Oceans Sampler

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A sampler of pages from Basher Science: Oceans

Transcript of Oceans Sampler

  • INCLUDESPOSTER

    $8.99 US$9.99 CAN

    www.basherbooks.com

    Praise for BIOLOGY:Fresh, sassy, and smart.Childrens Literature

    Praise for HUMAN BODY:Science reading doesnt come muchmore fun.Booklist

    Praise for THE PERIODIC TABLE:[An] inviting ready reference.Bulletin of the Center for Childrens Books

    An ALA/YALSA Quick Pick

    Praise for PHYSICS:Handy as a supplement to a physics curriculum.School Library Journal

    Praise for ROCKS AND MINERALS:A refreshing change of approach.Booklist

    Imagine the oceans as an underwater worldwith a crew of quirky characters lurkingin the depths. This book is your essentialguide to the mysterious guys who arewaiting to make a splash.

    US Oceans PB.qxb:US PB_26933 15/11/11 12:10 Page 1

  • First published 2012 by Kingfisheran imprint of Macmillan Childrens Booksa division of Macmillan Publishers Limited20 New Wharf Road, London N1 9RRBasingstoke and OxfordAssociated companies throughout the worldwww.panmacmillan.com

    ISBN 978-0-7534-3344-7

    Consultant: Dr Frances Dipper

    Designed and created by Basher www.basherbooks.com Text written by Dan Green

    Dedicated to Dave (master chicken), Ness and Leela

    Text and design copyright Toucan Books Ltd 2012Based on an original concept by Toucan Books LtdIllustrations copyright Simon Basher 2012

    All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced to a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the publisher. Anyperson who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

    9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 11TR/0412/WKT/UNTD/140MA

    A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

    Printed in China

    Note to readers: the website addresses listed above are correct at the time of going to print. However, due to the ever-changing nature of the internet, website addresses and content can change. Websites can contain links that are unsuitable for children. The publisher cannot be held responsible for changes in website addresses or content, or for information obtained through a third party. We strongly advise that internet searches should be supervised by an adult.

    Introduction 4Water World 6Ocean Motion 16Shoreline Gang 28Reef Chillin 50Open-water Crew 68Deep-down Dandies 88Chilly Chaps 98Ocean Explorers 114Index 124Glossary 126

    CONTENTS

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  • First published 2012 by Kingfisheran imprint of Macmillan Childrens Booksa division of Macmillan Publishers Limited20 New Wharf Road, London N1 9RRBasingstoke and OxfordAssociated companies throughout the worldwww.panmacmillan.com

    ISBN 978-0-7534-3344-7

    Consultant: Dr Frances Dipper

    Designed and created by Basher www.basherbooks.com Text written by Dan Green

    Dedicated to Dave (master chicken), Ness and Leela

    Text and design copyright Toucan Books Ltd 2012Based on an original concept by Toucan Books LtdIllustrations copyright Simon Basher 2012

    All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced to a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the publisher. Anyperson who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

    9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 11TR/0412/WKT/UNTD/140MA

    A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

    Printed in China

    Note to readers: the website addresses listed above are correct at the time of going to print. However, due to the ever-changing nature of the internet, website addresses and content can change. Websites can contain links that are unsuitable for children. The publisher cannot be held responsible for changes in website addresses or content, or for information obtained through a third party. We strongly advise that internet searches should be supervised by an adult.

    Introduction 4Water World 6Ocean Motion 16Shoreline Gang 28Reef Chillin 50Open-water Crew 68Deep-down Dandies 88Chilly Chaps 98Ocean Explorers 114Index 124Glossary 126

    CONTENTS

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  • IntroductionOceans

    4

    Jacques Cousteau

    Welcome to the Big Blue an endless expanse of waterthat covers most of planet Earth. A million mysteries lurkwithin these murky depths: creatures living here have toprevent salt drying out their bodies; theres only light forthe first 100200 m; temperatures plummet beneath thewaves; pressure rises with depth; and sound travels greatdistances. Youve got it this is one weird, watery realm.

    The most recent tally of all ocean life counted 230,000species, with at least four times that still awaiting discovery.Your guide to this alien environment is Captain JacquesCousteau (19101997). This clever Frenchman was aneccentric and a pioneering explorer, scientist, filmmaker,author and inventor of the aqualung (phew!). He made120 TV documentaries and wrote more than 50 books hiswork revealed the hidden underwater world. Jacqueswas one of the first to think about how humans can harmocean life and what we can do to protect this eyeball-achingly amazing environment. The ocean is so vast, thisbook can only dip a toe beneath the surface, but whatare you waiting for? Come on in, the waters lovely!

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  • IntroductionOceans

    4

    Jacques Cousteau

    Welcome to the Big Blue an endless expanse of waterthat covers most of planet Earth. A million mysteries lurkwithin these murky depths: creatures living here have toprevent salt drying out their bodies; theres only light forthe first 100200 m; temperatures plummet beneath thewaves; pressure rises with depth; and sound travels greatdistances. Youve got it this is one weird, watery realm.

    The most recent tally of all ocean life counted 230,000species, with at least four times that still awaiting discovery.Your guide to this alien environment is Captain JacquesCousteau (19101997). This clever Frenchman was aneccentric and a pioneering explorer, scientist, filmmaker,author and inventor of the aqualung (phew!). He made120 TV documentaries and wrote more than 50 books hiswork revealed the hidden underwater world. Jacqueswas one of the first to think about how humans can harmocean life and what we can do to protect this eyeball-achingly amazing environment. The ocean is so vast, thisbook can only dip a toe beneath the surface, but whatare you waiting for? Come on in, the waters lovely!

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  • 6Chapter 1Water World

    Our planet is very special indeed. Its the only one in theentire Solar System that has liquid water on its surface. Infact, almost three-quarters of this mighty orb is coveredin oceans and seas. It makes you wonder why anybodydecided to call it Earth in the first place, since anyNoddy can see that its mainly water! So take this rareopportunity to meet the wet, wild Water World crew.Youll encounter mountains higher than anything on dryland, trenches deeper than Everest is high and mind-blowingly huge plains. And lets not forget the salt-stainedcaptain of them all Ocean! Just wade this way

    Mid-ocean Ridge Trench

    Ocean Seas Zones

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  • 6Chapter 1Water World

    Our planet is very special indeed. Its the only one in theentire Solar System that has liquid water on its surface. Infact, almost three-quarters of this mighty orb is coveredin oceans and seas. It makes you wonder why anybodydecided to call it Earth in the first place, since anyNoddy can see that its mainly water! So take this rareopportunity to meet the wet, wild Water World crew.Youll encounter mountains higher than anything on dryland, trenches deeper than Everest is high and mind-blowingly huge plains. And lets not forget the salt-stainedcaptain of them all Ocean! Just wade this way

    Mid-ocean Ridge Trench

    Ocean Seas Zones

    006_007_Oce_Ch1_qxp 20/5/11 11:47 Page 10

  • OceanWater World

    I am the blue-eyed giant, reaching far and wide acrossthe planets surface. Gaze into my depths and youll seewonders and mysteries that will blow your mind!

    My great volume acts as a sink for the Suns energy. I soak up its rays, helping to keep Earth warm andaffecting its climate. My currents drive the globes windpatterns. Though I have just one body, I am subdividedinto five mammoth oceans. The biggest is Pacific, whichstretches majestically between the Americas, Asia andAustralia. Atlantic the saltiest ocean reaches fromEurope to the Americas. Warm Indian Ocean hugs theeast coast of Africa up to India, while frigid SouthernOcean wraps around Antarctica. Lastly, small, frozen-over Arctic Ocean sits all a shiver at the North Pole. Brrr!

    98

    Ocean

    This salty fellow covers 66% of the Earths surfaceMakes up almost three-quarters of the planets hydrosphereThe hydrosphere is all water in, on and around the planet

    Area of all oceans: 360 million km2

    Volume of all oceans: approximately 1.3 billion km3

    Average depth of the oceans: 3790 m

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  • OceanWater World

    I am the blue-eyed giant, reaching far and wide acrossthe planets surface. Gaze into my depths and youll seewonders and mysteries that will blow your mind!

    My great volume acts as a sink for the Suns energy. I soak up its rays, helping to keep Earth warm andaffecting its climate. My currents drive the globes windpatterns. Though I have just one body, I am subdividedinto five mammoth oceans. The biggest is Pacific, whichstretches majestically between the Americas, Asia andAustralia. Atlantic the saltiest ocean reaches fromEurope to the Americas. Warm Indian Ocean hugs theeast coast of Africa up to India, while frigid SouthernOcean wraps around Antarctica. Lastly, small, frozen-over Arctic Ocean sits all a shiver at the North Pole. Brrr!

    98

    Ocean

    This salty fellow covers 66% of the Earths surfaceMakes up almost three-quarters of the planets hydrosphereThe hydrosphere is all water in, on and around the planet

    Area of all oceans: 360 million km2

    Volume of all oceans: approximately 1.3 billion km3

    Average depth of the oceans: 3790 m

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  • SeasWater World

    Ahoy there! We are Oceans little friends. Our boots maybe smaller and take less to fill, but were an importantpart of Earths fascinating saltwater story.

    The difference between us and Ocean is that we areoften surrounded by land (although almost always witha channel to our expansive pal). Our names suggestadventure and romance. Take Celebes, in the westernPacific, with its stunning coral reefs and notorious pirates,or North Atlantic Sargasso the only sea with no landcoasts. Surrounded on all sides by swift Atlantic currents,Sargassos water is calm, deep blue and crystal clear.Migrating eels journey here to lay their eggs below theabundant floating seaweed that also shelters youngturtles from predators on the prowl.

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    Seas

    Large areas of salt water connected to the oceanCan be cut off from the ocean completely (e.g. Caspian Sea)These bodies include gulfs, inlets, passages and bays

    Largest sea: Philippine Sea (surface area: 5,177,762 km2)Amount of salt in 1 litre of seawater: 35 gProportion of Earths biomass in the oceans: over 90 %

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  • SeasWater World

    Ahoy there! We are Oceans little friends. Our boots maybe smaller and take less to fill, but were an importantpart of Earths fascinating saltwater story.

    The difference between us and Ocean is that we areoften surrounded by land (although almost always witha channel to our expansive pal). Our names suggestadventure and romance. Take Celebes, in the westernPacific, with its stunning coral reefs and notorious pirates,or North Atlantic Sargasso the only sea with no landcoasts. Surrounded on all sides by swift Atlantic currents,Sargassos water is calm, deep blue and crystal clear.Migrating eels journey here to lay their eggs below theabundant floating seaweed that also shelters youngturtles from predators on the prowl.

    1110

    Seas

    Large areas of salt water connected to the oceanCan be cut off from the ocean completely (e.g. Caspian Sea)These bodies include gulfs, inlets, passages and bays

    Largest sea: Philippine Sea (surface area: 5,177,762 km2)Amount of salt in 1 litre of seawater: 35 gProportion of Earths biomass in the oceans: over 90 %

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  • ZonesWater World

    As well as covering area, Ocean also has depth, andthats where we come in. From surface to floor, wechange in character the lower we go.

    At the top is the sunlit zone. Sufficient light to allow plantsto thrive penetrates about 100150 m, which means that90 per cent of all ocean life either resides or feeds here.Below this, the twilight zone has the merest hint of bluelight. Its extremely cold and the water pressure is crushing.No plants live here, just hungry carnivores. Lower still, themidnight zone stretches to the near-freezing muddyplains of the ocean floor, home to bottom feeders andwitching-hour predators. Finally, theres the impressivelydeep abyssal zone (up to 6000 km) and the hadal zone,where Trench plunges way down, as low as you can go.

    1312

    Zones

    Marine environments found at different depths in the oceanLight, water temperature and water pressure vary per zone Some form of life can be found in each of the zones

    Sunlit zone (aka epipelagic zone): 0200 mTwilight zone (aka mesopelagic zone): 2001000 mMidnight zone (aka bathypelagic zone): 20004000 m

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  • ZonesWater World

    As well as covering area, Ocean also has depth, andthats where we come in. From surface to floor, wechange in character the lower we go.

    At the top is the sunlit zone. Sufficient light to allow plantsto thrive penetrates about 100150 m, which means that90 per cent of all ocean life either resides or feeds here.Below this, the twilight zone has the merest hint of bluelight. Its extremely cold and the water pressure is crushing.No plants live here, just hungry carnivores. Lower still, themidnight zone stretches to the near-freezing muddyplains of the ocean floor, home to bottom feeders andwitching-hour predators. Finally, theres the impressivelydeep abyssal zone (up to 6000 km) and the hadal zone,where Trench plunges way down, as low as you can go.

    1312

    Zones

    Marine environments found at different depths in the oceanLight, water temperature and water pressure vary per zone Some form of life can be found in each of the zones

    Sunlit zone (aka epipelagic zone): 0200 mTwilight zone (aka mesopelagic zone): 2001000 mMidnight zone (aka bathypelagic zone): 20004000 m

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  • TrenchWater World

    Oceans deepest point: 10,924 m (Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench)Height of Mount Everest: 8848 mProper name for the trench zone: hadal zone

    I am the lowest of the low,a ditch marking whereEarth has dragged theocean floor down into itshungry interior. My deepgullies and fissures plungesuddenly and steeply,thousands of metres belowthe ocean floor. With head-crushing pressures andwater temperatures barelyabove freezing, humansknow more about thesurface of the Moon than they do about me. Trench

    Mid-ocean RidgeWater World

    Length of mid-ocean ridge mountain chain: over 65,000 km Thickness of ocean crust: 1 to 2 kmTallest seamount: Mauna Kea, Hawaii (10,203 m from ocean floor to summit)

    Tall and broad of shoulder,I have underwater peaksthat dwarf those on land.Seamounts rear up frommy ridges, sometimesbreaking the surface toform islands and reefs. My ranges are connectedto each other and I havea very unique skill. Hotand volcanic, I pump outlava to make new oceancrust as part of a processthat slowly pushes thecontinents apart.

    Mid-oceanRidge

    A chain of young mountains that form new ocean floorLongest-known mountain range in the UniverseTall peaks (seamounts) form mid-ocean islands

    Deepest, darkest and coldest part of the oceanGreat ditches where ocean crust is dragged back into EarthOnly three submersibles have ever been this deep

    1514

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  • TrenchWater World

    Oceans deepest point: 10,924 m (Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench)Height of Mount Everest: 8848 mProper name for the trench zone: hadal zone

    I am the lowest of the low,a ditch marking whereEarth has dragged theocean floor down into itshungry interior. My deepgullies and fissures plungesuddenly and steeply,thousands of metres belowthe ocean floor. With head-crushing pressures andwater temperatures barelyabove freezing, humansknow more about thesurface of the Moon than they do about me. Trench

    Mid-ocean RidgeWater World

    Length of mid-ocean ridge mountain chain: over 65,000 km Thickness of ocean crust: 1 to 2 kmTallest seamount: Mauna Kea, Hawaii (10,203 m from ocean floor to summit)

    Tall and broad of shoulder,I have underwater peaksthat dwarf those on land.Seamounts rear up frommy ridges, sometimesbreaking the surface toform islands and reefs. My ranges are connectedto each other and I havea very unique skill. Hotand volcanic, I pump outlava to make new oceancrust as part of a processthat slowly pushes thecontinents apart.

    Mid-oceanRidge

    A chain of young mountains that form new ocean floorLongest-known mountain range in the UniverseTall peaks (seamounts) form mid-ocean islands

    Deepest, darkest and coldest part of the oceanGreat ditches where ocean crust is dragged back into EarthOnly three submersibles have ever been this deep

    1514

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  • 16

    Chapter 2Ocean Motion

    With most of the planet covered in slippy-slidey water,this is a world in motion. Wave transports energy acrossthe oceans, as seawater is pushed hither and thither bythe wind. It is here that youll find Water Current tryingout a few turbulent tricks. Meanwhile, the Moon pullsEarths surface towards it, creating two bulges as itorbits, and these force moonstruck Tide to rise and fall.Of course, the big player in this great game is OceanCurrent. In shifting warm water around the planet, thisstirrer and mixer of vast water masses also drives theworlds Weather Systems. What a com-motion!

    Ocean Current Weather Systems

    Wave Tide Tidal Current

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  • 16

    Chapter 2Ocean Motion

    With most of the planet covered in slippy-slidey water,this is a world in motion. Wave transports energy acrossthe oceans, as seawater is pushed hither and thither bythe wind. It is here that youll find Water Current tryingout a few turbulent tricks. Meanwhile, the Moon pullsEarths surface towards it, creating two bulges as itorbits, and these force moonstruck Tide to rise and fall.Of course, the big player in this great game is OceanCurrent. In shifting warm water around the planet, thisstirrer and mixer of vast water masses also drives theworlds Weather Systems. What a com-motion!

    Ocean Current Weather Systems

    Wave Tide Tidal Current

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  • Shore Birds

    Seaweed Seashells Sea Slug Sea Anemone

    Sea Urchin Prawn Barnacle Crab

    Dugong

    Lobster Seahorse Mudskipper Marine Iguana

    28

    Chapter 3Shoreline Gang

    The shallow-water zones surrounding Earths landmassesare a mere drop in the oceans total volume, but theysupply more than 90 per cent of our seafood. Young fishstay here until theyre big enough to venture out into openwater. Closer in, the shore is licked by waves and washedby tides to create a range of different habitats fromsandy beaches, rocky shores and cliffs, to vast mudflatsand mangroves. This place is teeming with creatureswho are submerged one moment and stranded withoutwater the next. Take a look in any rock pool and youllfind a very special crew scuttling away from you!

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  • Shore Birds

    Seaweed Seashells Sea Slug Sea Anemone

    Sea Urchin Prawn Barnacle Crab

    Dugong

    Lobster Seahorse Mudskipper Marine Iguana

    28

    Chapter 3Shoreline Gang

    The shallow-water zones surrounding Earths landmassesare a mere drop in the oceans total volume, but theysupply more than 90 per cent of our seafood. Young fishstay here until theyre big enough to venture out into openwater. Closer in, the shore is licked by waves and washedby tides to create a range of different habitats fromsandy beaches, rocky shores and cliffs, to vast mudflatsand mangroves. This place is teeming with creatureswho are submerged one moment and stranded withoutwater the next. Take a look in any rock pool and youllfind a very special crew scuttling away from you!

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  • Coral Sea Fan Sponge

    Starfish Reef Tenders Reef Hunters

    Moray Eel RayBlue-ringed

    Octopus

    50

    Chapter 4Reef Chillin

    The whole reef community depends on the health oflovely Coral a fragile habitat increasingly endangeredby environmental change. A riot of colour, coral reefsplay host to some pretty wild scenes. Life is a carnival,with nearly a quarter of the worlds marine species eitherliving on the reef or simply chillin out down here. The reefsthemselves are alive inhabited by tiny coral polyps andtheir towering structures provide a home for a bewilderingparade of marine life. Corals prefer warm, sunlit waters,but some hardy reef colonists try out the deep, dark andcold northern waters (now thats chillin!).

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  • Coral Sea Fan Sponge

    Starfish Reef Tenders Reef Hunters

    Moray Eel RayBlue-ringed

    Octopus

    50

    Chapter 4Reef Chillin

    The whole reef community depends on the health oflovely Coral a fragile habitat increasingly endangeredby environmental change. A riot of colour, coral reefsplay host to some pretty wild scenes. Life is a carnival,with nearly a quarter of the worlds marine species eitherliving on the reef or simply chillin out down here. The reefsthemselves are alive inhabited by tiny coral polyps andtheir towering structures provide a home for a bewilderingparade of marine life. Corals prefer warm, sunlit waters,but some hardy reef colonists try out the deep, dark andcold northern waters (now thats chillin!).

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  • CoralReef Chillin

    We live in high-rise colonies, all crammed in on top ofone another. Our white, calcium carbonate apartmentsmight be a squeeze, but theres always plenty of clear,unpolluted water, good light and warmth.

    Whats known as a coral head is actually a vastcolony of colourful, genetically identical polyps, eachonly a few millimetres across. Many hands make lightwork and there is no shortage of labour here. Most of usbuild slowly and steadily, but we are master masons. Forproof just look at the Great Barrier Reef you can see itfrom space! We operate a strict one-polyp, one-housepolicy with nutrients piped in via a system of canals.Weve also teamed up with algae, who take energyfrom the Sun and provide us with food.

    5352

    Coral

    Soft-bodied house-building animals called polypsTheir hard, stone houses offer protection from predators Some corals make reefs that can live for thousands of years

    Coral types: massive, branching, columnar, encrusting and platesDeepest-living coral: Lophelia (3000 m)Largest coral reef: Great Barrier Reef (2600 km long)

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  • CoralReef Chillin

    We live in high-rise colonies, all crammed in on top ofone another. Our white, calcium carbonate apartmentsmight be a squeeze, but theres always plenty of clear,unpolluted water, good light and warmth.

    Whats known as a coral head is actually a vastcolony of colourful, genetically identical polyps, eachonly a few millimetres across. Many hands make lightwork and there is no shortage of labour here. Most of usbuild slowly and steadily, but we are master masons. Forproof just look at the Great Barrier Reef you can see itfrom space! We operate a strict one-polyp, one-housepolicy with nutrients piped in via a system of canals.Weve also teamed up with algae, who take energyfrom the Sun and provide us with food.

    5352

    Coral

    Soft-bodied house-building animals called polypsTheir hard, stone houses offer protection from predators Some corals make reefs that can live for thousands of years

    Coral types: massive, branching, columnar, encrusting and platesDeepest-living coral: Lophelia (3000 m)Largest coral reef: Great Barrier Reef (2600 km long)

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  • SpongeReef Chillin

    Scientific name: PoriferaNumber of species: about 5000Volume of water passing through a sponge: up to 20,000 times its volume, daily

    Chillax dude! I keep thingscool by not being overlycomplicated. What moredo you need in life than a body full of holes andchannels awash with lovelycool water helped alongby microscopic hairs? I usecurrents to bring me foodparticles suspended in thewater. Plus, I am one ofEarths great regenerators.Oh yeah, chop me up intopieces and I can regroup simple pleasures

    Sea FanReef Chillin

    Scientific name: GorgonaceaNumber of species: at least 500 Distribution: shallow, tropical waters, especially Caribbean and Indo-Pacific

    Fan-tastically elegant andbrightly coloured, I am thepeacock of the sea. Butbeware, my flashy whipsspell danger for some. Likemy cousins, Jellyfish, Coraland Anemone, Im astinger. (Why else wouldthey call me Gorgonian,after mythical Medusa,who had biting snakes forhair?) Inhospitable youmight think, but I providesafe harbour for tiny gobyfish and seahorses. Sea Fan

    Flexible, non-reef-forming coral rooted to a hard surfaceThis flattened spray of colour is related to the sea anemoneHas stinging cells that snare tiny creatures

    Structurally one of the simplest multicellular animals that existsAttaches to hard surfaces and grows into weird shapes Has no stomach, so filters food from the water through pores

    5554

    Sponge

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  • SpongeReef Chillin

    Scientific name: PoriferaNumber of species: about 5000Volume of water passing through a sponge: up to 20,000 times its volume, daily

    Chillax dude! I keep thingscool by not being overlycomplicated. What moredo you need in life than a body full of holes andchannels awash with lovelycool water helped alongby microscopic hairs? I usecurrents to bring me foodparticles suspended in thewater. Plus, I am one ofEarths great regenerators.Oh yeah, chop me up intopieces and I can regroup simple pleasures

    Sea FanReef Chillin

    Scientific name: GorgonaceaNumber of species: at least 500 Distribution: shallow, tropical waters, especially Caribbean and Indo-Pacific

    Fan-tastically elegant andbrightly coloured, I am thepeacock of the sea. Butbeware, my flashy whipsspell danger for some. Likemy cousins, Jellyfish, Coraland Anemone, Im astinger. (Why else wouldthey call me Gorgonian,after mythical Medusa,who had biting snakes forhair?) Inhospitable youmight think, but I providesafe harbour for tiny gobyfish and seahorses. Sea Fan

    Flexible, non-reef-forming coral rooted to a hard surfaceThis flattened spray of colour is related to the sea anemoneHas stinging cells that snare tiny creatures

    Structurally one of the simplest multicellular animals that existsAttaches to hard surfaces and grows into weird shapes Has no stomach, so filters food from the water through pores

    5554

    Sponge

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  • Plankton Jellyfish Fast Fish

    Sea Turtle Blue WhalePorpoise and

    Dolphin

    Great WhiteShark

    Humboldt Squid Seabirds

    68

    Chapter 5Open-water Crew

    Over half of the worlds surface is open water, far awayfrom the shore and a long way from the seafloor. Mostthings live in the top 200 m or so, lit by the Sun. Theycongregate where upwelling currents bring nutrients infrom the deep. This is a good place to live, protected fromthe worst of the Suns radiation, which can interfere withDNA. There is no fear of drying out, either temperatureextremes that occur on land do not arise here, andcreatures are surrounded on all sides by the chemicalsand food needed to sustain life. The result is a diverserange of open-water inhabitants. Ready for a dip?

    068_069_Oce_Ch5_qxp 30/5/11 13:04 Page 10

  • Plankton Jellyfish Fast Fish

    Sea Turtle Blue WhalePorpoise and

    Dolphin

    Great WhiteShark

    Humboldt Squid Seabirds

    68

    Chapter 5Open-water Crew

    Over half of the worlds surface is open water, far awayfrom the shore and a long way from the seafloor. Mostthings live in the top 200 m or so, lit by the Sun. Theycongregate where upwelling currents bring nutrients infrom the deep. This is a good place to live, protected fromthe worst of the Suns radiation, which can interfere withDNA. There is no fear of drying out, either temperatureextremes that occur on land do not arise here, andcreatures are surrounded on all sides by the chemicalsand food needed to sustain life. The result is a diverserange of open-water inhabitants. Ready for a dip?

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  • PlanktonOpen-water Crew

    Green and serene, we are members of an entire worldof microscopic plants and animals that float free in theocean. All we need for life is light, clean water and food.

    Some of us are super-tiny plants known as phytoplankton(say fye-toe-plank-ton). Soaking up the Suns rays, weproduce half of the worlds oxygen. Floating alongside,gorging on our veggie buffet, are billions of microscopicbeasts such as jellyfish, crustaceans, snails, squid and fishlarvae. This zooplankton (say zoo-plank-ton) makes agreat snack in itself, snaffled by a host of nightmarishcreatures who ascend from the deep after sundown.Together we attract forage fish, jellyfish, basking sharksand seabirds, as well as seals, sea lions and whales. Youcould say we are the oceans biggest attraction!

    7170

    Plankton

    Microscopic drifters called phytoplankton and zooplanktonBurst into life in spring, turning parts of the ocean green Phytoplankton is the oceans main source of plant food

    Smallest plankton: picoplankton (0.0002 to 0.02 mm: bacteria, small protists) Largest plankton: megaplankton (2 to 20 cm: some seaweed and jellyfish)Spring bloom: term for rapid growth of phytoplankton as the oceans warm up

    070_071_Oce_Pla.qxp 30/5/11 12:38 Page 10

  • PlanktonOpen-water Crew

    Green and serene, we are members of an entire worldof microscopic plants and animals that float free in theocean. All we need for life is light, clean water and food.

    Some of us are super-tiny plants known as phytoplankton(say fye-toe-plank-ton). Soaking up the Suns rays, weproduce half of the worlds oxygen. Floating alongside,gorging on our veggie buffet, are billions of microscopicbeasts such as jellyfish, crustaceans, snails, squid and fishlarvae. This zooplankton (say zoo-plank-ton) makes agreat snack in itself, snaffled by a host of nightmarishcreatures who ascend from the deep after sundown.Together we attract forage fish, jellyfish, basking sharksand seabirds, as well as seals, sea lions and whales. Youcould say we are the oceans biggest attraction!

    7170

    Plankton

    Microscopic drifters called phytoplankton and zooplanktonBurst into life in spring, turning parts of the ocean green Phytoplankton is the oceans main source of plant food

    Smallest plankton: picoplankton (0.0002 to 0.02 mm: bacteria, small protists) Largest plankton: megaplankton (2 to 20 cm: some seaweed and jellyfish)Spring bloom: term for rapid growth of phytoplankton as the oceans warm up

    070_071_Oce_Pla.qxp 30/5/11 12:38 Page 10

  • JellyfishOpen-water Crew

    A jelly-belly dancer, I am a silent and deadly menace ofthe ocean. I float rather than swim, pulsing softly like aheartbeat, going wherever the ocean currents take me.

    I am simplicity itself. I dont have a central nervous system,let alone a brain, and I breathe through my skin, so theresno need for complicated gills. I might be 90 per centwater, but Im no drip! My trailing tentacles are lined withspring-loaded, venom-tipped spears that fire into the bodyof anything that happens to get tangled in my tentacles.In some of us, this curtain of death is powerful enoughto kill a human. Like my photoplankton cousins, I bloomin the right conditions. My microscopic larvae suddenlymature into full jellies, creating a swarm of hundreds ofthousands of beautiful blobs.

    7372

    Jellyfish

    Free-swimming, brainless wonder the largest kind of planktonOne of four different classes of related stinging animalsSome tiny fish hide from predators behind jellyfish tentacles

    Most deadly jellyfish: box jellyfishLongest tentacles: lions mane jellyfish (up to 120 m)Distribution: worldwide/all oceans

    072_073_Oce_Jel.qxp 30/5/11 12:38 Page 10

  • JellyfishOpen-water Crew

    A jelly-belly dancer, I am a silent and deadly menace ofthe ocean. I float rather than swim, pulsing softly like aheartbeat, going wherever the ocean currents take me.

    I am simplicity itself. I dont have a central nervous system,let alone a brain, and I breathe through my skin, so theresno need for complicated gills. I might be 90 per centwater, but Im no drip! My trailing tentacles are lined withspring-loaded, venom-tipped spears that fire into the bodyof anything that happens to get tangled in my tentacles.In some of us, this curtain of death is powerful enoughto kill a human. Like my photoplankton cousins, I bloomin the right conditions. My microscopic larvae suddenlymature into full jellies, creating a swarm of hundreds ofthousands of beautiful blobs.

    7372

    Jellyfish

    Free-swimming, brainless wonder the largest kind of planktonOne of four different classes of related stinging animalsSome tiny fish hide from predators behind jellyfish tentacles

    Most deadly jellyfish: box jellyfishLongest tentacles: lions mane jellyfish (up to 120 m)Distribution: worldwide/all oceans

    072_073_Oce_Jel.qxp 30/5/11 12:38 Page 10

  • Fast FishOpen-water Crew

    Just you try to catch a glimpse of us as we flit past witha flash and a twinkle. Ruling the open ocean and builtfor lightning speed, we are obsessed with streamlining.

    We are like sleek torpedoes. Our eyes are flush with ourbodies and we have stiff, narrow fins that we can tuckback into hollow slots. Anything that causes drag is out too many scales, for example. Some of our fastest crew marlin, sailfish and swordfish have rapier-like nosesthat really slice through the water! Many of us grouptogether in vast schools. We love to eat herring andneed awesome control to catch them as they swirl inthe water. We have a line of extra-sensitive cells runningdown each side of the body, and this stops us crashinginto each other as we give chase.

    7574

    Fast Fish

    Friction-free fish that move like bullets through the waterMarlin and swordfish swim alone; others, like tuna, form shoalsThese guys do everything on the move even rest

    Fastest fish: Indo-Pacific sailfish (bursts of 110 km/h) Tuna migration: about 10,800 km yearly, from western Atlantic to MediterraneanTime taken to cross the Atlantic Ocean: 119 days (bluefin tuna)

    074_075_Oce_Fas.qxp 30/5/11 12:39 Page 10

  • Fast FishOpen-water Crew

    Just you try to catch a glimpse of us as we flit past witha flash and a twinkle. Ruling the open ocean and builtfor lightning speed, we are obsessed with streamlining.

    We are like sleek torpedoes. Our eyes are flush with ourbodies and we have stiff, narrow fins that we can tuckback into hollow slots. Anything that causes drag is out too many scales, for example. Some of our fastest crew marlin, sailfish and swordfish have rapier-like nosesthat really slice through the water! Many of us grouptogether in vast schools. We love to eat herring andneed awesome control to catch them as they swirl inthe water. We have a line of extra-sensitive cells runningdown each side of the body, and this stops us crashinginto each other as we give chase.

    7574

    Fast Fish

    Friction-free fish that move like bullets through the waterMarlin and swordfish swim alone; others, like tuna, form shoalsThese guys do everything on the move even rest

    Fastest fish: Indo-Pacific sailfish (bursts of 110 km/h) Tuna migration: about 10,800 km yearly, from western Atlantic to MediterraneanTime taken to cross the Atlantic Ocean: 119 days (bluefin tuna)

    074_075_Oce_Fas.qxp 30/5/11 12:39 Page 10

  • Sea Ice Ice Shelf Krill

    Icefish Narwhal

    Polar Bear Penguin

    Killer Whale

    Walrus, Seal and Sea Lion

    98

    Chapter 7Chilly Chaps

    Locked in ice for much of the year, the seas aroundEarths poles are parky places. Their chilly inhabitantshave to be on their toes to stop freezing their paws, finsand flippers off! That is why this lot are a blubbery crew,with layers of fat beneath the skin to keep them toasty inthe cold water. You might think that the going would betoo tough in these high latitudes, that animals would goin search of a more comfortable climate, but upwellingwaters loaded with vital nutrients and yearly blooms ofplankton keep the larders full and the living good. TheChilly Chaps are here to make a splash!

    098_099_Oce_Ch7_qxp 14/6/11 15:12 Page 10

  • Sea Ice Ice Shelf Krill

    Icefish Narwhal

    Polar Bear Penguin

    Killer Whale

    Walrus, Seal and Sea Lion

    98

    Chapter 7Chilly Chaps

    Locked in ice for much of the year, the seas aroundEarths poles are parky places. Their chilly inhabitantshave to be on their toes to stop freezing their paws, finsand flippers off! That is why this lot are a blubbery crew,with layers of fat beneath the skin to keep them toasty inthe cold water. You might think that the going would betoo tough in these high latitudes, that animals would goin search of a more comfortable climate, but upwellingwaters loaded with vital nutrients and yearly blooms ofplankton keep the larders full and the living good. TheChilly Chaps are here to make a splash!

    098_099_Oce_Ch7_qxp 14/6/11 15:12 Page 10

  • Ice ShelfChilly Chaps

    Thickness of sheet: 100 to 1000 mLargest existing iceberg: Iceberg B-15; 295 km long, 37 km wideAn iceberg caused the Titanic to sink on her maiden voyage in 1912

    Im totally frigid a coldshoulder is all youll get if you nestle up to me. Unlikemy bro, Sea Ice, I form onland from snow that getscompressed into glaciers. I slip down to the shore asglacier ice and end upjutting out into the sea likea quiff of frozen water.Being compressed makesmy ice denser than normalice and so almost 90 percent of me floats beneaththe surface. Feel the chill!

    Sea IceChilly Chaps

    Freezing point of seawater: 1.8 C Total area of polar ice pack: 15,600,000 km2

    Thickness of pack ice: 1 to 4 m

    Im a drifter I like to gowith the floe. I appearwhen it gets cold enoughfor seawater to freeze. Asit does so, it loses some ofits salt content. Ice is lessdense than liquid water,so I float on top of thesea, changing size withthe seasons. I balloon inwinter and shrink with thesummer melt. With eachpassing year theres lessof me about as the worldsoceans heat up. Shame! Sea Ice

    Ice that is made when seawater freezesFormed at both poles, it makes up the polar ice packsFast ice sticks to the coastline; drift ice floats about

    Floating platform of ice that juts out into the seaMade of compressed snow, the ice is fresh water Large pieces of shelf snap off to float free as icebergs

    101100

    Ice Shelf

    100_101_Oce_Ice.qxp 14/6/11 15:14 Page 16

  • Ice ShelfChilly Chaps

    Thickness of sheet: 100 to 1000 mLargest existing iceberg: Iceberg B-15; 295 km long, 37 km wideAn iceberg caused the Titanic to sink on her maiden voyage in 1912

    Im totally frigid a coldshoulder is all youll get if you nestle up to me. Unlikemy bro, Sea Ice, I form onland from snow that getscompressed into glaciers. I slip down to the shore asglacier ice and end upjutting out into the sea likea quiff of frozen water.Being compressed makesmy ice denser than normalice and so almost 90 percent of me floats beneaththe surface. Feel the chill!

    Sea IceChilly Chaps

    Freezing point of seawater: 1.8 C Total area of polar ice pack: 15,600,000 km2

    Thickness of pack ice: 1 to 4 m

    Im a drifter I like to gowith the floe. I appearwhen it gets cold enoughfor seawater to freeze. Asit does so, it loses some ofits salt content. Ice is lessdense than liquid water,so I float on top of thesea, changing size withthe seasons. I balloon inwinter and shrink with thesummer melt. With eachpassing year theres lessof me about as the worldsoceans heat up. Shame! Sea Ice

    Ice that is made when seawater freezesFormed at both poles, it makes up the polar ice packsFast ice sticks to the coastline; drift ice floats about

    Floating platform of ice that juts out into the seaMade of compressed snow, the ice is fresh water Large pieces of shelf snap off to float free as icebergs

    101100

    Ice Shelf

    100_101_Oce_Ice.qxp 14/6/11 15:14 Page 16

  • KrillChilly Chaps

    Life is tough when youre snack food for half the animalsin the ocean. We stick together in brain-boggling numbers,keeping a sharp lookout for whales, penguins, squid,seals and many, many fish. Although we swim at just 5 to 10 cm per second, we snap our tails when threatenedand fire through the water were the ultimate fast food!

    We spend our days avoiding predators, shivering in thecold and dark, 100 m below the surface. By night we rise up as a vast cloudy mass to feed on microscopicphytoplankton. We have the largest biomass of anysingle creature on Earth more than double that ofhumans and rivalled only by copepods (mini crustaceansto you). Were tiny, but hugely important and, without us, life in the cold southern seas simply wouldnt survive.

    103102

    Krill

    Shrimp-like crustaceans related to crabs and lobstersLike living in swarms of hundreds of millions of animalsMain food source for a great many sea animals

    Scientific name: Euphasia superbaAverage size: 5 cm Distribution: Antarctic ocean

    102_103_Oce_Kri.qxp 14/6/11 15:14 Page 10

  • KrillChilly Chaps

    Life is tough when youre snack food for half the animalsin the ocean. We stick together in brain-boggling numbers,keeping a sharp lookout for whales, penguins, squid,seals and many, many fish. Although we swim at just 5 to 10 cm per second, we snap our tails when threatenedand fire through the water were the ultimate fast food!

    We spend our days avoiding predators, shivering in thecold and dark, 100 m below the surface. By night we rise up as a vast cloudy mass to feed on microscopicphytoplankton. We have the largest biomass of anysingle creature on Earth more than double that ofhumans and rivalled only by copepods (mini crustaceansto you). Were tiny, but hugely important and, without us, life in the cold southern seas simply wouldnt survive.

    103102

    Krill

    Shrimp-like crustaceans related to crabs and lobstersLike living in swarms of hundreds of millions of animalsMain food source for a great many sea animals

    Scientific name: Euphasia superbaAverage size: 5 cm Distribution: Antarctic ocean

    102_103_Oce_Kri.qxp 14/6/11 15:14 Page 10

  • PenguinChilly Chaps

    I have you fooled! Im no cute bird in a dinner jacket,but an agile, two-tone ninja. OK, so I get in a bit of aflap out of the water, but what do you expect? Imsquat, I waddle and I cant fly. Get me in the water,though, and Ill adeptly go in for the krill!

    Im a tough old thing, coming in to land on breakers thatwould snap a ship in two. Fortunately I bounce off therocks! My dark top/light belly combo makes me hard tospot in the water. Thick, matted feathers and a blubberylayer keep me warm in freezing seas. When it comes toincubating eggs, none do it better than the male Emperor,who balances an egg on his feet for over two months.Hundreds of them huddle together to keep warm invicious Antarctic storms. Thats male bonding for you!

    113112

    Penguin

    Chubby Antarctic seabird, fully adapted to life at seaHas a streamlined body, flipper wings and heavy bonesIncredibly powerful and balletic swimmer

    Largest penguin: Emperor penguin (up to 1.1 m tall)Diving speed: 6 to 12 km/hDistribution: southern hemisphere (mainly Antarctica)

    112_113_Oce_Pen.qxp 14/6/11 15:21 Page 10

  • PenguinChilly Chaps

    I have you fooled! Im no cute bird in a dinner jacket,but an agile, two-tone ninja. OK, so I get in a bit of aflap out of the water, but what do you expect? Imsquat, I waddle and I cant fly. Get me in the water,though, and Ill adeptly go in for the krill!

    Im a tough old thing, coming in to land on breakers thatwould snap a ship in two. Fortunately I bounce off therocks! My dark top/light belly combo makes me hard tospot in the water. Thick, matted feathers and a blubberylayer keep me warm in freezing seas. When it comes toincubating eggs, none do it better than the male Emperor,who balances an egg on his feet for over two months.Hundreds of them huddle together to keep warm invicious Antarctic storms. Thats male bonding for you!

    113112

    Penguin

    Chubby Antarctic seabird, fully adapted to life at seaHas a streamlined body, flipper wings and heavy bonesIncredibly powerful and balletic swimmer

    Largest penguin: Emperor penguin (up to 1.1 m tall)Diving speed: 6 to 12 km/hDistribution: southern hemisphere (mainly Antarctica)

    112_113_Oce_Pen.qxp 14/6/11 15:21 Page 10

  • Pollution Fishing

    Diving Submersible Oil Rig

    114

    Chapter 8Ocean Explorers

    These intrepid explorers demonstrate some of the waysin which humans investigate and exploit the oceans. Lifeshould be a beach for these adventurers there are stillmany regions that are largely unexplored but it seemsthese guys have a beef with the blue stuff. While 3000robot probes surface every ten days to beam ocean databack to base, we are whisking food out of the waterfaster than it can be replaced. Meanwhile, no end ofmuck floats about, fouling open water and coastlinesacross the globe. And then theres ocean warming, the greatest threat of all. This could be the time to bail...

    114_115_Oce_Ch8_qxp 14/6/11 15:22 Page 10

  • Pollution Fishing

    Diving Submersible Oil Rig

    114

    Chapter 8Ocean Explorers

    These intrepid explorers demonstrate some of the waysin which humans investigate and exploit the oceans. Lifeshould be a beach for these adventurers there are stillmany regions that are largely unexplored but it seemsthese guys have a beef with the blue stuff. While 3000robot probes surface every ten days to beam ocean databack to base, we are whisking food out of the waterfaster than it can be replaced. Meanwhile, no end ofmuck floats about, fouling open water and coastlinesacross the globe. And then theres ocean warming, the greatest threat of all. This could be the time to bail...

    114_115_Oce_Ch8_qxp 14/6/11 15:22 Page 10

  • ABAnglerfish 89Barnacle 37, 39, 78Blue-ringed Octopus 62, 66

    Blue Whale 78

    CCoral 10, 50, 52, 54, 58, 60Cousteau, Jacques 4Crab 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48,

    64, 66, 96, 102

    DDiving 116Dolphin 80, 106Dugong 46

    FGFast Fish 74Fishing 116, 122Great White Shark 82, 106

    HHagfish 92Humboldt Squid 84Hydrothermal Vent 96

    IJIcefish 104Ice Shelf 101Jellyfish 54, 70, 72, 76

    KLKiller Whale 105, 106Krill 78, 102, 108Lobster 38, 40, 41, 96, 102

    MMarine Iguana 45Mid-ocean Ridge 14Moray Eel 62Mudskipper 44

    NNarwhal 105

    OOcean 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15,

    20, 24, 26, 28, 38, 56, 70, 72, 76, 78, 80, 94, 100, 119, 120

    Ocean Current 8, 16, 24, 26, 72, 120, 122

    Oil Rig 119

    Index

    PPenguin 86, 102, 108, 112Plankton 42, 70, 72, 90, 98,

    102, 120Polar Bear 105, 110Pollution 120Porpoise 80Prawn 36, 38

    RRay 64Reef Hunters 60Reef Tenders 58, 60

    SSea 6, 10, 18, 20, 22, 24,

    38, 98, 119, 120, 122Sea Anemone 34, 36, 40,

    54, 58Seabirds 70, 76, 86, 112,

    120Sea Cucumber 94Sea Fan 54Seahorse 42, 54 Sea Ice 100, 101, 105, 110Seal 70, 102, 106, 108, 110Sea Lion 70, 106, 108Seashells 32, 39, 56, 86Sea Slug 34

    Sea Turtle 76Sea Urchin 37, 94Seaweed 10, 30, 37, 44,

    45, 76shark 58, 60, 70, 76, 82 Shorebirds 48Sponge 34, 37, 55, 58 squid 66, 70, 84, 102, 105Starfish 37, 56, 94Submersible 15, 118

    TTidal Current 16, 22, 24Tide 16, 20, 28, 39, 44Trench 6, 12, 15, 118 Tripod Fish 89turtle 19, 76, 122

    WWalrus 108Wave 16, 18, 22, 28, 32, 39,

    41Weather Systems 10, 16, 26whale 39, 70, 78, 102, 105,

    106

    ZZones 12, 39, 88

    125124

    Character entries are bold

    124_125_Oce_Ind.qxp 14/6/11 15:26 Page 10

  • ABAnglerfish 89Barnacle 37, 39, 78Blue-ringed Octopus 62, 66

    Blue Whale 78

    CCoral 10, 50, 52, 54, 58, 60Cousteau, Jacques 4Crab 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48,

    64, 66, 96, 102

    DDiving 116Dolphin 80, 106Dugong 46

    FGFast Fish 74Fishing 116, 122Great White Shark 82, 106

    HHagfish 92Humboldt Squid 84Hydrothermal Vent 96

    IJIcefish 104Ice Shelf 101Jellyfish 54, 70, 72, 76

    KLKiller Whale 105, 106Krill 78, 102, 108Lobster 38, 40, 41, 96, 102

    MMarine Iguana 45Mid-ocean Ridge 14Moray Eel 62Mudskipper 44

    NNarwhal 105

    OOcean 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15,

    20, 24, 26, 28, 38, 56, 70, 72, 76, 78, 80, 94, 100, 119, 120

    Ocean Current 8, 16, 24, 26, 72, 120, 122

    Oil Rig 119

    Index

    PPenguin 86, 102, 108, 112Plankton 42, 70, 72, 90, 98,

    102, 120Polar Bear 105, 110Pollution 120Porpoise 80Prawn 36, 38

    RRay 64Reef Hunters 60Reef Tenders 58, 60

    SSea 6, 10, 18, 20, 22, 24,

    38, 98, 119, 120, 122Sea Anemone 34, 36, 40,

    54, 58Seabirds 70, 76, 86, 112,

    120Sea Cucumber 94Sea Fan 54Seahorse 42, 54 Sea Ice 100, 101, 105, 110Seal 70, 102, 106, 108, 110Sea Lion 70, 106, 108Seashells 32, 39, 56, 86Sea Slug 34

    Sea Turtle 76Sea Urchin 37, 94Seaweed 10, 30, 37, 44,

    45, 76shark 58, 60, 70, 76, 82 Shorebirds 48Sponge 34, 37, 55, 58 squid 66, 70, 84, 102, 105Starfish 37, 56, 94Submersible 15, 118

    TTidal Current 16, 22, 24Tide 16, 20, 28, 39, 44Trench 6, 12, 15, 118 Tripod Fish 89turtle 19, 76, 122

    WWalrus 108Wave 16, 18, 22, 28, 32, 39,

    41Weather Systems 10, 16, 26whale 39, 70, 78, 102, 105,

    106

    ZZones 12, 39, 88

    125124

    Character entries are bold

    124_125_Oce_Ind.qxp 14/6/11 15:26 Page 10

  • 127126

    Glossary

    Alga (pl. algae) A simple, non-flowering plant, withoutproper roots, stem or leaves; often single-celled.Amphibious A creature that can live in and out of water.Biomass The total mass of animals (or plants) in an area,zone or habitat.Bivalve A type of mollusc, encased in two hinged shells(e.g. oyster, mussel, clam, scallop), which attaches torocks with a soft foot. Blowhole A breathing hole, or nostril, on top of the headof a whale, dolphin or porpoise.Blubber The layer of insulating fat under the skin of seamammals and birds.Brachiopod An invertebrate whose soft body is protectedby two hinged shells, which attaches to rocks with a stalk.Cartilage A tough and flexible connective tissue; somefish have skeletons made from cartilage. Cephalopod Octopus, squid and cuttlefish; a predatorymollusc with large eyes and tentacles surrounding abeaked mouth; squirts a cloud of inky fluid to confuse its predators.Chelonian A group of reptiles that includes the turtlefamily, tortoises and terrapins. Clutch The group of eggs produced by a reptile.Colony A community of animals living close together.Continent Earths main blocks of land (Africa, Asia,Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North and South America).

    Copepod A small crustacean, living as plankton; themost numerous animal on Earth.Crustacean A subaqua invertebrate with eight or morejointed legs (e.g. crab, lobster, barnacle and copepod). Cyclone Wind that moves in a circular motion towardsan area of low pressure.Detritus The messed-up rubble fragments of wreckedand destroyed materials.Echinoderm A marine invertebrate with a hard skeleton,tube feet and a body shape based on a five-pointedstar (e.g. starfish, sea urchin and sea cucumber). Floe A sheet of floating ice.Gastropod A mollusc with a large muscular foot and a spiral shell (e.g. sea snail and whelk).Herbivore An animal that feeds only on plants.Hermaphrodite An animal with both male and femalesexual organs.Hydroid A tiny aquatic invertebrate with a tube bodyand a ring of stinging tentacles around the mouth.Invertebrate An animal without a backbone.Latitude An imaginary line that divides Earth horizontally high latitudes are zones near the poles; low latitudesare near the Equator.Mammal A warm-blooded animal, often with hair, thatgives birth to live young.Maw An old-fashioned word for mouth.

    126_127_Oce_Glo.qxp 14/6/11 15:26 Page 10

  • 127126

    Glossary

    Alga (pl. algae) A simple, non-flowering plant, withoutproper roots, stem or leaves; often single-celled.Amphibious A creature that can live in and out of water.Biomass The total mass of animals (or plants) in an area,zone or habitat.Bivalve A type of mollusc, encased in two hinged shells(e.g. oyster, mussel, clam, scallop), which attaches torocks with a soft foot. Blowhole A breathing hole, or nostril, on top of the headof a whale, dolphin or porpoise.Blubber The layer of insulating fat under the skin of seamammals and birds.Brachiopod An invertebrate whose soft body is protectedby two hinged shells, which attaches to rocks with a stalk.Cartilage A tough and flexible connective tissue; somefish have skeletons made from cartilage. Cephalopod Octopus, squid and cuttlefish; a predatorymollusc with large eyes and tentacles surrounding abeaked mouth; squirts a cloud of inky fluid to confuse its predators.Chelonian A group of reptiles that includes the turtlefamily, tortoises and terrapins. Clutch The group of eggs produced by a reptile.Colony A community of animals living close together.Continent Earths main blocks of land (Africa, Asia,Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North and South America).

    Copepod A small crustacean, living as plankton; themost numerous animal on Earth.Crustacean A subaqua invertebrate with eight or morejointed legs (e.g. crab, lobster, barnacle and copepod). Cyclone Wind that moves in a circular motion towardsan area of low pressure.Detritus The messed-up rubble fragments of wreckedand destroyed materials.Echinoderm A marine invertebrate with a hard skeleton,tube feet and a body shape based on a five-pointedstar (e.g. starfish, sea urchin and sea cucumber). Floe A sheet of floating ice.Gastropod A mollusc with a large muscular foot and a spiral shell (e.g. sea snail and whelk).Herbivore An animal that feeds only on plants.Hermaphrodite An animal with both male and femalesexual organs.Hydroid A tiny aquatic invertebrate with a tube bodyand a ring of stinging tentacles around the mouth.Invertebrate An animal without a backbone.Latitude An imaginary line that divides Earth horizontally high latitudes are zones near the poles; low latitudesare near the Equator.Mammal A warm-blooded animal, often with hair, thatgives birth to live young.Maw An old-fashioned word for mouth.

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    oceans for amazon left.pdfOceans 2-3.pdfOceans 4-5.pdfOceans 6-7.pdfOceans 8-9.pdfOceans 10-11.pdfOceans 12-13.pdfOceans 14-15.pdfOceans 16-17.pdfOceans 18-19.pdfOceans 20-21.pdfOceans 22-23.pdfOceans 24-25.pdfOceans 26-27.pdfOceans 28-29.pdfOceans 30-31.pdfOceans 32-33.pdfOceans 34-35.pdfOceans 36-37.pdfOceans 38-39.pdfOceans 40-41.pdfOceans 42-43.pdfOceans 44-45.pdfOceans 46-47.pdfOceans 48-49.pdfOceans 050-051.pdfOceans 052-053.pdfOceans 054-055.pdfOceans 056-057.pdfOceans 058-059.pdfOceans 060-061.pdfOceans 062-063.pdfOceans 064-065.pdfOceans 066-067.pdfOceans 068-069.pdfOceans 70-71.pdfOceans 72-73.pdfOceans 74-75.pdfOceans 76-77.pdfOceans 78-79.pdfOceans 80-81.pdfOceans 82-83.pdfOceans 84-85.pdfOceans 86-87.pdfOceans 88-89.pdfOceans 90-91.pdfOceans 92-93.pdfOceans 94-95.pdfOceans 96-97.pdfOceans 98-99.pdfOceans 100-101.pdfOceans 102-103.pdfOceans 104-105.pdfOceans 106-107.pdfOceans 108-109.pdfOceans 110-111.pdfOceans 112-113.pdfOceans 114-115.pdfOceans 116-117.pdfOceans 118-119.pdfOceans 120-121.pdfOceans 122-123.pdfOceans 124-125.pdfOceans 126-127.pdf

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