Occitan Descriptive Grammar Of

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Descriptive Grammar of

the Occitan Language

PHONOLOGY AND WRITING

Alphabet (Alfabet)

Letter A a B b C c D d E e F f G g H h

Phonetic Value [a], [ ] [b], [] [s], [k] [d] [ ], [e] [f][g], [d ],

[t ][...]

Letter I i J j L l M m N n O o P p Q q

Phonetic Value[i]

[d ][l]

[m], [n]

[n]

[u]

[p]

[k]

Letter R r S s T t U u V v X x Z z

Phonetic Value[ ], [ ],

[...][s], [z] [t] [y] [b], [] [gz] [z]

SeetheInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

Occitan orthography uses acute and grave accents (as in and ) and a few lettercombinations (ch, tg, tj, lh, nh, tz, gn, rrand mp) for some specific sounds. The cedile (,) isused under the lettercto mark its pronunciation as [s] in front ofa, oand u.

Three other letters -- K, W and Y -- are used in names and words of foreign origin.

Pronunciation (Prononciacion)Vowels (Vocalas)Consonants (Consonantas)

Vowels

Sign Sound Examples

a, a casaltumbledown house [ka'zal] farhe'll do [fa'ra]

a O annadayear [annadO] cabrashe-goat ['kabrO]

O venihe was coming [be'njO] farmacipharmacy [farma'sjO]

e, e secdry [sek] esps thick [es'pes]

E venguthe came [Ben'GEt] aprsafterwards [a'prEs]
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i, i tiri I pull ['tiri] aquhere [a'ki]

o, U Tolosa Toulouse [tU'lUzO] urs happy [y'rUs]

O aqu that [a'kO] prti I wear ['pOrti]

u, y luna moon ['lynO] desss above, over [de'sys]

Diphthongs

Sign Sound Examples

ai aj paire father ['pajre] faire to do, make ['fajre]

au aw laurar to plough [law'ra] causa thing ['kawza]

ei, i ej veire to see ['Bejre] crisser to grow ['krejse]

i Ej ime [good] sense ['Ejme] pirastone ['pEjrO]

eu ew deute debt ['dewte] beure to drink ['bewre]

u Ew nu snow [nEw] tune thin ['tEwne]

oi, i Uj coire copper ['kUjre] conisser to know [kU'nUjse]

i Oj cire to cook ['kOjre] fire to hoe ['fOjre]

u Ow plure to rain ['plOwre] mure to move ['mOwre]

iu iw viure to live ['Biwre] siure cork ['siwre]

Consonants

Sign Position Sound Examples

g beforee, i dJ roge red [r'UdJe] fugs he runs away [fu'dJis]

g final tS freg cold [fretS] pug hill [puEtS]

j all positions dJ mija halff. ['miEdJO]

m final n clarum clearness [kla'ryn] fum smoke [fyn]

n all positions n vent wind [ben] ... ...

n final often mutemanhand [ma[n]] camin way [ka'mi[n]]


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r final mute cantar to sing [kan'ta] professor teacher [prUfe'sU]

v all positions b / B vila town ['BilO], ['bi-] aver to have [a'Be], [a'be]

Consonantic Digraphs

Sign Position Sound Examples

ch all positions tS quichar to press [ki'tSa] cht owl [tSOt]

lh initial & middle L palha straw ['paLO] balhar to give [ba'La]

lh final l talhcutting edge [tal] telh lime-tree [tel]

nh initial & middle N vinha vine ['BiNO] banhar to bathe, to wet [ba'Na]

nh final n planhmoan [plan] banh bath [ban]

tj all positions tS vilatjon hamlet [bila'tSU] ... ...

tz all positions ts dotze twelve ['dUtse] cantatz you sing [pl.] [kan'tats]

Pronunciation of consonnant clusters in final syllables

Cluster Sound Examples

-rn [rt], [r], [n] or[] carnmeat

-cs [ks], [ts], [tS], [s] or[] sacsbags

-ts [ts], [tS], [s] or[] cantatssung

-ps [ps], [ts], [tS], [s] or[] tapscorks

-ns [ns], [s], or[] pansloaves of bread

-ms [ns], [n] ramsboughs

-nhs [ns], [nks], [n] banhsbaths

-elhs [ls], [j] embolhsquarrels

-chs, -gs* [ts], [tS], [s] or[] lachsmilks; gaugjoys

-rs, -r [s] or[r] corslecture; trbent

-ls [bEls] or[bEs] blstall or beautiful


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-nc, -ng, [nk] or[n] bancbench; rengrow

-nt, -nd, [nt] or[n] cantsong; redondround

-mp, -mb [mp] or[n] bombbound

-rc, rg, [rk] or[r] bercnotch; largwide

-rt, -rd, [rt] or[r]

-rp, -rb, -rv [rp] or[r] srpsnake; srvserf

Note: There is a tendancy to form the plural in -ches, and -ges [laches, gauges]=>[etses], [etSes].

Accentuation (Accentuacion)

The stress position in Occitan may be recognized in spelling according to three simple rules:

1. Words terminated by avowel, an s or an n (only in conjugation) are stressed on theantepenultimatesyllable, cf. mecanicamechanics, volerto want, cantan(they) sing.

2. Words terminated by aconsonant(save s) or adiphthongare stressed on the ultimatesyllable, cf. gatoncat.

3. All the exceptions are marked by a writtenaccenton the stressed syllable, cf. culher, pens.

The above rules are almost the same as inSpanish.

MORPHOLOGY

Noun (Nom)General NotionsFeminine (Femenim)Plural

General Notions

Nouns in Occitan are classified as masculine and feminine.

The FeminineAs a rule, all nouns ending in-a are feminine, and the others are masculine. Note that this final -a is pronounced[ ].

There are however many exceptions: words in -ista can be masculine as well as feminine: ecologista is either aman or a woman; and there are many simple feminine words ending in a consonant, like marsea, for instance.

Generally, the feminine forms of nouns and adjectives are derived by adding an -a at the end of the words (as inSpanish), cf.:
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un parent a relative => una parenta;un obrir a worker => una obrira;

un jogaire a player => una jogaira.

The final consonant of the derived feminines is usually voiced, cf.:

un lopa wolf=> una lobaa she-wolf.lo conhatthe brother-in law => la conhadathe sister-in-law;

un polit nebot a beautiful nephew => una polida nebodaa beautiful niece.

In some cases the feminines restore a consonant that is vocalized in masculine, or add special suffixes, cf.:

nu (from L. novus, v => u) new => nova;viu (from L. vivus, v => u) alive => viva;

un institutor a male-teacher => una institutritz (from L. institutor : institutrix).

Plural

Generally, the plural is made by adding -s to the nouns and adjectives. There exist, however, a lot of varietiesconcerning the different types of word endings as well as the dialects.

In the following lines we'll make an overview of the plural forms in the main Occitan dialects, Languedocian(Lengadocian) and Vivaro-Alpine (Central Alpine):

General rule:The suffix -s is added to the words, cf.:

me : mes

color : colors

femna : femnas

There occur a lot of particularities in dependence of the various word terminations:

1. Words terminated in sg. by -s, -, -sc, -st, -x, -xt, -tz, -ch, -g [=Engl. sh], -sh, -z form plural by adding -es, cf.:o mas : maseso ris : rises.

Note that according tothe rules of the graphic accentuation-s, -s, -s, -s, -s are transformed into -ases -eses

-ises -oses -uses, cf.:

o angls : angleses,o precs : precises,o fams : famoses.

In some cases the final -s is doubled in plural (-sses), cf.:

o pas : passes,o rus : russes,o congrs : congrsses.
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According tothe rules of the graphic accentuation-s -s -s -s -s become in plural -asses -esses -isses -osses -

usses, cf.:

o moveds : movedisses,o grands : grandasses,o esps : espesses.

There occur also the following orthographic modifications in plural:

- => -ces, cf.:

o atr : atrces,o br : brces,o do : doces.

-sc => -sques, cf.:

o gigantesc : gigantesques,o bsc : bsques,o risc : risques.

-st => -stes, cf.:

o arbust : arbustes,o cst : cstes,o gost : gostes.

-x => -xes, cf.:

o apendix : apendixes,o ortodx : ortodxes,o fax : faxes,o fix : fixes.

-xt => -xtes, cf.:

o txt : txtes,o mixt : mixtes.

-tz => -ses, cf.:

o calculatritz : calculatriseso crotz : croses,o prtz : prses.

-ch => -ches, cf.:

o romanch : romancheso nuch : nuches,o fach : faches,o dich : diches.
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-g [=E. sh] => -ges, cf.:

o assag : assages,o estug : estuges,o pug : puges,o gaug : gauges,o baug : bauges.

Note that in a few words the final -g is pronounced [k] and then the plural is formed according to the generalrule, i.e. by adding -s, cf.:

o larg : largs,o long : longs,o catalg : catalgs,o estratg : estratgs,o centrifug : centrifugs.

-sh => -shes, cf.:

o malgash : malgashes,o brush : brushes

The words in -sh are rare and are borrowed recently.

-z => -zes, cf.:

o merguz : merguzes,o quirguiz : quirguizes.

The words in -z are rare and are borrowed recently; note that the final -z is pronounced [s].

2. The words terminated in sg. by -as, -es, -is, -os, -us and stressed on the penultimate syllable remain unchangedin plural, cf.:

o autofcus : autofcus,o csmos : csmos,o virus : virus,o tnis : tnis,o iris : iris.

3. A few adjectives and pronouns form irregular plural by -es, cf.:o qualqu'un : qualques unes,o certan : certanes,o aquel : aqueles,o plan : planes,o tant : tantes,o crt : crtes,o un : unes,o tot : totes,o el : eles.

Seethe Plural of Nouns and Adjectives in Central Provenal (Rhodanian and Maritime). Seethe Plural of Nouns and Adjectives in Rhodanian and Maritime Provenal.
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Seethe Plural of Nouns and Adjectives in Gascon, Limousin, Auvergnat. Seethe Plural of Nouns and Adjectives in Niois dialect.

Adjective (Adjectiu)Gender of the Adjectives (Genre dels Adjectius)

Adjectives of two formsAdjectives of one formPlural of the Adjectives (Plural dels Adjectius)Degree of the Adjectives (Gra dels Adjectius)

Comparative degree (Gra Comparatiu)Superlative degree (Gra Superlatiu)Irregular Degrees (Comparatius e Superlatius irregulars)

As in the other Romance languages (and unlike in English), the adjectives in Occitan agree in genderand number with the nouns they refer to, cf.:

drlle educateducated boy : drlles educatseducated boys; drlla educadaeducated girl: drllas educadaseducated girls.

Gender of the Adjectives (Genre dels Adjectius)As a rule, the feminine of the adjective isobtained by adding-a to the masculine, cf.:

novl : novlanew; fresc : frescafresh, cool; sord : sordadeaf; tardir : tardiralate.

Adjectives of two forms

Adjectives ending in the masculine by -e or-u change -e or-u to -a to form their feminine, cf.:

nble:nblanoble; contemporanu:contemporanacontemporary.

Adjectives ending in the masculine by a voiceless consonant voice that consonant before adding -ato form their feminine, cf.:

pesuc polit mut corts mig

: pesugaheavy: polida beautiful

: muda dumb: cortesa courteous: mija half

Some adjectives ending in the masculine by -u change that -u to -v before adding -a to form theirfeminine, cf.:

nu:nva new; suau:suava mild;
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viu : vivaalive.

Some adjectives haveasuffix for either gender-dor, -doira, -tor, -tritz,cf.:

volador : voladoirawhich can fly; conductor : conductritzconductive.

Adjectives ofone form

Some adjectives have only one form for masculine and feminine. Except for the adjectives ended by -a, the majority of the other uniform adjectives was inherited in Occitan fromthe Latin adjectives of thethird declension. They are no longer productive, and are only to be found in compound substantives,place names, or isolated adjectives.

Masculine Feminine partit comunista communist party me jove young man ostal mger big(ger) house

organizacion comunista communist organizationfemna jove young womancarrira mger high streetaigardent brandy, spiritsLa Parrquial place name

Plural of the Adjectives (Plural dels Adjectius)

Termination Plural Examples

vowel + -s nble : nbles ; polida : polidas

consonant + -s grand : grands; volador : voladorsstressed vowel + -es angls : angleses; gos : gosses dogs; tr : trces pieces

See for more detailsPlural of the Nouns.

Degree of the Adjectives (Gra dels Adjectius)

Comparative Degree Formation Examples

of Superiority mai(plus) + ADJ+ queEs mai blqueJoan.He is tallerthanJuan.

of Equality tant + ADJ+ comaEs tant biaissuda coma sa maire.

She is as quick as her mother.

of Inferiority mens + ADJ. + queSoi mens inteligent que tu.

I am less inteligent than you.

.
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Superlative Degree Formation Examples

Absolute Synthecticsobre-, subre- + ADJ.

(Literary usage)sobreblvery big, very beautiful

subrenautveryhigh

Absolute Analyticalplan, fra, mai que mai + ADJ.

plan grandvery bigfra malvery bad

mai que mai pcverystupid

reduplication of the ADJ. picht pichtverysmall

Relative of Superiority DEF. ART. + mai(plus) + ADJ.

Aqu es lo mai vilhIt is the most ancient.

Fogut la mai biaissudaShe was the most skilful.

Relativo of Inferiority DEF. ART. + mens + ADJ.Fogut la mens biaissudaShe was the least skilful.

Irregular Degrees (Comparatius e Superlatius irregulars)

AdjectiveComparative Superlative

Regular Irregular Regular Irregular

bn good mai bn melhor plan bon --

mal bad mai mal piger fra mal --

grand, bl big mai grand, mai bl mger mai que mai grand --

manit little mai manit mendre manit manit mnim (rare)

alt high mai alt superior fra alt suprm (rare)

bas low mai bas inferior plan bas nfim (rare)

Adverb (Advrb)List of Basic AdverbsDerived AdverbsDegree of the Adverbs (Gra dels Advrbs)

Comparative Degree (Gra Comparatiu)Superlative Degree (Gra Superlatiu)

Adverbials (Locucions adverbialas)

List of Basic Adverbs

Time Place Mannerarain this moment, nowantanthe last yearpassat irthe day before yesterdayabanspreviously, preferablyencarayet, stillir yesterdayquandwhendespuiafterpuithenonganthis year

enbs, avalbelow, downstairsaichere, over here, this wayail thither, therededins indefra outsideaquthere, yonderail thereail there, yonderabansbeforeaichere

exprs intentionally, on purposenaut aloudaviat, lu-luafast, quickly, swiftlyatal like this, so, that way, thusbas silentlyben planwellgaireben, quasimentalmost, nearlyclar clearlycomaas, like, such asraisee note(1)
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ui todayjamaineverlusoondemantomorrowmentrewhile, whilstsempre, totjorn evertardlated'ora, luearlypasmensstill, yetjaalready, by now, yet

amont above, on top, overhead, upstairsprs, prp close, near, nearbyabans ahead, formerly, previouslydedins insidedarrir behind, afteront whereennaut above, on top, upstairsen fcia de in front ofdefra outsideluenh away

plan planetslowlydur hardexcpt exceptedlymalbadlylu soonfrt stronglyrude brutallytirat, levat with the exception ofsuau calmly

See alsoDerived Adverbs

Quantity Affirmation Negationgaire some, not muchapenas barely, hardly, only justproenoughgairebenalmosttant as much (many)trptoo, muchpro enough, sufficientlymaimoremenslessfraa lot of, much, verpauclittletant, de tot tantthat much

atalthussegurcertainly, surec, iyestamben alsode verai really, actually

jamainevernineithernonnotampaucalso not, neither

Doubt Exclusion Inclusionbenlumaybe, perhaps, possiblybensaimaybe, perhaps, possiblysaiquemaybe, perhaps, possibly

apenasbarely, hardly, (only) justtirat, levatbut, except, savetitat, levatbutsolonlytampaucalso not

de maimoreoverapasmens still, yetfins atill, untilmeteis eventambenalso, too

Order Designation Interrogationaprsafter ubehold! see! there! here! ont?towhere?

d'ont?where?coma?how?quand, quora?when?quant?how much (many)perqu,perdequ?why?

1.Rai, mainly in aqo rai orrai d'aqu,can be loosely rendered by "It's OK!" or "No problem(s)!". Itis used in the same way in Catalan: "Aix rai!" Go back to =>

Derived Adverbs

A lot of adverbs are derived regularly from the feminine forms of the adjectives by adding the suffix -ment (this pattern appeared in the Vulgar Latin), cf.

clar : clarament bl : belament trist : tristament

These adverbs correspond to the English adverbs formed by -ly.

The derived adverbs are of:

manner(mainly): clarament clearly etc.; affirmation: efectivament effectively; doubt: possiblament possibly, probablament probably; exclusion: exclusivament exclusively, simplament simply, solament solely, unicament

uniquely; order: primierament first, ultimament ultimately; etc.
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Some adverbs are formed from the adjectives by the way of conversion (in other words their formscoincide with the masculine forms of the adjectives), cf.:

clarclearadj.; clearlyadv. durhardadj.; hardadv. lentslowadj.; slowlyadv. gaire fewadj.; someadv. etc.

Degree of the Adverbs (Gra dels Advrbs)

Comparative Degree (Gra Comparatiu)

NormalComparative

Superiority Equality Inferioritytristament mai tristament que tant tristament coma mens tristament que

rapidament mai rapidament que tant rapidament coma mens rapidament queben,plan melhor (mai bon) tant ben mens benmal piger (mai mal) tant mal mens mal

fra mai - -pauc mens - -

Superlative Degree (Gra Superlatiu)

Normal

Superlative

Absolute RelativeSynthetic Analytic Superiority Inferiority

tristament tristament fra, plan tristament lo mai tristament lo mens tristamentrapidament rapidament fra, plan rapidament lo mai rapidament lo mens rapidamentben, plan - fra, plan bon - -

mal - fra, plan mal - -fra - - lo mai -pauc - - lo mens -

Adverbials (Locucions adverbialas)

Time Place Mannerd'ara endavant hereafterde vspretonightde davant beforehandde jornin the dayde lanuch al matin overnightde tantst afternoon, p.mde matinsince the mornide nuchat nightde cps, de fes sometimefin finalaat last, finally

a l'ostalhomea drecha, a man drecha to the righta esqurra, a man esqurrato the leftdebs downstairsd'ara endavant henceforwardde cap a fons downward'ont from here, from whereendedins de within, inside, indoorsendacm somewherea l'ostalat home

a palpas, a rbas blindlya cavalhons piggybacka tustas e a bustas disorderlyd'escondons secretelya ps junts stubbornlya trt e a travrs disorderlyd'amagat silently,dins l'escuresina in the darka la galaupada in full speeda la bobosa disorderly


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passat irthe day after tomorrowper ara presentlyper campstre overland

ont que si anywhereen luc nowhereendacm mai elsewhereper toteverywhereper aquthis wayen luc no where

a la moda modishal contrarijust the oppositede grat of good willsul cp suddenly, fastde ressabuda, offhandper bona espcia intentionallyde mal esqui unwillinglyde racacr unwillinglyaviatfastsul pic suddenlysubte, subran suddenlyde badas in vainen general in total, in generalpor malastre unfortunatelya pus prs aproximatelysubre totabove all, especially

Quantity Affirmation / Negationper lo mens at leastper lo mai at mostde fraof muchde paucof some

de tot of allgaire mai (de)aproximately

a de bon surede segur surede verai suresegur of courseben segur of coursed'acrdi in agreementde segurcertainly, sured'efich de facto, in factres a faire in no wayde verdad verily, reallyen correcto estado OKd'efich in effectseguramentcertainlyals ulhs vesents apparentlyde segur of coursesens dobte undoubtedly

Determiners (Determinants)Articles (Articles)Possessive Adjectives (Adjectius Possesius)Demonstrative Adjectives (Adjectius Demonstratius)Interrogative Adjectives (Adjectius Interrogatius)ExclamativesIndefinite Adjectives (Adjectius Indefinits)Negative Adjectives (Adjectius Negatius)

Articles (Articles)

Indefinite

Article

Definite Article

BasicForms

Contracted Formsa de per sus

Singularm un lo (l') al del pel sulf una la (l') - - - -

Pluralm de (d') los als dels pels sulsf de (d') las - - - -

The apostrophized forms d'and l'are used in front of words beginning with a vowel.

The form de is the true undefinite form for plural; unes, unas rather mean some, a few. For example:

Fau de ccas.I am cooking cakes.Fau unas ccas.I am cooking a few cakes.

Dialect variations

Gascon has slightly different forms for the indefinite articles:

un, ua [y ], , .
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The forms of the definite articles are more diversified:

In the area between Toulouse, Foix e Carcassonne, the masculine forms are le, les. These should not beregarded as French influences, since they occur in documents previous to the French presence in this area. Theyshould rather be seen as the evolution of Latin demonstrative ille => le, whereas the evolution has been illum =>lo elsewhere.

In some Pyreneans valleys (Coseran, Comenges and Bigorre), the forms are quite different:eth, era; eths, eras.

In the northern areas, la, las may be sounded [l , l s], along with the general trend to turn non-stressed [a] into

[ ] in this area.

Possessive Adjectives (Adjectius Possesius)

PersonOne owner

singular plural singular

1st

masculine mon mos nstrefeminine ma mas nstra

2nd masculine ton tos vstrefeminine ta tas vstra

3rd

masculine son soslor

feminine sa sas

Dialect variations

Possessives in Maritime:

moun (ma, mi) toun (ta, ti)

soun (sa, si)

noueste (nouesto, nouesti) voueste (vouesto, vouesti)

soun (sa, si)

Possessives in Rhodanian:

moun (ma, mi) toun (ta, ti)

soun (sa, si)

noste (nosto, nosti) voste (vosto, vosti)

soun (sa, si)

Demonstrative Adjectives (Adjectius Demonstratius)

Short Distance Indeterminate distance Long distance

Sg.m Aiceste / Aqueste -- Aquelf Aicesta / Aquesta -- Aquelan Ei / Ai o Aqu (Aco) / Ail

Pl.m Aicestes / Aquestes -- Aquelesf Aicestas / Aquestas -- Aquelasn =Sg. =Sg. =Sg.


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The following variations also occur in the speech.

aquest (aquesto, aqusti); aquu (aquelo, aqulei / aquli).

Interrogative Adjectives (Adjectius Interrogatius)

VariableInvariableSingular Plural

Masculine Feminine Masculine Femininequant?how much? quanta? quants? quantas? qui? que? qual?

quin?who? what?qual? quala?what? which ? quales? qualas?

Exclamatives

Qual, quin, quantwhat a, what, can be either adjectives or pronouns, and agree with number and gender:

quant (polit) animal! what a (beautiful) animal!quantas ncias! what foolish women!

Que (de) ... so much ..., so many ... !

que de mond! so many people!que d'aiga! so much water!

Indefinite Adjectives (Adjectius Indefinits)

Variable

InvariableSingular PluralMasculine Feminine Masculine Feminineautreother autra autres autras un pauc de

a little

gairefew, little

proenough

fra, plan (de)many, much

cadaevery, each

un one una unes some, few unascadun, every one, each one caduna -- --

mantunseveral mantuna mantuns mantunasqualque (quauque) some, a few qualques (quauques)

tant (tan)as much tanta tant, tantes tant, tantas

totall, the whole... tota totesevery totas


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Negative Adjectives (Adjectius Negatius)

Variable

InvariableSingular Plural

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

degunnobody deguna -- -- cap (de), ges (de)no, none

Pronouns (Pronums)Personal and Reflexive Pronouns (Pronoms Personals e Reflexius)Possessive Pronouns (Pronoms Possessius)Demonstrative Pronouns (Pronoms Demonstratius)Relative Pronouns (Pronoms Relatius)Interrogative Pronouns (Pronoms Interrogatius)Indefinite Pronouns (Pronoms Indefinits)Negative Pronouns (Pronoms Negatius)

Personal and Reflexive Pronouns (Pronoms Personals e Reflexius)

Num-ber Person Subject

DirectObject

Indirect Objectwithout preposition with preposition

Sg.

1st mf iuI me (m')me meto me a iuto me2nd mf tu you te (t')you teto you a tu to you

3rd

m elhe lo (l') himli / to him, to her

a elto himf elashe la (l')her a elato hern elit oit a elto it

reflex. -- sehim/her/itself seto him/her/itself a elto him/herself

Pl.

1st

m nosautres / nos wenosus nosto us a nosautres (as)to usf nosautras / noswe

2ndm vosautres / vos you

vosyou vosto you a vosautres (as)to youf vosautras / vos you

3rdm elesthey losthem

li / lorto thema elesto them

f elasthey lasthem a elasto themreflex. -- sethemselves sethemselves a seto themselves

...Note: nos and vos,1st and second person plural subject forms, are polite forms only....

Possessive Pronouns (Pronoms Possessius)

One owner Many owners

Singular Plural Singular Plural

1st person

m lo mieu los mieus lo nstre los nstres

f la mi / mieuna las mis / mieunas la nstra las nstras

n mieu -- nstre --

2nd personm lo tieu los tieus lo vstre los vstres

f la ti / tieuna las tis / tieunas la vstra las vstras
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n tieu -- vstre --

3rd person

m lo sieu los sieus lo lor, lo sieu los lors, los sieus

f la si / sieuna las sis / sieunas la lor, la sieuna las lors, las sieunas

n sieu -- lor / sieu --

...These forms can also be adjectives, for insistance: lo mieu pairemy father....

Demonstrative Pronouns (Pronoms Demonstratius)

Variable Invariable

(Neuter)

Singular Plural


aicestethis aicesta aicestes aicestas ai this

aquthis, that

aquthat

aquestethis / that aquesta aquestes aquestas

aquelthat aquela aqueles aquelas

lo de...(1)the one of... la de los de las de

l'autrethe other l'autra los autres las autras

...

1. Aquel can es lo de mon paire. That dog is my father's (that of my father): the definitearticle has retained its original demonstrative value....

Relative Pronouns (Pronoms Relatius)

Variable


Masculine Feminine Masculine Femininelo que(he)who la que los que las que

que who , whomqui who, whom

lo qual(he)who la quala los quales las qualasdont, que whose dont, que dont, que dont, que

... Interrogative Pronouns (Pronoms Interrogatius)

Variable


Masculine Feminine Masculine Femininequi, qual ? who? qui, qual ? que? who? what?
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(de) qu?what? (de) qu?quant? how much / many? quanta? quantes? quantas?

... Indefinite Pronouns (Pronoms Indefinits)

Variable



qualqu'un (quauqu'un)somebody

qualqu'una(quauqu'una)

qualques uns(quauques uns)

some, few

qualques unas(quauques unas)

msomeone

quicmsomething

totall tota totes totastantas much tanta tantes tantas

un(some)one, everyone una unes unascadun(some)one, everyone caduna -- --

qual que siwhoever qual que sinque que siwhatever que que sin

... Negative Pronouns (Pronoms Negatius)

Invariable

Persons Things

degun nobody res nothing

Pronominal adverbs

Occitan uses the adverbs en and i in pronominal functions. This phenomenon occurs in many othercontemporary Romance languages.

NOTE: In Occitan grammars en and i are usually referred adverbial pronouns.

...The pronominal adverb en

It has four distinct forms:

full: ne reduced: n reinforced: en elided (before vowels or h-): n.

The pronominal adverb enhas two main functions:

replacing direct object of a verb (the direct object must not be preceded by a determiner): As comprat de lach? Have you bought milk?
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N'as comprat? Have you bought (of) it [milk]?

replacing a phrase introduced by the preposition de:Ara que s morta, m parla ben de la Carme. Since shes dead, everyone speaks well aboutCarmen.

Ara que ess morta, m ne parla ben. Since shes dead, everyone speaks well [about her].

...

The pronominal adverb i

The pronominal adverb i (fromthe Latin ibihere) is a location adverb:

I vau.I go there.

In the spoken language, it can replace the pronoun li:

O li dirai. I'll tell it to him. => O i dirai.

...

Idiomatic uses

The pronominal adverbs en and i may occur also in many idiomatic expressions:

Men vau.Im leaving. I a un drlle aqu.There is a boy here.

Numerals (Numerals)

See theLatin Numerals....

Numerals(Arabic) Cardinal Ordinal Multiplicative(1) Fractions(2)

1 un, una primir, primira simple --2 dos,doas segond, a doble mitat3 tres tr, a (tresen, a) triple tr4 quatre quart, a (quatren, a) quadruple quart5 cinc quint, a (cinquen, a) quintuple cinquen6 siis seisen, a sextuple seisen7 st seten, a septuple seten8 uch (uit, uch) ochen, a (oiten, a) octuple ochen9 nu noven, a nonuple noven

10 dtz desen, a decuple desen

11 onze onzen, a . .

12 dotze dotzen, a etc. . .

13 tretze . . .

14 quatorze . . .
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15 quinze . . .

16 setze . . .

17 dtz-e-st . . .

18 dtz-e-uch . . .

19 dtz-e-nu detz-e-noven, a . .

20 vint vinten, a etc. . vinten

21 vint-e un . . vint-e-unen30 trenta . . trenten etc.

31 trenta un . . .

40 quaranta . . .

50 cinquanta . . .

60 seissanta . . .

70 setanta . . .

80 ochanta, oitanten . . .

90 nonanta . . .100 cent centen, a centuple centen etc.

101 cent un . . .

200 dos cents . . .

300 tres cents . . .

400 quatre cents . . .

500 cinc cents . . .

600 siis cents . . .

700 st cents . . .

800 uch cents . . .

900 nu cents . . .

1000 mila, mil milen . .

10 000 dtz mila . . .

100 000 cent mila . . .

1 000 000 un milion milionen . .

1 000 000 000 un miliard miliarden . .

...

...Notes:

1. To those forms, derived from Latin, popular usage prefers the analytic forms: dos cpsmai, tres cps mai, quatre cps mai, etc. Go back=>

2. Again, popular usage prefers the analytic forms: de doas parts una, de tres parts una,de quatre parts una, for 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, etc. Go back=>

...Verb (Verb)Auxiliary verbs
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Aver|Tner (Tenir)|sser (stre)

Tenses (Tempses)Reflexive VerbsIrregular VerbsNegation

The Occitan verbs fall in three conjugational pattern discerned by the endings of the present infinitive.

I conjugation:-ar

II conjugation:-ir

III conjugation:-re, , -er, -r

amarto lovecomprar to buyhablar to speak

passar to go, pass

dormir to sleepsentir to hearpedir to askfinir to finish

batre to beattner to hold

far (faire) to do, makedever (deure) must

There is a wide variety of compound tenses. The one most used is the present perfect, constructedwith the auxialiariesstre (sser)oraverand the past participle. As a general rule, transitive verbshave averas an auxilliary verb, whereas untransitive and pronominal verbs have stre. Unlike Frenchand Catalan, streis its own auxilliary: soi estat versusFrench j'ai t and Catalan he estat.

Another particularity of Occitan conjugation is the use of surcompound tenses to indicate that anaction was done at least once in the past, at an indeterminate time, yet which left an impact inthe mind of the speaker:

Aquel me, l'ai agut vist dins la carrira.I happened to see him that man in the street. => I think I could recognize him.

D'estruci, n'ai agut manjat.I've had the opportunity to eat ostrich-meat. => I know what it tastes like.

As in Spanish, Italian and Portuguese, and contrary to French, the subjonctive imperfect is still aliving tense: it is widelly and commonly used.

Aver

The verbaverto have has retained its semantic usage and is (with sser) an auxiliary for constructingcompound tenses, cf.:

Ai acabat. I have finished.

It is also used in a fundamental construction i averthere is, there are, cf.:

I a tres drllas que nos agachanThere are three girls looking at us.

Se venon pas, ii aur (de) problmas.If they dont show up, there will be problems.

...
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Tner (Tenir)

The verbtnerto hold may be used as an auxiliary in the periphrastic construction tner de + pastparticiple with the meaning of continuity, cf.:

Ten sas fenstras de barradas. He keeps his windows shut.

...

sser (stre)

The verbsserto be has various functions:

it links a noun or noun group to a predicative, i.e., a word group indicating a quality, state or condition,cf.:

o Aquestes perscs son los melhors que ai manjat.These peaches are the best ones I have eaten.

it is used as an auxiliary for constructing thecompound tensesof the intransitive verbs, cf.:o Soi anat a Marsilha.

I have gone to Marseilles. it forms the passive voice of the transitive verbs, cf.:

o El rei es aimat per son pble.The king is loved by his people.

it is used in the periphrastic construction sser per + infinitive, which indicates an action in the future,cf.:

o Es pas per morir.He is not going to die.

it is used also in the construction sser a + infinitive to denote an action in progress, cf.:o ra a se passejar.

He (she) was taking a walk.

Simple tenses (Tempses simples) Compound tenses (Tempses compausats)Non-Finite Verbal Forms

Present Infinitive (Present de Infinitiu) Present Active Participle (Participi Present) The Gerund (Gerondiu) Past Passive Participle (Participi passat)

Non-Finite Verbal Forms

Compound Infinitive (Infinitiu Compausat) Compound Gerund (Gerondiu Compausat)

Finite Verbal Forms

Present Indicative (Present de Indicatiu) Future Indicative (Futur de Indicatiu) Imperfect Indicative (Imperfach de Indicatiu) Past Simple Indicative (Preterit de Indicatiu) Present Subjunctive (Present de Subjonctiu) Imperfect Subjunctive (Imperfect de Subjonctiu) Imperfect Conditional (Condicional Present) Present Imperative (Present de Imperatiu)

Finite Verbal Forms

Present Perfect Ind. (Passat Compausat de Indicatiu) Future in the Past Ind (Futur Anterior de Indicatiu) Pluperfect Indicative (Plus que Perfach de Indicatiu) Past Perfect Ind. (Preterit Compausat de Indicatiu) Perfect Subjunctive (Passat de Subjonctiu) Pluperfect Subjunctive (Plus que Perfach de Subjonctiu) Perfect Conditional (Condicional Passat)
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Imperativehttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Dell/Mis%20documentos/Occitan-Verb-Tenses_Simple.html%23Imperfect_Conditionalhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Dell/Mis%20documentos/Occitan-Verb-Tenses_Simple.html%23Imperfect_Subjunctivehttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Dell/Mis%20documentos/Occitan-Verb-Tenses_Simple.html%23Present_Subjunctivehttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Dell/Mis%20documentos/Occitan-Verb-Tenses_Simple.html%23Past_Simple_Indicativehttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Dell/Mis%20documentos/Occitan-Verb-Tenses_Simple.html%23Imperfect_Indicativehttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Dell/Mis%20documentos/Occitan-Verb-Tenses_Simple.html%23Future_Indicativehttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Dell/Mis%20documentos/Occitan-Verb-Tenses_Simple.html%23Present_Indicativehttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Dell/Mis%20documentos/Occitan-Verb-Tenses_Simple.html%23Finite_Verbal_Formshttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Dell/Mis%20documentos/Occitan-Verb-Tenses_Compound.html%23Compound_Gerundhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Dell/Mis%20documentos/Occitan-Verb-Tenses_Compound.html%23Compound_Infinitivehttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Dell/Mis%20documentos/Occitan-Verb-Tenses_Compound.html%23Non-Finite_Verbal_Formshttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Dell/Mis%20documentos/Occitan-Verb-Tenses_Simple.html%23Past_Participlehttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Dell/Mis%20documentos/Occitan-Verb-Tenses_Simple.html%23Gerundhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Dell/Mis%20documentos/Occitan-Verb-Tenses_Simple.html%23Present_Active_Participlehttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Dell/Mis%20documentos/Occitan-Verb-Tenses_Simple.html%23Present_Infinitivehttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Dell/Mis%20documentos/Occitan-Verb-Tenses_Simple.html%23Non-Finite_Verbal_Formhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Dell/Mis%20documentos/Occitan-Verb-Tenses_Compound.htmlhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Dell/Mis%20documentos/Occitan-Verb-Tenses_Simple.htmlhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Dell/Mis%20documentos/Occitan-Verb-Tenses_Compound.htmlhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Dell/Mis%20documentos/Verbs/esser.htmhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Dell/Mis%20documentos/Verbs/tener.htm


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Note that the reflexive verbs are normally conjugated in the compound tenses with the auxiliaryaver....

Verbbeginning with consonant se levarto get up

Simple tense Compound tense Imperative Simple tense Compound tense Imperative

me lvite lvasse lvanos levamvos levatzse levan

--

lva-te--levem-noslevatz-vos--

Infinitive Gerund Past Participle Infinitive Gerund Past Participle

se levar

...The reflexive forms are: me, te, se, nos, vos, se. In front of a vowel they become m', t', s', nos,vos,s'.

The basic negation is pas, which follows the verb. Its translation is not (yes is said c and no is saidnon).

Parli pas. lit. I speak-not. = I don't speak An pas parlat. lit. (They) have not spoken. = They haven't spoken.

Pas may be combined with other negative words:

I vesi pas res. lit. I-see-not-nothing. = I don't see anything. Lo trbi pas enluc. lit. Him-find-not-nowhere. = I don't find him anywhere. Sorts pas jamai. lit. Goes out-not-never. = He never goes out. Degun es pas vengut. lit. Nobody-is-not-come. = Nobody came.

Prepositions (Preposicions)

ato, towardabansbefore, in the presence of

a c de +possessiveat, toal lc de instead ofambwithaprsafter, afterwardscaptowardscontraagainst; in exchange fordarrir behinddaus towards

davantbefore, in the presence ofdeof; from; about

dejsbelow, beneath, underdespuifrom,sincedetrs behind, afterdustowardsdinsin, inside, withinen c de +possessiveat, toentrebetweenfinstill, until

josbelow, beneath, underperfor, to, in order to

segonaccording tosens withoutsobreover, above; aboutsotabelow, under, beneathsusover, above; abouttras behind, aftervrs towards...

The prepositions a, de, jos, per, sus, have contracted forms with the masculinedefinite articleel: al, del, jol, pel, sul.
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Conjunctions (Conjonccions)

Coordination Subordination Cause adounc car dounc e ni mai o pamens que

dou tms que enterin que quand quouro tre que

per o que perqu que
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Occitan Descriptive Grammar Of

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