OCN review course Oncologic Emergencies (without ... Spring Slides/OCN...•Neuro: HA, restlessness,...

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Oncologic Emergencies Melissa Davis, MSN, APRN, AOCNP

Transcript of OCN review course Oncologic Emergencies (without ... Spring Slides/OCN...•Neuro: HA, restlessness,...

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Oncologic Emergencies

Melissa Davis, MSN, APRN, AOCNP

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Objectives

For each oncologic emergency, review:• Definition• Signs and symptoms• Risk factors• Diagnostics•Management

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Metabolic Emergencies:

• Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

• Sepsis• Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS)• Hypercalcemia• Syndrome of Inappropriate 

Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)

• Anaphylaxis

Structural Emergencies:

• Increased intracranial pressure (ICP)

• Spinal cord compression (SCC)

• Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS)

• Cardiac tamponade

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Metabolic Emergencies

• Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)• Sepsis• Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS)• Hypercalcemia• Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)

• Anaphylaxis

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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

• Definition: Inappropriate, accelerated and systemic activation of the coagulation cascade. Results in thrombosis and subsequent bleeding and hemorrhage

• Simultaneous clotting and bleeding

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DIC Signs and Symptomsclotting and bleeding

• Skin: Bleeding• GI: Tarry stools, hematemesis, abd distention/pain• GU: Hematuria, decreased UOP• Resp: Dyspnea, tachypnea, hypoxia, hemoptysis, cyanosis, SOB

• Neuro: HA, restlessness, confusion, lethargy, altered LOC, obtundation, seizures, coma

• CV: Tachycardia, hypotension, decreased peripheral pulses, change in color and temp of extremities

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Diagnostics: Labs• Increased: D‐dimer assay, FDP titer • Decreased: Platelet count, fibrinogen• Prolonged: PT/PTT

• Infection and sepsis (most common cause)• Malignancy (especially acute promyelocytic leukemia)• Trauma• Pregnancy

DIC Risk Factors

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Management of DIC

1. Treat underlying condition (chemo, antibiotics)2. Hemodynamic support (fluids, oxygen)3. Blood component therapy

Nursing Considerations• Monitor bleeding, I/O, assess tissue perfusion• Apply pressure dressings to sites of active bleeding

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Sepsis

• Definition: Systemic inflammatory response to pathogenic microorganisms and associated endotoxins in the blood.

• Presents with 2 or more of the following:• Temp > 38 or <36 Celsius • HR >90 beats/min• RR >20 breaths/min• WBC >12k or less than 4K, or >10% bands

• Septic shock  hemodynamic instability despite aggressive fluid challenge

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Sepsis• Risk factors: Immunosuppression, comorbidities, age >65 yo, lines and tubes, hospitalization, invasive procedures, loss of mucosal integrity

• Organisms: Most often bacterial (40% gram neg)

• Prognosis: Untreated bacteremia with associated neutropenia and septic shock is associated with 50‐70% mortality rate

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Sepsis Signs and Symptoms

• Constitutional: Fever, shaking chills• Neuro: Confused, anxious, restless, decreased LOC• Resp: Cough, tachypnea, dyspnea, ARDS• CV: Tachycardia, hypotension• GI: N/V/D/C, anorexia• GU: Decreased UOP progressing to anuria and ARF• Skin: Warm, flushed then cool, clammy

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Management of Sepsis

1. Labs: Blood cultures, CBC, CMP2. Chest x‐ray3. UA and urine culture4. Cultures of other potential sources of infection: 

throat, stool, sites of exudate5. Treat infection‐ start with broad spectrum ABX6. Hemodynamic support:  Fluids, blood components, 

vasopressors, O2

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Tumor Lysis Syndrome

• Definition: Metabolic imbalance caused by the rapid release of intracellular potassium, phosphorus, and nucleic acid into the blood. Occurs as a result of rapid tumor cell kill.

• Electrolyte abnormalities place pt at risk for cardiac arrhythmias and renal failure.

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Labs

• Elevated: Uric acid, potassium, phos, LDH, BUN/Cr• Decreased: Calcium

• High growth fraction and large bulky tumors• Leukemia, lymphoma, small cell lung ca• Large tumor burden: LAD, splenomegaly, incr LDH

• Concurrent renal or cardiac disease

TLS Risk Factors

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Tumor Lysis Signs and Symptoms

• Hyperkalemia: Sx generally when >6.5 • EKG changes, N/V/D, muscle weakness

• Hyperphosphatemia• Edema, oliguria, renal insufficiency, ARF

• Hyperuricemia: Sx generally when >10• Oliguria, azotemia, edema, uric acid nephropathy, N/V/D, pruritis, hematuria, lethargy, seizure

• Hypocalcemia• EKG changes, hypotension, muscle cramps, twitching, paresthesias, diarrhea, seizures, tetany, AMS

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Management of Tumor Lysis

• IV Hydration with UOP of 150‐200 mL/hr• Allopurinol or rasburicase• Forced diuresis: loop diuretics• Hyperkalemia: 

• Mild (<6.5): Na Polystyrene Sulfonate (Kayexalate)• Severe (>6.5 +/‐ EKG change): Ca gluconate, glucose + insulin

• Dialysis

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Hypercalcemia

Etiology• Bone destruction from tumor invasion• Tumors secrete hormones and/or cytokines that act  locally or systemically to induce bone resorption

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Hypercalcemia Signs and Symptoms

• Early: Confusion, lethargy, weakness, hypotonia, constipation, N/V, polyuria, dehydration

• Late: Seizure, obtundation, coma, obstipation/ileus, renal failure 

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• Monitor electrolytes, albumin, renal function• If concern for bony involvement of disease, check 

phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase• Check EKG

Labs

• Breast, lung, head & neck and renal cancer, MM, lymphoma

Hypercalcemia Risk Factors

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Management of HypercalcemiaMild/Asymptomatic

• PO fluids

Mod/Severe (Ca >12 mg/dL)• Vigorous IV hydration +/‐ furosemide• Anti‐resorptive therapy: bisphosphonates +/‐ calcitonin (nasal)

Non‐pharmacologic• Exercise, weight‐bearing activity• Active or passive ROM for bedridden patients• Seizure precautions if  calcium >12 mg/dl

*** Treat the cancer: chemo or radiation for metastatic tumors ***

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Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)

• Definition: Endocrine paraneoplasticsyndrome which results in inappropriate production and release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to impaired renal (free‐water) excretion.

• Results in dilutional serum hyponatremia, high urine osmolality, intracellular edema

• Complications: neuro sx, cerebral edema

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SIADH Signs and Symptoms

Mild (Na 125‐134 mEq/L): Generally asymptomatic. May experience nausea, anorexia, 

malaise, fatigue, weakness, muscle cramps

Moderate (Na 115‐125 mEq/L): Thirst, HA, confusion, vomiting, 

lethargy, weight gain, combativeness, psychosis

Severe (Na <115 mEq/L): Delirium, obtundation, refractory 

seizures, coma and death

• Most symptomatic if Na <115 mEq/L or if hyponatremiaoccurs in <48 hrs

• Symptoms are related to cerebral edema

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• Decreased: Serum sodium and osmolality• Increased: Urine sodium, osmolality, specific gravity

SIADH Labs

SIADH Risk Factors• ***Small cell lung cancer*** (also seen in NSCLC, head & neck)• Infections (PNA, TB, abscess)• Chemotherapy (especially high dose cyclophosphamide)• Medications (narcotics, anesthesia, diuretics, NSAID, TCA, SSRI)• CNS (meningitis, intracranial hemorrhage, head trauma)• Pain, stress

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Management of SIADHTreat the underlying cause and correct hyponatremia

• Mild (Na 125‐134 mEq/L): Fluid restriction of 500 to 1000 mL/day. Corrects over 3 to 5 days.

• Mod (Na 115‐124 mEq/L): Demeclocycline if fluid restriction cannot be maintained or hyponatremia persists. Onset in 3 to 5 days. Severe (Na <115 mEq/L) : Hypertonic (3% to 5%) saline +/‐ concurrent lasix. Vasopressin antagonists: Tolvaptan, Conivaptan

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Anaphylaxis• Definition: Immediate, systemic hypersensitivity reaction which usually occurs within seconds to minutes after the administration of a foreign protein.

• Mediated by IgE• Can result in respiratory failure, cardiovascular collapse, and possibly death.

• High risk agents: Taxanes, platinums,asparaginase, epipodophyllotoxins, rituximab

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Testing for Anaphylaxis• Intradermal skin test for agents with a high suspicion for hypersensitivity reactions (ie asparaginase)

• Test dose of agents (ie 1/10th of dose) if prior history of allergy with drug exposure

Preventionof Anaphylaxis• Premedication: acetaminophen, H1 blocker (diphenhydramine), H2 blocker (famotidine), corticosteroids

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Signs and Symptoms of Anaphylaxis

• Urticaria, pruritis, angioedema• Dyspnea, wheezing• Dizziness• Hypotension, tachycardia, shock• Nausea, vomiting• Abdominal pain• Flushing• Headache• Chest tightness, substernal chest pain• Feeling of “impending doom”

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Management of Anaphylaxis

• Stop offending agent• ABCs: Airway, breathing , circulation• IVF• Anaphylaxis meds: 

• Epinephrine 1:1000  (if angioedema, hypotension)• Diphenhydramine• Corticosteroids• H2 antagonist (famotidine)• Beta‐2 agonist/Inhaled bronchodilator (albuterol)• Vasopressors (if hypotension)• Antiarrhythmia meds

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Structural Emergencies

• Increased intracranial pressure (ICP)• Spinal cord compression (SCC)• Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS)• Cardiac tamponade

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Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP)

Primary/metastatic tumors or bleeding within intracranial cavity

Displace brain tissue, cause edema of brain tissue, obstruct CSF flow and/or cause increased vascularity (from 

tumor growth)

Increases intracranial pressure, which can result in nerve cell damage and death.

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Signs and Symptoms of Increased ICPEarly Signs:• HA, especially early morning• Changes in vision: blurred 

vision, diplopia, decreased visual fields

• Changes in LOC: lethargic, confused, restless

• GI: anorexia, nausea, vomiting

Late Signs:• CV: Bradycardia• Resp: Slow, shallow 

respirations, tachypnea• Neuro: Decreased LOC, 

hemiparesis, seizures, pupillary changes, papilledema

• Very late= Cushing’s triad: HTN, bradycardia, abnormal respirations

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Diagnostic Tests• Head CT‐ quick, often first test• Brain MRI• Cerebral angiography (vascular abn vs tumor)• CT‐guided or MRI‐directed stereotactic bx

Risk Factors for Increased ICP• Tumors that are more likely to metastasize to the brain: Lung, breast, testes, thyroid, stomach or kidney, melanoma

• Primary tumor of brain or spinal cord• Leukemia• Thrombocytopenia

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Management of Increased ICPNonpharmacologic:• Emergent surgery • Shunt placement• Hyperventilation (ICU)• Radiation therapy

Pharmacologic:• Chemotherapy• Corticosteroids• Osmotherapy (mannitol)• Anticonvulsants, if needed

Nursing Considerations:• Maintain bed rest, avoid prone position, elevate HOB 30 degrees• Avoid isometric muscle contractions and neck flexion/extension • Avoid Valsalva’s maneuver• Manage N/V

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Spinal Cord Compression (SCC)

Neurologic emergency when primary tumors or vertebral metastases compress neural tissue and its blood supply, resulting in compromised neurologic 

function. Requires emergent treatment.

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Signs and Symptoms of SCC

• Early: • Neck or back pain (96%): local and/or radicular• Motor symptoms: heaviness, stiffness, weakness• Sensory loss for light touch, pain or temp

• Late: • Sensory loss for deep pressure, vibrations, position• Incontinence or retention of urine/stool• Sexual impotence• Paralysis• Muscle atrophy

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Risk Factors for SCC:• Cancers that metastasize to bone: breast, lung, prostate, 

renal, melanoma, myeloma• Cancers that metastasize to the spinal cord: lymphoma, 

seminoma, neuroblastoma• Primary cancer of the spinal cord

Diagnostic Tests:• MRI: diagnostic procedure of choice for evaluating SCC• Spinal x‐ray, bone scan, CT and/or myelogram may be used to help evaluate metastasis, bone abn, and bone stability

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Management of SCC• Radiation: Most common treatment• Surgery: If tumor not responsive to RT or if max radiation dose 

already achieved• Surgery followed by radiation• Corticosteroids: Reduce edema, pain• Chemotherapy (adjunct to RT and/or surgery)• Analgesics/pain management

Nursing Considerations• Neuro checks q8hrs, strict I/O, monitor for urinary retention• Request PT/OT consult• Pain management, bowel and bladder program

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Superior Vena Cava Syndrome (SVCS)

• Obstruction of the superior vena cava, resulting in compromised venous drainage of the head, neck, upper extremities and thorax

• Caused by tumor invasion, enlarged lymph nodes, thrombus

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Signs and Symptoms of SVCS:Symptoms can develop slowly or acutely. Slow 

progression allows for the development of collateral bloodEarly s/sx Late s/sx

• Facial swelling on arising• Periorbital edema• Swelling & erythema of arms, 

face, neck, hands• Cyanosis of upper torso• ***Dyspnea***, dry cough• Hoarseness• Prominent venous pattern 

(dilated veins of face, neck, thorax)

• Severe HA• Irritability• Visual disturbances, blurred 

vision• Dizziness, syncope• Changes in mental status• Stridor• Tachycardia• CHF• Decreased BP• Horner’s Syndrome• Dysphagia• Hemoptysis

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Diagnostic Tests• CXR‐ often initial evaluation• Chest CT (with contrast)‐ most useful diagnostic information• MRI very sensitive, but pt generally unable to tolerate supine 

position

Risk Factors for SVCS• Lymphoma involving the mediastinum; lung cancer; metastatic breast or germ cell cancer

• Kaposi’s sarcoma• Presence of central venous catheter (CVC)• Previous RT to the mediastinum

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Management of SVCS:Treat underlying cause

• Radiation• Pharmacologic management:

• Chemotherapy (+/‐ RT)• Remove CVC and anticoagulate if catheter‐induced• Corticosteroids, diuretics (controversial)

• Surgical management: Stent placement, surgical reconstruction• Symptom management: Oxygen therapy

• Avoid venipuncture/measurement of BP in upper extremities; Remove rings and restrictive clothing; Elevate HOB; Avoid Valsalva

Nursing Considerations

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Cardiac Tamponade

• Excess accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac, resulting in decreased cardiac output and compromised cardiac function

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Signs and Symptoms of Cardiac Tamponade

Early• Retrosternal chest pain

– Worse when supine– Relieved by leaning forward

• Dyspnea• Cough• Muffled heart sounds, weak 

apical pulse

Late• Tachycardic, tachypneic

hypotensive• Pulsus paradoxus• Narrow pulse pressure• Altered mental status• Peripheral edema• Oliguria• Beck’s triad

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Risk Factors for Cardiac Tamponade• Primary tumor of the heart (rare)• Metastatic tumors to the pericardium (lung, breast, GI tract, 

leukemia, lymphoma, sarcoma, melanoma)• Radiation to field which includes heart

Diagnostic Tests• Echocardiogram (ECHO)‐ most precise diagnostic test• Chest x‐ray or CT may show pericardial effusion, masses, enlarged pericardium. Limited diagnostic ability

• EKG with non‐specific abnormalities

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Management of Cardiac Tamponade• Remove fluid: pericardiocentesis, pericardial window• Pericardial sclerosis• Radiation• Chemotherapy

Nursing Considerations• Oxygen, elevate HOB, manage pain• Monitor BP, HR, respiratory status, volume status, mental status

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Thank you!

Questions?