Observing the Universe From the Lens to Multi-wavelength Astronomy.
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Transcript of Observing the Universe From the Lens to Multi-wavelength Astronomy.
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Observing the Universe
From the Lens to Multi-wavelength Astronomy
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Outline
History
Modern Observatories
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Multi-wavelength Astronomy Radio Astronomy Sub-mm, IR Astronomy X-ray Astronomy Gamma-ray Astronomy
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In the beginning...
~500 bc
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Planetary Motion http://www.syz.com/DU/mac/animations/planetarymotion.html
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Post-Renaissance
Developments
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Dutch Lens Maker
Invented the Telescope in 1608
Hans Lippershey (1570-1619)
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Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Italian Mathematician who laid the foundations of modern science and established the Copernican Model of Solar System
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Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
British Mathematician who (amongst many great achievements) invented the reflecting telescope and discovered the spectral nature of light
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The Spectral Nature of Light
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The Development of Astrophysicsand Modern Astronomy
(or build a bigger telescope)
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Sir William Herschel (1738-1822)
18” Reflector
Catalogued the sky by eye
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Earl of Rosse (1800-1867) and the his 72” Leviathan
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Sir William Huggins (1842-1910)
The first astrophysicist
Observed the spectra of Herschel's nebulae
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Photographic Developments
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Modern Astronomy
In the 20th Century all new observatories were built on mountain tops to evade light pollution and
improve the seeing.
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Atmospheric Refractionand Adaptive Optics
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Hubble Space Telescope
2m reflector
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Blackbody Radiation
As the temperature of an object increases its brightness will increase as T4 and its peak wavelength will decrease as T-1.
Therefore, hot things emit shorter wavelength radiation, e.g. X-rays. Whereas cooler things emit longer wavelength radiation e.g. IR.
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Karl Guthe Jansky (1905-1950)Grote Reber (1911-2002)
Radio Astronomy
∝ / D
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Radio Interferometry
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Radio Astronomy Observations
Radio galaxies, and Quasars
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Radar Astronomy
or Active Radio Astronomy
transmit radio waves to nearby planets and asteroids to determine distances and shapes
just like aircraft radar
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X-ray Astronomy
XMM Satellite
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X-ray Astronomy – Observations
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Gamma-ray Astronomy – INTEGRAL Satellite
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x
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Coded Mask
Point-sources
Detector
1 2
Shadowgramof ps 1
Shadowgramof ps 2
Gamma-ray Astronomy – Coded Mask Imaging
Cannot focus gamma-rays by reflection, so use coded masks. A pattern of opaque and transparent elements produces a shadowgram. Decode image by moving pattern over shadowgram with image processing software.
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Required to observed the highest energy gamma-rays
Gamma-ray Astronomy – Cerenkov Detectors
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