OCR A2 History - African American Revision Timetable
27
Supreme Court Rulings 1873 Slaughterho use Ruled that the 14 th protected individual rights but not state-given CR. 1938 Gaines vs. Canada Separate facilities MUST be equal – lead to AA teachers earning 80% of white wage but not enforced 1876 US vs. Cruikshank Following Louisiana riot that left 72 dead, white attackers released – EA only states not people. 1944 Smith vs. Allright Outlawed voting laws in Texas – rose AA voting numbers from 2% in 1940 to 12% in 1947 1883; 1875 CRA Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional 1954 Brown vs. Education Overruled SBE ruling of P VS. F in education 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson Ruled that racial segregation of railways was constitutional as they were SEPARATE BUT EQUAL. 1956 Browder vs. Gayle Bus segregation is unconstitutional using B vs. B precedent 1898 Mississippi vs. Williams Southern anti-voting laws were constitutional. 1960 Boynton vs. Virginia Outlawed all inter-state travel segregation 1899 Cumming vs. Education Used P vs. F precedent to extend segregation to schools although more money was spent on whites. 1970 Green vs. Connelly Higher Educational facilities must be desegregated to gain federal funding 1915 Guinn vs. US Grandfather clause deemed unconstitutional in Oklahoma and Maryland. 1971 Griggs vs. Duke Power Company Gave exemptions to AAs for entrance exams into jobs because of educational disadvantages 1917 Buchanan vs. Warley Kentucky residential segregation was unconstitutional but ruling was on property rights - not stop public segregation 1971 Swann vs. Education Ruled that since busses were already used, bussing was constitutional 1923 Moore vs. Dempsey Overruled all-white juries verdict of 12 AA death penalties because of unfairness. 1974 Milliken vs. Bradley Stopped bussing unless there were deliberate attempts to re-segregate schools. 1931 9 young AAs arrested for raping white 1978 Uni of Ruled that a white student had been
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Transcript of OCR A2 History - African American Revision Timetable
Supreme Court Rulings
1873 Slaughterhouse
Ruled that the 14th protected individual rights but not state-given CR.
1938 Gaines vs. Canada
Separate facilities MUST be equal – lead to AA teachers earning 80% of white wage but not enforced
1876 US vs. Cruikshank
Following Louisiana riot that left 72 dead, white attackers released – EA only states not people.
1944 Smith vs. Allright
Outlawed voting laws in Texas – rose AA voting numbers from 2% in 1940 to 12% in 1947
1883; 1875 CRA Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional 1954 Brown vs. Education
Overruled SBE ruling of P VS. F in education
1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson
Ruled that racial segregation of railways was constitutional as they were SEPARATE BUT EQUAL.
1956 Browder vs. Gayle
Bus segregation is unconstitutional using B vs. B precedent
1898 Mississippi vs. Williams
Southern anti-voting laws were constitutional. 1960 Boynton vs. Virginia
Outlawed all inter-state travel segregation
1899 Cumming vs. Education
Used P vs. F precedent to extend segregation to schools although more money was spent on whites.
1970 Green vs. Connelly
Higher Educational facilities must be desegregated to gain federal funding
1915 Guinn vs. US
Grandfather clause deemed unconstitutional in Oklahoma and Maryland.
1971 Griggs vs. Duke Power Company
Gave exemptions to AAs for entrance exams into jobs because of educational disadvantages
1917 Buchanan vs. Warley
Kentucky residential segregation was unconstitutional but ruling was on property rights - not stop public segregation
1971 Swann vs. Education
Ruled that since busses were already used, bussing was constitutional
1923 Moore vs. Dempsey
Overruled all-white juries verdict of 12 AA death penalties because of unfairness.
1974 Milliken vs. Bradley
Stopped bussing unless there were deliberate attempts to re-segregate schools.
1931 Scottsboro Boys trial
9 young AAs arrested for raping white women on train. Trial very public and although lacking in evidence, all-white
juries convicted. NAACP support
1978 Uni of Cal vs. Baake
Ruled that a white student had been discriminated against in the entrance – to much affirmative action.
1933 Trudeau vs. Barnes
Ruled that all other avenues must be used before SC – shows NAACP’s slowness.
1984 Grove City vs. Bell
Organisations only had to abide by CR legislation directly concerning them. Overruled in 1988
Congress
1865 13th Amendment
Gave all AAs de jure freedom to marry, worship, own property, travel and become educated.
1960 CRA Renewed CRC. Gave judges right to elect pro-AA whites so AAs could vote. Federal penalties for bombing/mobs.
Freedman’s Bureau 1865-72
Support AAs in finding homes/jobs/schools. Short term but allowed self-help groups to emerge.
1961 New Frontier
JFK’s policy – weak on AAs at start but after defiance of SS at Little Rock, stepped in and pushed for CRA 63
1866 CRA Excluding NAs, gave all races full citizenship 1964 CRA TP: LBJ pushed through after JFK’s death (united Fed. Gov.). Made racial, sexual or religious discrimination illegal
1867 Military Reconstruction
Act
Divided south into 5 military states ruled by northern Generals. They decided who ran state governments. Only
get Congress representation if demands were met.
1965 Voting Rights Act
Banned all legislation to stop anyone voting.
Conventions by 1868
Allowed 700,000 AAs to elect party leaders which got full civil rights.
1968 Fair Housing Act
Ended discrimination of property sales
1868 14th Got AA citizenship and equal protection under the law. 1969 Bussing De facto desegregated schools by shipping students in
1870 15th Forbade denial of vote because of race (not wealth) 1969 Affirmative Action
Positive discrimination towards AAs to rise employment. If overused; UoC vs. Baake
1875 CRA Passed by Congress from growing concerns of segregation (unconstitutional by 1883).
1972 Watergate Scandal
Ruined Reagan’s reputation and stopped CR legalisation.
1933 New Deal Although intensions were pure, FDR excluded AAs 1972 EOA More power to EO Commission and enforced SC rulings
1930s Anti-Lynching Bill
Pushed by NAACP and E. Roosevelt, was not passed/embarrassed FDR but decreased lynching
1982 VRA Strengthened VRA; stricter laws concerning discrimination against groups of voters. Opposed by Reagan
1944 Fair Deal HST’s deal aimed to desegregate army 1988 FHA Strengthen 1968 FHA. Vetoed by Reagan
1946 Presidents Committee in CR
Reported to HST on ways to gain AA equality. Contained no AA campaigners
1988 CR Restoration Act
Strengthened CR legislation. Vetoed by Reagan
1957 CRA Commissioned CRC and part of Justice Department to look at CRs. Thurmond spoke against – LBJ had to water down
1990 CRA Tried to strengthen affirmative action. Vetoed by Bush
1865-1877
TIME
HEL
PH
IND
ERGroups
1865-1877
Radical Republicans
Republicans Freedman’s Bureau
KKK
TIME
HEL
PH
IND
ERLegislation1865-1877
Emancipation Proclamation
13th 14th66 CR
Reconstruction
15th
Black Codes
Compromise
Slaughterhouse
75 CR
83 - Unconstitutional
US vs. Cruikshank
TIME
HEL
PH
IND
ERPeople
1865-1877
StevensDouglass
BruceHoward
Forrest
A. Johnson
A. Lincoln
TIME
HEL
PH
IND
ERPresidents1865-1877
U. Grant
1877-1915
TIME
HEL
PH
IND
ERGroups
1877-1915
Southern States
Progressive Movement
NACW
TI
NBL
Niagara Movement
NAACP
TIME
HEL
PH
IND
ERLegislation1877-1915
Jim Crow laws
Poll Tax Mississippi
vs. Williams
Grandfather clause
Literacy tests
Property qualifications
Guinn vs. US
Plessy vs. Ferguson
TIME
HEL
PH
IND
ERPeople
1877-1915
Jim Crow
Wells
BTW
Du Bois
Trotter
TIME
HEL
PH
IND
ERPresidents1877-1915
G. Cleveland
T. Roosevelt
W. H. Taft
W. Wilson
1915-1941
TIME
HEL
PH
IND
ERGroups
1915-1941
UNIAFoNF
NAACP
CommunistsNNC
KKK Southern States
DotR
SC
TIME
HEL
PH
IND
ERLegislation1915-1941
WWI
ND
Anti-lynching Bill
Gaines vs. Canada
Trudeau vs. Barnes
Moore vs. Dempsey
Buchanan vs. Warley
TIME
HEL
PH
IND
ERPeople
1915-1941
M. Garvey
O. Priest
J. Johnson
W. Simmons
W. White
E. Talmadge
T. Bilbo
H. Evans
M. Anderson
H. McDaniel
H. Long
J. Owens
E. Roosevelt
TIME
HEL
PH
IND
ERPresidents1915-1941
F. Roosevelt
W. HardingW. Wilson C. Coolidge H. Hoover
1940-1965
TIME
HEL
PH
IND
ERGroups
1940-1965
CORE
CommunismKKK
White Citizens Councils
CR Commission
Raymond and Rosa
Parks Institute
NAACP
SCLC
SCNN ACMHR
Housing Foundation
TIME
HEL
PH
IND
ERLegislation1940-1965
WWII
Cold War + McCarthyism
Fair Deal
CRC Smith vs.
Allright
Brown vs. Education
Little Rock
57 CRA
60 CRA
Browder vs.
Gayle
SI/FR
Boynton vs.
VirginiaNew
Frontier
Brum
D.C
64 CRA
65 VRA
TIME
HEL
PH
IND
ERPeople
1940-1965
J. Farmer A.
Powell
W. White
R. McCarthy
T. Marshall
R. Wilkes
Gov. Daniel
E. Warren
S. Thurmond
E. Till
O. Faubus
R. Parks
MLK
E. Baker
J. Meredith
G. Wallace
R. Kennedy
F. Shuttlesworth
E. Conner
TIME
HEL
PH
IND
ERPresidents1940-1965
H. Truman
D. Eisenhower
JFK
L. Johnson
1960-1992
TIME
HEL
PH
IND
ERGroup
1960-1992
NOI
Black Power
CORESNCC
Black Panthers
PUSH
Rainbow Coalition
TIME
HEL
PH
IND
ERLegislation1960-1992
Vietnam
68 FHA
Bussing Affirmative Action 72
EOA
Griggs vs.
Duke
Sawn vs.
Board
Milliken vs.
Bradley
Green vs.
Connolly
UoC vs.
Baake
82 VRA
MLK day
88 FHA
Grove City vs.
Bell
Bifurcation
TIME
HEL
PH
IND
ERPeople
1960-1992
Malcolm X
E. Muhammad
M.L.K
S. Carmichael
B. Seal
H. Newton J.
Jackson
R. King
TIME
HEL
PH
IND
ERPresidents1960-1992
L. B. J.
R.Nixon
G. Ford
J. Carter
R. Reagan
G. W. Bush
