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he book explores how human community insistently pushes the oceans’ limits, seeking to exploit all of their varied resources –

minerals, fisheries, fuels and genetic material. The ocean frontier is constantly being redefined by new discoveries, technologies, national

strategies and ecological imperatives. Increasing dependence of humanity on the resources of the oceans has blurred the boundaries between the

mainland and oceans.

As humanity’s footprint extends, oceans are seeing intense conflicts between actors and issues. The book questions the ability of global governance to

regulate access to resources and services provided by the oceans so as to protect the ocean ecosystems.

The chapters show how the global governance system has not been adequately responsive while in many cases local initiatives have contributed the solutions. Special sites, like sea-ports, can provide levers for action.

F E A T U R I N G

➤ Associate editors: Raphaёl Jozan (AFD), Julien Rochette (IDDRI) and Sanjivi Sundar (TERI)

➤ Papers by leading international experts and scholars ➤ New perspectives through in-depth analyses➤ Multiple maps, charts, tables➤ A wealth of ideas for specialists and non-specialists alike: scholars, policy-makers,

administrators, concerned citizens, development professionals, entrepreneurs, journalists, students, and others.

S U S TA I N A BL E D E V E LO P M E N TI N AC T I O N

978-81-7993-402-9

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PIERRE JACQUET, RAJENDRA K. PACHAURI

LAURENCE TUBIANA, EDITORS

PIERRE JACQUET, RAJENDRA K. PACHAURI

LAURENCE TUBIANA, EDITORS

THE NEW FRONTIEROCEANS

THE NEW FRONTIER

Pierre Jacquet Rajendra K. Pachauri Laurence Tubiana (Editors)

OCEANS

Raphaël JozanJulien RochetteSanjivi Sundar (Associate Editors)

7 AN EMERGING WORLDPierre Jacquet, Sanjivi Sundar, Laurence Tubiana

17 OCEANS: THE NEW FRONTIERRaphaël Jozan, Julien Rochette, Sanjivi Sundar

25 CHAPTER 1 NEGOTIATING OUR FUTURE WITH THE OCEANSDavid D. Caron

35 CHAPTER 2 AN ENVIRONMENT TO DISCOVER: MARINE BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENTSElva Escobar, Julian Barbière

44 UNDER THE RADAR 2.1 SEAMOUNTS: OASES FOR BIODIVERSITYMaurizio Würtz

48 UNDER THE RADAR 2.2 VALUING MARINE AND COASTAL ECOSYSTEMSThomas Binet, Adeline Borot de BattistiPierre Failler

53 CHAPTER 3 THE OCEANS: AN INEXHAUSTIBLE SOURCE OF ENERGY?Joe Appiott

67 CHAPTER 4 A GLOBALIZED MARITIME ECONOMY: AT WHAT PRICE?Patrick Chaumette

78 UNDER THE RADAR 4.1 SEEKING SUSTAINABILITY IN THE ECONOMICS OF SHIP DISPOSALMarie Bourrel

83 CHAPTER 5 THE RISE OF THE CYBORG FISH: ON ATTEMPTS TO MAKE FISHERIES MANAGEABLEJahn Petter Johnsen, Petter Holm Peter R. Sinclair, Dean Bavington

95 UNDER THE RADAR 5.1 AQUACULTURE: A VIABLE ALTERNATIVE TO WILD FISH SCARCITY?Sophie Girard, Philippe Gros

99 CHAPTER 6 OCEAN GOVERNANCE: A FRAGMENTED REGULATORY FRAMEWORKDire Tladi

111 CHAPTER 7 A REGIONAL APPROACHTO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: THE “REGIONAL SEAS” EXPERIENCEJulien Rochette, Lucien Chabason

122 UNDER THE RADAR 7.1 APPLYING THE LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH IN THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN Claire Attwood

125 UNDER THE RADAR 7.2 EXTENDING NATURA 2000TO THE SEASLaurent Germain

130 UNDER THE RADAR 7.3 THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN REGION AND THE COORDINATED FIGHT AGAINST LAND-BASED SOURCES OF POLLUTION Akunga Momanyi

GENERAL OVERVIEW

INTRODUCTION

135 CHAPTER 8 MARITIME SHIPPING AT THE CROSSROADS OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGESAntoine Frémont

149 CHAPTER 9 ON THE CURBING OF ILLEGAL, UNREPORTED AND UNREGULATED (IUU) FISHINGGordon R. Munro, U. Rashid Sumaila

163 UNDER THE RADAR 9.1 SENEGALS’ FISHING QUAYS: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN LAND AND SEAFrançois Henry, Didier Simon

166 UNDER THE RADAR 9.2 A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE EUROPEAN UNION-WEST AFRICAN FISHERIES AGREEMENTSPierre Failler, Thomas Binet

171 CHAPTER 10 PERSPECTIVES ON THE WHALING CONTROVERSYJoji Morishita, Rémi Parmentier

183 CHAPTER 11 MARINE GENETIC RESOURCES: THE PATENTABILITY OF LIVING ORGANISMS AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATIONDavid Leary

194 UNDER THE RADAR 11.1 THE STATUS OF HIGH SEAS BIODIVERSITY IN INTERNATIONAL POLICY AND LAWValentina Germani, Charlotte Salpin

197 CHAPTER 12 OCEAN IRON FERTILIZATIONSyed Wajih Naqvi, Victor Smetacek

207 CHAPTER 13 THE ARCTIC GOVERNANCE CHALLENGENeil T. M. Hamilton

216 UNDER THE RADAR 13.1 TOWARD INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF OFFSHORE OIL DRILLING?Lucien Chabason

220 UNDER THE RADAR 13.2 THE PACIFIC TRASH VORTEX: ONE SYMPTOM OF THE GLOBAL MARINE PLASTIC DEBRIS PROBLEMPaul Johnston, David Santillo, Michelle Allsopp, Richard Page

225 CHAPTER 14 CHANGING CLIMATE, CHANGING OCEAN, CHANGING PLANETSusan Avery, Alexandre Magnan, Scott C. Doney, Benjamin Garnaud

A PLANET FOR L IFE6

n Agence Française de Développement (AFD) is a public development finance institution that has worked to fight poverty and support economic growth in developing countries and the French Overseas Communities for almost 70 years. AFD executes the French government’s devel-opment aid policies. Through offices in more than fifty countries and nine French Overseas Communities, AFD provides financing and support for projects that improve people’s living conditions, promote economic growth and protect the planet: schooling, maternal healthcare, help for farmers and small business, water supply, preservation of tropical forests, and fighting climate change, among other concerns. In 2009, AFD committed more than €6.2 billion to financing aid activities in developing and emerging countries and the French Overseas Communities. The funds will help vaccinate 1.8 million children, improve drinking water access for 7.3 million people and support 900,000 private sector jobs, while energy efficiency projects save nearly 5 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions per year. More information and publications available at www.afd.fr

n The Institute for Sustainable Development and Inter-national Relations (IDDRI) is a think tank based in Paris (France) and Brussels (Belgium). Its mission is to bridge the gap between research and decision-making and investigate international policy issues on sustainable development and global governance. IDDRI focuses its activities on four major topics: climate change, biodiversity, global governance and urban fabric. It also seeks to facilitate discussions between the various stakeholders involved in global issues related to sustainable development.Through its partnership with Sciences Po in Paris, France, IDDRI is also involved in teaching and participates in the development of research programmes with support from the Sustainable Development Centre of Sciences Po.More information and publications available atwww.iddri.org

n The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) was set up in 1974 to deal inter alia with issues relating to sustainable development, the environment, energy efficiency and the sustainable use of natural resources. Its goal is to develop innovative solutions for achieving sustainable development. Its activities range from the formulation of local and national strategies, to proposals for global solutions, to energy and environment-related issues. TERI is based in New Delhi, and also present in many other regions of India. It has 700 employees and is headed by Rajendra K. Pachauri who is also the Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize. More information and publications available at www.teriin.org

Oceans: The New Frontier Pierre Jacquet, Rajendra K. Pachauri and Laurence Tubiana (Editors)Delhi: TERI Press, 2011ISBN 978-81-7993-402-9

© 2011, AFD, IDDRI© 2011, TERI Press

The 1957 French Intellectual Property Act expressly prohibits photocopying for collective use without authorization from the copyright holders (only photocopying for personal use is authorized). Any reproduction, partial or total, of the present work is prohibited without authorization from the publisher or from the French Office for Copyright Exploitation(Centre francais d’exploitation du droit de copie [CFC], 3, rue Hautefeuille, 75006 Paris).

Editors. Pierre Jacquet, Chief Economist for the French Development Agency (AFD); Rajendra K. Pachauri, Director General of The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) and Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which was awarded a Nobel Prize in 2007; and Laurence Tubiana, Director of the Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI) and the Sustainable Development Centre at Sciences Po.

Associate editors: Raphaël Jozan (AFD), Julien Rochette (IDDRI), Sanjivi Sundar (TERI)

Editorial coordinator: Isabelle Biagiotti (Courrier de la planète)

Translation and adaptation from French: Suzan Nolan, BlueSky International (Binet et al., Bourrel, Chabason, Chaumette, Failler et al., Frémont, Garnaud et al., Girard et al., Germain, Henry et al., Jacquet et al., Jozan et al., Rochette et al.)

Text- and copy-editing: Leila Whittemore and Suzan Nolan, BlueSky InternationalMaps and figures: Légendes Cartographie, SARL

Graphic design: Alain Chevallier, design and cover.

Administration: Raphaël Jozan (AFD)

A Planet for Life would like to thank the Courrier de la planete, the Sustainable Development Center at Sciences Po, as well as all those who contributed to this work: Nourra Bakkour, Carine Barbier, Pierre Barthélemy, Raphaël Billé, Yves Boudot, Anne Sophie Bourg, Anne Bulteau,Claudio Chiarolla, Michel Colombier, Béatrice Combe, Emmanuel Comolet, Damien Conare, Elise Coudane, Nicolas Courtin, Lisa Dacosta, Jean-Luc François, Akshima Gate, François Gemenne, Vincent Joguet, Thierry de Geyer d’Orth, Viviane Gravey, Philippe Gomont, Emmanuel Guérin, François Henry, Anupama Jauhry, Denis Loyer, Céline Marcy, Marc-Antoine Martin, Benoît Martimort-Asso, Pascale Martin, Hélène Petitimbert, Romain Pirard, Brune Poirson, Didier Simon,, Jean-Christophe Tamisier, Sébastien Treyer, Tancrède Voituriez, Elisa Vecchione, Carole-Anne Sénit, Xin Wang and Matthieu Wemaëre.

Photo credits: Cover © Dave Otway, Chapter 5 © J.P. Johnsen.

GENERAL OVERVIEW

A PLANET FOR L IFE 7

Pierre JacquetChief Economist, AFD (Agence Française de Développement), Paris, France

Sanjivi SundarDistinguished Fellow, TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute), and Professor, TERI University, New Delhi, India

Laurence TubianaDirector, Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, (IDDRI), Paris, France

AN EMERGINGWORLD

This is the 2011 edition of an annual publication on sustainable development, A Planet for Life, first published in 2007. In this introduction, we assess the past year’s events from a global perspective, starting with the aftermath of the worldwide finan-cial and economic crises and continuing through the Cancun Climate Change Summit. These events provide context for this volume’s central focus: the challenges the international commu-nity faces in protecting ocean ecosystems and promoting sustain-able development.

It seems fitting that 2010, the Year of Biodiversity, should close with a volume dedicated to oceans – vast reservoirs of biodiversity, and central to the world’s primary challenges. Oceans play a major role in climate regulation, food production, industry, transportation, leisure, species conservation and techno-logical innovation. Many social, economic, environmental, cultural and political aspects of contemporary life intersect with oceans, making them a “new frontier” for human endeavour; meanwhile, illegal activities and ocean-centred conflicts raise global governance concerns. The sea serves as a vast testing ground for collective

A PLANET FOR L IFE8

action at several levels, and for interactions between human societies and natural resources – topics central to this edition and presented more fully in the associate editors’ introduction.

The present overview of sustainable development issues will focus on the current economic and governance context. The fallout of the current recession naturally diverted attention from two of sustainable development’s three pillars: environ-mental and social issues were overshadowed by economic ones. These latter concerns focused on three subjects: changes in global growth projections, inequalities within and between countries, and governmental ability to find capital for green and cohesive growth. Fortunately, 2010 ended with encouraging results from the Nagoya Biodiversity Summit (18-22 October 2010), and the Cancun Climate Summit (29 November -10 December 2010) where multilateral negotiations, stalled since the 2009 Climate Summit in Copenhagen, once again picked up momentum.

WHAT WORLD ECONOMY WILL EMERGEFROM THE CRISIS?Can we say the financial and subsequent economic crisis has truly ended? The brutal shock of the bursting financial bubble has passed, but its repercussions reverberate in the world economy: they will affect growth, international relations and global governance for years to come. Stimulus programmes proved helpful in developing and developed countries, allowing some countries to limit damage and accelerating recovery in emerging economies. However, such efforts did not fix global macroeco-nomic imbalances, e.g. excess liquidity in some Asian countries and uncoordinated financial and monetary governance at the global level. Stimulus measures in large industrialized countries have left public finances less than viable.

DECOUPLING AND REFOCUSING The economic crisis has affected many developing countries less severely than industrialized ones. The latter suffer from structurally higher unemployment; at best, they will probably see sluggish economic growth for 2011 and the next few years. However, large emerging economies and many developing ones have recovered more energetically; the often-painful economic adjustments of previous decades have proven beneficial, providing countries with room to manoeuvre at a macroeconomic level. The crisis certainly slowed economic growth everywhere; the financial shock wave upset the real economy by sinking world trade volumes. But as Kemal Dervis has observed, this cyclical convergence hides a structural divergence, evident in projected 2010-2015 GDP growth rates: 2.3% for advanced countries versus 6.3% for emerging and developing ones (Dervis 2010; IMF 2010a).

The much higher growth trends in emerging countries, notably in Asia, have accel-erated the world economy’s shift toward Asian and developing nations. This will give the emerging powers a larger influence, as their positions on international issues and their economic policy choices come to the negotiating table. This is already evident in meetings of finance ministers, central bank governors, and heads of state

AN EMERGING WORLD GENERAL OVERVIEW

A PLANET FOR L IFE 9

at the Group of Twenty (G-20), and in other international negotiations. Rebalancing external deficits and current account surpluses, and reforming the international monetary system, will require emerging economies with large surpluses – especially China – to shift from their export-driven growth model toward one structured by internal demand. This adjustment has gradually begun. The crisis has also taught emerging countries that they require prudent and autonomous financial market reforms, and should increase control over how they participate in international financial integration (see e.g. Bellocq and Zlotowski 2011). The emerging powers are actively engaging in international negotiations and showing great initiative in many domains, from monetary and financial issues to environmental ones.

NEW AFRICAN FRONTIERS African economies also proved resilient during the financial crisis (IMF 2010b), in part because their lesser integration in world capital flows gave some protection from the financial turmoil. In 2010, rising agricultural and mineral commodity prices bolstered recovery. Since the beginning of this century, sub-Saharan African countries have witnessed encouraging growth rates. A report presented at the September 2010 United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals Summit in New York noted delays in meeting goals; nonetheless, many African countries’ Human Development Indicators show significant improvement, (UNDP 2010). Economic analyses increasingly focus on the continent’s potential, drawing resurgent private investor interest and investments (see e.g. Severino and Ray 2010).

Obviously, important challenges endure. Democratic transition remains an impor-tant stake in many countries. It has indeed received a promising boost with the January, 2011 Tunisian revolution that led to the departure of former President Ben Ali. But the presidential elections in Côte d’Ivoire at the end of 2010, and preceding elections in Guinea, Burundi and Rwanda, show that conflicts afflict many African regions, and democracy may emerge slowly, painfully and contentiously. Terrorist groups linked to Al Qaeda stalk North and East Africa. The continent also remains vulnerable to natural catastrophes; the ravages of droughts and floods extract high economic and human costs every year. A near-doubling of Africa’s population by 2050 looms in the background, invoking two major challenges – youth employment and urbanization – as well as broader questions about Africa’s growth model and its integration in the world economy. In addition to confronting the intrinsic difficulties of natural resource management – rent-seeking behaviour, the absence of any incen-tive to diversify, the “Dutch Disease,”1 – African countries must prioritize three crucial concerns if they are to escape poverty: agricultural development, industrial moderni-zation, social policies and inclusive growth. International aid policies and many countries have neglected the development of food staples and agricultural export products for a long time. The aftermath of the 2008 surge in food prices reaffirmed

1. The notion of “Dutch Disease” refers to a real exchange rate overvaluation (resulting in a loss in export price competitiveness) in a country following a national resource discovery or an increase in commodity prices. A similar impact may occur through A surge in foreign capital inflows may have a similar impact.

Oceans : the new frontier

Publisher : TERI Press ISBN : 9788179934029 Author : Pierre Jacquet

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