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Handbook pro vidirig curr Ent 'infor nation as amp], oy aellt prod actions f orindividual occupations and Industries through 1985. The, specifi_coccupa time covered in this doom sent include in tercity busdriters ,local -transit busdr ivers, local true kdri vers. Ions- distancetr mckd Tigers, parking altendarits , rotate drive rs drAters ,and occupations in the truckirtg industry_ The following iatoriati Onis presented for each occupation or 4C.ptiVatiOtEt 1 area .7. a' code aus breferenced to the Dictionary a f occupational Ti..tl.es;* a descrAptiothe nature of the work; places of employment: 'training, Other /jual ications, and advancement; eaploysent out loCk; earnings )1-ndworkin g conditions; and sources of 'additional irf ormation. In/addition to the fortyone reps rots coiering nkiv idual ,occt ti on soccupational areas (CE 01-7 757-7 97) , a companion crocuiseat 0 17156). presents*emplo yient project lots for the total i.abor m rket a vi

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U $ DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,EDUCATION a WELFARENATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

'liDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT PIAS DEEP RE PRO-DuCED EXACTLY 'AS RECEIVED FROMTHIE PERSON OR ORGANIC* rt.:JR ORIGIN-ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONSSTATED DO NOT pacEssmtivr REPRE4SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OFEDUCATION POSITION ON POLICY

-dWsiSsists 21 h nem MANN SV.41iss2,514pe II, ILasinsit 13,41.

Consigns 211 WEN Eared of guMnIem441 -Face WI1

_ (2. (7- 1). (I. n Old (6,Mow Pat the eepleges r = I + 3) Ind y - 4are equosient

mama ed the Ant comeining p6 2, 3rend (4. - I) ONmown to IN ANA y - 3 -Pe * 2) or Is the

y + I -Kea 4). depending upon which gem you 'Me.1 Mem thai IM ma ingestions ere equirslent

De. this 11A equsticm art equiellern

today d e has through p (p. 11 stil wad to(a. h) end (e. el) (a r c).

DRIVING OCCUPATIONS

-Nearly 2. 4 million truck, bus, andxi drivers moved passeniers and

goods eier highways and city streettin 1976. Solite drivers are behind thewheel practically all their workingtime_ Others also spend part of theirtime loading and unloading goods,making pickups add deliveries, andcollecting money. Route drivers dosome selling as well as driving. Forthis reason route &rivers are dis-bussed in the chapter on sales occu-pations elsewhere in the Handbook.The individual sections that followcover long-distance and localtrUckdrivers, intercity and local bus-drivers, parking attendants, and taxidrivers. Not covered are school bus-

. rivers, chauffeurs. ambulance driv-ers, or employees for whom driving isonly incidental to their regular du-ties.

Employment of long-distance andlocal truckdtivers is expected to ex-pand through the m id-1980's as moreand more freight is moved by trucks.Employment of buidrivers also is ex,pected to increase as intercity pas-senger travel continues to grow andas cities expand their transit systems.Employment in other driving occu-pations is not .expictdd to changemuch, but many new emplanes willbe hired to replace those who retire,

die, or stop working for other rea-sons.

Driving jobs-offer excellent oppor-,tunitiesfor personiwho arenot plan-Marla to attend college. The pay formost drivers is relatively high, andworking conditions are fairly good.Many persons also will enjoy thefreedom from close supervision a&dthe frequent contact with people that-are characteristic of most drivingjobs.

I NTERCITY, BU DRIVERS

(D.O.T. 9'13.363 and 913.463)

Nature of the Work

In many smaller towns and cities,buses Vrovide the only public trans-portation to other communities. In

_large cities, they are an alternative torailroad and airline -transportationand, in many cases, provide mime fre-quent service.

When busdrivers report to the ter-minal or garage, they are assignedbuses and pick up tickets, reportblanks. and other items needed fortheir trips. They inspect their hopes

Most openings in driving occupatiOn6 'resultreplacernen1 needs

Selected driving OccupationsAverage annual openings, 1976 -85 (in thousands)

Local imam! bus &flyers

lnlercity bus drivers

11

40 60

6r ow I h 1i

catefulli to make sure the brakes,steering mechanism, windshield wip-en, lights, and rnirrons.work proper-ly. They also cheek the fuel, oil, wa-ter, ind tires, and make certain thatthe buses are carrying skfety equip-ment, such as fire extinguishers, first-eid kits, and emergency reflectors.

Drivers move the buses to loadingplatforins.where they take on passen-gers. They collect fares*tickets usu-

passsngers board the busesand may use the buses' public ad-dress system to announce the desti-nation, route, time of arrival, andother information concerning thetrips!.

Drivers routes- vary. On local runs,driverst step at many small towns onlya few miles apart.- On express runthowever, they may stop only at majorcities after several hours of driving.Although drivers mud always beales in preventing accidents, theymust be especially careful in fast-moving highway traffic. They mustoperate the bus at safe speeds whiletrying to keep schedule'; and oftenmust cope with adverse road condi-tions.tions.

Before arriving at major terminals,they announce the stop and thescheduled departure time. At somesmall stations, drivers stop only 'ifthey see passengers waiting or if theyhave been told-to pick up or deliverfreight. Drivers also regulate lighting,heating, and air-conditioning equip-ment for the passengers' comfort. Inan emergency, they are required tochange flat tires.

Upon arriving at their final deal-nations, drivers may unload or super-vise, the unloading of baggage andfreight. They prepare reports fortheir employers on mileage, time,and fares, as required by the U.1./Department of Transportation. Thealso report any repairs the busesneed before being used again. /

At times. drivers operate charteredbusei In these cases, they pick up agroup of people. take them to thegroup's delaination, and remain withthem until they are ready to return.These trips frequently require driversto remain away from home one nightor more.

tot driver cheeks

Imootis of loymoni

Over 25,000 intercity busdrhrerswere entPloyed by about 950 buscornprmiea 1976. Sonic work outof terminah located in some of thesmall communities served by buses,but`most work out of major terminalsin large cities.

Trelning,-Other Quallficelloria,and Advancement

Intercity busdrivers mustqualifications established by the SDepartment of Transportation. D v-ett must be at least 21 years old a dbe able to read, write, and speaEnglish well enough to corrununiCatwith pemengers and to complete reports. They also must have goodhearing, at least 2(1/40 Vision in eacheV with or without glasses, and nor-anal use of their arms and legs. Inidditiors, they must take comprehen-sive written examinations which testtheir knowledge of% Department ofTransportation and State motor vehi-cle regulations, as well as a driving

4

test in the type of bus they will oper-ate. Most States require that drivershave a chauffetir's licenie, which is acommercial driving permit.

Many intercity bus companieshave considerably, higher require-menu. Most prefer applicants whoare at least 25 years 'of age; someprefer applicants who have bus ortruckdriving experience. One }largecompany requires applicants to have20/20 vision With or without glasses.

Since they represent their compa-nies in dealing with passengers, bus-driven must be courteous and tact-ful. Ai even :temperament andemotional, stability are importantqualifications, because driving lousesin heavy, fast-moving traffic -anddealing with passengers can be astrain.

Most intercity bus companies con-duct training programs for new driv-

. These programs, which usuallyt from 2 to 8 weeks, include both

ci orn 'and driving instruction. Inthe classroom. trainees learn aboutrulei of the company and the U.S.

Department of Transportation, aboutState and,rnunicipel driving mull-dons, end about safe driving practic-es. They also learn, how to determineticket prices' and how to keep rec.-ords. In addition,learn to deal cc

end considerslearning and practicing driving kill,Courses are pet up and train prac-tice turns, zig-zig maneuv back-ing up.' and driving into w lanes.A good deal of practice is necessarybefore trainees can adapt 'their auto-/mobile driving 'kith hir these largevehicles. Trainees ride with redrivers to ehaeruebees and other asThey also makepasser era, to rove thei

ills. After co pleting thewhich includes al drivingten examinations, new driv

break be/period- Duringthey make regularly

tripe with passengers, acceimpaniedby an experienced driver. The expe-rienced, driver gives helpful tips, artswots questions, and determines thatthe new driver is performing satisfac-torily:

New drivers start but on the "extraboard," which is a list of drivers whoare given temporary assignments.While on this list, they may substitutefor regular deviate who are ill or onvacation, or they may, drive -char-tered buses. Extra &live may haveto wait severely years be they haveenough seniority to get's cgular as-signment.

Opportunities for pro ion gen-crally are limited, particularly insmall companies. For midst drivers,advancement consists of receivingbetter driving assignments in theform of higher earnings or a more

-leinirely route, Experienced driversay be promoted to jobs as dispatch-

ers, supervisors, or terminal manag-ers.

b.ut

ing

writgin-

is peri-eduled

4 Employment Outlook

Employment of intercity bus-drivers is expected to increase aboutas fast as the average for all occupa-tions through the mid-1980's. Addi-OA.' Openings will become availableeach year because of the need to re-

isaliE'reistively high paying

expect stiff corn -the openinp that arise.

in excellent physical con-ho Have oEd` driving records

ice of !being Wed. ,A growing population is expected

to lead to a moderate increase in bustravel. However, should governmentenergy policies make gasoline for au-tomobiles very expensive or_diffscultto obtain, many persons may rid;buses rather than dive their owncars, thus increasing the demand foritmetr husdriveri.

sengera and bus.; any drivers likeworking without i eel soPelvisionand take -de In assurningthese re-sponsibili : Somealso enjoy theopportuni travel and jo meet thepublic.

Most into rcity busdri vet belong tothe Arn gismated Transit Union.The Bro erhood of Railroad Train-men, the International Brother-hood of amiters, Chauffeurs,Ware ouse en and Helpers ofAm ca (In, alai have organized'these/ workers in some areas of didcoutstry.

Sources of AddltonalInformation

Earnings and WorkingConditions

Drivers employed by large inter-,city bus companies had estimated an-nual average earnings of $16.100 in1976, about three-quarters morethan the average for ill nonsupervi-sory workers in private industry, ex-cept fanning. The wages of intercitybusclrivers typically, are computed ona mileage basis, but short runs maybe on an hourly rate. Most regulardrivers are guaranteed a minimumnumber of miles or hours per payperiod. For work on other than regu-lar assignments they receive addi-tional pay, customarily at premiumrates. .

Since intercity buses operate at allhours of the day and every day of theyear, drivers may work nights andweekends. Extra drivers m y be oncall at all hours and may be equiredto report for work on v shortnotice. Drivers on some long routeshave to remain away from homeovernight.. Driving schedules . mayrange from`6 to 10 hours a day andfrom 3-1/2 to 6 days a week. /How-ever, U.S. Department of Transpor-tation regulatibns specify that inter-

s. city drivers sh011 not drive more Lan10 hours without having at lehours ff, -and shall not drive at allafter ins on duty for-15hours.

Driving an intercity bus usually inot physically difficult, but it is tirin

d requires steady nerves. The bus-river is given a great deal of in:prudence on the job, and is solelysponsible for the safety of the pas-

For further Information on job op-portunities in this field, contact inter-

, city bus compainiena the local officeof the State employment service.

LOCAL TRANSITSUSDRIVERS

(D.O.T. 913.363 and 13.46

Nature of the Work.-

Local 'transit buadrivers relievemilliorn of Americans of the botherof fighting city traffic every day.These rived; fallow definite timeSchedules and rotes over city andsuburban streets, to provide paseen-gets with in alternative to auton10-bile driving and even ownersh'p.

The workday for local nvebegins whet -they report to the ttnni-nal or 'gam* to which they are as-s greed. Line Cities have several ga-mges.while a Small city '.inay haveonlylobi. At the = garage, drivers aregivei

'areand refund forms.

me are assigned buses and drive

- 9#S

Yore -local buedrIvers will be ne dee to relieve traffic congestion.

rn to the start of their,dessgasated interns

eve drivers Who are got off risky,rivers inspect the insides¢ outside

of the buses and 'check the tires,biakes, windshield wipers, and lights!before starting their runs. Those who

ork for small bus cornpaniei alsomay cheek the water,. 'oil. and fuel.

On most runs, drivers pick up anddischarge passengers at locationsmarked with a bus atop sign. As pas-sengers board the bes,'driveri makesere the correct cash fare, 'token. orticket is placed in the fare box. Theyalso collect or issue transfers. Driversoften answer questions about scheil-1tale r=routeis, and transfer points, andsometimes call gut the name of thestreet at each bits stop.

A buidriver's day is run by thetirthey must pay special atten-

tion to their' complicated schedules.Although driver's, may run_ late inheavier than average traffic, theyavoid letting light traffic put themahead of schedule so that they do notmiss passengers.

Busdrivers especially .must be alertto the traffic around them. Sincesudden .stops or swerves, will jarstanding. passengers; drivers try toanticipate traffic developments, notreact to them.

At the end of the day, busdrivertkturn in trip sheets which usually in-clude a record of fares received, tripsmade, and any significant delays inschedule. They also turn in a reporton the mechanical condition of thebus that day. In case of an accident,drivers must make out a report de-,scribing exactly what happened be-fore and after the event and obtainthe names, addresses, and phonenumbers of persons on the bus_

At tilnes, drivers operate charte redbusesbuses arranged for in ad-vance by an organization or group. In

'these cases, they pick up a group ofpeople, take them to their destination, And remain with them until theyare ready to return..

14,

Places of Employment

About 81,000 local husdriverswere employeetin 1976. About four-fifths worked for publicly ownedtransit systems. Most of the remain-der worked for privately owned tran-

6

sit lines; a small number 'Worked for'sightseeing companies. Most bus-drivers work in large-cities.

-Training, Other Ouatificatiorte,and Advancement

Applicants for busdriver positionsshould be at least 21 years old, be ofaverage height and weight, be ingood health, and have good eye-si with or without glasses. Most

_yers require applicants to passBleat examination and a written

that determines if they are cepa-b f following the often- complexschedules busdriver3 use, Althoughedutationar requirements are nothigh, many 'employers prefer appli-tants who have a high school educa-tion or its equivalent. A relaxed per-sonalitY is important since driversface many minor aggravations eachday due to traffic congestion, badweather, and the many different per-sonalities they must deal with.

A motor vehicle operator's licenseis a basic requirement. A good driv-ing record is essential because thebuselriver is responsible for passengersafety. Most States require bus-drivers to have a chauffeur's license,which is a commercial driving per-mit.

Most local transit companies con-duct training courses that may lastseveral weeks and.include both class-room and "behind- the - wheel" driv-ing instruction. In the classroom,trainees learn company rules, safetyregulations, and safe driving practic-es. They also learn how to keep rec-ords and how to deal tactfully andcourteously with passengers. Actualdriving instruction may begin withseveral houri of instruction on atraining course, but trainees quicklyadvance to praaTce, on city streets.Because a busdriver'is seated aboveother traffic, defensive drivingsee-ing and avoiding possible traffic dan-gers ahead of timehas much poten-tial and is stressed. Trainees areassigned to a particular garage, andmust memorize and drive each of theruns based at this garage beforegraduating. They also take severaltrips with passengers while super.wised by an experienced dr4ver. Atthe end of the course, trainees may:

have to piss a written examinationand a driving examination.

Most drivers have regularly scheduled runs. New drivers, however, often are placed on an "extra" list tosubstitute for regular drivers who areill or on vacation. llew drivers alsomay be assigned to/ make extra-tripsduring morning and evening rushhours. They 'remain on the extra listuntil they hive spough seniority toget a regular ruif This may take sev-eral months or-mgre than a year.

The different runs are assigned onthe basis of length of service, orseniority. Therefore, as drivers devel-op seniority they can choose runsthey prefer, such as those that lead toovertime, or that have little traffic.

Opportunities for promotions gen-erally are limited, although experi-enced- drivers may advance to jobssuch as instructor, supervisor or dis-patcher. Supervisors patrol the busroutes and check whether drivers areon schedule. If a schedule becomesimpossible to meet due to heavy traf-fic, a-blocked street, or some otherproblem, the supervisor may reroutebusel.-Dispatchers work in the transitsystem's main office and organize theday to day bus operation by coordi-nating all activity. They assign busesto drivers, determine that drivers areavailable for all runs,wcall extra listdrivers to sulfatItute if experienceddrivers will be out, and keep a-recordof the drivers and buses that wereassigned to each run. A few drivers_advance to management positions. \Promotion in.publicly owned bus sys-tems is usually by competjtive civilservice examination.

Employment Outlook

Employment of local rivers isexpected to increase a act asthe average for all =ionsthrough the mid-1980's. In add 'n,many job openings will resultthe need to replace driverstransfeA o other occupations, retire,or die.

The incrEased use of privately-owned automobiles in cities and thepopulation shift to the suburbswhere most people drive their 'fawncarshas caused a 'decline in buspassengers and driver employment.However, in urban areas, the auto-

mobile now is recognized as the mainsource of air pollution and trafficcongestion. th part of/the effort toreduce thgvnumber of cars used byr.commuterveanny cities are trying toimprove local bue service. Some nowhave commuter buses with reserved

-seats. In addition, express lanes re-served for buses on city streets, momconvenientfroutes, and more corn-forrabk buses reflect the impact ofFederal, State, and local governmentinterest in providing better bus ser-vice. Improeed bus service will re-quire more drivers.

Earnings Ind WorkinConditions

,

According tp a surveyof unioncontracts in 67 'err; cities, focal bus-drivers averaged $6.53 an hour in1976, about one-third more than theaverage for all nonsupervisory work-ers in private industry, except farm-ing'Houriy wag gs were highest in thelarger cities. Wage scales for begin-ning drivers were generally 10 to 20cents an hour less.

The workweek for regular driversusually consists of any 5, days duringthe week; Saturdays and Sundays arecounted as regular workdays.. Somedrivers have to work evenings andafter midnight. To accommodate thedemands of commuter travel, manylocal busdrivers have to work "splitshifts." For example, a driver maywork from 6 a.m. to 10 a.m., gohome, and then return to work from3 p.m. to 7 p.m_ Drivers may receiveextra pay for split shifts.

Driving a bus is not physicallystrenuous, but busdrivers may suffernervous strain from maneuvering alarge vehicle through heavy trafficwhile dealing with passengers. How-ever, local busdrivers enjoy steadyyear-round employment, and workwithout 'close supervision.

Most local busdrivers are membersof the Amalgamated Transit Union,Drivers in New York City and severalother large cities belong to the Trans-port Workers Union of America. TheUnited Transportation Union and theInternational Brotherhood of Team-sters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemenand Helpers of America also haveorganized some local busdrivers.

rGO111 of A MoralInforipsition

For further information on ern-ployrnent opportunities, contact a lo-cal transit system or the local officeof the State employment service.

LOCAL TRUCKORIVERS

(D.O.T. 900.883, 902.885, 903.883,906.883, and 909.883j

/Nature of the Work

Although goods from near and farmay begin their trip to customers bytrucks, trains, ships, or planes, tiaaideliveries almost alwaya are made bytruck. Local truckdrivers movegoods from terminals and warehous-es to factories, stores, and homes inthe area. They are skilled drivers whocan maneuver trucks into tight park-ing spaces, through narrow alleys,and up to loading platforms.

When local truckdrivers arrive atthe terminal or warehouse, they re-ceive assignments from the dispatch-er to make deliveries, pickups, orboth. They also get delivery formsand check the condition of theirtrucks, Before the drivers arrive forwork, material handlers generallyhave loaded the trucks and arrangedthe items in order of delivery to mini-mize handling of merchandise.

At the customer's place of busi-ness, drivers generally load or unloadthe merchandise. If there are heavyloads such as machinery, or if therearc many, deliveries to make duringthe day, drivers may have helpers,Drivers of moving vans usually havecrews of helpers to assist in loadingand unloading household or officefurniture,

Drivers get customers to sign re-ceipts for the goods, and may receivemoney for the material delivered. Atthe end of the clay, they turn in re-ceipts. money, and records of the de-liveries made. They alto report what-ever repairs the trucks need beforebeing used again.

The work of these drivers varies,depending on the product they trans-port. Produce truckers, on the one

4

lip a d truckea bining and spend the real

the day delivering the product tomany differekgrpeery stores. Theday for a driver of a lumber truck, onthe other hand, consists of severalround trips between the lumber yardand one construction site or more.

Ingle's of Einalogrnant

About 1.6 million people workedas local truckdrivets in 1976_in and around- large cities. Somedrivers are needed in almost all com-munities, however. -

Most local drivers work for busi-nesses which deliver their own prod-ucts and goodssuch as departmentstores, foodstores, and lumber yards.Many others are employed by truck-ing companies. Some work for Fed-eral, State and local governmentagencies.

A large number of local truckdriv.era are owner-operators. Drivers whoown-one or two trucks account for asizable proportion of the local for-hire trucking industry.

Training, Other -Qualifications,and Advancement

Qualifications for local truckdriv-ers vary considerably, dependingupon the type of truck and the natureof the employer's business. In mostStates, however, applicants musthave a chauffeur's license, which is acommercial driving permit. Informa-tion on how to get this license can be

l aobtained from State rho r vehicledepartments. Applicants ay have topass a general physical examination,a written examination on drivingregulations, and a driving test. Theyshould have good hearing and at least20/40 vision, with or without glasses,be able to lift heavy objects, and bein good health,

Employers prefer applicants withsome previous experience driving atruck. A person may obtain such ex-perience by working as a truckdriv-er's helper_ Employers also give con-sideration to drivirig experiencegained in the ArmedVorces, Manydrivers start out as dock, workers,loading and unloading freight. Theyget a general idea of the trucking op-eration and their work may give them

.

7

About t.s at

the -opportunity to move trucksaround the yard. When a need for atruckdriver develops, a capable dockworker may be promoted.

Since drivers often deal directlywith the company's customers, theability to get along well with people isimportant. Employers also look forresponixible, self-motivated individ-uals, since drivers work with ,littlesupervision. Many employers will nothire applicants who have bad drivingrecords.

Training given to new drivers usu-ally is informal, and may consist onlyof a few hours instruction from an

Est trweiterIvera In 1575.

experienced driver, sometimes onthe new employee's oWri time. Newdrivers also may ride with and ob-serve experienced drivers beforebeing assigned their own runs. Addi-tional training may be given if theyare to drive a special type of truck.Some companies give I to 2 days ofclassroom instruction which coversgeneral duties, the efficient opera-tion and loading of a truck, companypolicies, and the preparation of deliv-ery forms and company records.

Although most new employees areassigned immediately to regular driv-ing jobs, some start as extra driversand do the work of regular drivers

116 are ill or on vacation. They re-ceive a regular assignment when anopening occurs.

Local truckdrivers may advance todispatcher. manager, -or to -trafficworkfor example, planning, deliv-ery Whets. However, relativelyfew of th jobs are available. Forthe most part. a local truckdrivermay advance to driving heavy or spe-cial typeset trucks or by transferringto long-distance truckdriving. Locidrivers working for companies thatalso employ longAistance drivershave the best chances of advancing

sac positions. Experienced driv-hews business abilityvait

come owner-operators when theyye enough money to purchase a

truck.

Eirip meld Outlook

Employment of local truckdriversis expected is increase faster than

average for occupationsthrough the mid-1550's. In additionto the jots openings from growth,thoussfds of opqnings will resultfrom the need to replace experienceddrivers who transfer to other occupa-tions, retire, or die. Job openingsmay vary from year to year, however,silica the number of drivers neededfluctuates with general business con-ditions_ Applicants with good drivingrecords have the best chance ofbeing hired.

The rise in total business activityanticipated in the years ahead- willincrease the amount of freight to bedistributed. Since trucks carry virtu-ally all local freight, employment ofdriven will grow.

Earnings and WorkingConditions

On the average, union wage scaleswere 57.22 an hour for localtruckdrivers and $6.59 an hour forhelpers in 1976, according to a sur-vey in 70 large cities. This is about1 ,I/2 times as much as the averagefor all nonsupfrvisory workers in pri-vate industry, except farming.

As a rule, local truckdrivers arepaid by the hour and receive extrapay for working overtime; usuallyafter 40 hours, Some drivers areguaranteed minimum daily or weekly

earnings. Local truckdrivers fre-.quently work 48 hours or more aweek. Night or early' morning work issometimes necessary, particularly fordrivenrhandling foodstuffs for chainSroocrY stores. 'Produce markets, orbakeries. Most drivers deliver overregular routes, although some maybe assigned different routes eachday.

Truckdriving has become lessphysically demanding because mosttrucks now have more comfortableseating, better ventilation, and im-proved cab designs, but when driversmake many deliveries during a day,their work can be exhausting. More-over, driving in heavy traffic cancause nenvous strain. Localtruckdrivers, however, do have cer-tain work advantages. Employment issteady-and, unlike long-distance driv-ers, they usually work during the dayand return home in the evening.

Many Ideal truckdrivers are mem-bers of the Interna0o-sal Brother-hood of Teamsters, ChauffeursWarehousemen and Helpers ofAmerica (Ind.). Some. localtruckdrivers employed by companiesoutside the trucking industry aremembers of unions that represent theplantworkers of their employers.

Sources of AdditionalInformation

Information on truck driver train-ing schools and on career opportuni-ties in the trucking industry may beobtained from:Arnencan Trucking Associations. Inc., 1616 P

St, NW., Washington, ©.0 20036,

For details on truck driver employ-ment opportunities, contact localtrucking companies or the local of-fice of the State employment service.

LONG -DI TA FICETR UCKDRIVERS

(D.O.T. 903.883, 904.883. 905.and 909.883)

Mature of the Work

At all hours of the day and nightbig trucks travel along turnpikes and

A significant number of drivers ant owner-operators.

highways carrying goods betweenterminals that are hundreds, or eventhousands of miles apart. Behind thewheel are the top professional driv-ers. They drive the largest and mostexpensive equipment and receive thehighest wages of all drivers.

The ruts of long-distancetruckdrivers vary widely. Some driv-ers have short -turnarounds-. Theydeliver a load to a nearby city, pickup another loaded trailer, and drive itback to their home base the sameday. Others are assigned runs thattake an entire day to complete, andthey remain away from home over-

night. Often on these longer runs,drivers are assigned loads going toother cities rather that back to theirhome bases, and may continue tohaul loads from city to city for aslong as a week before returninghome Some companies use two driv-ers on very long runs. One driveswhile the other sleeps tfi a berth be-hind the cab. These "sleeper" runsmay last for days, or even weeks at atime.

In most cases, dispatchers telllong-distance drivers when to reportfor work and where to take the truck.Although many drivers work during

the day night travel is common andfrequently preferred because roadsare less crowded and trips take lesstime.

When the drivers report for, work,the truckleilready have been loadedand servfced with fuel and oil. But,before moving from the termitial,drivers inspect the- trucks to makesure they will operate safely. Forexample, they make sure the brakes,windshield wipers, and lights areworking and that a file -extingaisher,flares, and other safety equipmenthave been loaded. Mirrors are adjust-ed so that both sides of the truck arevisible from the driver's seat. Driversalso make sure the cargo has beenloaded properly and will not shift af-ter the trip has begun. If some equip-ment does not work, or is missing, orif the cargo is not loaded properly,drivers report the problem to the dis-patcher for correction.

Once they are on the road, drisersmust be alert not only to preventaccidents, but also to drive theirtrucks efficiently. Because of thetruck's size, drivers sit higher thanthe cars, pickups, or vans surround-ing them, and have the advantage ofbeing able to see far down the road.They seek traffic lanes that allowthem to move at a steady speed, andwhen going downhill they may in-crease speed slightly to gain momen-tum for a hill ahead.

To avoid the drowsiness caused bytraveling for hours, drivers may stopto eat, refuel, and relax during a run.After they have reached their desti-nation and have parked at the -un-loading platform, drivers completereports about the trip and the condi-tion of the truck. Both are requiredby the U.S. Department of Transpor-tation. If they have had an accidentduring the trip, a detailed report ofthe incident is required.

Long-distance truckdrivers spendmost of their working time behindthe wheel_ Drivers hauling some spe-cialty cargo, though, often load orunload their trucks, since they maybe the only individuals at the destina-tion familiar with this procedure.Auto transport drivers, for example.drive and position the cars on theracks and remove them at the finaldestination. Gasoline tank trucktriv-

10

et's attach the hoses and operate thepump on their truck to transfer thegasoline to the gas station's storagetank. When picking up or deliveringfurnituie, drivers of long-distancemoving vans hire local labor, whichthey supervise, to help them load orunload the van.

Places of Employment

An estimated 467,000 long-dis-tance drivers were employed in197_6. Most live near large cities andmanufacturing centers that havernasV truck terminals. Drivers whospealalize in transporting agriculturalproducts or minerals may live in ruralareas.

A large proportion of long-dis-tance truckdrivers work for truckingcompanies that offer transportationservice to businesses in general.Many others work for companiessuch as furniture manufacturers,which own and operate trucks to de-liver their -products. A significantnumber of drivers are owner-opera-tors. These drivers own their tracksand either operate independently orlease their services and their trucksto a trucking company. .

Training, Other Qualifications,and Advancement

The U.S. Department of Transpor-tation establishes minimum qualifica-tions for long-distance truckdriverswho are engaged in interstate com-merce. A driver must be at least 21years old and pass a physical exami-nation which the employer usuallypays for. Good hearing, 20/40 visionwith or without glasses, normal use ofarms and legs (unless a waiver is ob-tained), and normal blood pressureare the main physical requirements.

To be hired, drivers must have agood driving record and must pass aroad test to show they can operate avehicle of the type and size they will

[drive in regular service. In addition,they must take a written examinationon the Motor Carrier Safety Regula-tions of the U.S. Department of sTransportation. In most States,truckdrivers also must have a chat&four's license, which is a commercialdriving permit.

The hiring standards' at Inlaywicking operations are higher thanthose described. Many firms requirethat new drivers be at least 25 yearsold. Others specify height, and weigh?limitations. Some companies employonly applicants whihave had severs.years' experience _ .ving trucks longdistances.

IDriver-training cOurses are a desir-able method of preparing for truck;driving jobs. Most ',training authori-ties and emplbyers recommend highschool driver-training courses. In ad-dition, a high school-coatseltrauto-motive mechanics helps drivers makeminor roadside repair's.

Many truckdrivers start out as -dock workers, loading and unloadingfreight. As they gain experience inthe general trucking operation, theymay advance to .local truckdrivingjobs. Local drivers with good drivingrecords may be offered jobs ds long-distance drivers.

A small number of private andpublic technical-vocational schools/offer truckdriving courses. Studentslearn to inspect the trucks andfreight, to drive large vehicles incrowded areas and in highway traffic,and to comply with Federal, State,and local regulations. Completion ofa course, however, does not assure ajob. Even graduates of these schoolswho do get truckdriving jobs oftenstart as local drivers. After gainingexptirience on these smaller trucksand proving their ability, they mayadvancsto long-distance truckdriv-ing. Ptfsons interested in attendingone of these schools s)puld checkwith local trucking companies tomake sure the school's training is ac-ceptable.

New drivers usually are given abrief explanation of company policyand are taught how to prepare thevarious forms used on the job. Theyalso receive a small amount of driv-ing instruction and practice on atraining course to learn how to mattneuver these larger trucks. They thenniake_one er mole training trips un-.der the supervision of an instructoror an experienced driver.

Drivers for large trucking compa-nies frequently start on the "extraboard," bidding for runs on the basisof seniority as vacancies occur. (The

eatra board is a list of drivers, as.signed in rotation, who substitute fordrivers who have scheduled runt orwho make the many unscheduledtrips.) Drivers for smaller companiesare more likely to be assigned regularmutes right away.

Opportunities for promotion inthis occupation are limited. A fewdrivers may advance to jobs as safetysupervisor, driver supervisor, anddispatcher. However, such jobs often

Jare unattractive to long-distancetruckdrivers, since the starting payusually is less than the pay for driv-ing. Althotigh most drivers can onlyexpect to advainee to driving runsthat provide increased earnings orpreferred schedules and workingconditions, a driver who has businessability and enough money to buy atruck may become an owner-opera-tor.

Employment Outlook

Employment of long-distancetruckdrivers is expected to increasemore slowly than the average for alloccupations through the mid-1980's.in addition to jobs from employmentgrowth, thousands of openings willbe created in this large occupation asexperienced drivers retire, die, ortransfer to other fields of work. Jobopportunities may vary from year foryear, however, because the amountof freight moved by trucks fluctuateswith ups and downs in the economy.Since driver earning_s are high and noformal training is required, appli-cants can expect to face stfong com-petition for available jobs.

The general economic growth ofthe Nation is expected to increasethe amount of freight that. will becarried long distances by track, thusincreasing the - demand for drivers.But the demand for drivers is expect-ed to increase more slowly than thegrowth in freight because largertrucks should increase the amount offreight each driver can haul.

Earnings and World NoConditions

Based on limited information, driv-ers employed by large trucking com-panies had annual average earningsof about $ 11,700 in 1976, about dou-

ble the average of all nonsupervisoryworkers in private industry, exceptfarming. Pay rates are fairly uniformbecause this field is highly unionized,and union contracts generally aremaster agreements covering all em-ployers within a multi-State region.However, the earnings of individualdrivers vary, depending on Mileagedriven, numbeof hours worked, andtype of truck.

Some companies outside thetrucking industry, such as bakeriesand dairies, may pay drivers whowork-for them on the same basis asthey pay their other employees smonthly, weekly, or daily wage. Gen-erally, such a wage is for a specifiednumber of hours, and, if drivers workadditional hours; they receive extrapay.

Trucking companies engaged in-in-terstate commerce are subject to theU.S. Department of Transportationrules' governing hours of work andother matters. These regulations lim-it the hours drivers may work andassure a reasonable amount of timefor rest. For example, a driver cannotbe on duty for more than 60 hours inany 7-day period, and cannot drivemore than 10 hours without being offduty at least 8 hours. Many drivers,particularly on very long runs, workfairly close to the maximum hourspermitted. A workweek of at least 50hours is very common.

Long-distance truckdrivers oftenmust spend time away from home. Insuch instances, the company pro-vides lodging either in a companydormitory or a hotel or motel.

The physidal strain of long-dis--tance driving has been reduced bymore comfortable seating, betterventilation, -and improved cab de-sign. Better highways and more strin-gentsafety regulations have madet paling safer. However, the noiseand vibration of the truck and thenervous strain of sustained_ drivingare tiring.

Most long-distance drivers aremembers of the International Broth-erhOod of Teamsters, Chauffeurs,Warehousemen and Helpers ofAmerica (Ind. ). Some drivers outsidethe trucking industry belong to theunions that represent plant employ-

jees of the companies for which they,/ work.

1

Soy_ rces Of AdditionalInformation-

Information on truckdriyer train-ing schools-,end career opportunitiesin the trucking industry may be ob-tained from:American Trucking Associations, Inc.. 1616 P

St. NW., Washington, D.C. 20036.

Additional details on. truckdriveremployment opportubities may beobtained from local trucking compa-nies or local offices of the State em7ployment service.

PARKING ATTENDANTS

(D.O.T.915.878)

Nature of the Work

Parking attendants. park custom-ers' cars and collect payment for thetime they are left on the lot orin thegarage. Attendants meet incomingcars and record theit time of arrivalon numbered claim checks. One parts,of the check is placed on the car'swindshield and the other is given tothe driver to reclaim his or her car.

In lots where cars are parkedbumper to bumper, parking atten-dants may ask customers when theyexpect to return so their cars will bemore readily accessible when theyneed them.

Attendants usually drive the carsto and from vacant spaces, but atsome facilities they tell drivers whereto park. Attendants working in multi-level garages may be assigned to onlyone level, but the usual practice is forattendants to work all levels.

Some parking lots require custom-ers to pay when entering the lot andusually charge a flat fee for the dayor evening. Others charge by thehour and attendants must determinethe correct amount owed'by eachcustomer. In large establishments, acashier, father than an attendant, willcollect payments. Slack periods arecommon at most palling facilities.However, attendants may be re-quired to perform routine mainte-nance jobs such as cleaning andsweeping the lot.

tatty of sip&we part date.

Places of Erhployment

About 4.0,000 parking attendantswere employed in 1976. Parking at-tendants work in facilities rangingfrom smalkoutdoor lots to large park-ing garages. Most of these are in ur-ban areas. Parking lots and garagesusually are commercial ettablish-ments and often are part of city, re-gional, or national chains. Althoughmany restaurants, hotels, and storesmaintain their own lots, it is also a

' common p ractice to rent parkingspace for their customers in commer-cial garages. Many cities own and op-

, erate their own lots in downtownareas.

More than a third of all parkingattendants work part time, usuallyduring the busy afternoon rushhours, in the evening, and on week-ends. Most part-time attendants arestudents.

Training, Other Ous lineations,and Advancement

Although there are no specificeducational requirements for parkingattendants, employers prefer highschool graduates. Parking attendantsMust have a valid driver's license, beable to drive a car 'With a standardtransmission, and have good eyesightand. peripheral vision. Applicantswith experience driving many differ-ent types of cars are preferred. At-tendants must also be able to keeprecords of claim tickets, computeparking charges, and make change.

Attendants should be in goodphysical condition because the work

12

involves long periods of standing andcan be tiring when many cars must bemoved in a-hurry. Parking attendantsshould be' neat, tactful, and courte-ous when dealing .with the public.

Most parlcing, attendants aretrained on the job. Beginfiers may"ride" with an experienced' workerfor a few hours or days to becomefamiliar with the work." Many em-ployers also provide on-the-job train-intprograms that review proper driv-ing techniques and esplain companypolicy on recordkeeping proceduresand damage claims. These coursesusual! nchade tipsam how to main-

s customer relations.Some attendants beconie manes-

. era of parking facilities. An excep-tional attendant eventually_ may be-come a supervisor of severalfacilities. Supervisors regularly visitthe parking facilities they oversee tocheck the work of managers, the ap-pearance of the facilities, and theneatness of the attendants.

Students interested in manage-ment jobs in the parking industry

'should consider taking part-time orsummer jobs as attendants, becauseeven large companies want their em-ployees to'have first-hand experiencewith the business.

Employment Outlook

Employment of parking attendantsis expected to grow more slowly thanthe average for all occupationsthrough the mid-1980's as the trendto self-parking systems continues.Parking owneri prefer the self-parkmethod because it is less costly andbecause most customers prefer topark their own cars rather than waitfor a busy attendant.

Although employment growth isexpected to be slow, turnover in thisoccupation, especially among newworkers, is higher than average. Theheed to replace these workers andthose who retire or die will createadditional job openings each year.Part-time and evening work will beavailable. Most job opportunities willbe in large commercial parking fiscal,ties in urban areas.

Earnings and INcirkIngConditions

Most parking attendants 'are paidthe minimum wage. The Federal-

I4

minimum was $2.20 - $2.30 an hourin 1976, but some cities and Statedhave their own minimum wage lawe

-wisich establish higher rates. Experi-enced attendants who have taken onadditional responsibility may earnhigher salaries. Nearly all attendantsreceive tips in addition tei wages thatadd substantially to their 111061114.

Many parking attendants receivefringe benefits such4as life, health,and disability insurance; pensionplaits; paid vacations; a Christmasbonus; and profit sharing:Sorfte com-panies furnish uniforms.

Attendants often work long hOurs.A 10-110 hr clay and Work at nights, onweekends, and on holidays are notunusual. In addition, many atten-dants spend much time outdoors inall kinds of weather and constantl'breathe automobile .exhaust fumes.In some companies, attendants areresponsible for any damage they doto customers' cars.

The principal union Organizingparking attendants is the internation-al Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauf-feurs, Warehousemen, and Helpersof America.

Sourcedof Additional'Information

For general informatibn about theparking industry and parking atten-dants in particular, write:National Parkins association. 1101 176 St.

NW., Washington, D.C. 20036.

ROUTE DRIVERS

292.358)

---Nature of the Work

Many industries sell their goodsand services through the route driv-ers who deliver their products. Infact, these workers sometimes areknown as driver-sales workers orroute-sales workers.. Through theirselling ability, route drivers increasesales to 'existing customers and gainadditional business by finding newcustomers within their territories.Also, because route drivers are thecustomer's contact with the corrspa-

liver bread, cakes, lolls. and odic.baked goods to A.olefore starling on th cif ioi.sks eycheck to see shether Lb..; pr &Tel varicty and quantity of pond...Acts haveIhee n loaded lietseatiing ors hawmany items each sto re &tucks. irisCr may suit from I 0 to 5C3 isc,,cetystores each day At each stop dungthe route, drivers ca rry the orders ofbread and other baked goods in to theStore and arrange tlherri on the display racks. Togethe r with the store

ny,. their reaction to complaints andrequests, for special service can makethe difference betty ten getting a larg-er order or losing a customer.

Route drivers' duties vary accord-ing to the industry in sAhic-.h they areemployed, whether they have a retailor wholesale route. and the policiesof their particular corn pan y. nut, thefollowing specific examples provide ageneral piture of the job:

On a typical day, elrycleaning re.iutedrivers begin try picking utp cleanedgarments at the processing plant.Usually they load their oven trucks,carefully arranging the racks ofclothes, draperies, and other items inthe order in which they will be deliv-ered. As they snake their deliveries,they also pick up 'tents customerswant c leaned. Driv ers tag tliese ite insso that the y can he returned to theright c/wrie i Some this es, they notethe type of stains to be removed orspecial processes, cuter as crater=proofing. that custorneta. its reguest After delivering the clean gagmerits, drivers give cacti custorner anitemieel bill and collect the inorreydue. Periodically. they stop at homesalong their routes to try to sell theircompany's 6cry ices

Man y ndi les t e..,work clothes. a1,1 0._liel

businesses. Laondi y rout. Jul rsservice these cstablishine tits oft a

regular basis, ,eplac;ing soileu ite...swith ft cably lacinde red ois ea Ili. aerout,, &lye keep a Plat

they prtivide and 1,, Litthat stock tinted -`rut is ev,rituallyrettiined isIthc.nAgh tli y iii tinessolicit new business noon the stn.:dietestablishments in reels kre aury. thelarger ones arc Lorna., ted by othersales workers in the it eunipan

Wholesale traLci y c,,Lste Lim

owner or manager, bakery routedrivers check the merchandise deliv-ered Sand prepare a bill. They alsocredit the- store for the value of thestale items left over from the previ-ous delivery.

Bakery route drivers pay close at-tention to the items that are sellingwell or sitting on the shelves so thatthey can estimate the amount andvariety of baked goods that will besold by the grocery stores. This helpsthe bakery plan its nightly produc-tion From time to time the driversvisit grocers along the route who arenot customers and try to get ordersfrom them

Vending machine route driversmake certain that the machines infactories, schools, and other build-ings on their routes are stocked withmerchandise and are in good work-ing order At each location, theycheck the items rernatning in the ma-chines and remove the money thathas been deposited in the cash boxesDrivers also check each vending ma-chine to see that merchandise atidchange are dispensed properly, andmake nano' adjustments to machinesthat arc broken In addition, theyclean machines and replace stock.Route drivers keep records of thefuci 11114,1L.Se. they place in each ataJulie and the money they removeThey may try to find new locationsto( ,endeg machines by visitingsto, es, factor ies, and other usmess-

thicla iu.atca

i.. 191iii laund.ies,fit Mb that distribute food and beverages kiecause these are located insmall towns as dvcll as in large cities.route driver jugs ertiSr in all parts ofthe ,,untly

li4A0AL

WI41

n, were eispioyeddairies bakeries, and

alesliqg ii4,5.,14414,a10.nu Advancement

41. 4A Amiiai i.e. 6,1,, .1 .1.1

s, and tic), alas. must be able t,, sell) get people to bt.y. they roust

knbw tl,eir product or service thor-oughly and be able to convince oth-ers to give theirs a try Other impor

tant sales qualifications are apleasant voice, an ability to speakwell, and a neat appearance. Theyalso need self-confidence, initiative,and tact.

Route drivers must be able to workwithout direct supervision, do simplearithmetic, and write legibly. In mostStates, a route driver is required tohave a chauffeur's license, which is acommercial driving permit. Informa-tion on this license can be obtainedfrom State motor vehicle depart-ments,' Route drivers who handle agreat, deal of money may have to bebonded.

Most employers prefer their routedrivers to be high school graduates.A good driving record is important.

Most companies give their newemployees on-the-job training whichvaries in length and thoroughness,Many large companies also haveclasses in sales techniques.

Sehoolzand.work programs in re-tail and wholesale merchandising arehelpful to a person interested in en-tering this occupation. High schoolcourses in sales techniques, publicspeaking, driver training, bookkeep-ing. and business arithmetic also arehelpful. Valuable experience can begained by working as a sales clerk ina store oor by taking some other typeof selling lob

Some people enter this occupationas route driver helper.5 (D 0,T.29e 887). Helpers assist drivers withloading and unloading the truck andmay relieve them of Softie Of thedrivn,g "%Theo openings occur, helpors may be promoted to drivers. Thedairy and vending machine indus-tries, however, generally do not em-ploy helpers.

Route drivers may be promoted toroute or sales super,visor, but thesejobs arc relatively scarce. Advance-ment usually is limited to movingfrom a retail to a wholesale route,whet,. earnings gene rally'are higher.however. somedrivers obtain betterpaying sales jobs as a result of theirexperience in route selling.

trltpliu y

total number .,f route driversexpected to change little through

the mid- 19SO's. Some openings fornew workers will arise, however, as

13

experienced route drivers transfer toother fields of work, retire, or die.Applicants with sales experience andgood driving records have the bestchance of being hired.

Most job opportunities will be inwholesale routes. Since most routedriver jobs currently are in wholesaleroutes, openings due to turnover willbe higher on these routes than inretail ones. In addition, employmentof retail route drivers is expected tocontinue to decline, further limitingopportunities.

Earnings and Work'Conditions

Most route drivers receive a intitimum salary plus a percent of the.saleir,they make. Thus, earnings arestro1hly affected by an individual'sselling ability. initiative, and the relytionship he or she establishes withcustomers. Wholesale route driverswho make deliveries to stoics usuallyearn more than those who make de-,liveries to homes

Retail route diRcis Ira the Leeindustry employed in large cities hadestimated weekly earnings, tri,luditigcommissions, of $26g in 191h I hoseon wholesale routes carried $320 petweek Koute rlit4Ci1, In the- bekoleand beverage eidust. ICI, w e.e paidweekly wages averaging 51 $0 pluscornrnissions, according to info mabun hum a 1111111.Cd 01.A111 be I Of

contracts.The riumte, ,,r -

I oil to OFIVetS Buhl t/1 rr k ilyabout 30 hum's a in tinCi s maywork 60 hours 01 mutt depel.diugupon wh,thei tee) have well cat,hailed Willes U. age ,ryiii tk, trnild ripnew ones, and ho, arntiti,,us theyare. The uurnier or hours workedmay be limited by a onion i_ontraci,although many Lontracta Me e lyspecify the earliest:hour that workmay begin and the latest gu mingtime The hours also may val y withthe season Dureig tic sprtug cleanmg season, for eriainplt., drycicaningroute drivers may work about 60hours a week. but itt w inte, they ,..aywork less than 30 tudurs

Many companiesdrivers to wear unifolmsployers pay for the uniforms and forkeeping them clean. For many routedrivers, the fact that IIt..ey do not

14

work under close supervision is anattractive part of the job. Within cer-tain broad limits, they decide howrapidly they will work and where andwhen they will have a lunch or restperiod. A less desirable cbaraeteris-tic is that route drivers have to makedeliveries in bad weather and do agreat deal of lifting, carrying, andwalking. They also may have to workunusual hours. For example, driverswho have retail milk routes generallystart to work very early in the morn-ing

Marty route tl11vc15, poincularlythose who &liver bakery and dairyproducts, are members of the Inter=national Brotherhood of reaffisters,Chauffeurs. Warehouser-rico andHelpers of America. Some belong tothe urin_yris which represent the plantWok K.1 of then ...,inployers

SQLisa.400 441 Addillen1)1a-roallori

..14

01 ill MEW'S contact localin pie, yers, such as bakeries, laundry

and linen supply t;mhpatiles aridvcrithog trk..,hinc ,urepanies. of thelocal c_kt h.:e of tilt State en-ifiloymieintserio-e

. k

tie sit p.nr. ti1)1 nntii,or) a..1 Lfstern iieiikc

and sobsvays, which dm onlined . uulca anal seh, duties, 'axis of-fer rodividualizeo service Ivey Nei(up passengers at any location anddrt,c. them dir,,etly to their destina-tion

_ y I =11144-t ,k,,ka

.11i ckAly for . t,,.b o. rent,dud .0,,t a tinware, Others

own their task at,s said dps ittC igtdept. 1Jcioly Wheii.ef they are btrr

pluyees, renters, of uw tiCES, gab Jrrieers have the same duties

Cab di fivers get many of them pas-schgels by radio dispatching since

customers often call cab companies,giving information ort w here theywant to be picked up and what theirdestination is. A dispatcher at thecompany thee uses a two way radioto pass this information on to a Gabdriver who is near the custome r. f3e-cause this is an efficient method ofgetting passengers, cab drivers w hootem their own cabs often4pay a c abcompany for using its dispatchi ngservice. Between radio calls, or justbecause they prefer it, drivers maycruise busy areas and watch for 170-teruial customers. IDrivers also maywait at hotels, baste muftis . and oth-er places where they expect businessto be good.

Because cab drivers either reintheir c abs or are paid on a cornmsign basis, the more business they

he higher their earnings. There-fore, experienced drive is often plantheir entire day. They know that dif-fer era parts of the city will have po-te oriel customers at cl rife re n ti reit s

the day The y rriay cruise the busi-ness dish ict dieing rush Boa r erred [toeshopping centers in the afternoon.Sr cart drivers also keep informed onwhere crowds are likely to gatherFor example, (thews may gu to thealt port the evening st eonventice is'cooling to town. drop by the stailollalien a 'rain is 30: edulcci to duty A, orstop at the stadium at the end of aball gat tie

Occasionally, drivers may helppassengers' in and out of the cab andmay handle their luggaiko in soniccorritan times, drivers regularly_ transport handicap_ ped children to andflog hoc l Cab drivers also [naypioNljc sight.eeinis tours for ot., t of-town visitors and [nay pick up anddeli vcr packages, In small coreipanies,dri vors often are responsible forkeeping their cabs clean.

By lave drivers have to keep re

&eels of such basic facts as the teatime, rid place passengers werepicked tip and their destitution, Limeof arrival, and fare Know ing -where adriver .was du ring the day Se ive5clarity pOtposes including pronee tingthe kliiv et from rri ista ken identifica-nye iu c ass of a customer complaint

PI aeon of Employ merit

In 19 76, about 94,000 taxicabdrivers xTeorked full time in the taxi-

cab industry, Althicugh taxicab driv-en are.employed ill all but the srcal I-e st cities, colt) loyment i s

concentrated in large-raetropolitainareas. Abort ace-fifth of All full -time

, taxi drivers work [Yew York City.

Tralnling. Other Ou Com,and Afire ncem want

Taxi drivers usually rn ust have a,State-issued chauffeur 's license and aspecial taxicab operator's license is-sued by the local police, safety departmen t, or Public Utilities Corrr-rn ission. RealUllrements for a tax icaboperator license vary from city tocity, but applicants generally must bein good health, have a good drivingrecord, and not have been co nvictedof a serious cline

In must large coning uti itics applecants for a taxi driver's licen2k, trustpass va written ex-airninatK,n f.,n taxicab and if affle; regul¢tiuras Il he ex

arninatinn usually includes quesors the geography of the coin rnursitysuch as the location of importantstreets amd buildings. and questionsors local taxicab re gulatio las Flicsemay include regulations con....errsing,lost articles, the nomber of passelge IS Gallo ViCsi In the 13141...

and delivery of pa, Osage, Fin.1 coloiligor meter rules

since the pi 6 (CA totas icah, lit ellse n19I .Me I Pi

plicate& apvlicants are advised tofirs[ visit cab c-;oin pan tc.N for

they wouiJ like to ....kw Ix No,piflrli$ Will a Aplkon vrtia t in r cgAri,e1 IIIorder to go. a license aunt hovw to goabout getting one S4-1111.! W

help kipplicarits prepare tc, Langina Con

Although thv. a. ...A. AA.

education re.quire,aerh.....parties prefer applicants hive etleast an eighth -grade eciae4tioplicants also must able to ritelegibly i ti order o ..tinnpiei,tint theforms drivers are leir.iutr ed to FMBecause of au torn obi leregulations, a large nu ott,er f taxicab companies hire on ly 21,p1Lasitt,who are at least 2I, And in saneCases. 25 years old In sortie

however. companies m ay hire applicants i.vho are only 18.

People interested in a job as a

tax icab d river should enjoy diiv i lig

and wee meeting people. -Tact aridcourtesy are important. A. relaxedpersonality also is ,spo asset, sincedrivers deal 1.Nith heavy city trafficmost of the clay. To be successful,drivers also need to be capab le ofmotivating themselves, sin ce the irearning_s depend directly on the itability and hard worlc.

( ipportu Qs for advancementare lire heel by'the small number ofsupervisory pe)Siti (MS _ Prom' otion t othe job of dispatcher Is often the on 1 ypossibility. Some drivers, how eve r,[have become roal.d supervisors. ga-rage s awe rin ten dents, or claim sagents A few develop ad MirsiStrativskills and advance to managerial po-silitns an die company To increasetheir income, many drivers 'lily an el

4---,Pe gate tlitr oven cabs.

mpaloymeo-nt iutlootlt

1,p,, Itur Imes 101 11-1p,loyrrteit t

Should bee see Ilci s t th lough the Oda91s (sr, A I thksy ugh. c in pluyroen f

Lit vets s. c.rLfieted to dedoe ti igh turriover of employed

.rivets 3hoelld create nasty i.obs.IA any taxicab drivers are tenlpuy ern rloyees Some are wo .king to

alik I1Jrtey omit they .heists sc 1.100is the od the job they w ant ,

sr_ ea, in In oney for a zpe!al purpose, s.oeti as a vacation At

ter a period lkS "mon thewhy Ill y r th,;. 44 Ali VC'S. I.avc ob

t &lined other jobs paid their billsLimy 4,1( AN., .122 r. utt, therea lc y 4i.triv lag tol..,4 air

GI..

4.0 A. Oa

pi Iva ir,c

I bees a Ni.r.aged $ 41.1 al'II ,,u, IIIla4 lug tip:N. Cylively vwurking

directl y for a company are paid a

pe rcchlage sually between 40 an5O percentof their fa res for theday. These drivers also rriay be guar-anecl a certain minimum incorne iffares are low one day. inftyrrn *Moanfrom several uniom contracts indicat-ed that these guarantees ranged fromSI 10 $113.5© allay in 1976. Othetaxi drive rs rent their cabs from acorripa ny by the day for a set fee andkeep any receipts above the cab rent-al and !gasoline expenses. In addition.,drivers frequently receive tips rang -ing from 1 ti to 20 percent of the fare .

Many full -time dyivers start workbevwee n 6 a.m. and 8 arn _ to beava ilab le for passengers going towork, and quit after the event ng rushof passengers returning hone ljur-ing the day the y may rest for severalhours. Other drivers work nights,starling between 3 p_rtn, andand sortie worlk n,Saturday-s, Safi --day, arid mho ays

Taxi drivers in Elan y of the largecities belong to labor tl tilos-Is, part icu-laity those driv ers who work for thelarge taxicab companies. Most driv-ers are members of the internationaltiro the (hood of rearriste rs, hauf-two, Warehousernen and Helpers ofAmerica Cthe r unions to which cabdrivers belong include the Seafarers'line ma akin al ti nio in of North Artier-lea and the Brotherhood of kailiwayAi, hive a rid Ste alt. ship (`lerks..freight Handlers Express and Station

cloy ccs

AJCSItl......asticon

0 111101 gnat& ell ot, op=

, t Ul.l t let in Lb is Field CLintact localr.,t) eoiripanies Jr the local office ofthe Nate employment sery ice

uPGCUP"-1110111S IN THETRUCKING I NDUSTRY

.n,14 itadub try m

q t I., ii. eel y 1 .2 bill tuntl of than the rival rail,

a A r. pipeline t ran sportat ion in-ies corribiried It i s a major em-

ployer of pe TS0 of planninig to at-

II

tent] col tcg, since dear iy perc tintof ito ern plo yees are fre fight handlers,drivers, truck .maintenance person-nel, or cle rical w orkersoccu va-ion*. w hic h only require a high

p.chcol e ducatiori.

19

Nature and Lac Ion of thelade

The trucking dustry is made upof companies sell transportationand storage vices. Although manytrucking co antes serve only a sin-gle citsuburbs. and otherscarry gds only between distantcities, /nest large trucking firms pro=vide/both types of service. Somefir -6perate one type of truck andshe alize in one type of product. For

,eaample, they may carry steel rodsat trailers or grain in open top

vans_ In addition, trucking compa-nies may operate as either contractor common carriers Contract carri-ers haul commodities of one or a towshippers exclusively, common cant-

services toers offer transportationbusinesses in general

Trucking companiessize 'Almost half of the industry 'sworkers are employed by less than 10percent of the companies But a largeproportion of companies arc smallparticularly those which serve a sin-gle city Many ,umpaillea aic owireroperated, and the owner d.,cs thedrivrog

frock ,..#I.. cities dud towns um all sires g c

distributed !MAUI the sank ys (ticNation's population

Occupations in IAA, 111J,, Alm

I..., 11141.. by Aid, eouirJobs, hicluding thou n20,000truck.1,rvers Oth., large 1,1a.coccupations are iL aleria. handlers:mechanics, washers and lubricators,and supervisors Most white collar

16

employees are clerical workers, suchas secretaries and rate clerks, andadministrative personnel, such as ter;urinal ravagers and accountants.

The duties and training require-ments of some of these occupationsare described briefly in the followingsections,

Truckdriving Occupations More thanhalf of the industry's employees aredrivers. Long- distance iPiickdrivers(D.O.T. 904.883) spend nearly alltheir working Wars driving largetrucks or'tractor trailers between ter-minals. Some drivers load and unloadtheir trucks, but the usual practice isto have other employees do thiswork Local truckdrivers

11ts3) operate trucks over shortdistances, usually within one city andits suburbs. They pick up goods from,and deliver goods to, trucking termi-nals businesses and homes in thearea

A toot I ulA I ofevery Li ot the industry's employees isa ....1G11-.1.1 wotkci Many have generalclerical jobs, such as secretary orclerk typist, which are Lonlinon to allindustries Others have specializedtubs Po. example dispatchers(1.-)( I 91./168) co.,,Jinate the

and mini

.a. Li ucks and freight intoof teaninals, make up loads

for specific destinations; assign driv.eis and de,eIop delivery schedules,handle Lustorners' requests for pick-up of rreight. and provide inforrnatioa un deliv,ries (-hams adjusters(I) IA I 241 368 ) handle lairs forfreight list tin daNaged daring trap-an Alaarfe_u clerks (D 0 222 488 )prepare forms that list details offreight shipments PIA ri.f,,rder clerks(D C T 223 387) supply mechanics

.

Tha trucking industry employed abut 1.2 million worrkore In 1976.

Rota clerk calculates the cost for hippingeach kern.

with replacement parts for trucks,they also take care of most of theclerical duties needed to maintain atruck repair shop.

Administrative and Related Occupa.lions More than I out of 15 employ-ees is an administratdr. Top execu-tives manage companies and makepolicy decisions. Middle managerssupervise the operation of individualdepartments, terminals, or warehous-es_ A small number of accountantsand lawyers are employed by thesecompanies. The industry also em-ploys sales representatives to solicitfreight business.

AhAic

About I oot of 12 einooyees movesfreight law and out of trucks andwarehouses Much of this vioik isdone by rm.ierial handlers (D r.929.887) who work in groups ofthree of four under the direction of adock supervisor or gang leader_ Ma-terial handlers load and unloadfreight with the aid of handtrucks,conveyors, and other devices_ Heavyitems are moved by power truck op-erators (D,O,T, 922183) and craneoperators (D.O.T. 921.280). Gangleaders determine the order in whichitems will be- loaded, so that the car-go is balanced and items to be un-loaded first are near the truck 's,door.Truckdrivers' helpers (D.O.T.905.887) travel with drivers to un-

=,( 4444 time It opftlit If4 p.o

ti .11).4 3

&bun, . oattakes ,are an il.c till. ALA ri (D.0 6,0 )

trucks aid trailer,. iii to)so_l r,. Ii ItllgAuch tii.ie ,S 3k.I.t I.. pit,

taSlail.0 II. AiiitClianCe ILO aaaaiA.0 batk.

(..pCiail..11 ,LICk_1(. v e. , 411.1 .0414

age to pats,tN and tv. ech.,c Licakdowns When brerakd-wris occur

olkei deter nilliC tilt= ,ataNa.

and -lake tl.. ac,..eaaal, a pansca, k frit, haft r help, r t)

620 8b1) tald ripp.entu,Z5periencco rtit,;hanics in r

and repair work Tru k i.

and tv-`4.1.5he, r (D tI T 9 i5 5 211 and

c.aws (1141161*a

, tiny! I. .1, .

1[ tit 4,5 5 = 51511114C Ilk 4 ,a11,4 41()

(44sje'

I 1.1 4tre Ulha, U. -afarono Advancement

.a. L li.. cull.,,taL 4..ad4). .re hired (1, the U14

III, I I.a.t r as 'rricAtcgirri t andleiahtipC13 lot

and v tshcls Nu tormal trainingcd lot n CbC lobs. but many em-

ploycis 1..40.Z1 high school graduatesA ppli,,,..raa (M. st be in good physicalcondition undel the b,,ido,,r,c of caperien,ed

sawci whileing thee jab, this usual)), takes nomo. c tha,1 to weeks As vaIttoi, tea.it_.. ettivdilLc to Intit

skilled blue-collar,frihs, such as pow-er truck operatof and truckcIriver.The ability to do the job and lengthof service with the firm are the pri-mary qualickations for promotion_Material IvSndlerS who demonstratesupervisory ability can become gangleaders or dock sup_ ervisors.

Qualifications for truckdrivingjobs vary and depend on individualemployers, the type of truck, andother factors. In most States, driversmust have a chauffeur's license,which is a commercial driving permitobtained front State motor vehicledepartments. The U.S , Departmentof Transportation csta lishes mini-mum qualifications for - fivers whotransport goods betwe i StatesThey must be at least 21 yeas old, beable-bodied, have good heal ng, andhave at least 20/40 vision ith orwithout- glasses However Ananyfirms will not hire iong distance driv-ers under 25 yea's of age Dilveraalso MUSE be able to tea f, speak, andwrite English well enough to cornplete required repurts Drivers musthave good driving records,

People intclested iii ploressmitaldriving should take the driver [SAWing courses offered bl many highschools A cruise iii 4.(utomotiv,chariics also is helpful Private it. .cdriving kraniing bk..h4.1013 aocittiCiopportunity to prepare fur 4 drivingjob, 1-1W4.4-14CI Completion willC914* tiAt tineft n.)1 ashore egoploysileatas a dove!

Most nu. .. ,1 I.Rills litiorialkaalay OKI the Jill a3 rl ipcia

tt.4 chp.c..113..t.14 I(s.b OACIaLuaipletc tutinai appletitiLeahip pi ograms dist geterally last 4 yenic andindot.14 on the job tiairie.g and iclat

clasalooni instracnon I.Jrisktiledwc.ilt.C13 Such as Inttn °is 31111

wa3lterS, rrcquetttly ine woman...A toJobs as helpers a.id apprenticesFlowevei, many tirms will hire inexperiem-ed people especially thosewho have vont pleted cOurses iiI automotive tucchanios 1.)r helper Ili apptenticct jobs

Cornpietiou , 4b011k high SLI-1041-41 ol in a pl ivctte nusitlessschool i# usually adquate for entryInto clerical ni.up.A1.10113such, as secretary or typist Additional ot. the=jop training is needed forspecialized clericaj,ciccupations suchas ChliniS

Cienerally, no specialized educa-tion is needed for dispatcher jobs.Openings are tilled by truckdrivers,clalms,acljusters, or other workerswho know their company 's opera=[ions anti are familiar with State andfederal driving regulations. Candi=dates may irhprove their qualifica-hons by taking college or technicalschool courses in transportation

A9ministrative and sales positionsfreqtently are filled by collegegraduates who have niajored in bumness administration, marke wigs a,counting, industrial relations, littran-sportat Ion Some companieshave management training programsfor ((liege graduates in which train

t:rk for brief perk. 1w in val ionsdepartments to get a broad underiifilnding lit tftiLkillig lati"us betore they :tic ssigned to ...A poi tiv lot

,kdkki,I aa.10.Atcr.

may be preatot- adreirlisti ariseand sales positions

gn pkiy in tin AI A.111... %

teardoyrnetittip 1,`N xptted to grk,,N

the ZIVCI#Alsc lot ail 111,IsiSt ice

"" the nod I 9iso'tit the large j .tywc.01116A

d ) ctt.plC iri1ic..t si -.tittIrba usalnu.1 II, will a.iirc A ><ni -ii

11A-0,1 )4

to intlzi fields The ritiii.1,a4 It Jobsvul} t ti £4,1

because the a111.i1r11t or lieigtit t

I s

ates with ups and downs in the econ-omy.

Trucks carry virtually all freightfor local distributiorLand a great dealof freight between distant cities. Asthe volume of freight increases witfithe Nation's economic growth, em-ployment in the trucking industrywill rise. More employees also will beneeded to serve the many factories,warehouses, stores, and homes beingbuilt where railroad transportation isnot available

FniployrrieFL v..111 Ilut In w,1

1,ast as the demand for it ticking services Because technological develop-merits will increase output Fitt worker For example, more efficientfreight-handling methods such asconveyors and draglines to movefreight ill and eut of ref rentals aridwarehouses will inoiease the effi

kit luatctia.l handle' targettrucks as iTli, re effluleht packa5106 t.._trltlitues w Ilk allowtint l d, I k t. 1 t. att Ldigta

PtFa

t.lirgii end WV v...1..9Conditloss

y

t.t. k 10g industry ay. r agt,ic..nivalcd $4 211

I 1,.,4 (I., outitcl wAttz oil all

m1.6.

it 1,..kuigpaid dre,

400..00 y 1111,1g

a1 relatively high in thebe. Aube mistily

rS represent a large Fropor

ti,a 1,./11 ,/ e5tltin the trucking iiiciusty althcisgh kreclines iniy occurdidirty econorhic, dovva louts

I 'at-1 b ,

ttr "..46{)

tion of employment; manrlong-dis-lance drivers earn more than $300 aweek,

post employees are paid an hourlyrite or a weekly or monthly salary.However, truckdrivers on the longerruns generally are paid on a mileagebasis while driving. For all -otherworktirne, they are paid an hourlyrate

Working conditions val.), greatlyamong occupations in the industry.While maneuvering large trucks infast moving traffic can cause tension.More comfortable seating. powersteering, and air-conditioned cabshave reduced physical strain, Long-distance drivers frequently work atnight and may spend time away fromhome; local drivers usually work dur-ing the cid), Mater l handlers andtiuckdrivers' helpeCehave strenuouslobs. although convecirw-Systerns andother freight handling equipmenthave reduced some of the heavierlifting, making the work easier andsafer ['ruck mechanics and othermaintenance personnel may have towork in awkward or cramped posi-(Ions while servicing vehicles, andfrequently get dirty because or 'thegrease and oil en the trucks In addi-tion ilik1311111anitCilati,;C Stlisip*cliC hotiii staitirito. and drafty in the winter

niake repairsoutdoors when a truck breaks downtill the luad

Many large a ions user are-)01141 the click and tem,,the

And maliptcdaiiiackie ispcand LaJ wort a vc .brigs nightsandweek,nos

A large nunit.e. r

I. j litryloyees art_ n.ernbcis if the044 fierhood of ream

stets curs. Wisrelrouseinenand h ens of A or,1 it,. (hid)

air A JJth..../.1Infurrhation

ell .

i Ck In the Ii.)cklitt ancistry, write to:ArrAcc1000 fliC002 a N..

Sr Nw WilAiling1.00 O C ;AHDinformation about specific toes

...ay be available fron, the personneldepartments of local trucking com-panies or the local office of yourState employment set vice

1977

dompla

-s an ade- 00in a

eI Ile carer info( (nation contained in the few lit you die

loading WdS taken from the 1978=79 edition of the OccupationalOutlook Handbook. But the Handbook is not the only source

useful career information published by the bureau of Laborlitics The Handbooks companion, the Occupational

Outlook Quarterly, is published four times during the schoolye di to keep subscribers up_ to date on new occupational studies(,oinpieted between editions of the Handbook The Quarterly_also (Alves practical information on training and educationalopoortiiiiiiies salary trends, and new and emerging jobs- =justwhat people need to know to plan careers.

It uu were a sauscriber to recent issues of we occ pdtltrrldluuarter ly you could have learned

two, to write an effective employment tcSUFFrevvr!at toil othployinerit f,,i ,

othcite6wdyb to eari . I

what 6 happening in the field of career educationnuoiii ,,areet possibilities in such fields as journali6h.mid A !Lei y and shorthand lepoi

ter ly Is wr Jaen in hOlitechrik,d1Find 001 why It ties woli so &Nal

If c;...,ctdit,ilLtouai

t, ,

&hi

CITY, SlATE, AND ZIP CODE

10Se0

(Make Checkpayable toSuperintendentof DOCUrilen15)

ueciosii Nu

NIA 1L ORDERFORM TO

superintend ent ofDocuments

GovernmentPrinting Office

Washington. D.C.20402

What to Look For in this R9print

To make the occupational Outlook Handbook easier tcuse, each occupation or industry follows the same outlineSeparate sections describe basic elements, such as work onthe job, education and training needed. and salaries or wagesSome sections will be more useful if you know how to interpretthe information as explained below

T'he TRAINING, OT lEIR QUALIFICATIONS. AND AD-VANCEMENT section indicates the preferred way to enter eachoccupation and alternative way, to obtain training Read thissection carefully because early planning makes many fieldscower to enter Alsoorhe level at which you enter and the speedwith which you advance often depend on your training It youare a student, you mfay want to consider raking those coursesthought useful for the occupations which interest you. '

Besides training, at may need a State license or Lein!'cafe The training sects which occupations generally require these Chef -,,requirements in the State where youplan to work because State reyulations vary

Whether an occupation suits your personality i, cviii,,,important area to explore For sane yOu may have ,o [-flakerespor 'slue oeLisions in a INhly Locni,elitive atrnosoheiu I- oiothers you In id y du only routine tasks ipiiit'r ClOve supervisionTo work successfully in a partwolar jut, yoernay have to do oneor more or Me following

orioriveie .assessdirect and supel,incwork t,tairl all types twork with things ,rrt, ere

Giro iildrivalk irideperqximynot of-,ciplir

an o -I ot d 1,aeldils pe(.

L.N iabujdtur y I do-, isrielp peopiuse ereativtVVUI

Jo phy-41{,...111 t10IU

00_,0% outside if, 011 tyyr, 0(

yo'

aria ablrines soistic, suit-you

The EMEIL

arket is like!expected grovvirate for all occupatio-The follovvin

I

TrazssIC

Decline

k,rttf Cc, ittLierweer. 1976 arid 1

:,11;.=,ttsi

5 o to 24 9-'n,40 to 14 9-4.:39 to -3 9'/,.4 0 r/e or miLiik

Nth85)

Generally lobgrowing at least as fast as tor he economy as -i

But, you_would have to know the number of pelyple /1..,-

peting with you to be sure of your prospects. Unfortunately this

.s,-,-toply information is lacking for most occupations.There are exceptions, however, especially among pro-

fessional occupations. Nearly everyone who earns medicaldegree. for example, becomes a practicing philysician. Whenthe number of people pursuing relevant types of education andtraining and then entering the field can be compared with thedemand, the outlook section indicates the spoply/demand rela-tionship as follows

tm,_ellent

Vc ! y yo(..100d

Demand much greater thansupply

Demand greater than supplyr tavolable_ Rough balance .between

demand and supplywirip n -Likelihood of more supply

than demandSupply greater than demand

Lulr pIilit, i cI few job upeningS should not stop your pursu-a a,c reef that matches your aptitudes and interests. Even

on sverc.rr_ wy ded occupations provide some lobs So dothose in which employment is growing very slowly or declining

Lirowlh in an occupation is not the only source of jobiInys beGause the Humberr of openings frOln turnover can be

.-_,trusianhal rri large occupations In fact, replacement needs areeApected to F reate TO percent of all openings betv.reeh 1976 and

r iriev)iv jot, pi LidpeCt3 rn your area may differ from those intra a whole Your State employment service can fur-

nish local InformationIre EAHNINCib Ser. tails w earning in

k,

pay ilia irruLi is a ridiul question to answer be-, ,se good information is available for only one type of earn-

slips wages and salaries and riot even this for all °coupe-th_els Although 9 out of 10 workers receive this form of income,

di l ea(ii extra rllurrey uy working over tin re rilgrii shifts, or Irryrrli.r- I,edules In surnc, occupations woikers also receivelip on ,A)Inittisstorts Lased On sales bi service: Some factoryWulkei are paid apiece rate an extra payment for each itemthey illaKe

011 workers- the self-employ-includes people In rnany occupations - - physicians, bar-

be -s writers. and farmers for example Earnings forself en loloyed workers evert in the same occupation differwidely because much depends on whether one is just startingOut or nas an established business

Must wage and salary workers lei,eive fringe benefits,1, as paid w'acAtions, holidays, and sick leave_

workers also receive income in goods and services (pay-, in kind) Sales workers in department stores, for example,often receive disceunts on merchandise

Despite difficulties in determining exactly what people earnlire job. the Earnings section does compare occupational

ea, flings by indicarg whether a certain job pays more or lessthan the average for all nonsupervisorsAn private industry, ex-cluding farming.

Each occupation has many pay levels. Beginners almostalways earn less than workers who have been on the job forsome time Earnings also vary by geographic focatiortbut citiesthat offer the highest earnings often are those where living costsare most expensivir*

20