OBJECTIVES OF FOREST ENTOMOLOGY At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Appreciate...
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Transcript of OBJECTIVES OF FOREST ENTOMOLOGY At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Appreciate...
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OBJECTIVES OF FOREST ENTOMOLOGY
At the end of this section students should be able to:
1) Appreciate the damage caused by forest insects.2) Understand the multifaceted role of forest entomology and some of
the factors involved in protection of forests and urban trees and the role of insects in the ecosystem.
3) Describe the development of forest entomology in Europe and North America.
4) Describe the contributions of the pioneers of forest entomology.5) Identify the major trends of the profession.6) Know some of the major sources of information on forest insects.7) Discuss the scientific contributions and current research of the U.S.
Forest Service.8) Outline the current role of forest entomology in private and public
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Definition of Forest Entomology
The study of the Interrelationships of insects and trees
Includes damaging and beneficial species
Does not include all insects in the forest
Only those that affect health and use of trees
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Influence of Germans
J. C. Schaffer - Early studies of Gypsy Moth
J.T.C. Ratzeburg – Father of Forest Entomology
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J.T.C. Ratzeburg
The study of forest insects which have an influence on the thriving and the utility of those wood plants with which the forester is concerned
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Forest Entomology in U.S. and CanadaA. D. Hopkins - Considered Father of U.S. Forest Entomology: Bark Beetle Specialist
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F.C. Craighead (left) and J.A. Beal - 1926
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F.P. Keen
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W. G. Wellington
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Why Insects are Important in the Forests
Their activities result in damage
In 1950, Craighead estimated annual losses to be:
Bark beetles -----------------------$20 millionDefoliators -------------------------$20 millionForest Product pests --------------$60 millionShade and ornamental pests ----$100 million
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Agents of Forest Destruction and proportion of growth loss in saw timber – Hepting & Jemison 1958
0 10 20 30 40 50
Diseases
Insects
Fire
Weather
Animals
Other
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Historical Aspects
Development of forest entomology
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Forest Entomology
Taxonomic/natural history phase
Divergent phase
Population Dynamics
“Divergent” theories of population changesDensity Independent factorsDensity Dependent factors
Ecosystem analysis phase : Interrelationships of all environmental factors – Ecological webs, food chains, weather, etc
Predictive Modeling Phase
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Economic Impact of Forest Insects
• Mortality – reduce growing stock
• Delay stocking levels – Reproduction– Seeds, cones, seedlings
• Reduce radial/axial growth– Defoliation of leaves/killing of buds
• Deterioration– Loss of product value
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Southern Pine Beetle Spot
Insects Cause Damage: To trees
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The Camphor Ambrosia Beetle:The Camphor Ambrosia Beetle: Xylosandrus mutilatusXylosandrus mutilatus
First found in Mississippi by Doug Stone and Evan Nebeker in 2002First found in Mississippi by Doug Stone and Evan Nebeker in 2002Found in Alabama in 2004 attacking living oak trees.Found in Alabama in 2004 attacking living oak trees.
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Southern PineConeworm
Insects Cause Damage:To Seeds and Cones
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Damage of Southern Pine Coneworm
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Shield-backed Pine Seed bug
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Insects Cause Damage:To seedlings
White Grub Adult
White Grub Larva
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Pales Weevil and Damage on Pine Seedling
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Insects Cause Damage: To Wood Products
Termites Damage Wooden Structures
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Carpenter Ant & Damage
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Southern Pine Beetle andBlue Stain Fungus
Insects also Spread Disease
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Dutch Elm Disease – vectored by Bark Beetles
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Oak wilt causes tree mortality spread by Picnic Beetles
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Beech Bark Disease is caused by a scale insect & fungus
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Insects are Important in the Forest
Beneficial:
As plant pollinators in the forestAs natural enemies of pest insects
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Hover Flies Pollinate Many Flowers
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Preying Mantid feeding on a katydid
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Larva of Lady beetle feeding on aphids
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Insects also provide fodder for Gary Larson and his cartoon humor
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Important Insect Groups in the Forest
Lepidoptera : The butterflies & Moths
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Eastern tent caterpillar & tent
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Eastern Tent Caterpillar Larva
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Eastern Tent Caterpillar Adult
Egg Mass
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Coleoptera: The Beetles
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Asian Longhorned Beetle
Anoplophora glabripennis
Family Cerambycidae
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Hymenoptera: Bees, Wasps, Ants & Sawflies
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Pine Sawfly Ovipositing
Carpenter Bee
Carpenter Ant
Yellow Jacket Wasp
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Homoptera-Hemiptera: Aphids, Adelgids, leafhoppers, & true bugs.
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True bugs
Leafhoppers
Aphids
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Orthoptera: Grasshoppers, Katydids, & Walking Sticks
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Katydid
Grasshopper
Walking Stick
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Diptera: Flies and Mosquitoes
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Diptra: Cone gall midge and damage
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Isoptera: Termites
Termite Reproductives swarming
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Termite soldier and workers
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Insects Cause Damage Many Ways:
FeedingNest BuildingOviposition
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Tree Mortality caused by feeding of Adelgids
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Nest buildingdamage bycarpenter ants
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Oviposition damage causedby 13-YearCicada
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Twig Mortality caused by 13-YearCicada
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Approaches to Insect Control
Natural Control Factors
Weather
Natural Enemies
Cultural Control
ResistanceStand ManagementChemical Control
Mechanical Control
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Aphid lion (lacewing larva) and victim
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Longleaf Pine is resistant to many insect enemies includingSouthern Pine Bark Beetles
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Intermediate thinnings promote rapid growth and vigor and reduces stand susceptibility to southern pine beetle.
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Insecticide Application in Seed Orchard
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Spraying southern pine beetle infested logs
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Use of pheromone“Repellent” verbenone to prevent bark beetleattacks
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Mechanical removalof gypsy moth eggmasses
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Removal of Ips and pine beetle killed trees
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Buffer zone stops/slows southern pine beetle advance
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Forest Entomology – Applied Ecology
• Detection
• Identification
• Forecast – what will happen?
• Assessment – risk to forest
• Analysis of outbreak
• Recommendations/Management
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Questions for Introduction to Forest Entomology:
1) Why did damage caused by forest insects in North America prompt development of forest entomology as an important discipline within silviculture?2) Describe the evolution of forest entomology in Europe and later in North America.3) What are the basic reasons insects are important in the forests?4) In what ways do insects cause damage to forest trees?5) What are the most important insect groups in the forests?6) How does natural control differ from cultural control?7) Why is chemical control not used more often to control forest pests?8) Why will the future use of pesticides likely decline in the control of forests pests?9) Describe how forest pest management will change in the future. What key biological or mathematical disciplines will be most important in pest management?