Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two...
Transcript of Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two...
![Page 1: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
11/12/09 1
Ocean Energy- Panama
Carlos Sanfilippo, CITEM
Charles Warner, CW Engineering, SA
![Page 2: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
11/12/09 2
Our Purpose Today
Promote the development of systems for harnessing Ocean Energy for the Generation of Electricity in Panama
![Page 3: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
11/12/09 3
Presentation Goals
Identify the issuesOcean Energy, Harnessing the Tides and
Waves Explore the Alternatives
![Page 4: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
11/12/09 4
The Current Situation
Population (2009 est.): 3,360,474Total net energy generation in 2006-
5,805 billion kWhr (1394.00 kWh/capita) Generating Capacity, 2007 1,509 million
kW In Panama, Percentage of people
connected to the grid (electricity) 85.1 %
![Page 5: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
11/12/09 5
The Issues Growth in Demand for Electricity will surpass population
growth Population Growth est. 1.5%; Growth in Energy Demand 3.5-6%, according to various sources
Urbanization- the percentage of the labor force in agriculture has declined, from 46 percent in 1965 to 26 percent in 1984, and continuing
Source: Library of Congress (US), CIA Contry Fact Book
The recent construction boom Panama has enjoyed is attracting a more affluent clientele, from areas of the world where per capita energy consumption is 10 times or more greater than in
Panama Significant segments of Population not served by grid due to
distance from population centers and geographical constraints to expanding the grid to remote areas
![Page 6: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
11/12/09 6
THIS demands more energy...
![Page 7: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
11/12/09 7
Than this...
![Page 8: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
11/12/09 8
Electrical Generation in Panama
50.1% Hydro-electric 49.5% Thermo-Electric Electricity Imports- In 2007, imported 9 million
kWhr Source: various references from the Internet, Incl. “Country Energy Information”, Sept 2006,
“Renewabble Energy in Emerging and Developing Countries”
Every year, Peak demand nears peak capacity i.e., As reported in La Prensa, April 16, 2007, Demand reached 1,024 MW, capacity at the end of 2006 was
1,324 MW
![Page 9: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
11/12/09 9
Ocean Energy
Wave TidalOcean Thermal Energy Conversion
(OTEC)
Ocean Energy
![Page 10: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
11/12/09 10
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
![Page 11: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11/12/09 11
Wave EnergyWave Energy
Probably more appropriate for Caribbean Coast,Although there are some potential sites in WesternPanama.
![Page 12: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
11/12/09 12
Tidal Energy
Two approachesBarrage: La Rance produces an average
of 60 MW; Ealing Mill dates from Roman times
In Stream: 2 knots gives 8 W/m2 (I knot = 0.514 m/s); Newer technology
Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power
Tidal Energy
![Page 13: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
11/12/09 13
Tidal BarrageTidal Barrage
![Page 14: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
11/12/09 14
In Stream TidalIn Stream Tidal
![Page 15: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
11/12/09 15
Another Turbine Style
![Page 16: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
11/12/09 16
Turbine Farm
![Page 17: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
11/12/09 17
Combined Barrage and In Stream
Combined Barrage and In Stream
![Page 18: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
11/12/09 18
BackupDiesel-poweredHydraulic Pump
Hydraulic MotorDriven Electrical Generator
Low pressure resevoir
High pressure accumulator
Low Tide
Low Tide
![Page 19: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
11/12/09 19
Flood Tide BackupDiesel-poweredHydraulic Pump
Hydraulic MotorDriven Electrical Generator
Low pressure resevoir
High pressure accumulator
Flood Tide
![Page 20: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
11/12/09 20
High Tide BackupDiesel-poweredHydraulic Pump
Hydraulic MotorDriven Electrical Generator
Low pressure resevoir
High pressure accumulator
High Tide
![Page 21: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
11/12/09 21
Ebb Tide BackupDiesel-poweredHydraulic Pump
Hydraulic MotorDriven Electrical Generator
Low pressure resevoir
High pressure accumulator
Ebb Tide
![Page 22: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
11/12/09 22
What other Options are available for Panama?
New Hydro-electric facilities New Thermo-electric facilities Alternative Fuel Sources for
conventional thermo-electric facilities Solar Energy Wind Energy
![Page 23: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
11/12/09 23
Bayano Hydro-electric faclity
![Page 24: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
11/12/09 24
Hydro-electric
Based on an analysis of 4 current hydro-electric projects, it is estimated that each megawatt of generating capacity requires 5 hectares of land.
Source: “Análisis de costo beneficio de cuatro proyectos hidroeléctricos en la cuenca Changuinola-Teribe”, Julio 2006
More than 30 new hydroelectric plants will be functioning in Panama by the year 2013 (ASEP). It is estimated that the total investment is over $2 billion and will provide 1,047 MW of electricity (nearly doubling the current capacity) to the national grid by 2013. (Reported in La Prensa, 2009)
Some experts estimate that up to 0ne-third of net CO2 emissions to the atmosphere since 1850 are the result of land-use change, primarily from the clearing of forests (Source: Various Internet references)
![Page 25: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
11/12/09 25
Hydro-electric (cont)
Viable hydro-electric sites are getting harder to find
Destruction of Tropical Rain Forest = Destruction of Natural carbon sink + increased generation of methane from rotting vegatation
Anecdotal evidence that hydro-electric installations can have negative impact on subterrainean aquifer recharge rates
![Page 26: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
11/12/09 26
Land
Panama has about 7.7 million hectares (75,991 sq km) total area, with about 1.782 million hectares used for agriculture and about 4.1 million hectares forested.
Source: US Library of Congress, CIA Country Fact Book
Based on the Cinta Costera, it costs $6 million per hectare to add more land
From published reports of the Construction Costs
![Page 27: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
11/12/09 27
Land for Agriculture
It is estimated that bioconversion of solar energy to food energy is accomplished at about 1.2 Watts/m2
Source: “Sustainable Energy, Without the Hot Air”, David JC MacKay
It takes about 15 kWhr per day to grow enough food to provide a typical person’s energy requirements
Based on current population, we need to maintain on the order of 462,000 hectares to feed the population and the 1,000,000 anual visitors. Since normal practice is to till for 2 years and allow the land to lay fallow for 5 years, this requirement becomes 1,6 million hectares, about what is currently used for agriculture in Panama. This does not include land for export crops.
Source: CIA Country Fact Book
![Page 28: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
11/12/09 28
Water in lake under growing pressure
Expansion of the Canal Growing demand for Electricity due to
construction boom Loss of watershed due to development Increased silting due to development
![Page 29: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
11/12/09 29
Thermo-electric Facilities
![Page 30: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
11/12/09 30
Thermo-electricDiesel/fuel oil most viable option for this
sectorPanama lacks native sources of fossil fuels-
total must be importedLimited land area required for new
installationsRelatively easy to locate near demand
centers, reducing distribution costs.Noise is generally an issue with these
facilities.
![Page 31: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
11/12/09 31
Alternative Fuels
Methane Generation from Landfills Animal/agricultural waste conversion (est. 0.4% of electricity
produced in Panama today is derived from agricultural wastes- about 18,641 TJ/year)
Biodiesel (Power density for biofuels is on the order of 0.5 to 2 W/m2, requiring about 2 km2 per MW to produce electricity)
Source: McKay
LNG- Difficult to transport to remote installations Reportedly, Panama does not have sufficient demand to justify the
proposed pipeline from Colombia Source: Private conversation
![Page 32: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
11/12/09 32
Plasma Inceneration of Wastes
Arijan Project- terminated?Plasco Energy Group Plasma Process=1
tonne of waste yields 1.2 MWh of electricity, 300 l of potable water, 5-10 kg of commercial salt, 150 kg of construction aggregate, 5 kg of sulfur used for agricultural fertilizer.
![Page 33: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
11/12/09 33
Solar
Average sunshine throughout the world ranges from 87 to 273 W/m2
Solar energy density 1000W/m2- actual power from photovoltaic is more like 5W/m2
Solar power costs about 4 times current rates
![Page 34: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
11/12/09 34
Solar Requires a Lot of Land
On average this 25-hectare farm is expected to deliver0.7 MW (17 000 kWh per day) (10 W/m2)
A 32 m2 reflector delivers up to 10 kW of heat and 1.5 kWof electrical power. 80 W/m2 of heat and 12 W/m2 of electricity
“The world’s most powerful solar power plant,” has sun-tracking panels occupying 60 hectares, expected to generate 2.3 MW on average. That’s a power per unit area of 3.8 W/m2
![Page 35: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
11/12/09 35
Wind
Wind energy density- 2W/m2 Offshore wind- 3 W/m2 Requires about 50 Hectares per MW of Capacity Due to variability of wind, one still needs other sources on standby Grid Issues in Germany with switching
![Page 36: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
11/12/09 36
Geothermal
The country's main problem is its size, meaning that centers of natural resource generation, whether hydroelectric or geothermal, are located at great distances from the centers of Population.
Panama has very limited geothermal potential
![Page 37: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
11/12/09 37
Type SchemeConstruction Cost-
$/MW
Land Area Required-
Hectare/MW
Cost of Electricity- $/kWhr
Hydro-Electric $1 - 2 Million 5 $0.015Thermo-Electric Diesel/Fuel Oil $0.1 Million Minimal $0.13-0.19
Waste Inceneration Use existing landfill $0.062Plazma Inceneration Use existing landfill $0.062Biofuels 200 $0.086LNGCoal $1.3 Million
Wind On shore $3.2 Million 50 $0.105 -0.145
Off shore $4.89 Million Minimal $0.015
Solar Photovotaics 20 $0.930
Solar Thermal $3.3 Million 20Ocean Wave Minimal $0.288
Tidal Barrage $1-2 Million Minimal $0.015In Stream Tidal $1.7 - 4 Million Minimal $0.04-$0.12 est.Thermal Minimal
Cost Comparison of Various Options
![Page 38: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
11/12/09 38
Type Scheme Benefits IssuesHydro-Electric Low operating Costs Extensive land requirementsThermo-Electric Diesel/Fuel Oil Easily implemented, low land requirement Variable costs, no domestic source of fuel
Waste Inceneration Reduces landfill area Air pollutionPlazma Inceneration Reduces landfill area, additional products Possible air pollution issuesBiofuels Repuposes land from food productionLNG No domestic source, transport issuesCoal Cheap No viable long term source of supply
Wind On shore Low operating costs Intermittent, unpredictable power supply
Off shore Higher energy densityIntermittent, unpredictable power supply, higher maintenance costs
Solar Photovotaics Low operating costsHigh cost, extensive land area required, needs energy storage
Solar Thermal Low operating costs High cost, extensive land area requiredOcean Wave Intermittent, but predictable days in advance
Tidal Barrage Intermittent, but predictable months in advanceIn Stream Tidal Intermittent, but predictable months in advanceThermal Limited appropriate sites close to population centers
Issues and Benefits of Various Options
![Page 39: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
11/12/09 39
Proposed Site for Tidal Energy Project
![Page 40: Ocean Energy- Panama - 123seminarsonly.comharnessing Ocean Energy for the ... Tidal Energy Two approaches ... Issue: Intermittent. We need continuous power. 11/12/09 13 Tidal Barrage.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070107/602534f5519b711c2120fe97/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
11/12/09 40
Other Potential Sites