Odor Management Concepts for Animal Feeding Operation · •South Dakota Odor Footprint Tool...
Transcript of Odor Management Concepts for Animal Feeding Operation · •South Dakota Odor Footprint Tool...
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Odor Management
Concepts for Animal
Feeding OperationKevin A Janni
Professor & Extension Engineer
Bioproducts & Biosystems Engineering
University of Minnesota
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Odor Management Toolkit
• Right tools
• Skilled person
• Job well done
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Odor Management Tools
• Understanding odors
• Concern & neighborliness
• Communications
• Siting tools
• Source assessment
• Mitigation practices
• Useful resources
• Implementation & follow up
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No single solution
• Many things vary
– Sources
– Level of mitigation needed
– Impact of practices on operations (ex. feeding,
ventilation, manure management and sanitation)
– Management and labor available
– Capital and operating costs
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Manure Odors
• Mixture of volatile gases
• Over 300 volatile compounds identified from
animal manures
• Some compounds detectable by humans at
extremely low concentrations
• Generally considered unpleasant or
offensive
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Odors
• Evoke emotional and
physiological responses
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Pleasant odors
• Evoke emotional and
physiological responses
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Offensive odors
• Evoke emotional and
physiological responses
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Points of View
• Source owner or manager
• Neighbor
• Parent of sensitive child
• Community leader or politician
• Regulator
• Academic
Values
Goals
Actions
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Unpleasant Odor Concerns
• Smell
– Nuisance, irritation, lost enjoyment
– Invade private or public property
• Health
• Costs to manage
• Other
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Odor Impacts
• Normally local, depends on source size
• Interfere with use and enjoyment of public
areas, private land or home
• Offensive odors may
– Annoy and agitate people
– Trigger more symptoms
• Odors do not make people sick
O’Connor A.M., B. Auvermann, D. Bickett-Weddle, S. Kirkhorn, J.M. Sargeant, A. Ramirez, S.G. Von
Essen. (2010) The Association between Proximity to Animal Feeding Operations and Community Health:
A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE 5(3): e9530. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009530
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Odor perception depends on
• Frequency
• Intensity or detected concentration
• Duration
• Offensiveness or emotional reaction
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Odor Frequency
• Once or twice a month
• Twice a week
• Every day
• All the time
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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Odor Intensity
• Odor strength
• Analogous to sound loudness
• Ranges from
– Non-detectable
– Barely detectable
– Detectable
– Recognizable
– Offensive – very loud
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Odor Duration
• Seconds
• Minutes
• Hours
• Days
• Weeks
• Months
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Odor Offensiveness
• Emotional & physiological reaction
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Manage FIDO
• Some manure odors are commonly
acceptable in agricultural communities
• Questions you and your neighbors need to
answer and agree on
– How often?
– How intense?
– How long?
– How offensive?
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Managing odors with good
communications
• Talk to neighbors about odors
• Ask if they smell odors
• Tell neighbors you are concerned
• Tell neighbors what you are doing to
manage odors
• Have process for complaints
• Visit annually
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Develop good neighbor relations
• Discuss new building sites and/or
expansions early in planning
• Inventory impacted areas
– Nearby neighbors
– Public areas (parks, lakes)
– Schools and churches
– Towns, cities and public roads
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Managing odors with site
assessment tools
• Minnesota – Odor From Feedlot Setback
Estimation Tool (OFFSET)
• South Dakota Odor Footprint Tool (SDOFT)
• Nebraska – Odor Footprint Tool (OFT)
• Iowa – Community Assessment Model for
Odor (CAM)
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If owner wants to do something . .
now what?
• Identify odor sources and odor emitting
activities
• Prioritize sources or activities
• Investigate mitigating practices
• Implement practice
• Assess impact
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Mitigation planning
• For each source to mitigate
• Level of mitigation needed
• Impacts on production practices
• Management
• Capital and operating costs
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Animal ag sources
• Barns and ventilation air exhaust
• Open lots
• Manure treatment and storage facilities
• Mortalities
• Land application
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Mitigation approaches
• Reduce emissions
– Generate less odor, emit less odor
• Capture and treat
– Capture odors and treat, emit less odor
• Enhance odor dispersion
– Odors emitted are diluted more
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Possible mitigation practices
• Reduce Generation
– Diet/ration modification
– Additives
– Manure treatment
• Solid/liquid separation
• Anaerobic digestion
• Enhance dispersion
–Vegetative buffer
• Reduce emissions
– Covers
– Oil spraying
• Capture and Treat
– Biofilters
– Wet scrubbers
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Diet and Feed Management
• Formulate diets to more accurately meet
animal needs
• Reduce nutrients in feces and urine to
reduce emissions from stored and land
applied manure
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Diet and Feed Management
• Examples
– Phase and Split-sex feeding
– Add amino acids to reduce crude protein
– Reduce nitrogen and sulfur
• Reduce feed waste and dust generation
• Not consistent significant odor reduction
• Consistent NH3 reduction
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Additives
• Chemical
– Oxidize volatile compounds
– Adjust pH
– React and form precipitates
– Masking agents or counteractants
• Biological
– Modify biochemical pathways
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Enhance dispersion
• Dilutes odors
• Property line limits
• Does not reduce emissions
• Methods
– Vegetative buffers
– Wind walls
– Chimneys
– Increased separation distance
http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/news/mar07/0315windbre
akprogram/tabid/18460/Default.aspx
http://rec.udel.edu/poultryextension/Vegetative%20Environmental%20Buffers/Vegeta1.jpg
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Covers
• Permeable
• Impermeable
• Positive air pressure
• Negative air pressure
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Permeable covers
• Geotextile fabric
• Straw
• Natural crust
• Limited life
• Emission reductions depend
on % covered and thickness
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Impermeable covers
• Highly effective
• Expensive
• Manage
– Bubbles
– Precipitation
– Animals
– Manure removal
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Oil sprinkling
• Reduces dust levels
and emissions
• Effective
• Questions about
slippery floors and
airborne oil mist
impacts on healthhttps://www-mwps.sws.iastate.edu/sites/default/files/imported/free/aed_42.pdf
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Wet scrubbers
• Liquid spray entraps particulates and
absorbs gases
• Factors
– Gas solubility
– Liquid pH
– Air to liquid flow rates
• Wastewater handling
• Potential nutrient recycling
Gas
out
Gas
in
Liquid
in
Liquid
out
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Biofilters
Manure Pit
Odorous
Air
Mechanically Ventilated
Building
Exhaust Fan
Treated Air Exhaust
Media Support
Air PlenumAir Duct
Biofilter
Media
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Media studied
• Wood chips and compost
• Pine nuggets & shredded wood
• Lava rock
• Birch mulch wood chips
• Corn cobs
5 cm and 10 cm grind
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Biofilter Effectiveness
• Odor detection threshold
– 78 to 95%
• Ammonia
– 50 to 82%
• Hydrogen sulfide
– 86 to 97%
% Reduction
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Biofilter Designs
Biofilters
Vertical
A-Frame
Dairy
Deep bed
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Manure treatment
• Anaerobic digestion
• Changes odor character, some reduction
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Manure treatment
• Solid-liquid separation
• Variable odor control, best soon after voiding
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Manure agitation
• Major odorous
activity
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Land application techniques
• Broadcast – surface
application
• Broadcast followed by
incorporation
• Incorporation, injection
• Irrigation
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Land application timing
• Avoid days prior to and of community
and neighbor celebrations
• Sunny unstable weather day – lifts odors
and mixes more
• Windy day – wind direction
• Dry day
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Resources
• Air Quality in Animal Agriculture
• https://lpelc.org/air-quality/
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Resources
• National Air Quality Site Assessment Tool
(NAQSAT)
• naqsat.tamu.edu
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Four video websites
• Policy Considerations https://lpelc.org/air-quality-resources-for-policy-makers/
• Neighbor Relations & Setback Estimate Toolshttps://lpelc.org/air-quality-resources-for-policy-makers/
• Manure Covers & Biofilters https://lpelc.org/manure-covers-and-biofilters-for-managing-odor-and-air-emissions/
• Health Impacts https://lpelc.org/health-impacts-of-air-emissions-from-animal-feeding-operations/
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An odor management benefit
• Opportunity for income from new or
expanded animal feeding operation
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Take home points
• Odors evoke emotional and
physiological responses
• Manage FIDO to manage odors
• Good communications are important
• There are effective odor control techniques
• Try methods and assess effectiveness
• Go to https://lpelc.org/air-quality/