Life in Oceans and Ponds. What is an Ocean? Big body of salty water.
Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?
-
Upload
emil-ellis -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
2
Transcript of Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?
![Page 1: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ocean Water
![Page 2: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Why is the ocean salty?Why is the ocean salty?
![Page 3: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is a salt?
![Page 4: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Salts are made from Ions
![Page 5: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Elements
Electrons (-)
Protons (+)
Elements in the periodictable have equal numbersof protons (+) and electrons (-).
They are electrically neutral
![Page 6: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ions
Ions are stable forms of elements that acquirean electrical charge by gaining or losing electrons
Elemental Sodium (Na) 11 protons (+), 11 electrons (-)
Sodium ion (Na+) 11 protons (+), 10 electrons (-)
By losing an electron, sodium has more protons thanelectrons and becomes positively charged.
Na - 1e- = Na+
![Page 7: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Na11 protons
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e- e-
e- e- e-
+
Na+
Sodium Na
![Page 8: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
2Na + 2H20 2Na+ + 2 OH- + H2
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2158222101210607510&ei=syO5SuaVBJLiqgKWif37AQ&q=sodium+explosion&hl=en#
![Page 9: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Ions
Ions are stable forms of elements that acquirean electrical charge by gaining or losing electrons
Elemental Chlorine (Cl) 17 protons (+), 17 electrons (-)
Chloride ion (Cl-) 17 protons (+), 18 electrons (-)
By gaining an electron, chlorine has more electrons thanprotons and becomes negatively charged.
Cl + 1e- = Cl-
![Page 10: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cl17 protons
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e- e-
e- e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e- e-
e-e- _
Cl-
Chlorine
![Page 11: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Elements that lose electrons and becomepositively charged are called cations.
Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Fe3+
Elements that gain electrons and becomenegatively charged are called anions.
Cl-, Br-, F-, I-
CO32-, SO4
2-, PO4-3
oxoanions
![Page 12: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Salts
KCl, NaCl, MgCl2, CaCO3, CaSO4
Cations: K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+
Anions: Cl-, CO3-2, SO4
-2
Salts are formed by combining cations andanions to form solids that have no charge.
K+ + Cl- = KCl
Na+ + Cl- = NaCl
![Page 13: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Conversely, if solid salts are mixed with water they dissolve and the ions go into solution
KCl K+ + Cl-
NaCl Na+ + Cl-Water
Water
solid solution
CaCO3
CaSO4
Ca+2 and CO3-2
Ca+2 and SO4-2
![Page 14: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
NaCl
Cl-
Na+
Na ClCl
ClCl
Dissolution
![Page 15: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Oceans have enormous amountsof salt (ions) dissolved in the water.
Where does it come from?
![Page 16: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
10%
90% of rainfall is on the oceans
![Page 17: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Overland Flow (Runoff)
Evaporation / Transpiration
Aquifers/ Groundwater
Infiltration to Soil/Soil flow
Fate of Precipitation to Land
Streams, Rivers, LakesStreams, Rivers, Lakes
![Page 18: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Watershed
River basinDrainage basinCatchment
Total land area that drains surface water to a common point.
Rain that falls anywhere within a given body of water's watershed or basin will eventually drain into that body of water.
![Page 19: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
AmazonWatershed
Atlantic
![Page 20: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
saltssalts
Watersheds, Erosion and Dissolution
saltssalts
Dissolution of salts; erosion of rocks and minerals
rain rain
![Page 21: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Dissolved in water
water
water
water
Minerals and ErosionMinerals and Erosion
KAlSi3O8
CaAl2Si2O8
NaAlSi3O8
K+, Ca2+, Na+, Si4+
Feldspars KAlSi3O8
CaAl2Si2O8
NaAlSi3O8
granite
![Page 22: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Dissolved Salts and Minerals
KCl
NaCl
MgCl2
CaCO3
CaSO4
KCl
NaCl
MgCl2
CaCO3
CaSO4
KAlSi3O8
CaAl2Si2O8
NaAlSi3O8
KAlSi3O8
CaAl2Si2O8
NaAlSi3O8
Rivers contain small amounts of dissolved salts that are delivered to the oceans
![Page 24: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
AmazonWatershed
Atlantic
K
Na
Mg
Cl
Ca
CO3
Ca
SO4
Si
K
Na
Mg
Cl
Ca
CO3
Ca
SO4
Si
![Page 25: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Rivers < 500 mg/L
Oceans 35,000 mg/L
If rivers have low salt contents and theyare delivering salts to the oceans, why dooceans have such high salt contents?
Total SaltsTotal Salts
![Page 26: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Salts left behind
evaporation
The primary factor leading to ocean salinity.
![Page 27: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Salts are delivered to the oceans in small amounts
Evaporation removes water from theoceans, but leaves the salts behind.
Rainfall on land dissolves more salts, whichare subsequently delivered to the oceans
![Page 28: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Microcosm: The Dead Sea
34% salt content
Elevation: 1400 ft below sea level
Endorheic sea
Lowest dry elevation on earth
59 inches of Evaporation/yr
![Page 29: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
10% of naturalflow now reaches the sea.
Sea levels are dropping by 3 ft/yr
Salt Works
1973
1987
2000
The Dead Sea is Dying
![Page 30: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Great Salt Lake
5 to 27% Salt Content5 to 27% Salt Content
Railroad causeway
Remnant of Lake Bonneville (15,000 years ago)
one inch to six feet thick
JordanWeberBear
![Page 31: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The Aral Sea (up to 8% salinity)
Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers
60% loss in area80% loss in volume
![Page 32: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Oceans and Rivers
4 billion tons of dissolved salts to the ocean annually
![Page 33: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
What kind of Salts?
![Page 34: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
KCl
NaCl
MgCl2
CaCO3
CaSO4
KCl
NaCl
MgCl2
CaCO3
CaSO4
River Water35.1520.3912.14 11.675.685.793.412.12
IonCarbonateCalciumSulfate SilicateChlorideSodium
MagnesiumPotassium
River Salt Composition
Dominated by Carbonate, Calcium, Sulfate, and Silicate
KAlSi3O8
CaAl2Si2O8
NaAlSi3O8
KAlSi3O8
CaAl2Si2O8
NaAlSi3O8
![Page 35: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Ocean Salt Composition
IonChlorideSodiumSulfate
Magnesium Calcium
Potassium Carbonate
Silicate
Sea Water (%)55.0430.627.683.69 1.151.100.40
.0004
Dominated by Chloride, Sodium, and Sulfate
2.9% Na+ and Cl-
(85% of total)
![Page 36: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
River Water35.1520.3911.6712.14 5.685.793.412.12
Sea Water.40
1.15.00047.68
55.0430.623.691.10
IonCarbonateCalciumSilicateSulfate ChlorideSodium
MagnesiumPotassium
Percentage of Total Dissolved Minerals
} 79%
} 85%
Carbonate, calcium and silicate are disappearingChloride and sodium are appearing
![Page 37: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
River Water has high amounts ofCalcium, Carbonate, and Silicate
Ocean Water has high amounts ofSodium and Chloride
If ocean salts come from rivers, some processis removing calcium, carbonate, and silicates from the river water, and sodium and chlorideare being enriched in ocean waters.
![Page 38: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• Enrich Sodium, Chloride in ocean water
Remove Silica, Calcium, Carbonate from river water
Alterations
![Page 39: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts are soluble
chloride, bromide and iodide salts are soluble.
NaCl Solubility 350 g/L
Solubility: ease of dissolution in water
Enriching Sodium and Chloride
Once these types of ions reach the oceans they stay dissolved
![Page 40: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Calcium Carbonate Removal
Incorporate into shells of marine invertebrates
• Remove Silica, Calcium, Carbonate
Ca2+ + CO32- = CaCO3
![Page 41: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Diatoms
Life and Silica
• Remove Silica, Calcium, Carbonate
Use silica as structural material
![Page 42: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
River Water35.1520.3911.675.685.793.412.12
12.14
Sea Water.40
1.15.000455.0430.623.691.107.68
IonCarbonateCalciumSilicateChlorideSodium
MagnesiumPotassium
Sulfate
Percentage of Total Dissolved Minerals
![Page 43: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Other Constituents in Ocean Water
![Page 44: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The Oceans and Carbon Dioxide
Chemical interaction between the Oceans and the Atmosphere
![Page 45: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Gases Dissolve in Water
GasGases
dissolution
![Page 46: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Composition of the Atmosphere
Gases
Nitrogen 78.1%Oxygen 20.9%Argon 0.93%CO2 0.038%
![Page 47: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Oxygen
Solubility: 0.043 g/L(20oC)
![Page 48: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Carbon Dioxide
C
O
O-
-
+
![Page 49: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Carbon Dioxide
![Page 50: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Middle Ages
IndustrialRevolution
ocean removed about 118 billion metric tons.
Between 1800 and 1994, the
48 percent of all fossil fuel emissions
380 ppm
Solubility = 1.69 g/L
CO2
(Oxygen Solubility: 0.043 g/L)
![Page 51: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
GasGases/Heat
Present and Future Problems
Solubility = 1.69 g/LOxygen Solubility: 0.043 g/L
![Page 52: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Carbon Dioxide also is an Acid
![Page 54: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
CO2
WaterAcid
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
H+ is acid
Acids (H+) are reactive and dissolve a number of substances
Dissolution of Carbon Dioxide
![Page 55: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Copper and Silver Cleaning:
CuO + 2HCl → CuCl2 + H2O
Ag2O + 2 HCl → 2 AgCl + H2O
CaCO3 + H+ Ca2+ + HCO3-
Fe2O3 + 6H+ 2Fe3+ + 3H2OFe2O3
CaCO3
![Page 56: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Invertebrate shells and skeletons largely CaCO3
Corals, “lithic” plankton, clams, oysters
![Page 57: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=17243164
CaCO3 + H+ Ca2+ + HCO3-
CO2
WaterH+
Acidification of the oceans Inhibits the calcification and
growth of invertebrates
Analysis of coral cores shows a steady drop in calcification over the last 20 years
pH change: 8.179 to 8.104
![Page 58: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Coral Reef Bleaching
Corals live in very nutrient poor waters and have certain zones of tolerance to water temperature, salinity, UV radiation, opacity, and nutrient quantities.
![Page 59: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Anthropogenic Inputs
![Page 60: Ocean Water. Why is the ocean salty? What is a salt?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f225503460f94c3a83c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Homework II Oceanic Dead ZonesThis is an excerpt from a news story from June 21 by the AP concerning recent
Mid-west flooding and its potential impact on the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico.
Flood, size of gulf dead zone linkedExtra farm runoff in the Mississippi to increase area with no oxygen
Associated Press June 21, 2008
WASHINGTON - Floodwaters loaded with farm runoff are heading down theMississippi River, and scientists fear that the deluge will sharply increase the expected
dead zone this summer in the Gulf of Mexico, covering an area the size of Maryland.
The dead zone is a region of the gulf that becomes starved for oxygen during much of the summer and cannot support fish or other sea life.
There are hundreds of dead zones around the world that wreak havoc on marine ecology and cut off vast areas for commercial fishing. The zone in the gulf
is the largest in the Western Hemisphere.