Functional Anatomy of Macaque Striate Cortex. I. Ocular Dominance ...
Ocular Anatomy...This education module, Ocular Anatomy was originally prepared by Dr Con Petsoglou,...
Transcript of Ocular Anatomy...This education module, Ocular Anatomy was originally prepared by Dr Con Petsoglou,...
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 1
Ocular Anatomy
EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS
Education Session One
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This education module, Ocular Anatomy was originally prepared by
Dr Con Petsoglou, Ophthalmologist, Sydney Hospital & Sydney Eye Hospital,
Save Sight Institute: University of Sydney.
It has been adapted with Dr Petsoglou’s permission for
inclusion in the education modules, Eye Education for Emergency Clinicians.
These have been developed as an education resource
to compliment the consensus based guidelines published
in the Eye Emergency Manual, NSW Dept Health 2007.
Special thanks to:
Jillian Grasso, Clinical Nurse Consultant Ophthalmology,
Janet Long, Clinical Nurse Consultant Community Liaison Ophthalmology,
Joanna McCulloch, Transitional Nurse Practitioner Ophthalmology,
Cheryl Moore, Nurse Educator Ophthalmology, and
Carmel Smith, Project Officer, Eye Emergency Manual Project.
for editing the original presentation
December 2008
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 3
Ocular Anatomy
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 4
General• Eyes are parallel to
enable binocular vision
• Protection from environment by:– Brow and Eyebrows– Eyelids: superior and
inferior– Bony orbit– Soft fat around eye to
cushion blows
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 5
External Anatomy
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 6
Eyelids
• Palpebral fissure is elliptical– 30mm long and 15mm high– Upper lid covers cornea 1-2mm– Lower lid just below cornea– Lateral Canthus
• 30-40O 5mm medial to orbital margin– Medial Canthus
• More obtuse• Contains caruncle and semilunar fold
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 7
Conjunctiva
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 8
Conjunctiva (cont)
• Mucosal surface to moisten and protect• Barrier to infection• Stretches from eyelids to limbus• Attached firmly at limbus• Open at limbus to expose globe
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 9
Sinuses
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 10
Sinuses (cont)• Eyes lie within 2 bony cavities–orbits• Surrounded by air filled, mucus lined cavities
called sinuses• Complex relationship between the two• 4 main sinuses in the facial skeleton
– Maxillary sinus – cheek bone– Frontal sinus - brow– Ethmoidal sinus – upper nose– Sphenoidal sinus- central skull
• All are paired
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 11
Bony Orbit
• Pear shaped cavity with optic nerve stem
• Medial walls parallel• Lateral walls 45o
• Volume 30cc• Opening
– Height 35mm– Width 45mm– Depth 45mm
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 12
Intra Orbit
• Orbital Canal• Strong, unforgiving in
lesser wing of sphenoid
• Conducts– Optic Nerve– Ophthalmic Artery– Sympathetic fibres
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 13
Orbital contents
• Eyeballs take up 70% of orbital volume
• Surround the eyes is a complicated network of – Soft Orbital Fat– Fibrous tissue– Extraocular Muscles– Vessels + Nerves
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 14
Extraocular muscles (EOM)
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 15
Extraocular muscles (cont)• There are 6 EOMs
– 4 Recti and 2 Obliques• Each has a unique action• 3 axes of motion:
– Horizontal• Towards nose = adduction • Towards temple = abduction
– Vertical : Elevation and Depression– Tortional:
• Intorsion: 12 o’clock of cornea turns in• Extorsion: 12 o’clock of cornea turns out
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 16
Extraocular muscles (cont)
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 17
Globe
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 18
Layers of the Eye
• Fibrous layer– Cornea (clear) and Sclera (white)
• Vascular layer: Uveal tract– Iris, Ciliary Body, Choroid
• Nervous layer– Retina
• Refractive media– Aqueous, Lens, Vitreous
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 19
Layers of the Eye (cont)
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 20
Lacrimal System
• Exocrine gland producing tears andantibodies
• Tears coat eye and drain thru lacimal canaliculus to lacrimal sac and duct
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 21
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 22
Internal Eye
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Sclera (SKLE-ra)• Provides shape• Protects the inner parts-covers whole of
eye expect the cornea• White, very tough connective tissue
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 24
Cornea (KOR-ne-a)
• Admits and refracts (bends) light
• Avascular- transparent• Curved• 5 layers• Central &.
Peripheral areas
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Anterior Chamber
• Contains aqueous humour• Helps maintain shape of eye• Supplies oxygen and nutrients to lens
and cornea
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 26
Iris (I-ris)
• Coloured portion of eye• Shaped like a donut• Suspended between
the cornea and lens• Circular & radial
smooth muscles• Regulates light
entering the eye through the pupil
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 27
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 28
Lens (cont)• Biconvex• Measures 9mm by 4mm• Transparent • Avascular• No nerve supply• Located behind the iris, in front of the vitreous• Seen through the pupil• Supported by zonules or suspensory ligaments• Function – focus light on the retina by accommodation• A cataract is a opacity of the lens
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Posterior Chamber
• Largest cavity of the eye• Contains vitreous body (formed in
embryo)• Maintains shape of eye• Holds retina flush against the choroid• Contains phagocytic cells
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 30
Retina (Ret-in-ah)•Inner most coat of the eye
•Non visual layer RPE and visual layer (nerve cells)
•9-11 layers (main layers-ganglion layer, bipolar layer, photoreceptor layer)
•Beginning of visual pathway
•Central and peripheral vision
•Contains the optic nerve which is connected to visual area of brain
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EYE EDUCATION FOR EMERGENCY CLINICIANS 31
Conclusion
• Anatomy complex• Easy to be
overwhelmed• Principles important• Consider in layers• Terminology first• Then function• Then relations