Observational Research in the Laboratory
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Transcript of Observational Research in the Laboratory
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Observational Research in the Laboratory
• Pros:• Controlled environment• Can control for extraneous variables
(random assignment)
• Cons:• Not realistic
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Outline
• Observational Research in the Laboratory
• 1) Examples of observational lab research• 2) P II: Multiple behavior studies• 3) P III: Single behavior studies
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Observational Research• Steps
• 1) Limit your observations• What do you want to do? What is your hypothesis?
• 2) Figure out how to code your observations• Will you use a videotape, questionnaire, EAR, etc.?
• 3) Collect your data• Just do it!
• 4) Create a coding system• How will you quantify your data?
• 5) Analyze your data• What do the data tell you?
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• During interpersonal interactions how does the behavior of a person affect the behavior of another person?
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Concrete examples
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Abstract examples
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Interpersonal Theory• Leary’s complementarity
– Interpersonal behaviors tend to initiate or invite reciprocal interpersonal behaviors from the “other” person in the interaction
• Act the same on “warmth”– Warmth encourages warmth– Coldness encourages coldness
• Act the opposite on “dominance”– Dominance encourages submission– Submission encourages dominance
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Method
• Participates– 79 males; 79 females
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Tasks
• Each participant interacted in three different situations with an opposite sex stranger
Unstructured Cooperative Competitive
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Coding Behaviors• For each interaction, social behaviors were coded by four different judges
• Example: Dominance behaviors– “Expresses warmth”– “Exhibits social skills”– “Expresses criticism”– “Expresses hostility”
• Example: Warmth behaviors– “Tries to control the interaction”– “Speaks in a loud voice”– “Seeks reassurance”– “Expresses insecurity”
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Results
• Warmth r = .45
• Dominancer = -.39
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Observational Research• Steps
• 1) Limit your observations• I wonder how our behaviors affect the behaviors of our interaction partners
• 2) Figure out how to code your observations• I will videotape these behaviors
• 3) Collect your data• Participants came into a lab
• 4) Create a coding system• I will use the RBQ
• 5) Analyze your data
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Project II – Multiple Behavioral Observations
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Perceiving Others
• Am I:• Extraverted?• Agreeable?• Conscientious?• Open to experience?• Neurotic?
• A drug user?
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Perceiving Others
• Why do you think that?
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ME YOU
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ME YOUTalkative
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ME YOUTalkative
Hand gestures
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ME YOUTalkative
Hand gesturesEnergetic
Assertive
Sociable
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ME YOUTalkative Talkative
Hand gesturesEnergetic
Assertive
Sociable
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ME YOUTalkative Talkative
Hand gestures Hand gestures
Energetic
Energetic
Assertive
Sociable
Smiles
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ME YOUTalkative Talkative
Hand gestures Hand gestures
Energetic
Energetic
Assertive
Sociable
Smiles
Target Perceiver
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YOU
Talkative
Hand gestures
Energetic
Smiles
Perceiver
What behaviors does a person tend to use when judging the personality traits of extraversion?
What behaviors does a person tend to use when judging if a person uses drugs?
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How can we examine this issue?
• 1) Limit your observations• I wonder what behaviors we use to judge if a person does drugs?
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How can we examine this issue?
• 1) Limit your observations• I wonder what behaviors we use to judge if a person does drugs?
• 2) Figure out how to code your observations
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How can we examine this issue?
• 1) Limit your observations• I wonder what behaviors we use to judge if a person does drugs?
• 2) Figure out how to code your observations• I think I will code people acting in an artificial setting and have
people rate their perceptions and the behaviors they see
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How can we examine this issue?
• 1) Limit your observations• I wonder what behaviors we use to judge if a person does drugs?
• 2) Figure out how to code your observations• I think I will code people acting in an artificial setting and have
people rate their perceptions and the behaviors they see
• 3) Collect your data• Just do it!
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RBQ questionnaire
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Procedure
• Groups of two
• Watch five minutes of the videotape
• Each participant was randomly assigned the task of rating the behaviors of three different child characters in the movie– i.e., a total of 6 children are rated for each
group
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Procedure
• Participants coded 64 different social behaviors on a 1 - 5 scale as to the degree they agreed the participant exhibited that behavior
• 1 = disagree strongly to 5 = agree strongly
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Procedure
• After participants coded the behaviors they were asked how strongly they agreed with:
• I think this child might do drugs
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Example
• Zimbardo Prison Study
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Observational Research• Steps
• 1) Limit your observations• I wonder if the situation has a strong influence on how we behave
• 2) Figure out how to code your observations• I will videotape these behaviors
• 3) Collect your data• Participants came into a lab
• 4) Create a coding system• Since the results were so dramatic they were not coded (this is an error)
• 5) Analyze your data• Since the behaviors were not quantified no analyses were possible
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Enter data!
• Two people groups!
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Analyze data
• Excel
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How can we examine this issue?
• 1) Limit your observations• I wonder what behaviors we use to judge if a person does drugs?
• 2) Figure out how to code your observations• I think I will code people acting and have people rate their perceptions and the
behaviors they see
• 3) Collect your data• Just do it!
• 4) Create a coding system• We used the RBQ
• 5) Analyze your data• What do the data tell you?• Tells you the behaviors YOU use to judge children (not the accuracy of those
judgments)
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What behaviors actually are related to drug use in children?
• Study—
• Accuracy of your predictions!
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How many behaviors do you need to code?
• These previous examples coded many behaviors
• Pro:– Very rich data– Good if your not 100% sure what to expect
• Con– Takes a long time– Can sometimes produce confusing results
• Sometimes – if you have a specific question –you might only need to code a single behavior
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Project III – Single behavioral observations
• Relating questionnaires to single behavioral observations in the lab.
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Questionnaire
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Data Sheet
Subject SM Score Acting1234567
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Say
• “I am going out now, I won’t be back all day. If anyone comes by, just tell them I’m not here”
• Happy• Sad• Mad
• How good of an actor is this person?– Rate 1-10 (1= bad actor; 10= great actor)
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Self-Monitoring
• How much do you “monitor” your social setting and alter your behaviors accordingly
• High SM – Monitor every situation– Look for cues how to act, alter behavior
• Low SM– Consistent behavior regardless of situation
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Self-Monitoring
• Related to smoking in youths
• Specifically, youths who think it is normal to smoke and are high SM are 3.5 times more likely to smoke!
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Self-Monitoring• Other findings (just for fun):
• Video tapped group discussion• High SM interview better for jobs• High SM more likely to lie to go on dates• High SM pleasure self more often
Current question: Are high self-monitors better actors?
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Current study
• 1) Limit your observations• I wonder what high SM are better actors?
• 2) Figure out how to code your observations• I think I will code people acting in the class room and have them self-report
their SM
• 3) Collect your data• Just do it!
• 4) Create a coding system• We used a simple one-item code of “acting”
• 5) Analyze the data!
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Excel
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Current study
• 1) Limit your observations• I wonder what high SM are better actors?
• 2) Figure out how to code your observations• I think I will code people acting in the class room and have them self-report their SM
• 3) Collect your data• Just do it!
• 4) Create a coding system• We used a simple one-item code of “acting”
• 5) Analyze your data• What did the data tell us?• Told us if SM was related to acting
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