1. AUSTRALIA OCEANIA ANTRACTICA

2. Prepared for: SIR MUHAMMAD DEHYA ZAINAL AZLAN Presenter: AHMADAFIDZ BIN MOHLISIN FATINAMIRA BINTI ABDHAMID MASWADI BINAZIZ SAIDATULAQMARBINTIMOHDNAZRI 3. Natural Enviroment 4. TROPICAL OCEAN CLIMATES Island of Oceania nearly situated in the tropical latitudes 5. Temperatures in Oceania are consistently warm throughout the year. Slightly modified by winds, storms and elevation 6. DISTINCTIVE ECOSYSTEMS Oceania Vegetation in the South Pacific island of Oceania grows relatively nutrient-poor, sandy soils that may only support some scrub vegetation and coconut palm. 7. NATURAL RESOURCES Pacific Islands Plate collision zone in some Pacific Islands have mineral resources 8. Papua New Guinea Contain one of the worlds largest copper reserves 9. New Caledonia Third world largest producer of nickel ore. 10. In Oceania Coral atoll formation The highest parts of some coral atoll island are only a few meters above sea level. Many have concentration of settlement on low- lying coasts. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 11. POLLUTIONS, EROSION AND MINING EXCAVATIONS Oceania Dumping of oil Nuclear testing Nauru, uncultivable skeleton 12. CULTURAL HISTORY 13. THE LAND DOWN UNDER AUSTRALIA 14. Cultural History COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT AND INDEPENDENCE Willem Janszoon were the first Europeans discover Terra Australis (Southland) in 1600s. British explore Australia held little economic or settlement potential for Europe. reports concerning the potential of Australia came from surveys of captain james cook in 1700s. settlement increased in 1800s after initial problems of food supply effect: -improvements in government administration - issuance of free land grants - encouraged sheep farming most of the convicts came from the most materially impoverished neighbourhoods of British cities. a gold-mining boom in the 1850s drew speculators and new settlers to Australia. 15. 1800s, established 5 new colonies with : - main port city - competitive pride The Commonwealth Australia became federal country in 1901 and 5 colonies became states. Australia aborigines died from disease and oppression 1990s integrate Aborigines in Australia life. 16. AUSTRALIA PEOPLE 17. > Migrants come from across Pacific diffused out the island archipelagos to Aussie > indigenous include ethnic and culture groups. > present in the late 1700s > nomadic hunters and gatherers > live in communities or clans across continent Speaking 200 different language Animistic rock paintings Part of their legacy : - religious beliefs - social organization three main categories of deity : -Creation Beings -Ancestral Beings. -Totemic Beings 18. NEW ZEALAND Adventure capital of the world / Autearoa 19. CULTURAL HISTORY COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT AND INDEPENDENCE Maoris resisted British missionaries and whalers. Dutch Navigator Abel Tasman, the first European discoverer. Agreed to respect Maoris land ownership. Maori signed the Treaty of Waitangi with the British Crown. regarded as New Zealands founding document. More sheep farmers established as technological advances in refrigerated shipping. 20. NEW ZEALAND PEOPLE 21. Polynesians first inhabitants of New Zealand settled on both main islands of New Zealand named the country Aotearoa (Land of the Long White Cloud). English is the most common language Maori is also an official language. indigenous Maori represent about 15 percent of the population. express their culture by Maori tattooing, also known as Ta Moko. 22. PACIFIC ISLANDS 23. Melanesian (black islands named by Europeans because presence of dark-skinned people) Micronesian (small islands) Polynesian (many islands) 24. The United Kingdoms was the main colonizer of the Pasific Islands. Guam and the Marianas were Spanish colonies until taken by the United States as protectorates just after 1900. French colonizer New Caledonia and the islands around Tahiti. Political decision made by French government in Paris. German taking the island in 1880s. All of the Britain, Australia, New Zealand lost to United States in World War 1. 25. GLOBALIZATION & LOCAL CHANGE a. POPULATION DYNAMIC I. natural increase * slow total fertility rate less than 2 * advanced in demographic transition process * slowing in birth after baby-boom period & aging population * concentrated in coastal urban areas ii. Effect of rapid organization * intraregional and interregional trade fueled growth city-regions *Sydney- connected city * have downtowns (state government & financial sectors) 26. iii. Geographic identity * white Australia policy European immigrants, neighboring Asian countries. * increase multiracial, multiethnic, multicultural population * high unemployment * gives 12,000 refugees permanent residence 27. GLOBALIZATION & LOCAL CHANGE POPULATION DYNAMIC I. natural increase * total fertility rate remain slightly * advanced in demographic transition process * slow regeneration of its labor force * losses of working-age males ii. Effect of rapid organization * lived in towns and cities * main cities : port / hinges * Auckland : center urbanized * wellington : major port / center gov. * Christchurch & Dunedin : main towns South Island 28. iii. Geographic identity * many young , skilled New Zealanders migrate * economic opportunities in: > service industry > pride in countrys culture > unique physical landscape * Maoris have professional jobs > contract labourers > shearing gangs for Pkeh farmers. >planting, harvesting, hunting birds, fishing and eeling > rat trapping, canoe building and warfare > Tohunga : carving, tattooing, building and spiritual matters. 29. SUBREGIONS 30. THE LAND DOWN UNDER AUSTRALIA 31. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CLIMATE VARIATION Arid continental interior Regular rainfall (coastal area) Monsoon, seasonal summer rain,tropical cyclones El nino fluctuations 32. Geologic activities Gondwanala nd Great barrier reef Great dividing range Africa,antarti ca,south america, peninsular india 33. Distinctive ecosystem Unique animal species marsupialsEucalyptus & acacia 34. Unique animal species Blue tounge lizard Frilled lizard Kimberl y tree- frog 35. marsupials kangaroo quoll koala s wallab y 36. Eucalyptus and acacia Eucalyptus 37. Natural resources Iron ore Nickel gold Platinum Uranium copper Ancient rocks Coal Silver Lead Zinc Copper ores Great Dividing Range 38. Environmental problem Drought Floods typhoons earthquakes Natural hazard by farmers and miners felled trees Environmental degradation pollution, erosion and mining excavations 39. SUBREGIONS Australia sovereignty Southeast australia 40. Northern australia Interior & western australia 41. Economic trade and development Export agricultural products & mined minerals 42. Protecting manufacturing & government-owned enterprises 43. Australia dominant mining * high production of iron and steel * iron ore (bauxite,nickel, gold) * natural gas fields. Australias farm output * wheat,oilseeds,beef,veal,wine * cultivated and livestock grazing Tourism * attracted by beaches, golf courses, theme park (Gold Coast) * unique wildlife, flora and rock formations 44. FOODS 45. NEW ZEALAND Adventure capital of the world / Autearoa 46. NEW ZEALAND Adventure capital of the world / Autearoa 47. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CLIMATE VARIATION Storms/ heavy rainfall Snow ( elevation mountains) Ex- Tropical Cyclones and Mid- Latitude Storms drought 48. Geologic activities Plate movement 49. Distinctive ecosystem Unique temperate rainforest Fir trees and pines Tropical fish varieties 50. Great walks Kahikatea Spey valley moss 51. Natural resources a) Make fresh water 52. b) Hydroelectric power generation 53. Environmental problem Earthquakes the eruption of mount ruapehu Natural hazard Soil erosion Air and water pollution industrial effluent, automobile emissions Construction controversy pollution, erosion and mining excavations 54. SUBREGIONS North islan d South island 55. Eastern island 56. Economic trade and development ECONOMY a. Natural resources = fresh water = hydroelectric power regeneration = coal b. ` Export of farm and forest = wool, lamb, diary product =livestock =agricultural production c. Tourism =outdoor attraction (North and South island) =success of film trilogy *Whale rider * Lord of The Rings 57. DEVELOPMENT Pastureland replace forest replanted large areas Radiata Pines and Douglas firs 1900s, afforestation policy 1980s, The New Zealand government instituted economic reforms: > lower unemployment > lower inflation > tariffs and restrictive port practices removed > government spending reduced Export to : > Japan > Australia > United States > United Kigdom Import from : > Australia > United State 58. FOODS 59. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CLIMATE VARIATION Storms/ heavy rainfall Snow ( elevation mountains) Ex- Tropical Cyclones and Mid- Latitude Storms drought 60. Geologic activities Plate movement 61. Distinctive ecosystem Unique temperate rainforest Fir trees and pines Tropical fish varieties 62. Great walks Kahikatea Spey valley moss 63. Natural resources a) Make fresh water 64. b) Hydroelectric power generation 65. Environmental problem Earthquakes the eruption of mount ruapehu Natural hazard Soil erosion Air and water pollution industrial effluent, automobile emissions Construction controversy pollution, er osion and mining excavations 66. SUBREGIONS North islan d South island 67. Eastern island 68. Economic trade and development ECONOMY a. Natural resources = fresh water = hydroelectric power regeneration = coal b. ` Export of farm and forest = wool, lamb, diary product =livestock =agricultural production c. Tourism =outdoor attraction (North and South island) =success of film trilogy *Whale rider * Lord of The Rings 69. DEVELOPMENT Pastureland replace forest replanted large areas Radiata Pines and Douglas firs 1900s, afforestation policy 1980s, The New Zealand government instituted economic reforms: > lower unemployment > lower inflation > tariffs and restrictive port practices removed > government spending reduced Export to : > Japan > Australia > United States > United Kigdom Import from : > Australia > United State 70. FOODS 71. OCEANIA 72. Island Countries Most of South Pacific Islands independence in 1970s Although independence, economic difficulty, internal tension and dependence on continuing economic aid and protection to 73. World poorest countries The largest and most populated island 74. Farm, forest and mine product 75. Tourism 76. BY : Fatin amira 77. ANTARCTICA Occupies 10 % of Earths land surface and is larger than either Europe or Australia. 78. All assert territorial claims to parts of the continent 79. No population exists but there is constant human presence Scientist/Geologist Tourist/Visitor 80. ANTARCTICAS HARSH POLAR CLIMATE Antarctic landmass is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. The continent is surrounded by water 81. Antarcticas high eastern plateau Frigid Temperatures below freezing Antarcticas coastal areas Slightly warmer Affected by latitudes 82. Summer high temperature in January average above 0 C 83. ANTARTCTICA GLOBAL STATUS Expeditions to Antarctica beginning with Captain James Cook Late 1700s, discovering what existed beyond the foggy, ice-filled water. 84. Next Exploration Late 1800s and early 1900s, explores wanted to be the first further discovered on Antarctica 85. Establishment of fixed scientific research stations. mid-1900 Gave way to international political claims on sections of continents territory 86. Antarctic Treaty December 1959, singed by 12 countries Non-military scientific cooperation 87. Antarctic Treaty System Protection of seals and marine organisms Prohibits any military use or weapons testing Encourage scientific research on climate, oceanographic, geologic and glaciological studies 88. ANTARCTICA AND SOUTHERN OCEAN Frozen continent forms its own cold climate with a heating deficit throughout the year. During winter, ice coverage in the oceans increases as the sea surface freezes. 89. During summer, glacial ice calves off the icebergs into the surrounding ocean. 90. Ozone hole Caused by effects pollutants in the atmosphere destroying stratospheric ozone Began to decrease by 2010 because of cooperation from the government around the world 91. GEOLOGIC ACTIVITIES Southern Hemisphere continent is longitudinally situated in both the Western and Eastern Hemisphere by International Date Line. 92. The divergent plate margin between the Indian and Antarctic Plates separates Australia and Antarctica. 93. Transantarctic Mountains divide the continent into West Antarctica and East Antarctica. One of the worlds largest continuous mountain chain Extension of the South Americas Andes Mountains 94. ANTARCTICA RESOURCES Is not a country and so does not have an economy of its own. Remain unexploited and somewhat protected by international agreements 95. Antarctica Transantarctic Mountains and other areas are rich in mineral resources ; COAL ORES COPPER NICKEL SILVER TIN 96. Living organisms are dominated by a huge variety of sea birds, including penguins that rely on the rich ocean life of plankton, fish, seals and whales. 97. It was agreed internationally to regulate such fishing. Fish stocks such as cod, together with some of whales, were declining. 98. Antarcticas harsh polar climate and permanent ice and snow cover support very little vegetation beyond ; Algae Lichens Mosses 99. TOURISM Grew slowly in 1958 to the early 1990s and began to grow more quickly through the early 2000s. 100. Most tourist reach Antarctica on commercial cruise ships setting sale from Southern Hemisphere ports in Australia, New Zealand or Argentina. 101. As more tourists arrive, the dangers of environmental damage increase. At present, ATS does not have a code regulating the tourism industry. 102. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS NATURAL HAZARDS In Antarctica Anthropogenic activity caused climate change Could open the continent for settlement and resource exploration. Corresponding sea level rise may inundate low-lying coastal areas around the world. 103. POLLUTIONS, EROSION AND MINIONG EXCAVATIONS Antarctica Waste from residents scientific community Fuel discharged from cruise ships 104. Q&A