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McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All


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Computer Hardware

History of computers

Types of computer systems

Hardware components and functions

Computer peripherals

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McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All


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Learning Objectives

1. Understand the history and evolution ofcomputer hardware.

2. Identify the major types and uses of

microcomputer, midrange and mainframecomputer systems.

3. Outline the major technologies and uses ofcomputer peripherals for input, output, and

storage.4. Identify and give example of the components

and functions of a computer system.


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Learning Objectives

5. Identify the computer systems andperipherals you would acquire or recommendfor a business of your choice, and explain the

reasons for your selections.


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Case Study Questions

1. What are some of the benefits that organizationscould realize by connecting all of their employeesby mobile devices?

2. Are the CIOs in the case saying that ROI is notimportant when deploying mobile computingdevices? Explain your position.

3. The case suggests that an increasingly popularmobile device is the BlackBerry. What is it aboutthe BlackBerry that makes it so popular? Checkout the Research in Motion website atwww.rim.net to help with your answer.


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Real World Internet Activity

1. The BlackBerry mobile device, while extremelypopular, is but one of several devices availablefor mobile communications and messaging.Using the Internet See if you can find out who the major competitors

are

What strategies they are using to advance theirproducts into the marketplace? Is it features, price,

brand, or something else? Is BlackBerry really the leader?


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Real World Group Activity

2. One user of wireless, mobile technologiesdescribed in the case is the MassachusettsState Police. Their ability to quickly gain

information about suspicious persons isintended to thwart terrorism. In smallgroups, Can you think of other ways that law enforcement

could use such technologies to fight crime andincrease public safety?

What are some of the potential problems that mayarise with these practices?


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Calculating pre-computer

Counting on fingers and toes

Abacus: manipulating stones or beads to countThe word calculate comes from calculus, the Latin

word for small stoneFirst mechanical adding machineInvented by Blaise Pascal in 1642

Wheels to move counters

Machines in the age of industrializationMechanical loom with cards punched with holes


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Early computing

Charles Babbage and the Analytical Engine19th century

Machine that calculated, stored values in

memory and perform logical comparisonsMechanical rather than electronics

Herman Hollerith and the 1890 censusPunched cards to record census data

Cards read in a tabulating machine

Holleriths company went onto become IBM


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Electronic computers

ENIAC first electronic and digital computer1946

Programmable

5000 calculations per secondUsed vacuum tubes

First generation computer

Drawbacks: size and could only do one programat a time


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Next wave of computing

Second generation, late 1950sTransistors replace the vacuum tubes

200,000 to 250,000 calculations per second

Third generation, mid 1960sIntegrated circuitry, miniaturization

Fourth generation, 1971Further miniaturization of circuits

Multiprogramming and virtual storageFifth generation, 1980sMillions of calculations per second


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Microcomputers

1975, ALTAIR, flicking switches

1977, Commodore and Radio Shack producepersonal computers

1979, Apple computer, the fastest selling PCso far

1982, IBM introduces the PC which changesthe market


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Computer System Categories


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Microcomputer Systems

Personal Computer (PC) microcomputer foruse by an individual

Desktop fit on an office deskLaptop small, portable PC


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Recommended features for PC


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Microcomputer Systems

Workstation a powerful, networked PC forbusiness professionals

Network Server more powerful

microcomputers that coordinatetelecommunications and resource sharing insmall networks


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How corporate buyers choose PCs

Solid performance at a reasonable price

Operating system ready

Connectivity reliable network interface or

wireless capability


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Terminals

Devices that allow access to a network

Dumb terminals keyboard and video monitorwith limited processing

Intelligent terminals modified networked PCsor network computers

Network terminals or computersWindows terminals depend on network servers

for software, processing and storage

Internet terminals depend to the Internet orIntranet for operating systems and software


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Information Appliances

Hand-held microcomputer devices

Personal digital assistants (PDA)BlackBerry

Video-game consolesInternet enabled cellular phones


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Midrange systems

High-end network servers

Minicomputers for scientific research andindustrial process monitoring

Less costly to buy, operate and maintain thanmainframe


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Mainframe Computer Systems

Large, fast powerful computer systems

Large primary storage capacity

High transaction processing

Complex computations

Can be used as superservers for large

companies


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Supercomputer Systems

Extremely powerful systemsScientific, engineering and business

applications at extremely high speeds

Global weather forecasting, military defenseParallel processing with thousands ofmicroprocessorsBillions of operations per second

Millions of dollars

Minisupercomputers costing hundreds ofthousands of dollars


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Computer hardware functions

InputKeyboards, mice, optical scannersConvert data into electronic form

ProcessingCentral Processing Unit (CPU)Arithmetic-logic unit performs the arithmetic

functionsControl unit

OutputVideo display units, printers, etc.Convert electronic information into human-

intelligible form


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Computer hardware functions

StoragePrimary Storage Unit or memory

Secondary Storage

Magnetic disks and Optical disksControlControl unit of the CPU

Controls the other components of the computer


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Computer Processing Speeds

Millisecond thousandth of a second

Microsecond millionth of a second

Nanosecond billionth of a second

Picosecond trillionth of a second


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Computer Processing Speeds

MIPS million instructions per second

Teraflops trillions of floating point operationsper second (Supercomputer)

Clock speed of the computer:Megahertz (MHz) millions of cycles per second

Gigahertz (GHz) billions of cycles per second


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Moores Law


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Case 2: The business value ofcustomer self-service kiosks

Self-service kiosks at airportsNorthwest Airlines say that more than half of

eligible customers choose self-service check-in

Delta says that kiosks shave 5 to 15 minutes offthe time that customers stand in line

Cost savings are massive: Vancouver Airportwould need 145 additional check-in counterswithout the kiosks

Networked special-purpose microcomputerterminals


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Technology of self-service kiosks

Networked special-purpose microcomputerterminalsVideo touch screens

Built-in thermal printersMagnetic-stripe card reader


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1. What computer system technologies andfunctions are included in self-service kiosk? What other technologies should be provided? Why? Visit the Kinetics USA website for more details.

1. What is the customer value of self-servicekiosks for airline check-ins? What other services should be provided? Take the demo tour of the Delta check-in kiosk

at www.delta.com/travel/trav_serv/kiosk to helpyou answer.


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3. What is the business value of self-servicekiosks in the airline industry? Do self-service kiosks give airlines a

competitive advantage?

Why or why not?


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1. Self-service kiosks are certainly helping theairline industry. Using the Internet See if you can find other industries that are

benefiting from the use of kiosks.


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2. Given the plans to deploy kiosks into areassuch as parking lots and hotel lobbies, whatdo you see as the next step in kiosk use? Insmall groups, Discuss the future of self-service kiosks.

Do you think there are downsides to their use?


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Peripherals

Peripheral is generic name for all input, output, andsecondary storage devices that are part of thecomputer system but are not part of the CPU

Online devices

Separate from CPUBut electronically connected to and controlled by CPU

Offline devices

Separate from and not under control of the CPU

Peripherals are online devices


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Peripheral Checklist


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Input technologies

Keyboard: most widely-used

Graphical user interface (GUI)Icons, menus, windows, buttons, bars

Used for selection


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Pointing Devices

Electronic Mouse

Trackball Stationary device like a mouse Roller ball used to move cursor on screen.

Pointing Stick Small eraser head-like devicein keypadMoves cursor in direction of pressure placed on

stick.


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Pointing Devices

Touchpad Small rectangular touch-sensitivesurfaceMoves the cursor in the direction of finger moves

on the pad

Touch Screen use computer by touchingscreenVideo display screen that emits a grid of infrared

beams, sound waves, or a slight electric currentGrid is broken when the screen is touched.


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Pen-based Computing

Used in Tablet PCs and PDAs

Pressure-sensitive layer like touch screenunder liquid crystal display screen

Have software that digitizes handwriting, handprinting, and hand drawing


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Speech Recognition Systems

Discrete: pause between each wordContinuous: conversationally-paced speech

System compares your speech patterns tolibrary of sound patternsTraining: to recognize your voice patterns

Speaker independent system: understand voice

never heard beforeUsed in voice-messaging computers


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Optical Scanning

Read text or graphics and convert them intodigital input

Desktop or flatbed scanners

Optical Character Recognition (OCR):Read characters and codes

Used to read merchandise tags, sort mail, scoretests

Optical scanning wandsRead bar codes such as the Universal Product

Code (UPC)


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Other Input Technologies

Magnetic stripeRead magnetic stripe on credit cards

Smart cards

Microprocessor chip and memory on credit cardUsed more often in Europe than in US

Digital cameras

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)Identification numbers of bank and account

printed in magnetic ink on bottom of check

h l i


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Output Technologies

Video displaysCathode ray tube (CRT) like a televisionMost desktop PC screens

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)

Laptop and PDAs, some PCsPrinted OutputInkjet printerSpray ink on page

Laser printerElectrostatic process like photocopying machine

Voice response systems

S d ff


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Storage tradeoffs

C S d l


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Computer Storage Fundamentals

Binary representationData are processed and stored in computer

system through the presence or absence ofsignals

Either ON or OFF

ON = number 1

OFF = number 0

Bit d B t


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Bit and Byte

Bit (short for binary digit)Smallest element of data

Either zero or one

ByteGroup of eight bits which operate as a single unit

Represents one character or number

R ti h t i b t


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Representing characters in bytes

Computers use binary system to


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Computers use binary system tocalculate

M i t iti


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Measuring storage capacities

Kilobyte (KB): one thousand bytesMegabyte (MB): one million bytes

Gigabyte (GB): one billion bytes

Terabyte (TB): one trillion bytesPetabyte (PB): one quadrillion bytes

Direct and Sequential Access


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Direct and Sequential Access

Direct Access or Random AccessDirectly store and retrieve data

Each storage position has unique address and can beaccessed in same length of time

Semiconductor memory chips, magnetic disksSequential AccessData is stored and retrieved in a sequential process

Must be accessed in sequence by searching through

prior dataMagnetic tape

Direct and sequential access


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Direct and sequential access

Semiconductor memory


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Semiconductor memory

Microelectronic semiconductor memory chipsUsed for primary storage

Advantage:

Small sizeFast

Shock and temperature resistance

Disadvantage:Volatility: must have uninterrupted electric

power or lose memory

Two types of semiconductor


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ypmemory

RAM: random access memoryMost widely used primary storage medium

Volatile memory

Read/write memoryROM: read only memoryPermanent storage

Can be read but cannot be overwritten

Frequently used programs burnt into chipsduring manufacturing

Called firmware

Flash drive


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Flash drive

New type of permanentstorage

Uses semiconductormemory

Small chip with thousandsof transistors

Easily transported

Also called jump drives,USB flash drives

Source: Courtesy of Lexar Media.

Magnetic Disks


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Magnetic Disks

Used for secondary storageFast access and high storage capacity

Source: Quantum. Source: Corbis.

Types of magnetic disks


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Types of magnetic disks

Floppy disksMagnetic disk inside a plastic jacket

Hard disk drives

Magnetic disk, access arms, and read/writeheads in sealed module

RAID (Redundant arrays of independent disks)Disk arrays of interconnected hard disk drives

Fault tolerant with multiple copies on severaldisks

Magnetic Tape


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Magnetic Tape

Secondary storageTape reels and cartridges

Used in robotic automated drive assemblies

Archival storage and backup storage

Optical Disks


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Optical Disks

Uses of optical disks


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Uses of optical disks

Image processingLong term storage of historical files of images

Scan documents and store on optical disks

Publishing medium for fast access to referencematerialsCatalogs, directories, etc.

Interactive multimedia applications

Video games, educational videos, etc.

Radio Frequency Identification


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Radio Frequency Identification

RFIDTag and identify mobile objectsE.g., store merchandise, postal packages, pets

Use RFID chips to transmit and receive radiosignals

Chips half the size of a grain of sand

Passive chips:

do not have power source and derive power fromsignal in reader

Active chips:Self-powered

RFID versus bar codes


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RFID versus bar codes

RFIDScan from greater distance

Can store data

Allows more information to be tracked

Privacy concerns due to invisible nature

Case 3: Advances in SpeechR i i S f


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Recognition Software

Computerized speech has become smarter,easier to use and more integrated with otherapplications

Interactive Voice Response (IVR)

Early IVR systems are menu-driven

Advanced are more conversationalConnected to other systems



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1. What are the business benefits andlimitations of IVR at Verizon and others? Howcould their use of IVR be improved?

2. What types of business situations wouldbenefit most from IVR technology? Whichones would benefit least?

3. Given the advancements in voice recognition

software over the last 20 years, what typesof new applications for IVR do you see in thenext 20 years? Give examples.



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1. IVR is advancing rapidly in terms of its abilityto simulate natural language conversationsand accept common phrases. Using theInternet Research the state of the art in speech

recognition.

One good place to start is www.scansoft.com.



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2. Simply simulating natural conversations isbut one capability of speech softwareapplications. Text-to-speech, voiceverification, and speech-to-text are a few

others. In small groups, Brainstorm how speech recognition systems can be

used in innovative and useful ways.

Do you think we will eventually eliminate the need

for humans in common telephone interactions? Is this good or bad?

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