) her she (turn) and (smile) at him.8. Why you (interrupt) me just now? I (have) a very interesting conversation with Julie Andrews.9. The murderer (carry) the corpse down the stairs when he (hear) a knock on the door.

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10. When I (look) through your books I (notice) that you have a copy of Murder in the Cathedral.11. As they (walk) along the road they (hear) a car coming from behind them. Tom )turn) and (hold) up his hand. The car (stop).12. When I (arrive) at the station Mary (wait) for me. She (wear) a blue dress and (look) very pretty. As soon as she (see) me she (wave) and (shout) something, but I couldn’t hear what she (say) because everybody (make) such a noise.13. The prisoner (escape) by climbing the wall of the garden where he (work). He (wear) blue overall and black shoes.14. She said that the car (travel) at 40 k.p.h. when it (begin) to skid.15. She said that she (not like) her present flat and (try) to find another.16. While he (make) his speech the minister suddenly (feel) faint. But someone (bring) him a glass of water and after a few minutes he (be able) to continue.17. When I (see) him he (paint) a portrait of his wife.-You (like) it?-He only just (start) when I (see) it, so I couldn’t judge.18. I (take) my friend to a murder trial the other day.-Who (be) tried?-A man called Hugh Vinter.-Was he acquitted?-I don’t know. They still (listen) to the evidence when we (leave).19. I (be) sorry that I (have to) leave the party early, because I (enjoy) myself.20. As we (come) here a policeman (stop) us. He (say) that he (look) for some stolen property and (ask) if he could search the car.21. I (see) you yesterday from the bus. Why you (use) a stick?-I (use) a stick because I had hurt my leg that morning falling off a horse.-Whose horse you (ride)?-Derrick Farmer’s.22. The floor was covered with balls of wool. Obviously Mrs. Manning (knit) something.23. Ann said that she (be) on holiday. I (say) that I (hope) that she (enjoy) herself.24. While he (water) the flowers it (begin) to rain. He (put) up his umbrella and (go) on watering.25. I just (write) a cheque when I (remember) that I (have) nothing in the bank.

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26. I (find) this ring as I (dig) in the garden. It looks very old. I wonder who it (belong) to?

Exercise 8Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past or the past progressive.1. Peter and Rosanna (decide) to redecorate their sitting-room themselves.2. They (choose) cream paint for the woodwork and apricot for the walls.3. When Bob (look) in to see how they (get) on, Rosanna (mix) the paint and Peter (wash) down the walls.4. They (be) glad to see Bob and (ask) if he (do) anything special that day.5. He hastily (reply) he (go) to the theatre and (go) away at once, because he (know) they (look) for someone to help them.6. They (begin) painting, but (find) the walls (be) too wet.7. While they (wait) for the walls to dry, Rosanna (remember) she (have) a phone call to make.8. Peter (start) painting while she (telephone), and (do) a whole wall before Rosanna (come) back.9. He (grumble) that she always (telephone) at the wrong time.10. Rosanna (retort) that Peter always (complain).11. They (work) in silence for some time.12. Just as they (start) the third wall, the doorbell (ring).13. It (be) a friend of Peter’s, who (want) to know if Peter (play) golf the following weekend.14. He (stay) talking to Peter in the hall while Rosanna (go) on painting.15. At last he (leave).16. Peter (return), expecting Rosanna to say something about friends who (come) and (waste) valuable time talking about golf.17. But Rosanna nobly said nothing.18. Then Peter (think) he would do the ceiling.19. He just (climb) the step ladder when the doorbell (ring) again.20. Rosanna (say) she (get)tired of interruptions but (go) and (open) the door.21. It (be) a telegram from her aunt Mary, saying she (come) to spend this weekend with them and (arrive) that evening at 6:30.

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Exercise 9Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past or the past progressive.1. I (walk) along Piccadilly when I (realise) that a man with a ginger beard, whom I had seen three times already this afternoon, (follow) me.2. To make quite sure, I (walk) on quickly, (turn) right, then left and (stop) suddenly at a shop window.3. In a few minutes the man with the beard (appear) and (stop) at another shop window.I (go) on.5. Whenever I (stop) he (stop), and whenever I (look) round he (be) still there.6. He (look) a very respectable type and (wear) very conventional clothes and I (wonder) if he was a policeman or a private detective.7. I (decide) to try and shake him off..8. A 74 bus (stand) at the bus stop just beside me.9. Then the conductor (come) downstairs and (ring) the bell; just as the bus (move) off, I (jump) on it.10. The man with the beard (miss) the bus but (get) into another 74, which (follow) the first.11. Both buses (crawl) very slowly along Knightsbridge.12. Every time the buses (pull) up at a stop, the man (look) out anxiously to see if I (get) off. 13. Finally, at some traffic lights, he (change) buses and (get) into mine.14. At Gloucester Road underground, I (leave) the bus and (buy) a ticket at a ticket machine.15. As I (stand) on the platform waiting for a circle line train, my pursuer (come) down the stairs.16. He (carry) a newspaper and when we (get) into the same compartment, he (sit) in one corner reading it, and I (read) the advertisements.17. He (look) over the top of the newspaper at every station to see if I (get) out.18. I (become) rather tired of being shadowed like this, so finally I (go) and (sit) beside the man and (ask) him why he (follow) me.19. At first he (say) he (not follow) me at all but when I (threaten) to knock him down, he (admit) that he was.20. Then he (tell) me he (be) a writer of detective stories and (try) to see if it was difficult to follow someone unseen.

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21. I (tell) him he hadn’t been unseen because I had noticed him on Piccadilly and I (advise) him to shave off his ginger beard if he (not want) his victim to know he (be) followed.

Exercise 10Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past or the past progressive.Here he was (be), Davey Stark, the big rock star. It (be) the end of an exhausting two-hour concert. The fans (scream) and (shout). They (want) Davey, their hero. His face (pour) with sweat, his hair (drip) and his heart (hump) violently. But he (love) these moments at the end of a concert. He always (feel) powerful and in control. He (decide) to do one more song for the crowd: one of his most popular. When he (start) singing, the crowd (go) wild. By the end of the song, they all (dance) and (clap) their hands. When Davey (leave) the stage, he (be) exhausted but exhilarated. But when he (get back) to the dressing room, he (open) the door and (see) that two men (wait) for him. They (lock) the door behind Davey. He (shout) for his bodyguard Bernard, but no-one (come). The two men (tie) his hands behind his back, (blindfold) and (gag) him. Davey (can hear) Bernard in the next room. Bernard (talk) to someone and he (say) terrible things about Davey. He (say) that Davey (deserve) it. (Deserve) what? What he (mean)? What (go on)? Why (not someone tell) him what (happen)?

Exercise 11.Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past or the past progressive.1. It happened (happen) in June 1985. It (be) summer and we all (lie out) in the garden. My mother (read) and my uncle just (doze) in the sun. We children (look for) worms and insects. And then he (arrive). He (be) a tall, handsome man with piercing blue eyes and he (look) straight at my mother. Her face (go) pale and her eyes (open) wide with shock. «Arthur, I (think) you (be) dead», she (say) in a kind of whisper.2. A.: I (phone) you at about 9 o’clock this morning but you (not answer. What you (do)?B.: Well, I (hear) the phone but I (have) a shower and I (can not )get out in time to answer it. Anyway, what you (want)?A.: Well, last night I (clear out) that old desk you (give) me when I (come across) a pile of old letters with a red ribbon round them.B.: My letters?A.: Yes, they (be addressed) to you. And they all (smell) of perfume, a man’s perfume.3. Last night Jake (wake up) at about 3 a.m. As soon as he (wake up) he (listen out) for strange noises but he (not hear) any. His father (snore) in the

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next room, some central heating pipes (make) a bit of a noise and a tap (drip) in the bathroom. It was all as usually. Jake (open) the window and (look) outside. The moon (be) full and it (shine) brightly. Jake (think) he (see) an owl in one of the trees. He (can certainly hear) one. But then he (see) something different. A man - no. It (be) a woman. She (wear) white and she (hide) behind a tree. Suddenly she (run) towards the house.

Exercise 12Open the brackets using past simple or past progressiveThe sun (go) down behind the hills when I (reach) a village which (be) only a few miles from the sea. The working day (be) over, and the villagers (come) home from the fields. Along the road two boys (drive) cows and sheep in the direction of the village. I (approach) a group of people standing near the road and (ask) them if I could find a place in the village to spend the night. An old man (say) he would help me. He (take) me to his small cottage at the far end of the street. A fire (burn) in the stove when we (enter) the house. One girl of about 18 (prepare) supper in the kitchen while two other girls still (do) something in the kitchen garden near the house. The old man (invite) me to have supper with them. They all (seem) to be nice people and we (have) a friendly talk. After supper my new friends and I (go) out into the garden. The moon (shine) high in the sky, and the night (be) warm and beautiful. That evening (be) very pleasant, and I shall remember it a long time.

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Exercise 13Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple, past simple, present progressive and past progressive.Laying the telephone down on the desk, I (go) to the door and (call) Amos. I (go) back to the couch and (stretch) out as he (pick) up the phone. He (shoot) a peculiar look at me when he (hear) her voice. He (be) silent) for a while, listening to her. When he (speak) again, he (smile). «That’s wonderful! When you (leave)? Soon I also (fly) to New York when this job (be/finished). We (have) a celebration then. Give my love to your daughter.»He (put) down the telephone and (come) over to me. «That (be) Monica,» he (say), looking down at me.«I (know),» I say.«She (leave) for New York this afternoon. She (take) her daughter back with her. You (not/see) the kid for a long time now, ... you?»«No, I ...»«You ought to see her. The kid is turning into a real beauty.»

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Section III. Present PerfectChart 13. PRESENT PERFECT

(time?)

a) They have moved into a new apartment.b) Have you ever visited Mexico?c) I have already seen that movie.d) I have never seen snow.

The present perfect expresses the idea that something happened (or never happened) before now, at an unspecified time in the past. The exact time it happened is not important.If there is a specific mention of time, the simple past is used:I saw that movie last night.

e) We have had four tests so far this semester.f) I have written my wife a letter every other day for the last two weeks.g) I have met many people since I came here in June.h) I have flown on an air-plane many times.

The present perfect also expresses the repetition of an activity before now. The exact time of each repetition is not important.

i) I have been here since seven o’clock.j) We have been here for two weeks.k) I have had this same pair of shoes for three years.l) I have liked cowboy movies ever since I was a child. m) I have known him for many years.

The present perfect also, when used with for or since, expresses a situation that began in the past and continues to the present.In the examples, notice the difference between since and for:since + a particular timefor + a duration of time

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Exercise 14Use the present perfect or simple present in the following clauses of time referring to the future:1. All right, I’ll come down when I (put) on a fresh collar.2. When he (be) off duty he’ll go there.3. «I must know where they are and I shall not rest till I (see) them again,» he thought.4. «No more,» she said to the dog, «but when I (finish) you may have the bone.»5. Go on with your picture. We’ll have a look at it when we (return) from the party.6. «I’ll hand the book over when I (read) it’» he said.7. «Has he gone?» she asked as soon as her sister entered. «No. He refuses to go till he (see) you.»8. I will not leave you till we )talk) this thing out.9. Nobody knows we are here. We may stay here till we (die).10. You won’t think so when you (see) a bit more of it.11. I’ll lock the door when you (go).12. When I (wake) I’ll go for a swim.13. I know that when she (refuse) to help him he’ll make some scene.14. I’ll come when my guests (go).15. Please don’t start watching TV till we (have) supper.16. You’ll find it lonely here after the sun (set).17. Look, call him up again when he (finish) eating.18. «You’ll find,» said Jeff Forster, «that you’ll long for home when you (leave) it.»19. I’ll keep it with me till we (decide) what is to be done with it.20. «I’ll give you some paper and brushes and let you make a picture when we (ask) your mother,» she said to the girl.

Exercise 15.Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the simple past.1. Where is Cliff Knowlden? -I (not see) him today, but he (tell) Sheila Dougherty that he’d be in for dinner.2. I (buy) this in Bond Street.-How much you (pay) for it?-I pay $200.

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3. Where you (find) this knife? -I (find) it in the garden. -Why you (not leave) it there?4. I )lose) my black gloves. You (see) them anywhere? -No, I’m afraid I ... When you last (wear) them? -I (wear) them at the theatre last night. -Perhaps you (leave) them at the theatre.5. Do you know that lady who just (leave) the shop? - Yes, that is Miss Manning. -Is she the customer of yours? - Not exactly. She (be) in here several times but she never (buy) anything.6. He (leave) the house at 8:00. -Where he (go)? -I (not see) where he (go).7. He (serve) in the First World War. -When that war (begin)? -It (begin) in 1914 and (last) for four years.8. Who you (vote) for at the last election? -I (vote) for Mr. Fitzpatrick. -He (not be) elected, (be) he? -No, he (lose) his deposit.9. You (like) your last job? -I (like) it at first but then I (quarrel) with my employer and he (dismiss) me. -How long you (be) there? -I (be) there for two weeks.10. I (not know) that you (know) Mrs. Manning. How long you (know) her? -I (know) her for ten years.11. That is Mr. Minus, who teaches me mathematics, but he (not have) time to teach me much. I only (be) in his class for a week.12. You (hear) his speech on the radio last night? -Yes, I ... -What you (think) of it?13. I (not know) that you (be) here. You (be) here long? -Yes, I (be) here two months. -You (be) to the Cathedral? -Yes, I (go) there last Sunday.14. You ever (try) to give up smoking? -Yes, I (try) last year, but then I (find) that I was getting fat so I (start) again.

Exercise 16.Use present perfect I or the past simple in the following sentences.1. I never (see) anyone more beautiful than you wife.2. I (meet) your husband this afternoon at Green Street.3. He said, «You (meet) this passenger. He calls himself Major Glover.» «I (speak) to him.»4. «I (get) hold of some money - enough for Jeff to go out for a couple of years.» «You (raise) all that money by doing you own housework?» «No, of course not.» «Milly, what you (be) up to?» What you (do)?» «I (sell) the house.» «But what’s Jeff going to say? You (tell) him?» «Why should he care? He’s young/» «Why you (not tell) him?»

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5. I said, «Mr. Wright (be) arrested by the police.» «My goodness. You don’t say. What he (do)?» «He necessarily (not do) anything.» «He (see) a lawyer?» «That’s not possible here. The police wouldn’t allow it.»6. «You (hear) the news?» «What news?» «About Jeff and Monica. They (be) out on the roof last night and Jeff (slip) and Monica (try) to hold him but she couldn’t and (be) pulled off too. They’re both in hospital with concussion and their people (be) sent for.»7. I understand you (have) an unpleasant experience at the week-end? What (happen) exactly?8. You remember the coin you (find) in the pool?9. «Mr. Glover (arrive), Kate.» «Oh, good. You (find) your way all right then, Mr. Glover? I (not hear) you ring the bell.» «I couldn’t find the bell; so I (knock) instead.»10. He (light) a cigarette and (walk) to the window. 11. «Can we get dinner here?» «Of course we can. Have you got enough money? I (spend) my last dollar on the taxi.»12. You (say) just now that time (be) everything. What you (mean) by that?13. As we got into the taxi my brother asked, «Well, you (speak) to Harry.» «I (speak) to him for a moment.»14. «Hello,» the little girl said to her mother and looked at her companion. «Come and say «How do you do» to Mr. Lewis.» «I (see) him already.» «You can’t have done, dear. He only just (arrive) here.» «I (see) him in the hall this afternoon.» «I am sure you didn’t. You (see) my little daughter yet, Mr. Lewis?» «I don’t think we (meet) before,» said Mr. Lewis.15. «I remember you (have) three funny little freckles on your nose,» he said., «but they (disappear.»16. I think I’d better go now. I (act) wrongly and I in a way (deceive) you. I am sorry.17. «You (read) Winnie the Pooh by A.Milne?» «Yes.» «And how you (like) it?» «Very much indeed.»18. She (come) into the room and (lean) over her father’s chair and (kiss) his cheek. «You (have) a good trip?»19. You (not hear) what the pilot say?20. At school I (be) never good at languages, but here I (pick up) a bit of French.21. «Good night. It (be) nice to meet you,» he (say) and (go) off to his car.

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22. «Poor girl,» said Monica looking after her. «Don’t pity her! She (have) her happiness. We all pay for that.» «You (have) yours?» «I (have) my share.» «You (pay) for it?» «Twice over.»23. Well, I know what you (be) through.24. «Then what (happen) to you there?» «Let’s forget it. Even now I can’t believe I (do) it.»

Exercise 17.Use present perfect or the past simple in the following sentences which contain an indication of a period of time:1. «listen’» he said, «my father (fight) for four years in the last war.»2. I (meet) your boy-friend and (have) a long talk with him today.3. «Don’t go, Peter,» said his mother. «I scarcely (see) you today.»4. «Good morning, mother,» he said kissing the top of her head, «you sleep late this morning.»5. I was at school with Alec. Then we (not see) each other for years.6. I (have) coffee with a friend of yours at the Union today.7. I’m taking my wife out tonight. She (not have) any fun for a long time.8. «Has Maggie eaten her tea?» «No. Not a bite. Nor dinner either.» «Why, this is awful. The child (not have) a bite all day.»9. Unsmiling she (regard) him steadily for a long time. He then stopped walking about and looked equally steadily at her.10. I dare say you (not have) a night’s sleep or a proper meal this week.11. Entering her bedroom her mother said: «Pat, dear, aren’t you well? Don’t you think that a cup of tea would be nice? We (have) the first strawberries this morning.»12. «You (see) father this afternoon?» she asked coming in from the garden.13. You are just in time to hear a nice bit of news. Our neighbour is engaged to be married to Pat Shephard. He (bring) me the news himself this morning.14. «I’m sorry I’m late,» he said. «Everything (seem) to hold me up this morning.»

Exercise 18.Use present perfect or the past simple in questions in the following text:-Are you a soldier by profession?

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-Yes.-How long you (be) in the army?-Twenty-five years.-When you (join) the army?-In 1932.-Where you (serve) during the war?-First in the territory of the Ukraine, then in the Far East.-You (see) much fighting in the Ukraine?-A good deal.-How long you (remain) here?-For over a year.-Why you (be) sent to the Far East?-I (be) wounded.-What sort of wound it (be)?-A bullet through the shoulder.-How many times you (be) wounded during the war?-Three times.-They (be) serious wounds?-Rather.-When you (be) wounded the last time?-In 1945.-How you (feel) since then?-Not very strong.-Why you (not leave) the army?-I can’t imagine my life outside the army.-Where you (serve) lately?-In the Caucasus mostly. The climate there suits my health.

Exercise 19Use present perfect or the past simple in the following questions:1. «I’ll drink tea from this tin mug.» «Wherever you (find) it?»2. «What you (hear)?» she demanded. «A farmer tells me he saw your brother walking back to the town.» «Why he (not tell) us?» «He thought we knew.»3. The parrot screamed a few words in Hindi. «Where he (learn) that?» my aunt asked me.4. He showed her inside the house. «Oh, how lovely!» she exclaimed. ‘»I had no idea it would be so lovely. Why you (not tell) us? And you (do) it all by yourself?» «Yes.» «How you (manage) it? It/s so tidy. And the new tea-set! When you (buy) it?»5. When Martin came in his grandmother asked him: «Where you (be) all day?»

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6. «What sort of time you (have) in France?» «A lot of things happened there.»7. «Everyone in the village will talk about it.» «How this affair (begin)?»8. «How many children you (teach) in that other family?» the girl asked her new governess. «Not many. Just one girl, Pat Sheppard.» «How long you (stay) with her?»9. Then my mother asked me: «Why you (go) to the post-office today?»

Exercise 20Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the simple past.1. Where you (be)?-I (be) out in a yacht.-You (enjoy) it?-Yes, very much. We (take) part in a race.-You (win)?-No, we (come) in last because Kate Lewis (fall) into the water and we (have to) get her out.2. How long that horrible monument (be) there?-It (be) six months. Lots of people (write) to the Town Council asking them to take it away but so far nothing (be) done.3. I just (be) to the film War and Peace. You (see) it?-No, I ... Is it like the book?-I (not read) the book.-I (read) it when I (be) at school.-When Tolstoy (write) it?-He (write) it in 1868.-He (write) anything else?4. Hannibal (bring) elephants across the Alps.-Why he (do) that?-He (want) to use them in battle.5. Where you (be)?-I (be) to the dentist.-He (take) out your bad tooth?-Yes, he ...-It (hurt)?-Yes, horribly.6. She (say) that she/d phone me this morning, but it is now 12:30 and she (not phone) yet.7. I just (receive) a letter saying that we (not pay) this quarter’s electricity bill. I (not give) you the money for that last week?

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-Yes, you ... but I’m afraid I (spend) it on something else.8. How long you (be) out of work?-I’m not out of work now. I just (start) a new job.-How you (find) the job?-I (answer) an advertisement in the paper.9. You (finish) checking the accounts?-No, not quite. I (do) about half so far.10. I (cut) my hand rather badly. Have you a bandage?-I’ll get you one. How it (happen)?-I was chopping some wood and the axe (slip)11. How you (get) that scar?-I (get) it in a car accident a year ago.12. You (meet) my brother at the lecture yesterday?-Yes, I ... We (have) coffee together afterwards.13. He (lose) his job last month and since then he (be) out of work.-Why he (lose) his job?-He (be) rude to Mr. Manning.Exercise 21.Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the simple past. In some sentences the present progressive is also possible.1. This is my house.-How long you (live) here?-I (live) here since 1970.2. He (live) in London for two years and then (go) to Edinburgh.3. You (wear) your hair long when you were at school?-Yes, my mother (insist) on it.4. But when I (leave) school I (cut) my hair and (wear) it short ever since.5. Shakespeare (write) a lot of plays.6. My brother (write) several plays. He just (finish) his second tragedy.7. I (fly) over Loch Ness last week.-You (see) the Loch Ness monster?8. I (not see) him for three years. I wonder where he is.9. He (not smoke) for two weeks. He is trying to give it up.10. Chopin (compose) some of his music in Mallorca.11. When he (arrive)?-He (arrive) at 2:00.12. You (lock) the door before you left the house?

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13. I (read) his books when I was at school. I (enjoy) them very much.14. I can/t go out because I (not finish) my work.15. I never (drink) whisky.-Well, have some now.16. I (write) the letter but I can’t find a stamp.17. The clock is slow.-It isn’t slow, it (stop).18. Here are your shoes; I just (clean) them.19. I (leave) home at 8:00 and (get) here at twelve.20. I (do) this sort of work when I (be) an apprentice.21. He just (go) out.22. He (go) out ten minutes ago.23. You (have) breakfast yet?-Yes, I (have) it at 8:00.24. I (meet) him last June.25. You (see) the moon last night?26. The concert (begin) at 2:30 and (last) for two hours. Everyone (enjoy) it very much.27. The play just (begin). You are a little late.28. The newspaper (come)?-Yes. Matilda is reading it.29. The actors (arrive) yesterday and (start) rehearsals early this morning.30. It (be) very cold this year. I Wonder when it is going to get warmer.31. Cervantez (write) Don Quijote32. We (miss) the bus. Now we’ll have to walk.33. He (break) his leg in a skiing accident last year.34. Mr. Godwin is the bank manager. He (be) here for fifteen years.35. Mr. Glover (work) as a cashier for twenty-five years. Then he (retire) and (go) to live in the country.36. You (be) here before?-Yes, I (spend) my holidays here last year.-You (have) a good time?-No, it never (stop) raining.

Exercise 22Put the verbs into the present perfect simple or past simple

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1. News has just come in (just come in) that there (be) and air crash somewhere off the south coast of England. There (be) 120 passengers and crew on the plane and it is understood that no survivors (be found). Apparently the plane (go) mysteriously out of control and (plunge) into the sea. Relatives of most of the passengers and crew (now be informed) and many of them (set off) for the sea rescue base, but they (not be given) much hope. Most of the passengers (be) on business.2. Despite the problem that the government (have) in the last two years , it (somehow manage) to stay in power. There (be) a number of scandals involving government ministers, including one rumour about the Prime Minister himself. It is said that he (promise) gifts to certain Members of Parliament in exchange for their vote before he (be elected) leader. In spite of all this, the government (maintain) its position in Parliament and (claim) that this (be) the most successful term of office that a government (ever have). This is rather surprising as they (come) to power with only a small majority.

Exercise 23Revision: use one of the present tense-aspect forms or the past simple in the following short situations:1. «You (know) the man for many years?» «Yes. We (be) at Cambridge together.»2. In the morning, coming down the stairs, Pat (see) Jeff lying in the sitting-room. «What you (do) here?» «I (sleep) here.» «I’m sorry we (take) you room.» «I (sleep) in my room for fifteen years.» «But this is a pretty room, isn’t it?» «Yes. The sun (be) in it since six this morning.» «You (see) Peter?» You (know) where he is?» «I expect he (talk) to mother.» «Oh, well, they’re old friends, aren’t they?» «Inseparable. They (start) quarrelling this morning at seven o’clock.»3. «Are you keen on golf?» «I (not play) myself. I somehow never (have) the time.»4. The pilot was young with a bad twitch that pulled his mouth to the right twenty times a minute. «This morning,» he kept saying, «this morning I (not have) this. It (get) worse and worse. It (look) bad?» «No,» I said, «I hardly (notice) it.» «I (be shot down) by an American,» the pilot said. «The first American I ever (see). I even (not know) they (be) here.»5. «I’m sorry I (keep) you waiting,» said the maid. «I do hope you (not ring) long. I just (do) the bedroom and the bell (be) rather faint there.»6. Turning I found my father sitting beside me on the sofa. «Hello, Dad,» I said, «how you (get) here?»

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7. «You (not sing) the song once since you (come) back,» Barbara complained. «I (forget) it,» said Monica. 8. I (sit) here all night, and I swear I (not doze) for a moment.9. «Mr. Brown, we (not want) you to misunderstand our leaving you hotel. We (be) very happy here under your roof.» «I (be) glad) to have you. You (catch) Titanic? She (arrive) tomorrow.» «No. We won’t wait for her. I (write) out our address for you. We (fly) to Santo Domingo tomorrow.»10. Then about ten years ago he (disappear) and I never (hear) from him since. 11. «The gas stove is covered in grease. It’s filthy. Why you (not clear) up after you had cooked breakfast? You even (leave) the breakfast things in the sink.»12. I can’t think where I (leave) my key. It’s probably in my other bag. 13. You (paint) any more pictures lately?14. Then I (come) here and I (be) here since. 15. The general turned to my father and said abruptly: « You (be) in the Boer war?»16. The voice on the telephone said: «I’m sorry to bother you but you (receive) my letter?» I said, «Well, I may have and I may not. I (be) away and there are a lot of letter here. I (not look) at them yet.» «I (write) to your club as well.» «I (not open) those either.»17. «Oh, Mary. Come in. You (have) tea?» «Yes, thanks.» «Some milk then? I just (drink) some.»18. «When I (meet) her she (talk) to me of you. God, what a pedestal she (put) you on!» «Well, I (come) off it with a crash. I (topple) for some time,» he said bitterly.Exercise 24Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple, past progressive and present perfectLater that afternoon Miss MacDonald (tell) Tom that Hopkins would like to see him that evening at 7 o’clock. At two minutes after the hour, Tom (knock) at Hopkins door. Hopkins (open) it. He (be) alone, and, to Tom’s surprise, he (look) tired. He (pace) restlessly up and down the room jungling the change in his pockets and gesticulating as he (talk). The first thing he (say) after greeting Tom (be): «I definitely (decide) to go ahead with this mental health committee.»

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Section IV. Past PerfectChart 14. PAST PERFECT

a) My parents had already eaten by the time I got home.b) Until yesterday, I had never heard about it.c) The thief simply walked in. Someone had forgotten to lock the door.

The past perfect expresses an activity that was completed before another activity or time in the past.

d) Sam had already left when we got there.e) Sam had left before we got there.f) Sam left before we got there.g) After the guests had left, I went to bed.h) After the guests left, I went to bed.

In (d): 1st: Sam left2nd: We got there.*If either before or after is used in the sentence, the past perfect is often not necessary because the time relationship is already clear. The simple past may be used, as in (f) and (h). Note: (e) and (f) have the same meaning; (g) and (h) have the same meaning.

*COMPARE: Sam left when we got there. =1st: We got there.2nd: Sam left.

Exercise 25Open the brackets using past simple, past progressive and past perfect.Las night we (go) to a football match. We (take) a bus, The bus (be) full of people as many people (want) to see the match. We (get) off the bus and (go) in the direction of the stadium. While we (cross) the road, I (see) Donald. He (stand) at the corner. He said he (wait) for his friend who (come) to London the day before and (wish) to see the new stadium. A man (come) up to me and asked if I (have) a spare ticket for the match. Donald told us that two boys just (ask) him whether he )have) a spare ticket. We (enter) the stadium just as the football players (come) out on to the field. At the entrance to the stadium we (meet) Tom. He (show) us to our seats and

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we (agree) to meet in the refreshment-room during the interval. He (ask) me if I (play) football in my childhood.

Exercise 26Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or past perfect simple1. A.: I’m sorry we’re late. We missed (miss) the train.B.: How (that/happen)?A.: Well, I (get) the times wrong and when we (arrive) at the station, the train (just leave).2. A.: (you/have) a good meal at Hillary’s?B.: Well no, it (be) very embarrassing. When we (arrive), we (know) immediately that she (forget) about the whole thing.A.: So what (she/do)?B.: Well, she (pretend) that she (not forget) and (say) that the meal (not be) ready because she (get) home from work very late.A.: Oh no, how awful!3. It (be) a beautiful morning. It (rain) in the night and so the ground (be) fresh and clean and it (smell) wonderful. None of the Taylor family (be) awake though. They (all go) to bed very late the night before. Their Australian cousin (arrive) unexpectedly that evening and they (sit up) talking most of the night. Although it (be) now 8 o’clock in the morning, they (only be) in bed for about two hours.

Exercise 27Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or past perfectJames Barry sat (sit) outside the office waiting for the interview. He (feel) so nervous that he (not know) what to do with himself. The person who (go in) before him (be) in there for nearly and hour. And she (look) so confident when she (go) in. Not like James. He (feel) sure that she (already get) the job. The problem (be) that he (want) this job so much. It (mean) everything to him. He (think) about it such a lot before the day of the interview. He (imagine) himself performing brilliantly at the interview and being offered the job immediately. But now here he (be) feeling terribly. He (cannot remember) all those things he (plan) to say. At that moment he (almost decide) to get up and leave. But no - he (have to do) this. He (spend) so much time thinking about it that he (cannot give up) like that. His hands (be) hot and sticky and his mouth (feel) dry. Finally the door of the office (open). The woman who (go in) and hour earlier (come out) looking very pleased with herself. She (smile) sympathetically at James. At that moment James (hate) her. The managing director then (appear) at the

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office door. Would you like to come in now, Mr. Barry? I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. James suddenly (wish) that he (go) home after all. He (get up), legs shaking and forehead sweating and (wonder) whether he (look) as terrified as he (feel).

Exercise 28Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or past perfect1. The new bus-driver (have) an accident after he (drive) a few yards.2. When I (get) to the cinema, the film (start). 3. The students (enter) the classroom five minutes after the bell (ring).4. After she (lock) and (bolt) all the doors, she (go) to bed.5. The students (do) the exercise very well after the teacher (show) them how to.6. The little boy (tell) a lie five minutes after he (promise) to tell the truth.7. When the plane (land), the sun (set).8. She (feel) sick) after she (eat) a whole box of chocolates.9. After the doctor (examine) the child he (have) a talk with the mother.10. When I (call) on my friend, he (go) out.11. Mary (finish) her homework when her father (come) home from his office.12. I (throw) away the newspaper after I (read) it.13. After she (spend) all her money she (ask) her farther to help her.14. The teacher (give) back the exercise-books after he (correct) them.15. The sun (rise) when the farmer (start) work.

Exercise 29Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or past perfect. Notice that a past time is given in the first sentence of each passage, and that a past tense is used to express this time.1. The tourists arrived at London Airport early on Monday morning. They (leave) Cairo on Sunday evening. They (spend) a fortnight in Egypt and (see) most of the sights. After they (show) their passports to the official and (pass) through the Customs, they (get) on the bus and (go) to the terminal.2. The examination was over at noon. Jack gave his answer paper to the teacher and (leave) the room. He (not answer) all the questions. He (write)

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very long answers to three questions and there (not be) enough time to answer the other two.3. Henry came home at half past eleven last night. He (meet) a friend in the street at seven o’clock and (go) to the cinema with him. When he got home, the house (be) ion darkness. Everybody (go) to bed.4. Mr. Jones left the hospital at the end of April. He (break) his leg in March and (be) in hospital for about five weeks. He (get) into a taxi and (go) straight home. He (tell) everybody at home that the doctors and nurses (look) after hin very well.5. I left home this morning at eight o’clock, (jump) on a bus and (sit) down. The conductor (come) for the fare. I (put) my hand in my pocket for the money, but is (be) empty. I (forget) my money. I (leave) it on the table in my bedroom. I (have to get off the bus and go home again. I (be) half and hour late at the office that morning. I (never) be late before.

Exercise 30Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple and past perfectHe (look) at his watch. In a quarter of an hour he (be) due at the General Meeting of the New Colliery Company - one of the Uncle Jolyon’s concerns; he should see Uncle Jolyon there, and say something to him about Bossiney - (not/make) up his mind what, but something - in any case he should not answer this letter until he (see) Uncle Jolyon. He (get) up and methidically (put) away the draft of his defence. Going into a dark little cupboard, he (turn) up the light, (wash) his hands with a piece of brown Windsor soap, and (dry) them on a roller towel. Then he (brush) his hair, (turn) down the light, (take) his hat and (leave) the house.

Exercise 31Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple and past perfectIt (be) so exiting to be actually at the party again. She (be) pleased also with the warm reception she (receive). When she (enter) the house, everyone (rush) to her with cries of pleasure and welcome, (kiss) her, (shake) her hand, (tell) her they (miss) her dreadfully. Everyone (speak) gently with tears in their eyes and (ask) at length about her children. Everyone (ask) about Melanie and Ashley, demanding the reason why they, too, (not/come) back to Atlanta.

Exercise 32Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple and past perfect

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1. At half past four I (put) on the lights. The shop (look) shabbier in artificial light too, the shelves (be) dusty and the ceiling (be/not painted) since I (go) there. It (be) full of cracks. I (look) in the mirror to see how my hair (be). We were going somewhere that night, my friend Baba and me. My face in the mirror (look) round and smooth. I (suck) my cheeks in, to make them thinner. I (long) to be thin like Baba.2. He (tell) me that he (win) cups and medals for swimming when he (be) a boy. He (live) most of his life in Dublin, with his mother, and (go) to work at twelve or thirteen. His father (leave) them when he (be) a small boy, and as a child he (comb) the beaches looking for scrap.

Exercise 33Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple and past perfect1. During that long drive he (experience) again feelings that he (not have) since the war.2. His eyes (light) on the paper bag containing those things he (buy).3. He (stop) suddenly and (hear) his heart in the silence. How far he (walk)? What hour it (be)?4. Some sound in the night (awaken) me. I (roll) over in the blanket his aunt (loan) me and (go) out.5. These (be) the highest words of praise they ever (hear) from the old man.6. 6. Evening (fall) when he (wake).7. At half past nine, when the last patient (leave) the surgery, he (come) out and (go) straight home.8. He (hardly) reach) the trees when the kitchen door (open) and steps (sound) on the wooden porch.9. Melanie (turn) to her and on her face (be) the expression Scarlett never (see) in those serene eyes.10. This (be) the talking between brothers who just (meet) up with each other.11. It (be) he who (ask) me to stay on when I (want) to leave.12. For the first time since I (come) into the room, he (speak).13. What (make) you think me (be) upset) last night? -He (do) a thing he never (do) before.14. He (talk) about the town, where he (live) for some years.15. At half past four I (put) on the lights.16. He (say) she (read) all about it in the paper a year or two before.

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17. His father (arrive) last year.18. Tom (have) a feeling that he (see) the man before. 19, He (come) up last summer.20. I (work) in a florist’s in the north of the town and (be) there for two years.21. She (keep) calling her son until he (return) to the front of the house.22. He hardly (go) when the telephone bell (ring).23. Fleur (look) at her watch and (rise).24. When her father (go) she (put) the book on the desk.25. He (sink) into a chair, remembering what her father (say) to him a few days before his departure.26. Eighteen years (go) since he first (go) into the St. John’s Wood house.27. It (seem) she (drive) a long time when the car (stop).28. This down-break of his son, whom he (not see) cry since he (be) born, (move) Jolyon terribly.29. She barely (go) when I (come).30. Constance (catch) hold of the chair in which her mother (sit) before.31. It (be) still early in the day to cook the meal, because the sun (not reach) yet the noon.32. With that he (turn) his back and (look) at the house before which he (descend).33. And there (begin) for Soames the most confused evening he ever (spend).34. He (shake) hands and (hurry) off.

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Exercise 34Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple and past perfect1. I (be) very careful not to hint or remind her in any way of what she (tell) me.2. He (be) with them every day since he (arrive) from London.3. She (not see) him since long before her last son (be) born.4. There (be) a curious expression on his face I never (see) before.5. Almost opposite (be) that gallery where she first (meet) him and John.6. He (be) a teacher at the University as his father (be) before him.7. There (be) a silence after she (go).8. It (be) one of the happiest afternoons he ever (spend).9. And then, turning the corner of the path, Old Jolyon (see) Irene exactly where he (see) her the first time, on the log.10. And still he (think) about it even after he (go) to bed.11. And, paying for what he (not eat), he (go) out, passing two acquaintances without sign of recognition.12. Very deliberately and carefully, Poirot (retell) the conversation he (hold) with Shaitana at Wessex House.13. She just (open) the letter a few moments before my call (come) through.14. She (greet) Poirot whom she (meet) before at a literary dinner in an agreeable bass voice.15. There (be) something vaguely familiar about her face but I couldn’t remember where I (see) her before.16. Big Ben (thump) out eleven strokes; Dandie (bark), and Michael (know) that Soames (come).17. He (step) forward and there (appear) in his voice a quality of strength that his sister never (hear) before.18. When Val (leave) them Soames and Winifred (make) their way to the Cheshire Cheese.19. The old man (sit) there after Lester (go), thinking deeply.20. When an hour (pass) she (hear) somebody’s feet coming down the street.21. About twenty people already (arrive) when they (enter) the hall.22. They (not go) four miles before Swithin (receive) the impression that Irene (like) driving with him.

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23. Every one (stand) up. James (be) so old; and Soames (not be) at Timothy’s for nearly two years.24. But he (not go) forty yards in the direction of Piccadilly when Holly’s shay face (come) up before him.25. As it (be), he (receive) nods and even smiles form people who never (seem) to look at him before.

Exercise 35Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple, past progressive and past perfectAfter Pissy (go), Scarlett (go) wearily into the downstairs hall and (light) a lamp. The house (feel) steamingly hot, as though it held in its walls all the heat of the noontide. Some of her dullness (pass) now and her stomach (clamour) for food. She (remember) she (have) nothing) to eat since the night before except a spoonful of hominy and picking up the lamp she (go) into the kitchen. The fire in the oven (die) but the room (be) hot. She (find) half a pone of bread and (eat) quickly while she (look) about for other food. There (be) some hominy left in the pot and she (eat) it with a big cooking spoon, not waiting to put it on a plate. It (need) salt badly but she (be) too hungry to hunt for it. After four spoonfuls of it, the heat of the room (be) too much and, taking the lamp in one hand and a piece of bread in the other, she (go) out into the hall. It (be) so much cooler here, even the night was drowned in soft warmth. She (sit) down on the steps in the circle of faint light thrown by the lamp and (continue) eating the bread.When she (finish) it, a measure of strength (come) back to her.

Exercise 36Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple, past progressive and past perfectI (not/be) in Tahiti long before I (meet) Captain Nichols. He (come) in one morning when I (have) breakfast on the terrace of the hotel and (introduce) himself. He (hear) that I (be) interested in Charles Strickland, and (announce) that he (come) to have a talk about him. I (ask) the stranger if he (have) breakfast. «Yes’» he (answer). When he (smile) he (show) broken and discoloured teeth. He (be) a very lean man, with grey hair cut short and a grey moustache. He (not/shave) for a couple of days.«I knew Strickland well/» he (say), as he (lean) back in his chair and (light) the cigar I (offer) him.«Where you (meet) him?» I (ask).«In Marselles!»

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«What you (do) there?»He (smile) and (say): «Well, I guess I (be) on the beach.»

Exercise 37Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple, past progressive and past perfectHe (not/cover) the first of those miles, however, when the luck (favour) him at last. He (meet) a cart turning in his direction out of a field and this time he (be) able to beg a lift, though it (take) several minutes to explain the driver , a little old whiskered fellow nearly as deaf as one of his own sacks, exactly what he (want). And by the time he (make) it plain to his companion that he (travel) about, that he (want) a wash and brush-up and some breakfast, Everwell itself (be) in sight. It (be) a little place that (look) somehow as if it had been dropped there.

Exercise 38Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple, past simple, past progressive and past perfectWe just (finish) lunch. Mrs. Stacey (go) to her room to rest as usual. I (settle) her on her bed with plenty of pillows and her book, and (leave) the room when she (call) me back.«Don’t go, nurse, there (be) something I (want) to say to you.»I (come) back into the room.«Shut the door.»I (obey).She (get) up from the bed and (begin) to walk up and down the room. I could see that she (make) up her mind to something and I (not/like) to interrupt her. She (be) clearly in indecision of mind.

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Section V. Present Perfect ProgressiveChart 15. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Right now I am sitting at my desk.a) I have been sitting here since seven o’clock.b) I have been sitting here for two hours.c) You have been studying for five straight hours. Why don’t you take a break?d) It has been raining all day. It is still raining right now.

This tense is used to indicate the duration of an activity that began in the past and continues to the present. When the tense has this meaning, it is used with time words such as for, since, all morning, all day, all week.

(recently)

e) I have been thinking about changing my major.f) All of the students have been studying hard. Final exams start next week.g) My back hurts, so I have been sleeping on the floor lately. The bed is too soft.

When the tense is used without any specific mention of time, it expresses a general activity in progress recently, lately.

h) I have lived here since 1985.I have been living here since 1985.i) He has worked at the same store for ten years.He has been working at the same store for ten years.

With certain verbs (most notably live, work, teach), there is little or no difference in meaning between the two tenses when since of for is used.

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Exercise 39Use the present progressive of the present perfect progressive in the following sentences:1. «There is a man sitting at the first table near the door. He (look) at us,» she said. «He is, but what of it?» «I (meet) him everywhere of late.»2. Ever since my University days I (study) the history of Russia. Now I (read) books on the Civil War.3. I know you (ask) for somebody with experience on your staff. There is a doctor in our laboratory who might interest you. But he now (finish) and experiment. 4. «I (visit) with friends.» «How long you (stay) with your friends?» 5. The door was opened by Mrs. Manning. «Well, well, you’re just in time. I (make) some cakes. And your father (have) breakfast.»6. «Where’s my daughter?» «She (talk) to a policeman.» «What’s happened?» «She (drive) without a license.»7. «I hope you (do) well?» «Splendid/ I was very sorry that you left us. We (do) better ever since.»8. «Hello,» she said. «I’m glad you (have) lunch here. I (want) to talk to you.»9. «We (stay) here nearly a week.» «I hope you (not think) of leaving.»10. «The girl (wait) to see you, doctor.» «How long she (wait)?»

Exercise 40Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the present perfect progressive. (In some cases either could be used.)1. We (walk) ten kilometres.2. We (walk) for three hours.3. You (walk) too fast. That/s why you are tired.4. I (make) a sausage rolls for the party all the morning.5. How many you (make)? -I (make) 200.6. That boy (eat) seven ice-creams.7. He (not stop) eating since he arrived.8. The driver (drink). I think someone else ought to drive.9. I (pull) up 100 dandelions.10. I (pull) up dandelions all day.

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11. What you (do)? -We (pick) apples.12. How many you (pick)? -We (pick) ten baskets.13. I (sleep) on every bed in this house and I don’t like any of them.14. He (sleep) since ten o’clock. It’s time he woke up.15. He (ride); that/s why he is wearing breeches.16. I (ride) all the horses in this stable.17. What a lovely smell! -Mary (make) jam.16. The students (work) very well this term.19. I only (hear) from him twice since he went away.20. I (hear) from her regularly. She is a very goo correspondent.21. I (grease) my car. That’s why my hands are so dirty.22. I (polish) this table all the morning and she isn’t satisfied with it yet.23. I (work) for him for ten years and he never once (say) «Good morning» to me.25. He (teach) in this school for five years.25. I (teach) hundreds of students but I never (meet) such a hopeless class as this.26. Why you (be) so long in the garage? -The tyres were flat; I (pump) them up.27. I (pump) up three tyres. Would you like to do the fourth?28. I (look) for mushrooms but I (not find) any.29. He (cough) a lot lately. He ought to give up smoking.30. You (hear) the news? Jeff and Monica are engaged! -That’s not new; I (know) it for ages!31. I (try) to finish this letter for the last half-hour. I wish you’d go away or stop talking. -I hardly (say) anything.32. The driver of that car (sound) his horn or the last ten minutes.33. It (rain) for two hours and the ground is too wet to play on, so the match was postponed.34. He (hope) for a rise in salary for six months but he (not dare) to ask for it yet.35. Mr. Stacey, you (whisper) to the student on you right for the last ten minutes. You (help) her with her exam paper of she (help) you?

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36. Why you (make) such a terrible noise? -I (lose) my key and I (try) to wake my wife by throwing stones at the window. -You (throw) stones at the wrong window. You live next door.

Exercise 41Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the present perfect progressive.1. Why you (not bring) me the letters for signature? You (not type) them yet?2. I (do) housework all morning and I (not finish) yet. -I (do) min already. I always start at 6 a.m. 3. She just (sell) two of her own paintings. -She’s lucky. I (paint) for five years and I (not sell) a single picture yet.4. What you (do) with my typewriter? I can’t find it anywhere. -Tom just (go) off with it.5. George (collect) match-boxes ever since he left school. Now he (collect) so many that he doesn’t know where to put them.6. That man (stand) at the bus stop for the last half hour. Shall I tell him that the last bus already (go)?

Exercise 42Open the brackets using the present perfect or the present perfect progressive and either since or for.Dear Pierre,I’m glad that you are my new pen-friend. Let me tell you something about myself and my hobbies.I am 12 years old and I (attend) our local comprehensive school ... almost 2 years. I don’t like school too much. I prefer riding my bicycle and playing football. I (ride) a bicycle ... I was 7 and I (play) football for the school team ... last January. It’s a great fun. But I (not play) with the team ... the last four weeks, because the weather’s been too wet. I haven’t got any favourite school subjects apart from sports. I (learn) French at school ... a year now, but I don’t really enjoy it. I have some interesting hobbies: I often go to football matches and ... two years now I (build) a model railway with my father.I also have a favourite uncle in France. He (work) in Paris ... the summer before last. He often writes to us, but I (not write) to him ... his birthday.

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I (lie) in bed ill ... over a week now. I (have) a bad cold and a high temperature... last Sunday so I (not be able) to go to school ... a week. Isn’t that a great pity? I (not do) any homework ... over a week, either.Please write to me soon.With best wishes,Peter Manning

Exercise 43Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the present perfect progressive.Tim Bryant, a magazine journalist, is interviewing Margaret Rodwell, the founder of a successful company.TB: So why do you think your company has been (be) so successful?MR: Well, our products (fill) a large gap in the market and I think one of

the most important things is that we (always listen) to our clients and we (act) on their comments and suggestions.

TB: And what’s a typical day for you?MR: Well, take today for example. I (interview) candidates for a

marketing executive post.TB: And how many (you/interview)? MR: Er, I (interview) four so far. And I (talk) to clients on the phone on

and off all day. I seem to spend a lot of time on the phone. I (discuss) some new ideas with them for the transportation and delivery of our products.

TB: Mm, it sounds like a very busy day.MR: Ohm that/s only part of it. I (have) two meetings: one with Union

representatives and one with departmental heads. And I (also work) on a proposal for a new marketing strategy.

TB: And it’s not two o’clock yet!MR: No, but of course I (be) here since seven o’clock this morning.TB: Gosh. And I hope you don’t mind my mentioning this Mrs. Rodwell,

but some rumours (circulate) about your possible engagement to Mr. Mr. Manning, the banker.

MR: No, there will be no engagement, though it’s true that Mr. Manning and I (see) each other. That’s no secret.

TB: When you get the time, I suppose. And is it also true that you (learn) Russian with a view to introducing your products there?

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MR: Yes, I have, but I (not learn) much yet, there’s still a long way for me to go.

Exercise 44Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the present perfect progressive.1. You look hot. What have you been doing (you/do)? -I (run). -Running in this heat? How far (you/run)? -About ten miles.2. What’s the problem? You look a bit preoccupied. -Yes, I (think) about Helen. -Why? Is there something wrong with her? -Well, she (act) so strangely lately. -In what way? -Well, some days when she arrives at work, I know that she (cry). And she (make) private calls when we’re all out at lunch. I just think that something’s going on. -...(you/talk) to her about it yet? -Yes, a few times, and each time she (say) that there’s nothing wrong but I’m not so sure.3. Where (you/be), Simon? -I (talk) to Mark on the phone. He says he (try) to phone us all day. -Well, I (be) in most of the day but I (not hear) the phone. -That’s strange. But anyway, he (have) a phone call from Jackie’s mother and Jackie (be) in some kind of accident. It’s nothing very serious but she’s got to stay in hospital overnight. -Oh dear. ...(she/break) any bones? -I’m not quite sure how badly she (be hurt), but I think we should go and see her tonight.

Exercise 45Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: the present perfect or the present perfect progressive.1. Peter: You (telephone) for ages. You not nearly (finish)?Jack: I (not get) through yet. I (try) to get out Paris office but the line (be) engaged all morning.2. Ann (fail) her driving test three times because she’s so bad at reversing. But she (practice) reversing for the last week and I think she (get) a bit better at it.3. Tom: I often (wonder) why Bill left the country so suddenly.Peter: Actually, I just (find) out.4. He (play) the bagpipes since six o’clock this morning. He only just (stop).5. Tom (looking up absent-mindedly as Mary comes in): You (sunbathe)?Mary (crossly): Don’t be ridiculous! It (rain) all day!

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6. A pair of robins (build) a nest in the porch since last week. I (Watch them from my window since they began.7. Someone (use) my umbrella! It’s all wet! And it was wet yesterday and the day before! -Well, it wasn’t me. I (not be) out of the house for a week.8. The police (not find) the murderer yet, but the dead man’s brother (be) in the station all day. The police say that he (help) them with their enquiries.9. They (pull) down most of the houses in this street, but they (not touch) the old shop at the corner yet.10. Tom is convinced that there is gold in these hills but we *search) for six months and (not see) any sign of it.11. I (wait) for the prices of the houses to come down before buying a house, but I think I (wait) too long and the prices are beginning to go up again.12. Peter (be) a junior clerk for three years. Lately he (look) for a better post but so far he (not find) anything.13. I (do) housework all morning and I (not finish) yet. -I (do) mine already. I always start at 6 a.m.14. I just (pick) ten pounds of strawberries! I (grow) strawberries for years but I never (have) such a good crop before.15. What you (do) with the corkscrew? The point is broken off. -I’m afraid I (use) it to make holes in this tin.16. She just (sell) two of her own paintings. -She’s lucky. I (paint) for five years and I (not sell) a single picture yet.17. They are throwing crockery at each other in the next flat. -This (happen) before? -Well, they (have) a good many rows but this ios the first time they (throw) crockery.18. What you (do) with my typewriter? I can’t find it anywhere. -Tom just (go) off with it. He says he’ll bring it back when he (finish).19. He works for Crow Brothers for forty years and never once (be) late. The firm just (present) him with a gold watch as a sign of their appreciation.20. We (mend) sheets all morning but we only (do) three, and now the sewing machine (break) down so we’ll be even slower with the next one.21. George (collect) matchboxes aver since he left school. Now he (collect) so many that e doesn’t know where to put them.22. I (look) through my old photograph album. It’s full of photographs of people whose names I completely (forget). I wonder what (happen) to them all.

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23. It was lovely at eleven o’clock, but since then the sky (get) steadily darker and the wind (rise). I’m afraid the fine spell (come) to an end.24. Since he became Mayor, my brother reckons that he (eat) 30 official lunches and 22 official dinners, and he (lose) count of the number of receptions and parties that he (attend).-He (put) on a lot of weight?25. Secretary: Customers (ring) up all morning complaining about getting incorrect bills.Manager: I know; something (go) wrong with our computer. The mechanic (work) on it. I hope he (find) out what is wrong.

Exercise 46Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple, present perfect or the present perfect progressive.Andrew and Michael, two friends, are talking.A: Hello, I haven’t seen (not see) you for ages.M: No, it must be about two years since we last (meet). What (you/do)

with yourself?A: I (do) all sorts of things. Life (be) very busy lately. I (start) a new job

at the sailing centre.M: Really? Doing what?A: I (teach) beginners’ courses to school groups this term but when

those (finish), I’ll be teaching more advanced groups on holiday courses.

M: That sounds great. What about your old job at the tourist office then?A: Well, I (work) there for ten years and I quite (enjoy) the job but I

(want) to do something different. I (always/enjoy) sailing in my spare time so I (think) it would be nice to do it for a job.

M: So how long (you/be) at the sailing centre?A: For about two months now. I’m sure I (do) the right thing. It’s a

really enjoyable job. And what about you?M: Well, I’m still at the Rembrandt Hotel. I (work) there for fifteen years

now. But I (have) a promotion, so that’s good. They (give) me the job of head receptionist.

A: Oh, that’s good news.M: Yes, it (make) me feel much better about work. I mean, I (do) a lot of

different jobs at the hotel but I (never have) a job with this much responsibility before. I (work) on the reception desk for four years when I (start) at the hotel - that was before they (move) me into the

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office - but I (be) only a junior receptionist then so I just (do) what I (be told) to do.

A: So when (you/get) the new job?M: A month ago, after (pass) my intermediate exams in Spanish and

German at the college. Did you know I (do) language evening classes at the college for a while now?

A: No, I didn’t realise.M: Yes, I (decide) that I (cannot get) any further at work without

learning some languages.A: And so you did! What a good idea.

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Section VI. Past Perfect ProgressiveChart 16. PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

i) The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they caught him.j) The patient had been waiting in the emergency room for almost an hour before a doctor finally treated her.k) He finally came at six o’clock. I had been waiting for him since four-thirty

The past perfect progressive emphasises the duration of an activity that was in progress before another activity or time in the past.

l) When Judy got home, her hair was still wet because she had been swimming.m) Her eyes were red because she had been crying.

This tense also may express an activity in progress recent to another time or activity in the past.

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Exercise 47Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple, past perfect and past perfect progressive.He (place)a picture on the easel and (let) me look at it for a minute or two; then he (take) it down and (put) another in its place. He (show) me about thirty canvases. It (be) the result of the six years during which he (paint).He never (sell) a picture. The canvases (be) of different sizes. The smaller (be) pictures of still-life and the largest (be) the landscapes. There (be) about half a dozen portraits.

Exercise 48Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple, past progressive, past perfect and past perfect progressive.1. She (take) the package from me and (sit) down on the floor to open it. His eyes (smile) now. She (lift) out the doll and (look) at me. «It’s very pretty,» she (say).2. There (be) only one sound to be heard in the street, but no sooner Mr. Manning (hear) it than he (quicken) his pace at once.3. She (turn) the light back on, (lie) on the sofa and (take) up the book she (read).4. For a moment after the door (close) softly behind their son, Mr. Tarantino and Mrs. Tarantino merely (stand) and (look) at each other.5 He (let) the edge of the blind fall and, stepping down from the bench on which he (stand) (walk) out of the room.6. We (sit) around silently for a moment, each trying to think of some possibility we (overlook).7. His secretary (take) the paper from the table where he (put) it, and (go) out.8. It (be) near midnight when they (come) in from dinner, still laughing at something he (say) in the dining-room.9. There (be) a silence. Andrew (sit) still for a moment. The situation (be) worse even that he (imagine).10. Lester (sit) down in his easy-chair by the window after his brother (go) and (gaze) ruminantly out over the flourishing city.11. She (get) to her feet, (slip) into her coat, and (go) to the door, when she (open) it, she (look) back at her mother.12. Irene (stand) by the piano, she (take) off her hat and a lace scarf she (wear), so that her gold-coloured hair (be) visible.

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13. We (shake) hands. I (feel) so shy that I could think of nothing to say, but Mrs. Manning (come) to my rescue. She (ask) me what I (do) with myself during the summer, and with this help I (manage) to make some conversation.14. It (be) two o’clock. Eliza (be) suddenly thoroughly awake. She (sit) up in her bed and (circle) her knees with her arms. It (rain), the way it (rain) for days. 15. When Fleur and her father (go) up, Michael (light) a cigarette and (pass) back into the «parlour». He (sit) down at the clavicord.16. John (be) happier than he (be) since he (land) in the New World three and a half years ago.17. At this moment the curtain (go) up again. Since Laurie Anderson (not appear), Soames (be) obliged to keep awake.18. When he (reach) Andrew, whom he (see) half way down the street, he (give) a theatrical start of recognition.19. Sue (look) at me with those pleasant eyes of hers, which (be) as sympathetic as they (be) more than twenty years before.20. They (gallop) back along the track. The sun (go) down even faster than he (think), the air (grow) cold, the light grey.21. In his turn Jolyon (look) back at his son. He (want) to talk about many things that he (be) unable to talk about all these years.22. The teacher (rise) from her seat and (go) among the children, helping them with gentle words and telling them the mistakes they (make). 23. They (drink) hot coffee from the thermos Sandy (bring).24. She (be) at the station after all, standing just as he (imagine), apart from the others.25. When she (finish) her simple tale, for she hardly (be) away from home, there (be) silence, till John (say): «It’s half past seven only.»26. He just (finish) his work and with a mild sense of achievement (write) the label when the surgery bell (ring), the outer door (swing) open, and a short, powerfully thickest red-faced man of thirty (stroll) in, followed by a dog.27. That evening Denny (arrive) as he (promise), for supper. He (bring) a message from Hope, who (ring) him from Cambridge, to say that he (be) unable to get to London that evening.

Exercise 49Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple and past perfect progressive.

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1. Jack (clench) the pencil he (use).2. He (know) from the redness of her eyes, there (be) times she (cry).3. Turning away, Gwen (move) to close the cupboard Demerest (look) into. 4. Through the open window he could see the chair where Eliza (sit) the previous night.5. He (look) up again after Mr. Oakroyd (stand) there a minute of two.6. He (sit) down opposite her and (lift) the large glass of tomato juice out of the ice in which it (rest).7. So he (listen) graciously when Mrs. Manning (venture) to put the question which (revolve) in her mind all the afternoon.8. Carefully she (close) the magazine, turning down the corner of the page that she (read).

Exercise 50Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple, past progressive and past perfect progressive.1. That evening, that Monday evening, I (get) a phone call when I (eat) dinner at the club.2. My sister’s birthday (be) the only thing anybody (talk) at home for the last two weeks.3. I (go) back to the hotel and up to my room, where I (expect) my parents at six-thirty.4. Presently he (turn) to greet her, who (stand) at his elbow.5. Scarlett, who (fan) herself with a turkey-tail fan, (stop) abruptly.6. He just (leave) for the airport when Dip (call).7. What are you thinking of? -he (ask) after he (look) at me for a few seconds.8. At nine in the morning she (stand) on the steps in front of the hotel, shivering in a linen dress.9. He (not say) where he (sleep) and (have) the appearance of not having slept at all.

Exercise 51Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple, past progressive, past perfect and past perfect progressive.1. He (leave) a message that he (call).

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2. A young man who (stand) on the pavement (come) forward.3. She (meet) her daughter’s eyes, but (seem) not to hear what she (say).4. A young man at whose feet she (sit), (rise) and (stand) before Michael.5. He again (come) to the village where he (live) in childhood.6. They (be) silent a moment. She (wait) for him to speak.7. James (return) to the book he (read) when his parents (enter).8. The town (be) not large, but he (not be) sorry he (come) here.9. Michael (go) back into the drawing-room. Fleur (stand) near the window.10. I (try) to remember what I (do) during that time.11. When their visitor (leave) John and his mother (stand) without speaking.12. When he (dress) he (go) downstairs, (write) a long letter to his parents and another to his sister.13. «You are welcome,» she (say) and (walk) back to where she (sit) with her little son.14. When he (come) home, he (see) that something (happen) to his daughter.15. While he (read) this notice a middle-aged woman (appear) in the doorway.16. She (sit) at the table only five minutes when a car (come).17. Their father (be) still silent, even when they (have) coffee.18. Eighteen years (go) since he first (go) into this house.19. John (wait) until Eliza and her brothers (go).20. The three (sit) down to the meal that Susan (prepare).21. I (not be) here ten minutes before they (come) in.

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Exercise 52Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple, past perfect and past perfect progressive.1. He (give) me back the book, (thank) me for lending it to him and (say) that he (enjoy) it very much; but I (know) that he (not read) it because most of the pages (be) still uncut.2. When he (see) his wife off at the station, he (return) home as he (not have) to be at the airport till 9:30. 3. He (not have) to pack, for his wife already (do) that for him and his case (be) ready in the hall.4. He (not have) to check the doors and windows either, for his wife always (do) that before she (leave) the house.5. All he (have) to do (be) to decide whether or not to take his overcoat with him. In the end he (decide) not to.6. At 8:30 he (pick) up his case, (go) out of the house and (slam) the door behind him.7. Then he (feel) in his pockets for the key, his wife (remind) him to double-lock the front door.8. When he (search) all his pockets and (find) no key he (remember) where it (be).9. He (leave) it in his overcoat pocket.10. Then he (remember) something else; his passport and tickets (be) in his overcoat pocket as well.11. I (arrive) in England in the middle of July. I (be told) that England (be) shrouded in fog all year round, so I (be) quite surprised to find that it was merely raining.12. I (ask) another passenger, an Englishman, about the fog and he (say) that there (not be) any fog since the previous February.13. If I (want) fog, he said, I (come) at quite the wrong time.14. However, he (tell) me that I could buy tinned fog at a shop in Shaftesbury Avenue.15. He (admit) that he never (buy) fog there himself but (assure) me that they (sell) good quality fog and that it (not be) expensive. I suppose he was joking.16. When the old lady (return) to her flat she (see) at once that burglars (break) in during her absence, because the front door (be) open and everything in the flat (be) upside down.

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17. The burglars themselves (be) no longer there, but they probably only just (leave) because a cigarette was still burning on an ornamental table.18. Probably they (hear) the lift coming up and (run) down the fire escape.19. They (help) themselves to her whisky too but there (be) a little left, so she (pour) herself out a drink.20. She (wonder) if they (find) her jewellery and rather (hope) that they had.21. The jewellery (be given) her by her husband, who (die) some years before.22. Since his death she (not have) the heart to wear it, yet she (not like) to sell it.23. Now it (seem) that fate (take) the matter out of her hands, and certainly the insurance money would come in handy.24. I (put) the $5 note into one of my books, but next day it (take) me ages to find it because I (forget) which book I (put) it into.25. A woman (come) in with a baby, who she (say) just (swallow) a safety pin.26. I (think) my train (leave) at 14:33, and (be) very disappointed when I (arrive) at 14:30 and (learn) that it just (leave).27. I (find) later that I (use) an out-of-date timetable.28. He (park) his car under a No Parking sign and (rush) into the shop. When he (come) out of the shop ten minutes later his car (be) no longer there.29. He (wonder) if someone (steal) it or if the police (drive) it away.30. It (be) now 6 p.m.; and Jack (be) tired because he (work) hard all day.31. He (be) also hungry because he (have) nothing to eat since breakfast.32. His wife usually (bring) him sandwiches at lunch time, but today for some reason she (not come).33. He (keep) looking at her, wondering where he (see) her before.34. I (look) out before I (go) to bed and (see) a man standing on the opposite pavement watching the house.35. When I (get up) the following morning he (be) still there, and I (wonder) whether he (stay) there all night or of he (go) away and (come) back.

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Section VII. Future FormsFuture w i th wi l l This is also referred to as the future simple or simple future tense.

will (‘ll) + bare infinitive: I will (I'll) go, etc. Short form of will not: won't

USE To make a statement of fact or a prediction about the future: Mary

will be here tomorrow. Tonight's programme will be very interesting. To make formal announcements of future plans and to present

weather forecasts. It is therefore often used in newspapers and on the television and radio.The new President will move into the White House tomorrow. Rain will continue throughout the day.

To express hopes, expectations, thoughts about the future. Used after verbs like: assume, believe, doubt, expect, hope, reckon, suppose, think an6 be sure/afraid and with adverbs like perhaps, possibly, probably, definitely. I expect they'll be here soon. Do you think she'll bring her boyfriend with her?

In sentences containing clauses of condition or time: //" / get that job, I'll go out and celebrate. I'll phone you when I get there.

To express an intention when the decision is made at the time of speaking.A: There isn't any milk left. a: Oh, isn't there? I'll get some in town. I'm going there later on.

To express the idea of willingness: I’ll do it for you, I promise, (promise) Will you open the window, please? (request)I’ll look after the children for you. (offer) He won't come with me. (refusal) Yes. I’ll come with you. (agreement) I’ll definitely tell him the truth this time. (determination) Stop that or I’ll call the police. (threat).

To make offers or suggestions or to ask for suggestions, advice. instructions.

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Use Shall I/we .in the Question form. Shall I help you with that? (offer) Shall we invite them round for dinner? (suggestion) What shall I do? Shall we come round after dinner?

Note The use of shall In spoken English. shall is most often used in the question form with I or

we to make offers or suggestions or to ask for suggestions, advice, instructions.

Shall I come with you?What shall we do tomorrow? Shall is occasionally used to express strong determination about oneself

or someone else.I shall go anyway. I don't care what you think. I shan't let him bello me. You shall have whatever you want. Shall can be used in the same way as will in the first person but will is

more common. In spoken English, the contraction ‘ll is the most common. Shall is used more frequently in formal written English than in informal written or spoken English.

We shall make every effort to answer your enquiry as soon as possible.I shall be at the airport to meet you in person.

Exercise 53Complete the following sentences with will/’ll or shall/’ll and a verb from the box.

Offer make tell have buy drop wash announce receive be sentenced phone carry be invite go

1. I'm sorry about losing that book. I’ll buy you another one next week.2. I one of those cases for you.3. The temperature .. significantly during the afternoon.4. .. you .. me when you get the news? You've got my number, haven't you?

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5. The Chancellor .. the details of the budget at 10 o'clock tomorrow.6. ..we.. her the truth about what happened?7. I expect they .. here soon.8. You .. your exam results by post during the first few days of August.9. I.. not .. them here again, whatever you say.10. If he is found guilty, he .. to life imprisonment.11. I .. never .. the same mistake again.12. ..we.. for a swim this afternoon?13. They definitely .. not .. me the job: I had a terrible interview.14. .. I .. these plates?15. I'm determined that he everything he wants.

Exercise 54Put the verbs in brackets into the future simple. Watch the use of the future simple tense.1. I (know) the result in a week. 2. You (be) in Rome tonight. 3. You (have) time to help me tomorrow? 4. Do you think that he (recognise) me? 5. I hope I (find) it. 6. I (remember) this day all my life. 7. Perhaps he (arrive) in time for lunch. 8. I am sure that you (like) our new house. 9. I hope he (remember) to buy bread. 10. I wonder how many of us still (be) here next year. 11. Jack (be) twenty years old next week. 12. I (get) up early tomorrow. 13. The mother (take) her baby to the doctor tomorrow. 14. We (have) a holiday next week. 15. Mary and her sister (wear) their new dresses tomorrow. 16. I (do) my homework this evening. 17. She (stay) at home tomorrow. 18. I (see) my mother this evening. 19. Where the children (go) in the summer holiday? — They (go) to the seaside. 20. They (stay) with us next Christmas.

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Chart 17. Will Versus Be Going to

To express a PREDICTION - either WILL or BE GOING TO is used:a) According to the weather report, it will be cloudy tomorrow.b) According to the weather report, it is going to be cloudy tomorrow.c) Be careful! You’ll hurt yourself!d) Watch out! You’re going to hurt yourself!

When the speaker is making a prediction (a statement about something s/he thinks will be true or will occur in the future,), either will or be going to is possible.There is no difference in meaning between (a) and (b).There is no difference in meaning between (c ) and (d).

To express a PRIOR PLAN - only BE GOING TO is used:e) A: Why did you buy this paint?B: I’m going to paint my bedroom tomorrow.f) I talked to Bob yesterday. He is tired of taking the bus to work. He is going to buy a car. That’s what he told me.

When the speaker is expressing a prior plan (something the speaker intends to do in the future because in the past s/he has made a plan or decision to do it), only be going to is used.*In (f): The speaker knows Bob’s intention to buy a car. Bob made the decision in the past and he intends to act on this decision in the future. Will is not appropriate in (e) and (f).

To express WILLINGNESS - only WILL is used:g) A: The phone’s ringing.

B: I’ll get ith) A: I don’t understand this problem.B: Ask your teacher about it. She’ll help you.

In (g): B. is saying: «I am willing, I am happy to get the phone.» He is not making a prediction. He has made no prior plan to answer the phone. He is, instead, volunteering to answer the phone and uses will to show his willingness.In (h): B. feels sure about the teacher’s willingness to help.Be going to is not appropriate in (g) and (h).

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*COMPARE:Situation 1: A: Are you busy this evening?B: Yes. I’m going to meet Jack at the library at seven We’re going to study together.In situation 1, only be going to is possible. The speaker has a prior plan, so he uses be going to.Situation 2: A: Are you busy this evening?B: Well, I really haven’t made any plans. I’ll eat/I’m going to eat dinner, of course. And then I’ll probably watch /I’m probably going to watch TV for a little while.In situation 2, either will or be going to is possible. Speaker B. has not planned his evening. He is «predicting» his evening (rather than stating any prior plans), so he may use either will or be going to.

Summary Be going to always indicates a link with the present. a) present intention/plans/preparations b) present evidence of a future event When we use will, the emphasis is more on the future than on its link with the present. Will is more formal than be going to and is therefore used more extensively in written English.

Exercise 55Write the correct form of going to and use one of these verbs to complete the

sentences. Use each verb once only:finish complainfall off bemiss dierain drivework fail1. Look at these clouds! It.....Look at these clouds! It is going to rain.2. Look at the sun! It..... hot today.3. Susan’s not working very hard. I think she..... her exams.4. He’s very angry. He..... to the manager.5. It’s nearly 4 o’clock. The lesson..... soon.6. I don’t like travelling by plain. I..... there.7. This plan is to complicated. It (not).....8. The President’s very ill. I think he.....9. Watch the baby. She.....the bed!10. This bus is very slow. I think we..... the train

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Exercise 56Put the verbs into the be going to future or the shall / will future, if both

tenses are possible, choose the one that is most appropriate for the context.With the verbs to go or to come use the present progressive as future instead of the be going to future.Two friends, Jack and Dave, are talking.J: Have you decided what you ' are going to do (do) this weekend? D:. Yes, we (have) a quiet day on Saturday and then on Sunday we (take) a bus up into the mountains and do some walking. And we (probably book into) a hotel there for the night. What about you? (You / do) lots of work as usual?J: Well, no. Mark phoned last night about coming down this weekend D: Really?J: Yes, he (come) on Friday.D: Oh, I'd like to see him. I (phone him up) tonight and arrange something.

J: Well, we're planning to spend the day on the beach on Saturday. We (do) some swimming and sunbathing. I just hope the weather (be) warm enough. And then on Saturday night we (see) that new film with Tom Cruise.

D: Well, as I've got nothing planned, I (join) you at the beach on Saturday then, if that's O.K.

J: Of course it is. I (pick you up) from your flat some time after breakfast.D: Oh thanks. (I / bring) a picnic?J: Yes. Why not? I tell you what: Mark and I (make) some sandwiches and (you / bring) some salad and fruit? D: Yes, fine. I (do) that. Good. That (save) us all the cost of eating out. And what about the film? What time (you / see) that? J:. We (see) the early snowing at 6.00 and then we (try out) that new disco in town.D: Right. Well, I think I (spend) the evening at home with Sarah. J: O.K. So I (see) you on Saturday morning, probably at around 10 o'clock. D: Fine.

Exercise 57Put the verbs in brackets into the future simple tense or the "be going to" form.1. The fire has gone out. So it has. I (go) and get some sticks. 2. Did you remember to book seats? — Oh no, forgot. I (telephone) for

them now. 3. I've bought a typewriter and I (learn) to type. 4. I can't understand this letter. I (call) my son. He (translate) it for you.

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5. You (buy) bread? — No, because I (not eat) it any more. I (eat) biscuits instead.

6. Look what I've just bought at an auction! — What an extraordinary thing! Where you (put) it?

7. Why are you taking out all your dresses? — I (shorten) the skirts. 8. That tree makes the house very dark.—Very well, I (cut) it down. 9. I hear that you've decided to go on a diet. When you (start)? — I (start)

on Monday. 10. I haven't bought any cigarettes because I (give) up smoking. 11. I've come out without any money.— Never mind, I (lend) you some.12. Why are you peeling that bit of garlic? I (put) it in the stew.13. You’ve bought a lot of paint. You (redecorate) your kitchen.14. What you (do) when you grow up? I (be) an acrobat in a circus.15. Will you lend me you season ticket? Now, I (not lend) it to you. It is

against the law.16. How do I get from here to London Bridge? I don’t know, but I (ask)

that policeman.17. Why are you carrying a corkscrew? I (open) a bottle of wine.18. You look frozen. Sit down by the fire and I (make) you a cup of tea.19. They’ve bought a rope and they (tow) the car to a garage.20. I’ve tried to explain but she doesn’t understand English. I (say) to her

in Finnish: perhaps she will understand that.21. Child: I’ve torn my dress. Mother: I (mend) it for you.22. I’ve bought some blue velvet and (make) curtains for this room.23. I’m catching the 6.30 train. So am I. I (give) you a lift to the station.24. My brother has just returned from America. Oh good, we (ask) him to

our next party.25. Why’s he putting the camera on a tripod? He (take) a group photo.

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Chart 18. Future Progressive

a) I will begin to study at seven.You will come at eight.I will be studying when you come.b) Right now I am sitting in class.At this same time tomorrow, I will be sitting in class.

The future progressive expresses an activity that will be in progress at a time in the future.

c) Don’t call me at nine because I won’t be home. I am going to be studying at the library.

The progressive form of be going to:be going to + be + -ing

d) Don’t get impatient. She will be coming soon.e) Don’t get impatient. She will come soon.

Sometimes there is little or no difference between the future progressive and the simple future, especially when the future event will occur at an indefinite time in the future, as in (d) and (e).

Future ProgressiveFORM

will be + present participle: I’ll be coming, etc.

NoteThe future progressive is not used with verbs that do not normally take the continuous form. See Unit ____.Contrast: future progressive versus will futurewi l l future : expresses intention, belief, hope, assumption and willingnessfuture progressive: indicates future activity or event but does not express intention or willingness

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I'll come and visit you tomorrow. intention/promiseI'll be coming to visit you tomorrow so I can bring the magazines then.

future activity in normal course of events

Will you come to the meeting tonight?

Request

Will you be coming to the meeting tonight?

casual question about future event

Exercise 58Put the verbs in brackets into the future progressive tense. Watch the use of the future progressive tense.1. This time next month I (sit) on a beach. 2. When you arrive I probably (pick) fruit. 3. When we reach England it (rain) probably. 4. I’ll call for her at eight.— No, don’t; she still (have) breakfast then. 5. I (wait) for you when you come out. 6. When you next see me I (wear) my new dress. 7. I’ll give Jack your message. I can do it easily because I (see) him

tomorrow. We go to work on the same train. 8. In a hundred years' time people (go) to Mars for their holidays. 9. I (use) the car this afternoon. 10. I (see) you again. 11. I’ll come at three o'clock.-— Good, I (expect) you. 12. What do you think the children (do) when we get home?—I expect

they (have) their supper. 13. The garden (look) its best next month. 14. We've just got to the top in time. The sun (rise) in a minute. 15. Air hostess: We (take off) in a few minutes. Please fasten your safety

belts. 16. Let's go out tomorrow because Mary (practise) the piano all day. 17. Don't ring her up now, she (put) the children to bed. Ring later. 18. That football club has lost some of its players. They (look) out for

new men. 19. When I get home my dog (sit) at the door waiting for me. 20. The doctor is over sixty, but he doesn't want to retire. I think he still

(work) when he is seventy. 21. She is retiring soon: she (not teach) in this school much longer.22. This time next month the snow (melt) and skiing will be over.23. This time tomorrow everyone (read) of your success, and all sorts of

people (ring) up to congratulate you.24. The oak tree still (stand) there fifty years from now.25. Heavens! Look at the time. Your father (come) home in a minute and

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I haven’t even started

Exercise 59 Put the verbs in brackets into the will future or the future progressive. Compete any short answers with will or won't.1. A: Would you like to come over for lunch on Saturday?

B: Well unfortunately, I‘ll be working (work) all day Saturday.A: Oh, that's a shame. Well, you (have to come over) another day. I (talk) to Andy about it and I (phone) on Sunday. . (you/be) in then?B: Yes. definitely. I (recover) from my week's work.

2 A: . (you/go) to the meeting tonight? If so, I (give) you a lift there.B: Oh yes please, that would be helpful. I (play) tennis until 7 o’clock bur I (be) back shortly after that.A: O.K. I (pick you up) at about 7.30. .. (you/be) ready by then?B: Yes. Don't worry. I (wait) for you when you get here.

3. A: Do you ever think about what you (do) in ten years' time? B: Oh yes. I sometimes imagine that I (do) a very important job and earning

lots of money and that I (live) in a beautiful big house. But to be honest, I think I (still work) here and I (probably do) the same job.

A: No, you . . You (get) a better job soon, I'm sure you .B: And so .. you.A: And then we (go) on wonderful foreign holidays and we (learn) to speak

different languages. B: Perhaps.

4. A: Oh dear, I've run out of stamps. I (not be able to post) these letters now.B: Well, I (go) to the post office later on. I (take) the letters and post them

for you. Oh thank you. I (give) you the money for the stamps.5. A: So I(wait) for you when you get to the station. I (not come) onto the platform but I (see) you by the ticket office.

B: O.K., that's fine. I(carry) a heavy suitcase so I think we (have to get) a taxi from the station.

6. A: I (get) you some aspirins if you like. The chemist’s still (be) open.B: No, don’t bother. The office boy (go) out in a minute to post the letters; I (ask) him to buy me some.

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7. Typist: are you in a hurry for this letter Mr. Jones? Because I (type) Mr. White’s letters at 4 o’clock and if yours could wait till...

Mr. Jones: I’d like it a little earlier than four if possible.Typist: All right. I (type) it for you now.

8. A: But you can’t go to a fancy dress party in a dinner jacket! ~B: Why not? ~A: Because everyone (wear) fancy dress. ~B: All right. I (wrap) the hearthrug round me and (go) as a caveman.

9. The coming election (be) the main topic of the conversation for the next fortnight. The party leaders (speak) on TV and the local candidates (address) meetings in the constituencies.10. You please (forward) my mail to the Grand Hotel? I (stay) there as usual for the first fortnight in august.

Present Tenses for the FuturePresent Progressive as FutureWe can use the present progressive to refer to the future. A future time reference must be stated or be clear from -the context.

USE To describe arrangements. We use it to talk about the future when the

plans have been made. It is quite informal and is used to describe personal arrangements such as social activities rather than official plans. As it refers to personal arrangements, the subject of the verb should be a person or people and not a thing.

I'm meeting Charlotte for lunch tomorrow.

Exercise 60Put the verbs in brackets into the present progressive tense.

1. My uncle (make) a speech on Friday.2. I (take) my sister to the ballet tomorrow.3. He (play) at Wimbledon next summer.4. I (meet) her at the station at 105. The sales (not start) till Monday.6. - How you (get) to the party tomorrow? - I (go) by car- Who (drive)?7. The windows (be) cleaned today.8. We (have) dinner early tonight as we (go) to the theatre.9. - Where you (go) for your holidays this year?

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- I (go) to Holland.10.I (buy) her a burglar alarm for a wedding present.11.The elections (be) held next week.12.The committee (meet) next Wednesday.13.Smith’s (open) a new branch in this street in July.14.We have bought a new house and (move) in very soon.15.I (not take) up judo next winter.

Exercise 61Say if the verb refers to the present or the future.Tim:Fiona:

Tim:Fiona:

What are you reading?Oh, It’s a book about china. I’m going there next month. Barry and I are having a holiday there.That sounds exciting.Yes, I’m really looking forward to it. We are doing a tour of the country. So I’m finding out as much as I can about it.

Exercise 62For each situation write a sentence with the present progressive. Use the verbs in brackets.

Louise has accepted an invitation to Dave’s party next week. (go)She’s going to Dave’s party next week.

1. Elaine has agreed to be in the office on Saturday. (work)2. Karen has just bought her plane ticket to Acapulco. (fly)3. Tim and Mike have booked a badminton court for tomorrow afternoon. (play)4. all the arrangements have been made for Princess Diana to spend a day at the new world Fun Park on June 10. (visit)

Contrast: be going to future versus present progressive as future a) I'm going to visit my aunt in hospital tomorrow.

b) I'm visiting my aunt in hospital tomorrow.Both these sentences are correct and the difference between them is slight.Sentence (a) places more emphasis on the intention and sentence (b) places more emphasis on the arrangement. We do not generally use the present progressive with activities that do not involve the making of an arrangement or plan. We can say: “I'm going to write a letter to my parents tonight” (the intention is important) but we do not say. “I’m writing a letter to my parents tonight (no arrangement is required).We tend to avoid using verbs of motion, e.g. to go and to come in the be going to future and prefer instead to use the present progressive with these verbs. E.g. We're going to the theatre tonight.

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a) Look at that helicopter coming down. It's going to land in a minute. b) Look at that helicopter coming down. It's landing in a minute.

Sentence (a) is correct but sentence (b) is not possible. We do not use the present progressive to make a prediction based on present evidence. We can only use the present progressive as future with a future time

reference or where the future time reference is clear from the context. Where this is not the case, we use the be going to future.

He's having a swim. (= now, if there is no time reference) He's going to have a swim. (in the future) Verbs not normally used in the progressive are not used in the present

progressive as future. We cannot say: I'm needing some help next week. We can sometimes use verbs not normally used in the continuous with the be going to future. This does not happen very often as these verbs do not describe events that we normally predict or intend. We can say: I'm going to need some help next week.

Exercise 63Rewrite the dialogue substituting the verbs in the be going to future with the present progressive as future where this is possible.A: Are you going to come to the meeting tomorrow about the proposed staff cuts? A: Oh yes, definitely.A: Have you read the report about the cuts? B: No, not yet. I'm going to read it tonight. What does it say? A: Well, there are going to be quite a few cuts in this department. B: Oh no. I wonder who's going to lose their jobs.A: I don’t know. I think they’re going to ask people if they want to take voluntary redundancy.B: Well, I certainly don't want that. We're going to move into a new flat next month and the rents quite high. I don't know what's going to happen if I lose my job.A: Oh, don't worry about it too much. I’m sure everything's going to be all right. Look. why don't we go out for a drink after work?A: I can t. I m going to meet some friends for a meal and then we're going to go to the cinema.A:: Well what about tomorrow night? Are you going to go out then?B: No, I m not going to do anything.A: So let's go out after the meeting.B: OK Good idea.

Exercise 64

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Put the verbs in brackets into the present progressive or the be going to forms.1. A: I (dye) these curtains.

B: You (do) it yourself or (have) it done?A: I (have) it done. Who should I take them to?

2. A: You (not ask) your boss to give you a fire in your office?B: It isn’t worth while. I (leave) at the end of the week.A: Really? And what you (do) then? You (have) a holiday?B: No, I (start) another job the following Monday.

3. A: I hear you have bought a caravan. You (use) it for your holidays?B: No, I (live) in it. I (start) moving my things next week.A: What you (do) with your house?B: I (sell) it to the man who sold me the caravan. He (get) married next month.

4. A: He isn’t happy at his boarding school. I (send) him to a day school.B: Have you decided on the other school?A: No, but I (see) (have an appointment with) the headmaster of the Park School this afternoon. I’ll probably send him there.

5. A: Tom (arrive) tomorrow.B: He (spend) the weekend here or (catch) the night train back as usual?A: (spend) the weekend. He (give) a lecture on Friday and (attend) a big reception on Saturday.

6. A: I hear you’ve bought a new house.B: Yes. I (move) in next week.A: You (have) a house warming party?B: Not just yet. I (paint) the house first. The paintwork’s terrible.

Contrast: Future Progressive versus Present Progressive as futurePresent progressive as future: used for plans. The intention is not important.Future progressive can also be used to refer to plans. It is not generally used when we first tell someone about a plan. It is often used to refer to a plan when this plan is relevant to the main future event in the sentence.We're spending the summer on the coast. (Telling someone about our plans)A: Have you ever been sailing?B: No. but we'll be spending the summer on the coast so I might try it then.(Referring to the arrangement to spend summer on the coast in connection with the main idea of the sentence - to try sailing)A: Will you be using your bike tomorrow? B: No, I won't.A: Well, I wonder if I could borrow it for the afternoon.(Asking about plans in order to make a request for the future that is

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connected to those plans.)

Exercise 65Put the verbs in brackets into the present progressive or the future progressive.It is often the case that either tense is correct. Choose the tense that you think is the most appropriate.

1. A: Will you be seeing (you/see) Tony at work tomorrow? B: Yes, I will. A: Do you think you could give him a message for me?

2 A: Where (you/go) this summer?B: We (go) to the Pyrenees for a couple of weeks in July to do some

walking.3 A: Have you read the notes for the meeting?

B: No not yet, but I (sit) on the train for three hours tomorrow so I can do it then.

4 A: Can you post this letter for me on your way to work? B: I'm sorry but I (not walk) past the post box this morning because Emma (give) me a lift to work. I'll post it for you later on though.

5. A: What ... (you/do) tonight? ... (you/come round) to Rita's with us?B: No, I don't think so. I (see) quite a lot of her at our play rehearsals next week.

6. A: I must collect my new glasses from the optician.B: Do you want me to collect them? I (go) past there later on anyway.

Present Simple as Future We use the present simple to refer to the future in clauses of time and

condition, e.g. after if, unless, when, as soon as, until, before, after, by the time.

We'll phone you when we get there. Please wait here until I get back.And after everything, anything, whatever, it is important etc Everything that you say will be recorded. You will do whatever / ask you to.

We can use the present simple to refer to future events when the event is part of a fixed timetable, e.g. a travel timetable , a holiday itinerary, other organised events, an official trip by a member of the government. The event or the timing of the event is fixed by some official body, organisation or timetable

The flight leaves at 6 o'clock in the morning You spend the first night of the trip in a hotel in London. The present simple can also be used to give and ask for instructions

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When you get to the office you go up to the first floor, you knock on the first door on the right and you ask for Mrs. Alstone. O.K.?

What do we do now?Where do I play?

In other cases we don’t use the simple present in main clauses to talk about the future.

Lucy’s coming for a drink this evening. (NOT Lucy comes...)I’ll phone you - I promise. (NOT I phone you...)There’s the door bell. I’ll go. (NOT ... I go.)

Exercise 66Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or the future simple tense.e.g. If* you don’t go to bed early tonight, you’ll feel very tired tomorrow morning,1. The old gentleman doesn't go out in winter. He (go) out when the weather (get) warmer. 2. I (wait) for the doctor until he (come) back from the hospital. 3. I'm afraid the old woman (die) before she (see) her son. 4. The teacher said, “I (begin) the lesson as soon as Jack (stop) talking." 5. He (not pass) the examination next summer if he not (work) much harder. 6. He (have) a bad accident if he (not drive) more carefully. 7. She's flying to Rome tomorrow. She (send) her family a telegram as soon as she (arrive). 8. She told her guests, "We (have) lunch when my son (come) home from school." 9. You (be) late if you (not take) a taxi. 10. I (not speak) to him again if he (not apologise). 11. We (have) a picnic tomorrow if it (be) a fine day. 12. I (finish) reading this book before I (go) to bed. 13. I'm sure he (write) to me as soon as he (know) my new address. 14. Peter has borrowed my dictionary. He (give) it back when he (see) me tomorrow. 15. The postman (start) work tomorrow before the sun (rise). 16. The little boy (not be) happy until his father (buy) him a bicycle. 17. She (wash) my shirts tomorrow if she (have) time. 18. We (go) out when it (stop) raining. 19. If he (not run) he (not catch) the train. 20. If you (think) it over you (see) that I am right. 21. If you (learn) another language you (get) a 'better job. 22. He (mind) if I (bring) my dog?

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23. What your father (say) when he (hear) about this accident? 24. His father (not give) him any more money until he (learn) not to waste it. 25. He said, "I (not retire) before I (be) sixty-five."* Also "before", "when", "until", "as soon as", "after", "while".

Exercise 67Put in the verbs. Use will or the present simple.A: What about my money?B: I (send) the cheque to you as soon as I (have) it.A: Why can’t you write me a check now?B: The manager writes the cheque. He is away until Tuesday. I can’t do anything until he (get) back. When he (come) in on Tuesday morning, I (remind) him about it. I (make) sure that he (know) you want the money immediately. If I (post) the cheque first class, you (receive) it on Wednesday.

Exercise 68Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense (present of future).1. When he (return) I’ll give him the key.2. He’ll be ready as soon as you (be).3. When the laundry comes I (have) some clean handkerchiefs.4. I shan’t buy tomatoes till the price (come) down.5. When it (get) cold I’ll light the fire.6. The lift (not start) until you press the button.7. When you look at yourself in the glass you (see) what I mean.8. He (be) here before you go.9. I (lend) you my cassette recorder whenever you wanted.10. I won’t come to London till the bus strike (be) over.11. They will be astonished when they see how slowly he works.12. As soon as the holidays begin the beach (become) very crowed.13. Look before you (leap).(proverb)14. Don’t count on a salary increase before you actually (get) it.15. We can’t make any decision till he (arrive) here.

Exercise 69Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.1. If you (smoke) in air non smoking compartment the other passengers

(object).2. If you (feel) too hot during the night turn down the central heating.3. If you (finish) with your dictionary I’d like to borrow it.4. I shan’t wake if the alarm clock (not go) off.5. Unless Tom (take) his library book back tomorrow he (have) to pay a

fine.

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6. If a driver (brake) suddenly on a wet road he (skid).7. If you (like) a job in this company.8. I expect it will freeze tonight.If it (freeze) tonight the roads (be) very slippery tomorrow.9. If Jack (refuse) to help we’ll have to manage without him.10. The police will test the knife for fingerprints. If your fingerprints are

on it you (be) charged with the murder.11. Tom: I hate my jobPeter: If you (hate) it why you (not change) it?12. You can ask for a continental breakfast if you (not want) a full breakfast.13. If you (hear) from Tom could you please let me know?14. If you (care) to see some of this drawings I (send) them round to your office.15. If Jack (not help) will have to manage without him.

Exercise 701. I (do) this every night before I (go) to bed. 2. If you (read) in bad light you (ruin) your eyes. 3. If he (not start) at once he (be) late for the train. 4. You (have) time to help me tomorrow? 5. I (remember) this summer all my life. 6. If you (see) him tell him to ring me up. 7. In any case, I (be) here tomorrow. 8. I (wait) him till he (come). 9. If you (not change) your wet clothes you (get) pneumonia. 10. Leon, drive through the park till I (tell) you to stop. 11. We (get) back before tomorrow night. 12. Let him remember that too when he (grow) up. 13. If you (come) late the teacher (not let) you in. 14. Unless you (work) very hard you (not be) successful. 15. I (not be ready) yet but I (be) in a couple of minutes. 16. I (come) to see you tomorrow unless I (be kept) late at the office. 17. Be patient: we (have) to wait rather a long time. 18. If it (rain) this afternoon, I (take) my umbrella. 19. I (return) next week if you (wait) me to. 20. What I (do) if the train (be) late? 21. I (catch) a cold if I (stay) out any longer. 22. I (be) sorry if they (not come). 23. I (do) it if I can. 24. I can’t do anything unless I (feel) very warm. 25. If we (want) opinions from you we (ask) them. 26. Wire the time of your arrival. I (send) a car to meet you at the airport. And I (book) a reservation for you at a hotel. 27. «When you (get) home?» «I (not know)». 28. Young Tony, I am going to give you some good advice, and if you have got any sense you (take) it.

Present Simple for a Timetable & Asking for InstructionsExercise 71This is today’s programme for a group on a package tour of England. Describe their day. Use these verbs: arrive, do, have, leave, take.E.g.: 9:30 a.m. bus to Stratford. At half past 9 they take a bus to Stratford.1. 12:30 p.m.. Arrival in Stratford.

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2. 1:00 p.m.. Lunch.3. 2:00 p.m. Tour of the town.4. 5:30 p.m. Departure.

Exercise 72Choose the best tense.1. When (does/will) school start?2. The plane (arrives/will arrive) at 10:00.3. I (write/will write) soon.4. We (go/are going) to Spain some time soon.5. You (go/will go) next door for the tickets.6. I (stop/will stop) smoking after Christmas.7. How (do/will) I switch this on?8. The exams (are/will be) in June.9. I (have/will have) a lecture at 9:00 tomorrow.10. The train (won’t/doesn’t) stop at Oxford.11. I (come/will come) round after 7:00.12. Where (do/will) I go for my interview?13. I (play/am playing) football tomorrow.14. What time (does/will) the concert end?15. I (post/will post) you letters.

Exercise 73Where possible, put the verbs in brackets in the present simple. Where this is not possible, use the simple future.A teacher is giving some students the details of a forthcoming trip:The coach leaves (leave) here at 9:00 a.m., and we (arrive) at the field study centre before lunch. When we (get) there, you (be shown) to your rooms and (be given) time to unpack. Lunch (be served) in the dining-room at 12:30 precisely so make sure you (not get) there late. When lunch (finish), it (be) time to get ready for our first activity: a walk down to the beach to look at the rock pools. Nets, magnifying glasses and containers (be provided) by the centre. If the weather (be) fine, we (stay) on the beach for the whole of the afternoon. Otherwise, we (go back) to the centre after an hour or two and watch a video on seashore life. You (be expected) to keep a written record of everything that you (find) and we (look) at all the records when we (get back) to school at the end of the week. Mr. Neil Fitzpatrick, the field study supervisor, is very knowledgeable and I’m sure that he (help) you to identify anything that you (not recognise). Supper (be served) at 6:00, and at 8:00 there (be) an evening activity. On the first

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night, Mr. Fitzpatrick (plan) to go on a moonlit walk with us to look for bats. It is important that you (stay) together on this walk. Please don’t wander off. It (not be) easy for us to find you if you (get lost) in the dark. Behave sensibly and I’m sure you (all have) a wonderful time.

Exercise 74Put the verb into the most suitable form, the present progressive or the present

simple.1. We (have) a party next Saturday. Would you like to come?2. I (not go) away for my holiday next month because I haven’t got enough

money. You (go) away?3. The concert this evening (start) at 7:30.4. George, is it true that you (get) married next week?5. The art exhibition (open) on 3 May and (finish) on 15 July.

6. What time the next train (leave)?7. Ann, we (go) to town. You (come) with us?8. We (go) to the theatre this evening,.9. The film (begin) at 3:30 or 4:30?

Future Perfect Simp l e and Progressive To talk about the past from a point in the future. It is the equivalent of the present perfect with the reference point .in the future. The present perfect looks back from now: the future perfect looks back from the future.

Future perfect simple: will have + past participle:I’ll have finished, etc.Future perfect progressive: will have been + present participle:I'll have been working, etc.

Chart 19. FUTURE PERFECT

a) I will graduate in June. I will see you in July. By the next time I see you, I will have graduated.b) I will have finished my homework by the time I go out on a date tonight.

The future perfect expresses an activity that will be competed before another time or event in the future.(Notice in the examples: by the time introduces a time clause; the simple present is used in a time clause.)

Chart 20. FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVEc) I will go to bed at ten The future perfect

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p.m. He will get home at midnight. At midnight I will be sleeping. I will have been sleeping for two hours by the time he gets home.

progressive emphasises the duration of an activity that will be in progress before another time or event in the future.

d) When Professor Jones retires next month, he will have taught for 45 years.e) When Professor Jones retires next month, he will have been teaching for 45 years.

Sometimes the future perfect and the future perfect progressive give the same meaning, as in (d) and (e). Also, notice that the activity expressed by either of these two tenses may begin in the past.

f) They might be tired when you see them because they’ll have been working hard

We use the future perfect progressive to describe an activity leading up to a time in the future.

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Exercise 75Put the verbs in brackets into the future perfect tense. Watch the use of the future perfect tense.1. In a fortnight's time we (take) our exams. 2. I (finish) this book by tomorrow evening. 3. By the end of next year I (be) here twenty-five years. 4. I’ll still be here next summer but Tom (leave). 5. I (finish) this job in twenty minutes. 6. By next winter they (build) four houses in that field. 7. By the end of my university course I (attend) 1,200 lectures.8. By the end of the term I (read) all the books on the list.9. I'm going to Hyde Park to hear the people making speeches.— You’llbe too late. By the time you get there they (finish) their speeches and everybody (go) home. 10. By the end of the month 5,000 people (see) this exhibition.11. After this performance I (see) "Hamlet" twenty-two times.12. Tourist: We've only got five hours in Rome, we are leaving at six; but I'm sure that we (see) everything of importance by then.13. Householder to Zoo: One of your elephants is in my garden eating my tomatoes.Zoo official: The elephant keeper will be with you in half an hour.Householder Your elephant (eat) all my tomatoes by then. 14. By half past seven we (have) supper. 15. By the end of the year I (read) three of Shakespeare's plays.16. He (finish) the building of the house before summer. 17. I hope you (not forget) all about the Future Perfect Tense by the next lesson.

Exercise 76Put the verbs in bracket into the future perfect tense.1. By this time tomorrow we (have) our injections.2. When we reach Valparaiso we (sail) all round the world.3. At the rate he is going he (spend) all his money by the time he is

twenty-one.4. By this time next year I (save) $250.5. By the time we get to the party everything (be) eaten.6. The train (leave) before we reach the station.7. If I continue with my diet I (lose) 10 kilos by the end of the month.8. By the end of this week my illness (cost) me $100.9. By the time that he leaves school his parents (spend) $25,000 on his

education.10. By the end of the term I (read) all twelve volumes.

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11. When you come back I (finish) all the housework.12. The police (hear) of the theft by this time.13. We (drink) all this wine by the end of the year.14. On the fourth of next month he (be) in prison for ten years.15. When we reach Crewe we (do) half of the journey.16. At this rate you (break) all the wine glasses by the end of the month.17. If we don’t hurry the sun (rise) before we reach the top.18. By midnight he (be) unconscious for forty-eight hours.19. By next April I (pay) $3,000 in income tax.20. I suppose that when I come back in ten years’ time all these old

houses (be) pulled down.21. On 21 October they (be) married for twenty-five years.22. The strike leader said, «By midnight 500 men (come) out on strike.»23. At your present rate you (burn) al that coal by the end of the month.24. The treasurer said, «By the end of the year all our debts (be paid)

off».25. By this time in June the students (pass) all the exams.

Exercise 77Oswald is at art school. He wants to be a successful artist. He is reading about the famous Richard Plummer.Richard Plummer was a great artist. He won lots of prizes before he was twenty. By the age of twenty-five he had had his own exhibition. He had been the subject of a TV programme before he was thirty. By the age of thirty-five he had become world famous. He made millions of pounds from his pictures before he was forty.What does Oswald think?E.g. I hope I will have won lots of prizes when I’m twenty.1. I hope _____ my own exhibition by the age of twenty-five.2. I hope _____ before I’m thirty.3. I hope _____ by the age of thirty-five.4. I hope _____.

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Exercise 78Use the future perfect to put the beginnings and ends together.

BEGINNINGS ENDSI (not finish) the report by Monday,In a couple of years the children (leave) homeOn our next wedding anniversary When I get home tonightWhen I write

and we’ll be able to get a smaller house.and it’s needed for Monday morning.I (drive) for 14 hours non-stop.I (work) for forty yearsWe (be) married for 25 years.

Exercise79A romantic novelist writes 300 pages books. She writes 10 pages a day and takes no holidays. Use the future perfect to answer the questions.1. How many pages will she have written after ten days? After a month?

After a year? After ten years?2. If she starts today, how soon will she have finished her first book? How

many books will she have written a year from now?3. How long will she have been writing when she has written 120 books?4. She earns £ 100,000. How much money will she have made altogether

after her 120th book?

Exercise 80How long will you have been learning English/working/going to school/living in your present house by next summer? (Write sentences with the future perfect progressive.) If you can work with other students, ask them the same questions.

Exercise 81Write the verbs below in the future perfect simple or progressive. If two answers are possible, write the answer which you think is best for the sentence:1. They’ll probably be hungry because they (not eat)They’ll probably be hungry because they won’t have eaten.2. I’ll be tired tonight because I (work) all day.3. I (meet) the entire committee by the time I leave England.4. I (study) for seven years when I get my degree.5. We (live) here for six months by the time they find us a new flat.6. I (work) for forty-five years by 2005.7. They (stand) in the for the six hours by the time we pick them up.8. Another million people (become) unemployed by this time next year.9. She (be) Prime Minister for ten years by next year.10. They (play) for five hours by eight o’clock.11. We (drive) for two days by the time we get there.

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12. They (not eat) for twenty0four hours by twelve o’clock tomorrow.13. When they’ve talked to me, the police (question) everybody in the

office.14. She (be) a member of the committee for twenty-five years by the

time she retires.

Exercise 82Use any appropriate tense.1. Ann and Andy got married on June 1st. Today is the 14th Ann and Andy

(be) married for two weeks. By June 7th, they (be) married for one week. By June 28th, they (be) married for four weeks.

2. This traffic is terrible. We’re going to be late. By the time we (get) to the airport, Bob’s plane (arrive, already), and he’ll be wondering where we are.

3. The traffic was very heavy. By the time we (get) t the airport, Bob’s plane (arrive, already).

4. This morning I came to class at 9;oo. Right now it is 10:00, and I am still in class. I (sit) at this desk for an hour. By 9:30, I (sit) here for two hours.

5. I‘m getting tired of sitting in the car. Do you realize that by the time we arrive in Phoenix, we (drive) for twenty straight hours?

6. Margaret was born in 1950. By the year 2000, she (live) on this earth for 50 years.

7. Go ahead and leave on your vocation. Don’t worry about this work. By the time you (get) back, we (take) care of everything.

8. I don’t understand how those marathon runners do it! The race began over an hour ago. By the time they reach the finish line, they (run) steadily for more than two hours. I don’t think I can run more than two minutes.

9. What? He got married again? At this rate, he (have) a dozen wives by the time he (die).

10. We have been married for a long time. By our next anniversary, we (be) married for 43 years.

The Use of Present Perfect Simple in Adverbial Clauses of Time and Condition with the Meaning of the Future.The future perfect tense is not used in time clauses and conditionals, the present perfect being used instead.

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Exercise 83Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.1. When we (take) our exam we’ll have a holiday.2. When we have our injections I expect we’ll feel awful.3. When I (be) here for a year I’ll ask for a rise.4. Don’t drive at more than 50 k.p.h. till your car (do) 4,000 km.5. When you (do) 4,000 km. you can drive it at 70 k.p.h.6. When we (have) lunch we’ll go for a walk.7. When we (see) the cathedral we’ll go to the museum.8. These gates will remain until the train (pass).9. When he (sell) all his newspapers he’ll go home.10. We can’t have a fire here unless we (sweep) the chimney.11. I can’t leave the country till the police (return) my passport.12. If a bottle of champagne (be) opened for twenty four hours the wine

is not fit to drink.13. Hotel receptionist: If you (sign) the hotel register the porter will

show you your room.14. When everybody (leave) the park the park-keeper will lock the

gates.15. You can become a member of this club if you (make) a parachute

descent.

REVIEW OF THE FUTURE.

Exercise 84Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple, future simple, future perfect simple or future perfect progressive.

1. I think she will have heard (hear) all about it by the time I see (see) her.2. I reckon I (finish) this book by the weekend and then I (give) it to you.3. The children (be) hungry when they (get in) because they (run around) all

afternoon.4. This government (be) in power for eight years soon but I don't think they

(win) the next election.5. . (you/eat) when you .. (get) here? If not, 1.. (make) you something.6. Don't phone them now. They (not get) home yet. They (probably get back)

at about half-past eight.7. I think they (finish) building the house by the time the winter (come) and

then we (move in) in the New Year.8. I expect they (be) tired when you (see) them because they (work) all day.9 If I (come) and see the film with you on Saturday, I. (see) it six times. But

it is my favourite film of all time: I think you (love)10 Why don't you come round at 9 o'clock? The children .(go) to bed then so

it ...(be) nice and peaceful.

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Exercise 85Write the following sentences in the correct form (present progressive, present simple, going to, future simple, future progressive, future perfect simple, future perfect continuous). 1. - We have run out of milk- Oh, have we? I (go) and get some.2. - So you have bought a new house. - Congratulations!- Thank you - we (have) a party when we (move in)3. I’m afraid you can’t come to dinner on Saturday. I (meet) Tim.4. Ronald (be) five next Tuesday.5. It is raining, so we (have to) take an umbrella.6. Next November we (be) married for fifteen years.7. I (let) you know when Marry (phone).8. Just think! This time next week we (lie) on the beach.9. I (wait at the airport when your plane (lend).10. In two weeks time she (finish) her exams.11. - You (see) Brian at the meeting?- No, he (be) on holiday next week.12. We )go) when Jane (get) here.13. At ten o’clock I (drive) for sixteen ours.

Exercise 86Choose the correct verb form.1. How is your flat? - Well, the rent is very expensive. I’ll move/I’m going

to move to a new place. I decided last week.2. I can cycle home .- Have you got lights? It’ll be/It’ll have been dark,

don’t forget.3. I’d like a photo of Adrian and me. - Well, I’ll take/I’m going to take one

with your camera then.4. Have you booked a holiday? - Yes, we go/we are going to Spain.5. Look at that car! It will crash/it’s going to crash!6. Can I borrow your bike on Monday, please? - Oh, I’m afraid I’ll be

using/I’ll have used it.

Exercise 87What do these people say. Pay special attention o the underlined words.E.g.: Maria is predicting a win for Italy in their next match. Maria: Italy will their next match.1. Bob intends to get up early tomorrow.2. Steve’s train time table says ‘Arrival 10:30’.3. Louise has arranged to see her bank manager tomorrow.4. Den will leave in the very near future.5. Sarah’s next visit to her aunt is on Sunday, the day she usually visits

her.

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Exercise 88Put the verb in brackets into the present simple, future simple and future progressive.1. «We (come) at 5 o’clock.» «Good, I (wait) for you.» 2. When I (get) home, my dog (sit) at the door waiting for me. 3. It (be) the middle of June. They (come) soon. 4. If you (wait) to see us, come to Tom’s on Sunday. We (wait) for you at midday. 5. At this time next week they (sit) in the train on their way to Moscow. 6. They (have) English from nine to ten in this room. Don’t anyone disturb them then. 7. I (wait) for you when you (come). 8. «I (call) for her at eight.» «No, don’t; she still (have) breakfast then.» 9. It’s beginning to get dark; the street lights (go) on in a few minutes.

Exercise 89Put the verb in brackets into the present simple, the future simple or future perfect.1. I (suppose) when I (come) back in two years’ time they (pull) down all

these old houses.2. «Your face (be) dirty, Tom.» «All right, I (wash) it.»3. «You have just missed the last train.» «Never mind, I (walk).»4. When we (take) our exams we (have) a holiday.5. «You (know) the way to the Bolshoi Theatre?» «No.» «Then I shoe

you.»6. By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work.7. «May I use your phone to ring for a taxi?» «Oh, there is no need for

that; my son (drive) you home.»8. By the time he (come) they (go).9. I still (be) here next summer but Tom (leave).10. I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning.11. If you (think) it over you (sere) I am right.12. «I’m going to Hyde park to hear the people make speeches.» «You

(be) late. By the time you (get) there they (finish) their speeches and everybody (go home).

Other Ways of Referring to the FutureAs well as all the tenses we use to refer to the future, we can also use a range of verbs and expressions to show that we are talking about the future. These verbs and expressions are often more precise than a future tense and they are used widely, particularly in written English.

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BE TO (am/is/are/was/were + to-infinitive)Used for formal plans, official arrangements, instructions and prohibitions:The British Ambassador is to meet the President at the White House on Friday.The factory is to close for three weeks for repairs.She is to become the youngest Member of Parliament in our history.You are to be there by 8 o’clock.You are not to cross the road without me.

BE DUE TO / ABOUT TO / ON THE POINT OFbe due + to-infinitive: used for arrangements that are to take place at a fixed time. Often used with time tables and official itineraries.The plane’s due to arrive in half an hour.Clare’s due to have her operation in three weeks’ time.Be (just) about + to-infinitive: used to refer to something that will happen very soon, in the immediate future:Don’t start talking to them now: they’re about to leave.Be (just) on the point of + gerund or noun: used to refer to something in the very immediate future:It is understood that the Chancellor is on the point of announcing his resignation.

CERTAIN VERBS + TO-INFINITIVEWe can say: they are going to build a new shopping centre in town. We are going to leave.We can also use a verb that refers to the future and say:

They planintendare purposinghopehave agreed have promised

to build a new shopping cetre in town.

Note that intend and propose can also be followed by a gerund: They intend/propose building a new shopping centre in town.

Exercise 90Rewrite the sentences using be (not) to, due to, about to, on the point of, plan/ intend/propose/hope/agree/promise(not) to. You mat use the verb or expression more than once.

1. I’m sorry I can’t talk to you now. I’m going to work in a minute. I’m sorry I can’t talk to you now. I’m about to go to work.2. The Council have decided what they would like to do one day.

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They are going to close the old swimming pool.3. They are making plans now. They are going to have a big wedding in

the summer.4. The train will depart at 8:25.5. You must not enter the building without signing your name in the

register.6. The Government have made a promise. They will not increase taxes

during the next year.7. The economy will collapse in the very near future; it will happen at

any time now.8. The Department of Social Security has made a proposal. It is

probably going to cut unemployment benefit.9. My grandfather is going to die soon.10. I hope I will find a new job before the end of the year.11. Do you promise that you won’t tell anyone about this.12. What are the two leaders’ intentions? When are they going to meet?13. They’re making plans. They’re going to move abroad.14. You will arrive at the hotel at 7:30 in the evening.

Exercise 91Write sentences about President Morton’s schedule. E.g.: The President is to arrive at Star City at 8:00.

Schedule for Presidential visit to northland08:0009:00

11:00-13:0013:00-14:0014:00-16:0016:00-20:0020:00-23:00

Arrive Star City Airport. Inspect guard of honour.Working breakfast with President Jensen.Tour of Star City; meet mayor and civic leaders.Lunch with Foreign Minister Svendsen and guests.Visit inner city schools; open new eye hospital.Meet business leaders; rest.Attend State Dinner as guest of President and Mrs. Jensen.

Exercise 92Supply the correct forms of the verb phrases in brackets.

1. You (to be to) take these new tablets four times a day.2. They (not to be to) open the instructions until midnight.3. You’ll have to hurry. The train (to be (just) about to) leave.4. I can’t talk now. I (to be (just) about to) go out.5. There is not much longer to wait. Their plane (to be due to) land in

ten minutes.6. Don’t be so impatient. She (not to be due to) arrive until teatime.7. The conference delegates (to be to) meet again later today

Exercise 93

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Complete the conversation. Look at the context and choose the best form of the verb to express the future. Sometimes more than one answer is correct.A: Hello. Where are you going?B: To my evening class. I’m learning Swedish. And I (speak) it for real this time next week. I (go) to Sweden for three weeks. I (leave) on Friday evening. I (visit) friends there.A: Oh, that (be) nice.B: Oh, it is nearly half past. My lesson (start) in a minute.A: Well, have a good time. I (see) you next month.B: Thanks. I (tell) you all about it when I (get) back.

Future In the PastWhen we are talking about the past, we often want to say that something was still in the future at that time. To express this idea, we can use the past progressive (was ...ing), was going to ..., would... or was to.

Exercise 94Put the beginnings and ends together.

Beginnings EndsCarola and I hardly noticed each other that first evening,He was to regret that conversationI was going to ring you yesterday, She was leaving in two hours, So this was the school where I would spend the next five years

and she still hadn’t started packing.arrived one Friday morning.but I forgot.for many years to come.I didn’t like itTwo weeks later we would be married.

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Exercise 95These sentences are from C.S.Forester’s novel The General, set in the First World War. Complete the sentences with expressions from the box.

would stand would make would return was going to bewas going to say was marrying were to find were to lose

1. The parlourmaid was in the room and her presence caused Lady Emily not to say immediately what she _____.2. As the Duchess had said, the fact that Emily _______ a General was a very adequate excuse for so much ceremony at the wedding.3. There was going to be no muddling in his Corps. Everything ____ exact, systematic, perfect.4. This was the front line of the British trench system - in it many men _____ their lives for the barren honour of retaining that worthless ground.5. There were six men bending over the map, and five of them _____ their graves at the point where the General’s finger was stabbing at the map.6. A vivid flash of imagination, like lightning at might, revealed the future to Curzon. He _____ to England a defeated general, one of the men who had let England down. Emily _____ by him, but he did not want her tohave to do so. Emily whom he loved _____ it all the worse. He would rather die.

Exercise 96Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.1. She told him that she (help) him.2. She said that she (be) all right in a minute.3. She said that she (go) and open the door for him.4. She told Maurice that she (put) him to bed after he had said good night to his mother.5. She said that he (be) there presently.6. Stella told him that she (see) him in a day or two.7. She asked him if he (come) back that day.8. Mrs. Manning told Stella that she (come) and see her to the door and then she (go) up to bed.9. He told them that he could bring the cheese and they (have) coffee there instead of in the office.10. Aunt Beverley (think) that it (be) nice for him to work in the future.11. Mrs. Negus (ask) him if he (have) dinner there.

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12. Tom Stacey (tell) me that the conference (end) a little after six o’clock.13. You (promise) you (try) to persuade him to stay on for a bit.14. Sheila Dougherty (decide) that she (go) on to Cleveland and (see) her father. Accordingly, she (make) the trip, (hunt) up the factory and (inquire) at the office for her father. The clerk (direct) her to a distant warehouse, and Don Gibbs (be informed) that a lady (wish) to see him.

Exercise 97Put the verbs in brackets into the future simple or future in the past.1. I hope I (get) a doll on Christmas, but my brother said he (get) a new camera.2. Do you think it (rain) tomorrow? - I hope not.3. Nelly promised she (send) a card from Florida.4. I’m sure we (have) a thunderstorm tonight.5. I (go) to the post office for you?6. I had no idea when they (come).7. We said we (not watch) TV all day long.8. I doubted if they (make) it up.9. Tell them again, perhaps they (understand).10. They (come) if we invite them.11. There (be) a lot of people at the conference.12. She says she (have to) change the clock.13. She was afraid he (feel) depressed.14. I assure you he never (tell) a lie.15. They say this firm (publish) this book next year.

REVISION ON TENSESExercise 98Use the required present or past tense forms in the following text:1. It (be) Saturday evening after supper. The big brightly lit kitchen (be) silent, except for the click of dominoes. The shutter (be) closed and barred. The long rows of blue dishes on the dresser (gleam) like sea water. At the long table the boys (play) dominoes. Miranda (go) to bed.Ann (sew). Hugh (smoke) his pipe and (watch) the others. Every now and then Ann (look) up and (smile) at him. She certainly (be) bravely cheerful in a way that (compel) everybody’s admiration. By a kind of inertia things slowly (come) back to normal. The danger point (be) passed by now. Hugh (think) that tomorrow he (can) decently tell the family that (he) leave on Tuesday.2. When Tom (wake), the farmhouse (burn), it (start ) burning when the shell (hit). None of the other soldiers who (be) in the farmhouse (be) to be seen. They (be) lucky to escape. In the confusion they (miss) Tom who

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(sleep) on the kitchen floor. As his leg (be) broken), it take him hours to crawl across the room to the window. He (pass) out again and again. Finally he (get) to the window and (pull) himself up so that he (can) look over the sill. Somebody (see) his head above the window and (get) him. Tom (not/remember) any of that. He never (find) out who (save) him.3. She (be) in the lobby when he (come) out of the elevator. She (talk) to another woman and she (not see) him for a moment and he (have) an opportunity to study her and observe what years (do) to her. She (put) on the weight and the old sharpness of her face (be) gone). Her beauty (diminish), and she (be) transformed into a robust matron.4. Andy Turnbull (lie) on his bed reading the newspaper when the telephone (ring).It (be ) only 2 o’clock in the afternoon, but it (rain) hard and he (have) no place to go anyway. He (read) about the relative standing of the football teams. He (have) no interest in them but he (finish) everything else in the paper.He (pick) up the phone, and the man at the desk downstairs (say): «There is a lady waiting for you here, Mr. Turnbull.»«She (give) her name?» he asked.«No. Shall I ask her?»«Never mind,» Andy said. «I’ll be right down.»He (hang) up the phone, (put) on his shoes, (button) his collar and (pull) his tie into place. Then he (get) into his jacket and (pat) his pockets to see if he (have) cigarettes. He (have) no cigarettes. He (shrug) and (go) downstairs.Pat (sit) in the lobby. She (be) a pretty girl with bright credulous eyes when Andy first (meet) her. But she (have) two children since then, and now she (wear) a worn coat, and her complexion (go) and her eyes (be) pale.5. He (be) too tired to sleep. He (lie) on his back. It (seem) that all the strength (go) out of his limbs, and presently I (see) that he (fall) asleep. It (be) the first natural sleep he (have) for a week. I (cover) him and he (be) still asleep. He (not move). His gold-rimmed spectacles (be) still on his nose.6. When the train (get) in, half an hour late, it (be) nearly midnight. All the way up the valley the engine (battle) against a high wind. The station (be) deserted. Andy (start) along Station Road. Full of his success he (want) to reach his wife fast enough to tell her joyously everything that (take) place.As he (turn) into the main street he (see) a man running. It (be) David Taylor. He said:«I come for you, Doctor. The wind (knock) the wires all to smash.»«What (be) wrong?»

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«There (be) a fall-down at Number Three, a lad (get) buried there, almost.»«I’ve got to have my bag,» Andy said to Taylor. «You go up to my house and fetch it for me. Tell my wife where I (go).»Andy (be) at Number Three in four minutes. There he (find) three men waiting for him. They (go) to the shaft. As they (enter) the cage another figure (come) across the yard. It (be) Taylor with the bag.«You (be) quick,» Andy said, as Taylor (enter) the cage.There (be) a clang and the cage (drop) to the bottom.

Exercise 99Use the required tense-aspect forms in the following sentences:1. As he (think) for months about leaving his wife and (not do) it because it (be) too cruel.2. When she nearly (reach) the end of the curve she (see) a figure ahead of her.3. Mary (return) to the room. Al (sit) down beside the gas fire and (take off) his shoes.4. Her eyes (be) puffed, and she obviously (cry) that afternoon.5. I (get back) as soon as I (get through) with my business.6. His cheek (be) cut. When she (see) it she (say): «Oh, you (fight) again.»7. He (have) a son-in-law of twenty seven. He (farm) in New Zealand.8. She (make) me promise to say nothing about it till she (have) a chance of braking the news to her father gradually.9. «How’s the baby?» «Frightfully well, thank you, aunt Beverley. He (walk).10. As we (drive), her eyes (stare) rigidly out of the car window.11. She (become) aware that Tony (come) back and considerable (say) nothing.12. David (sit) up in bed and (eat) his dinner when Beverley (come) into the room. His complexion (be) ruddy. Obviously he (be) shaved. He (have) a glass of red wine with his meal. He (wave) his fork as he (see) Beverley.13. He (remain) in his seat, as though studying his programme, till the three (pass) out into the foyer. 14. Darkness (fall) when he finally (return) to the hotel. He (say) nothing to Pat except that he (turn) down the job. He (cannot) give her any explanation until he completely (understand) the meaning of what (happen). 15. A little break like this (be) what she (need) all these years.

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16. She (look) up at him from where she (sit). Her make up things (lie) in front of her. She (do) her face.17. While his wife (read) the letter, he (cross) to the window.18. As Hugh and I (come) down the steps we nearly (run) into my father.19. I don’t know what’s the matter with him. He (act) funny since you (be) away.20. I (sit) there for about ten minutes, pretending to read, when someone (sit) down at my table.21. The actress (stop) in front of their table, smiling widely. He (stand up) and (take) her hand. «Hello,» he said, «we (see) your show tonight. We (think) you (be) very good indeed.»22. «I (take) you out every day,» she promised.

Exercise 100Put the verbs in brackets into the required past tense, paying attention to the sequence of tenses.1. Aunt Beverley (think) that it (be) nice for him to work in the future.2. She (hear) the band playing and she (know) that in a few moments the curtain (go) up.3. Beverley (think) she (prefer) to be by herself.4. I (hear) from your mother that you (be) late so I (order) coffee and sandwiches.5. Mrs. Galley (ask) him if he (have) dinner there.6. On the first day of the second week in July he (receive) a letter from his son to say that they all (be) back on Friday.7. I (be told) that it (be) advisable) to keep in touch with Mary.8. The old man (ask) me if I (not have) parents.9. He (be) very sorry for Jennie, and he (tell) his wife that he (have) to go out and see her.10. And the other day I (have) a letter from him saying he (be) in London soon.11. Dunber (tell) me that the conference (end) a little after six o’clock.12. I (say) I (be) by nine o’clock.13. You (promise) you (try) to persuade him to stay on for a bit.14. In a few words I (tell) him what (happen).

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15. He (tiptoe) over and (ask) me if something (worry) me, because my face (look) tense.16. She (ask) me if I (live) long in that town.17. When I (ring) her that evening she (say) she (not like) to discuss those problems on the phone.18. That evening she (tell) me she (be) at the hotel number, and about half past eight I (dial) that number, but there (be) no answer.19. I (put) the papers back where they (belong), tell the manager I (do) no clipping or tearing, (return) to the hotel, (treat) myself to a glass of milk in the coffee shop, and (go) to bed.20. He (write) that he (come) to lunch the following day. He (be met) at the station by a horse drawing a vehicle of a shape he never (see) before.21. Jennie (decide) that she (go) on to Cleveland and (see) her father. Accordingly, she (make) her trip, (hunt) up the factory and (inquire) at the office for her father. The clerk (direct) her to a distant warehouse, and Donald (be informed) that a lady (wish) to see him.

Exercise 101Put the correct forms and tenses.The nurse asked me if I (be) the next and she led me into Dr. Grey’s surgery. Dr. Grey smiled at me and asked (the problem/be). I’m a young man and am not a sort of a person she has to see very often! I told her I (be) feeling rather run down. She asked me if I (keep) regular hours and I said I (have not). She wanted to know why I (not keep) regular hours and I said I (be) out with my friends almost every night. Dr. Grey then wanted to know how I (spend) my time and I (tell) her I go to parties mostly.. The doctor asked if I (not have) the chance to recover during week ends and I (tell) her that my party going (be) even worse during the week ends. She asked me if I (smoke) and when I said I (do) she asked how many cigarettes a day I (smoke). She raised her eyebrows when I answered. Then she asked me if I (take) any exercises and I answered that I (not have) time for this sort of thing. «You’re burning the candle at both ends, Mr. Gardner,» she told me. «Rest is the only cure for you. You’ve really got to slow down.» She looked at me wistfully before I left her office and added, «but I do envy you the life you’ve been living.»

Exercise 102Use the required tense forms in the following sentences:

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1. The first person whom Andrew (see) as to (enter) was his old nurse. She (sit0 on the sofa. During the last five years she greatly (change) and now (look) a very old woman.2. She is going to read the letter she just (receive).3. How long you (wait) for me? I am really very sorry.4. Yesterday I (meet) a friend of mine whom I (not see) for a long time.5. Ring me up at eleven o’clock, I (not yet sleep).6. You (be) late for the concert if you (not take ) a taxi.7. The sun (set) a long time ago, and it (begin) to get really cold.8. When I (come) home yesterday, my sister already (return) and (sit) at the fireplace looking through some old photographs.9. He (smoke) three cigarettes and (look) through all the books on the shelf, when at last he (hear) his friend’s steps approaching the door.10. He just (approach) the door, when she (enter).11. He (write) the composition for three hours and he (say) he soon (finish) it as he (think) over the conclusion now.12. Hardly I (go) out when I (remember) that I (forget) to take my umbrella.13. Where is the baby? -The nurse (put) it to bed.14. He said he (work) for a long time without achieving good results.

Exercise 103Use the required tense forms:1. When I (come) to Peter’s house last Sunday, he (read) a new book. He (say) he (give) it to me soon. Today I (take) it from him. Now I (read) it. I (finish) it by Friday. If you like, I (give) it to you on Sunday when you (come) to see me.2. When will he come? We (wait) for him for already half an hour.3. On leaving the hall the students (thank) the professor who (deliver) the lecture.4. We already (cover) about ten miles when Peter, who (look) out of the window for the last five or ten minutes, suddenly exclaimed: «Here is the station!»5. When morning came, the storm already (stop), but the snow still (fall).6. Yesterday by eight o’clock he (finish) all his homework, and when I (come) to his place at nine, he (read).

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7. I (wait) for permission to go abroad for already three weeks, but I (not receive) the visa yet.8. Everybody (be) at the door of the museum, but my friend (not yet come).9. We (drink) tea when the telephone (ring).10. Johnny noticed that everybody (look) at him, and he (feel) shy.11. Light (travel) more quickly than sound.

Exercise 104Use the required tense forms.1. What you (do) here? - I (prepare) for my report. -How long you (prepare) for it? -Oh, I (work) since morning.2. He (teach) at school for five years when the war (break) out.3. She (study) English since last year.4. What you (read)? -I (read) a magazine. -How long you (read) it? -I (read) it for half an hour.5. She (live) in Moscow for ten years when her sister (come) to live with her.6. Our teacher (come). Now he (speak) with our monitor.7. They (speak) when I (look) at them.8. I (walk) about an hour when I (see) a little house not far from the river.9. When he (read) the newspaper, he (give) it to his brother.10. He (leave) for Rostov in 1990 and since then he (live) there.11. At this time tomorrow we (discuss) your report.12. Now she (read) the book which I (give) her yesterday.13. You ever (be) to London? -Yes, I (be) there last summer.14. What your friend (do) now? -She (have) dinner. She usually (have) dinner at this time.15. I (buy) a new dress. I (show) it to you tomorrow when you (come) to my place.16. So you begin working tomorrow! And who (take) care of your children when you (go) to work?17. Hello, Peter! Where you (go)? -I (go) to the library.

Exercise 105Use the required tense forms:

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1. On entering the drawing-room he (find) that his two friends (get) up and (wait) for him.2. The sportsmen (train) since early morning; now they (go) over the high jump, as they (not be) satisfied with their results.3. Five minutes (not pass) when the train for which we (wait) (appear) in the distance.4. Tomorrow father (come) late. We (do) all our homework and (drink) tea when he (come).5. When Mrs. Smith (come) home yesterday, she (see) that her daughter (cook) supper and (wait) for her with the table laid.6. Where is Nick? -He (not be) at home, he (go) to the cinema. Wait for him, he (come) in half an hour.7. It was very late. I (go) to bed and (fall) asleep when my father (return) home.8. I’ll join you when I (drink) my tea.9. When I (come), he (live) in the same old house where I first (meet) him. He (tell) me he (wait) for me for already some time.10. The pupils (do) a lot of exercises before they (learn) to write dictations well.11. I could not hear a sound; they (stop) talking.

Exercise 106Use the required tense forms in the following sentences:1. When we (come) to the station, the train already (arrive). The passengers (hurry) to occupy their seats in the carriages.2. The concert (be) a greater success than we (expect). We were very glad.3. He (tell) me that if no one (come) to meet me at the station, I (can) leave the suit-cases in the cloak-room and go to the hotel where he (reserve) a room for me.4. He (be) here five minutes ago, but you (be) out. He (ask) me to tell you that he (come) again tonight.5. Lanny (return) home after seven years of absence. During these seven years he (study) in Cape Town where his people (send) him. Lanny was glad at the thought that he (do) what they (hope) he (do) and that soon he (be) among his people again.6. You (read) The Murder of Roger Ackroyd by Agatha Cristie? -No, I (not yet read) it. But I (hear) that it (be) a very interesting book. I (read) it as soon as I (get) it.

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Exercise 107Use the required tense forms in the following sentences:1. When we (come) to the station, our train already (leave) and we (have) to wait for two hours before another on (come).2. I was anxious to see the place where I (spend) my childhood.3. Victor asked me to explain the new rule to him, as he (miss) the previous lesson.4. John Glover (visit) Russia in 1989 and (not be) here since that time.5. When the train (stop), I (look) out of the window but (not see) any of my friends there. I (send) them a telegram and hoped that they (meet) me. As I (discover) later, they (receive) it ten minutes before the train arrived and could not meet me.6. We were greatly surprised not to find Ann at home. It turned out that her sister (forget) to give her our message, and Ann (leave) the house fifteen minutes before we (come).7. I decided not to put on my raincoat as it (stop) raining already and the sun (shine) brightly.8. The young people entered the theatre. The performance already (begin), and they (have) to wait till the first act (be) over.9. Nina never (be) here before and she (like) the theatre very much.

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10. I did not recognise Helen as I (not see) her for a very long time and she greatly (change).11. The sight of the school building brought back the old days to us. Here we (spend) many years together. We (learn) to read and write; here we (experience) our first joys and sorrows. We recollected our first day at school, how we (come) to our first lesson looking alarmed and excited.12. When the teacher told the boy to recite the poem, the boy (burst) into tears: he (not remember) anything, though he (try) to learn his lesson so hard.13. Jane usually works in the library. She (work) there now. She already (gather) the necessary material and now she (write) her report.

Exercise 108Use the appropriate tense for the verbs in brackets.1. My grandfather (never, fly) in an airplane, and he has no intention of ever doing so.2. Jane isn’t here yet. I (wait) for her since noon, but she still (not arrive).3. In all the world, there (be) only 14 mountains that (reach) above 8,000 meters.4. I have a long trip ahead of me tomorrow, and I think I’d better go to bed. But let me say good-bye now because I won’t see you in the morning. I (leave already) by the time you (get) up.5. Right now we (have) a heat wave. The temperature (be) in the upper 90s for the last six days.6. Last night I (go) to a party. When I (get) there, the room was full of people. Some of them (dance) and others (talk). One young woman (stand) by herself. I (meet, never) her, so I (introduce) myself to her.7. About three yesterday afternoon, Jessica (lie) in bed reading a book. Suddenly she (hear) a loud noise and (get) up to see what it was. She (look) out the window. A truck (back, just) into her new car!8. Next month I have a week’s vacation. I (plan) to take a trip. First, I (go) to Madison, Wisconsin, to visit my brother. After I (leave) Madison, I (go) to Chicago to see a friend of mine who (study) at a university there. She (live) in Chicago for three years, so she (know) hr way around the city. She (promise) to take me to many interesting places. I (be, never) in Chicago, so I (look) forward to going there.

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9. Yesterday while I (sit) in class, I (get) the hiccups. The person who (sit) next to me told me to hold my breath. I (try) that, but it didn’t work. The instructor (lecture), and I didn’t want to interrupt hi, so I just sat trying to hiccup quietly. Finally, after I (hiccup) for almost five minutes, I (raise) my hand and (excuse) myself from the class to go get a drink of water.10. The weather has been terrible lately. It (rain) off and on for two days, and the temperature (drop) at least twenty degrees. It (be) in the low 40s right now. Just three days ago, the sun (shine) and the weather was pleasant. The weather certainly (change) quickly here. I never know what to expect. Who knows? When I (wake) up tomorrow morning, maybe it (snow).

Exercise 109Use any appropriate tenses:A:. Hi, my name is Jose.B: Hi, my name is Ali.Jose: (You study) at this university?Ali: Yes, I ... ... you?Jose: Yes, I (be) here since last September. Before that I (study) English at another school.Ali: What (you, take)?Jose: I (take) chemistry, math, psychology, and American history. What (take, you) ?Ali: I (study) English. I (need) to improve my English before I (take) regular academic courses next semester.Jose: How long (you, be) here?Ali: I (be) here since the beginning of this semester. Actually, I (arrive) in the United States six months ago, but I (study) English at this university only since January. Before that I (live) with my brother in Washington, D.C.Jose: You (speak) English very well. (You, study) a lot of English before you (come) to the United States?Ali: Yes. I (study) English for ten years in my own country. And also, I (spend) some time in Canada a couple of years ago. I (pick) up a lot of English while I (live) there.Jose: You (be) lucky. When I (come) to the United States, I (study, never) any English at all. So I had to spend a whole year studying nothing but English before I (start) school.

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Ali: How long (you, plan) to be in the United States?Jose: I (be, not) sure. Probably by the time I (return) home I (be) here for at least five years. How about you?Ali: I (hope) to be finished with all my work in two and a half years.

Exercise 110Use the required tense forms in the following sentences:Dear Ann,I (receive) your letter about two weeks ago and (try) to find time to write you back ever since. I (be) very busy lately. In the past two weeks, I (have) four tests, and I have another test next week.. In addition, a friend (stay) with me since last Thursday. She wanted to see the city, so we (spend) a lot of time visiting some of the interesting places here. We (be) to the zoo, the art museum, and the botanical gardens. Yesterday we (go) to the park and (watch) a balloon race. Between showing her the city and studying for my exams, I (have, barely) enough time to breathe. Right now it (be) 3 a.m. and I (sit) at my desk. I (sit) here five hours doing my studying. My friend’s plane (leave) at 6.05, so I (decide) not to go to bed. That’s why I (write) to you at such an early hour in the day. I (get) a little sleepy, but I would rather stay up. I (take) a nap after I (get) back from taking her to the airport.How (get, you) along? How (go, your classes)? Please write soon.

Exercise 111Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple, future simple, past simple, past progressive, past perfect and the future-in-the-past. It (be) Ashley’s birthday and Melanie (give) him a surprise reception that night. Everyone (know) about the reception, except Ashley. Even his children (know). Everyone in the town who (be) nice (be invited). General Gordon and his family graciously (accept) the invitation. Alexander Stephens (say) he (be) present if his ever-uncertain health (permit). Scarlett never (see) Melanie so excited or so happy.«You see, dear, Ashley (not/have) a birthday party since we (come) here. And he (work) so hard and he (be) so tired. When he (get) home at night he (be) surprised when everybody (come) in!»Melanie’s house (blaze) lights from every room. It (be packed) with guests. They )overflow) on verandas and many (sit) on the benches in the dim lantern-hung yard.

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Exercise 112Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple, past progressive, past perfect and the future-in-the-past. 1. He (go) back into the kitchen and (open) the icebox. He (take) out a bottle of milk and a piece of chocolate cake and (put) them on the table. He (drink) the milk form the bottle and (eat) the cake with his fingers. It (no/be) until after he (finish) tat he (remember) he (promise) himself (not/touch) any sweets in hopes that his skin (clear) up.2. He (sit) there in a kind of lethargy. He (hear) the bathroom door slam and footsteps leading back to Rina’s room. Idly he (wonder) what she (do) at home at this time of the afternoon. Usually she (be) down at the beach already with her giggling girl friends.Rina just (cross) the room and (stand) in front of the mirrors, her back to the door.

Exercise 113Use one of the present tense forms or the past simple in the following text:1. They returned to London on Monday night. Jan went straight to his office, she drove home, where Mrs. Bristow, the housekeeper, was smoking a cigarette and listening to the wireless.-Everything (be) all right?-Mrs. Try (go).-Where?-She (not say). I (help) her down with the bags. Oh, and she (leave) you this.The housekeeper gave her a letter.«Darling,I (be) sorry not to be there to say goodbye but I (be) sure you will be quite pleased to have me out of your house at last. What an angel you (be). I can never thank you or Jan enough. I (leave) a little present to Jan. Let’s meet soon and I’ll tell you all about everything.All love. Virginia.»-She (leave) anything else, Mrs. Britsow?-Just two books. They (be) upstairs.-Mrs. Troy (leave) no address?

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-She (not go) far. I (not catch) what she (say) to the taxi-driver but it (not be) a railway station.The mystery (be) soon solved. Jan (telephone): -Good news, -he said. -We (get) rid of Virginia.-I know.-For good. She (be) a sensible woman. She (do) just what I (say) she should - she (find) a husband.2. Drawing Roma to the arm of his chair, her uncle said to his guest:-This little girl (be) my nephew Eden’s daughter. Eden (be) a poet, the first in the family to turn to things artistic. Of course, you (hear) that young Christian (turn) to painting. And Finch (be) a concert pianist, and Wakefield (be) an actor. And there (be) a young man nearby who (write). What is his name, Roma?-Humphrey Bell.-What’s it. And what he (write)?Sje answered, as though in a lesson:-Short stories in the American abd Canadian magazines.-Well, well, - said the uncle, - before we (know) it we shall have artists colony here in place of the settlement of retired British officers we (set) out with. You (think) that will be a change for the better, Roma?-I (not think) about it, - she returned.3. Then, with the noise of the bombardment still echoing in his ears, he (open) his eyes and for a moment (can) see nothing but flashes of light.«Fielden,» he (call) wildly, and immediately a familiar voice (reassure) him:«You (be) all right. You (come) round. You (feel) better, Frankie?»He (rub) his eyes and (see) Fielden beside him. He was lying on a camp-bed in an unknown place amid a group of strange officers.«I (be) quite all right. But what (happen)? Where I (be)?»«You (be)in a dug-out. You (be) buried by a bomb from a trench mortar.»«But how I (get) here?»«Someone (drag) you out. I’m afraid four of your men (be) killed and several others (be) wounded.»«My god!» (cry) Frankie, struggling to sit up. «Anyone (look) for them?»«That’s all right. We (get) the wounded ones to the dressing table long ago. You (be) unconscious for over an hour. The Doc’s going to have a look at you and if you (be) all right we shall take you back to your dug-out.»

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4. As they were drinking coffee, Finch said, «Now tell me about yourself. How is your work?»For a moment it (seem) as though Bell could not bring himself to answer, then he (get) out: «Not too badly. I (write) a novel».«A novel,» Finch shouted. «Well, this is news. And it (be) finished?»«Yes. It (be) finished. To tell the truth, it (be) accepted by a publisher.»«You (work) on it long?»«For over a year.»5. «What time it (be) It must be terribly late. I (see) that the moon (be) gone,» Sylvia said to Finch.«I’ll take you back in my car, but not till I (make) you some coffee.»They (go) together to the kitchen. They (get) the cups and saucers, the cream, (boil) the kettle. When (the tray (be) laid Finch (carry) it to the music room and (set) it on the little table. Then they (place) the chairs by it and (sit) down.«Is the coffee right?» she asked anxiously, for she had made it. And immediately she exclaimed: «Someone (come). I (hear) a car.»They (go) to see who it (be). When the car (stop, Finch’s brother (get) out of it.«I (be) sent by my wife to rescue you,» he said to Sylvia. «She (refuse) top go to bed till you )come). The others (leave) some time ago. It (be) almost morning.»«It (be) all my fault,» said Finch. «I (play) piano.»«All this while?»«Yes.»They (come) into the music room. Almost apologetically Finch sad: «We (have) coffee.»«For the second time tonight. No wonder you (be) wakeful,» said his brother.

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Exercise 114Use the required present or past tense in the following text:There (be) a loud crash upstairs, followed by a prolonged wailing sound.Mary (toss) the book which she (read), on the table and (run) up the stairs two at a time.The scene (be) much as she (expect). Theo (sit) up in bed looking rather sheepish, holding the dog in his arms. The maid (cry), and (try) to extract a handkerchief from her apron. Theo’s tea tray (lie) upon the floor with a mess, partly on it and partly round about it, of broken crockery, scattered bred and butter, and shattered cake. The carpet (not suffer) since the floor in Theo’s room (be) always thickly covered with old newspapers, and into this litter the split tea already (be) absorbed.«Oh, Casie, do stop it,» said Mary to the maid. «Go downstairs and put the kettle on again. I’ll clear this up.»Casie (go) away still weeping.«What (happen)?» said Mary.«Casie (say) she (be) old and useless now and I (agree) with her, and then she (throw) the tea tray on the floor.»«Theo, you mustn’t bait Casie like that, you always (do) it, it (be) so unkind.»The dog (jump) down and (investigate) the wreckage on the floor. His wet pink nose (quiver) as he (shoot) out a delicate pink lip and very daintily (pick) up a thin slice of bread and butter.«Don’t let the dog get all the cake, please. Would you mind putting it on this?» Theo (say) and (hold) out a sheet of newspaper. Mary (pick) up the larger fragments of the cake and (put) them on the newspaper. Then she (begin) to collect the debris on to the tray.The dog (be) now on the bed again, his tail, on which he (sit), vibrating with frustrated wags. Theo (beam) too. Looking at them sternly, it (occur) to Mary that the dog (come) to resemble Theo, or perhaps it (be) the other way round.

Exercise 115Use the required present or past tense in the following text:It was four years ago that Maurice (leave) his native land and now he (be) again within its borders. Then he (sail) by passenger ship from Halifax to Cobh. He (return) by plane and warship by way of Portugal and New York. He (smile) as he (consider) the change made in him by those four years in Ireland. He (be) now a different being, he thought, form the child of

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fourteen who (go) to live with old Dermot. How timid he (be) then! The very marrow of him (shudder) as he (stand) waiting in the hall while old Dermot (interview) Wright in whose charge Maurice (be). When Wright (come) out of the room he (wink) to Maurice and (whisper): «I (hope) you’ll like the old man better than I do.»Maurice slowly (enter) the room where Dermot (wait). The man (look) very old, but his voice (be) strong and his handclasp (be) warm. Maurice clearly (remember) the first words they (exchange).‘How do you do?» Dermot (say). «I hear you (be) seasick coming across.»«A little. After that it (be) fine.»Then Dermot (ask): «You (think) you can bear to visit me for a while?»«Yes, I’m sure I can.» His own voice (sound) very small even to himself.«Remember,» Dermot (continue), «if you (not like) me you may go home whenever you (choose).»«Mummie (tell) me so.»Maurice (be) terribly homesick on that first night in Ireland, but the next day (be) warm and sunny. Dermot (show) him the garden and the pastures where the horses (graze). Later, by himself, Maurice (cross) the green fields and (climb) the hill from where he (have) a glimpse of the sea.At the end of his first summer in Ireland the war (come). It now (go) on for four years. In spite of all the letters from home Maurice (feel) remote from the war. Even when his father and his uncles (go) overseas to fight, even when he (hear) that his father (be) a prisoner in Germany, he (feel) remote from the war, leading his peaceful life with his tutor and the old man.Now Dermot (be) dead and young Maurice (be) on his way home.Again he (think) of the change in himself. He (go) over to Ireland an the charge of Wright, doing just what Wright (tell) him to do; he (come) back by himself, doing just as he (please). He (leave) home wearing the clothes of a small boy. He (return) in the clothes of a man. He (try) to feel the unconcern of the seasonal traveller, a man who (be) abroad and (know) all about life. But, as the train (near) the city, a tremor (run) through him and his mouth (become) dry. Who would be at the station to meet him? Not his father, for his father (be) still a prisoner in Germany. Perhaps his mother would come! At the thought of her his heart (give)a quick thud. Her figure (rise) before him, as he (see) her at the moment of their parting more than four years ago. Her arms (be) held close against her body, but her eyes (cling) to him in anguish. She (fear) she (may) never see him again. Now he (have) a sharp stab of jealousy as he (think) how his brothers (be) close beside her all these years, and he far away. He (be) almost a stranger.

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No he (look) out at the fields baked brown in the late summer drought, at the wire fences and the ugly little houses of the suburbs. The train (near) the city. People (begin) to gather their things together.

Exercise 116Revision: Use of the present tense-aspect forms or the past simple or the past progressive in the following text:A knock at the door (arouse) Martin. He (think) about Joe and (wonder) where he (be), as he (say): «Come in.»«Ruth,» he said, amazed.Her face (be) white) and strained. He (lead) her to a chair and (draw) up another one for himself. He (be) too confused to speak. In his own mind his affair with Ruth (be) closed and sealed.«No one (know) I (be) here,» Ruth said in a faint voice.«What you (say)?»She (repeat) her words.«Oh,» he said, then (wonder) what more he could possibly say.«I (see) you come in, and (wait) a few minutes,» Ruth continued.«Oh,» he said, «and then you (come) in.»She (nod). The she (come) over to him, (rest) her hand on his shoulder a moment and then (slip) into his arms.He (know) now what she had come for.«My mother (want) me to marry Charlie Hapgood,» she announced.Martin then said, «And now, I suppose, your mother (want) you to marry me.»«She will not object. I (know) that much.»«She (consider) me quite eligible?»Ruth (nod).«And yet (be) not a bit more eligible now than i (be) when she (break) our engagement. I (not change). I (not get) a job. I (not look) for a job. And I still (believe) that Judge Blount (be) an ass. I (have) dinner with him the other night, so I ought to know.»«But oyu (not accept) Father’s invitation,» she said.«Who (send) him? Your mother?»Ruth (remain) silent.«Then she (send) him. And now I suppose she (send) you.»

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«No one (know) I (be) here,» she protested. «Oh, Martin, don’t be cruel. You (not) kiss me once. And think what I (dare) to do!»«Why you (not dare) it before,» he asked, «when I (not have) a job? When I (starve)? That’s the question I (put) to myself all this time. You see I (not change). I (be) the same. I (not develop) any new virtue. And what (puzzle) me is why everybody (want) me now. Surely they (not want) me for myself but for something that (be) outside me. It is for the recognition I (receive). Then again for the money I (earn).»«You (break) my heart,» she sobbed. «You (know) I (love) you.»«If you (love) me,» he said gently, «then why your love (be) weak enough to deny me?»«Forget and forgive,» she cried. «I (love) you all the time.»«Oh, you (do) nothing that (require) forgiveness,» he said impatiently.They (sit) in silence for a long time. He (know), now, that he had not really loved her.Ruth suddenly (begin) to speak. «I know that much of what you (say) is so, I (not love) you well enough. In the last ten minutes I (learn) much. I (learn) to love better.»«It’s too late,» he said. «I (be) a sick man. It is my soul. I (care) for nothing. Something (go) out of me.» Martin (lean) his head back and (close) his eyes. He (forget) the presence of Ruth.He (be) brought back to himself by the rattle of the door-knob, Ruth (try) to open the door.«Oh, forgive me,» he cried, rising to his feet. «I (forget) you (be) here. I’ll take you home.»

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ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА1. Голицынский Ю.Б. Грамматика (Сборник упражнений). Санкт-

Петербург, 1997 г.2. Гордон Е.М., Крылова И.П. Грамматика современного английского

языка. Москва, «Высшая школа», 1986 г.3. Дроздова Т.Ю., Маилова В.Г. English Grammar: Reference and

Practice. Санкт-Петербург, «Мэрил»,1996 г.4. Крутиков Ю.А., Кузьмин И.С., Рабинович Х.В. Упражнения по

грамматике современного английского языка. Москва, «Высшая школа», 1960 г.

5. Крылова И.П. Сборник упражнений по грамматике английского языка. Москва, «Высшая школа», 1980 г.

6. Лебедева А.Я. Времена английского языка (Сборник упражнений).7. Федотова И.Г., Ишевская Н.А. Ускоренный курс английского

языка. Москва, МП «Иннко», 1992.8. Betty Schrampfer Azar. English Grammar. (2nd Edition).

Regents/Prentice Hall, USA, 1989.9. A.J.Thomson, A.V.Martinet. A Practical English Grammar. Oxford

University Press, U.K., 1986.10. E.Walker, S.Elsworth. Grammar Practice for Intermediate Students.

Longman, U.K., 1986.11. E.Walker, S.Elsworth. Grammar Practice for Upper Intermediate

Students. Longman, U.K., 1986.12. M.Swan, C.Walter. How English Works. (A Grammar Practice

Book). Oxford University Press, U.K., 1997.13. J.Eastwood. Oxford Practice Grammar. Oxford University Press,

U.K., 1997.14. O.V.Afanasyeva, A.S.Saakyan. What of That? Which Word to

Choose? Academia, Москва, 1999

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