Objectives n Variables
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Transcript of Objectives n Variables
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Objectives andVariables
Ajeya Jha
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Objectives of discussion
To comprehend the nature of objectives To recognize how variables are related to
concept and indicators
To understand different types of variables
To understand different scales of
measurement
To learn how various statistical techniques
are related to nature of variable and scales ofmeasurement.
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Formulation of Objectives
Are goals to attain your study.
Are derived from the problem
statement Important to word them clearly and
specifically.
Are listed in two headings Main Objectives
Sub-objectives
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Main objective is an overall statement
of the thrust of study.
Statement of the main association/relationship to be discovered or
established.
Sub-objectives contain one aspect of
the study
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Wordings of your objectives determine
the type of research design you
undertake.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUR
OBJECTIVES
Objectives should be
Clear
Complete
Specific
Specify the variables
Identify the direction of relationship
Measurable
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Variables
An image, perception or concept that is
capable of taking on different values is
called a variable.
Variables, indicators and concepts: Are
they same?
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Concepts and Variables
Concepts are mental images or
perceptions. E.g. strength, effectiveness
Are subjective
Not measurable
It is important that concepts are
converted to variables.
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Indicators and Variables
Indicators are a set of criteria reflective
of the concept.
Indicators can be converted to
variables
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Types of Variables
As per causal model
Independent Variables
Dependent Variables
Intervening variables
Extraneous variables
Extraneous variables are other
variables affecting DV
Intervening variables intervene in the
relationship between IV and DV.
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INDEPENDENT VARIABLESIN FACTORIAL DESIGNS
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Kinds of Variables
Independent Variable something
that is changed by the scientist
What is tested What is manipulated
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Kinds of Variables
Dependent Variable something
that might be affected by the
change in the independent variable What is observed
What is measured
The data collected during theinvestigation
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Students of different ages weregiven the same jigsaw puzzle
to put together. They were
timed to see how long it took to
finish the puzzle.
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Identify the variables in this
investigation.
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What was the independent
variable?
Ages of the students
Different ages were tested by
the scientist
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What was the dependent
variable?
The time it to put the puzzle
together
The time was observed and
measured by the scientist
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What was a controlled variable?
Same puzzle
All of the participants were
tested with the same puzzle.It would not have been a fair
test if some had an easy 30
piece puzzle and some had aharder 500 piece puzzle.
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An investigation was done with anelectromagnetic system made from a
battery and wire wrapped around a
nail. Different sizes of nails wereused. The number of paper clips the
electromagnet could pick up was
measured.
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What are the variables in this
investigation?
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Independent variable:
Sizes of nails
These were changed by the
scientist
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Dependent variable:
Number of paper clips
picked up
The number of paper clips
observed and counted
(measured)
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Controlled variables:
Battery, wire, type of nail None of these items were changed
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The higher the temperature
of water, the faster an eggwill boil.
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Independent variable
temperature of water
Dependent variable time to cookan egg
Controlled variable type of egg
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The temperature of water
was measured at different
depths of a pond.
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Independent variable depth of
the water
Dependent variable temperature Controlled variable
thermometer
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The greater the amount of soap in
a soap and water mixture, the
bigger a soap bubble can beblown.
Design an investigation to test thishypothesis.
Identify the variables
What exactly will be changed? Howwill it be changed?
What exactly will be measured?How will it be measured?
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The farther a ball drops, the
higher it will bounce
Design an investigation to test
this hypothesis.
Identify the variablesWhat exactly will be changed?
How will it be changed?
What exactly will be measured?How will it be measured?
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What Makes for Good Variables? Answer
Is the independent variablemeasurable?
Yes / No
Can you change the independentvariable during the experiment?
Yes / No
Have you identified all relevantdependent variables, and are they all
caused by and dependent on theindependent variable?
Yes / No
Are all dependent variable(s)measurable?
Yes / No
Have you identified all relevantcontrolled variables?
Yes / No
Can all controlled variables be held at a
steady value during the experiment?Yes / No
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As per study design
Active variables
Attribute variables
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Unit of Measurements
Quantitative variables
Qualitative variables
OR Continuous variables
Discrete Variables
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Active and Attribute variables
Active Variables that can be
manipulated
E.g. teaching method, communication
Attribute that can not be manipulated
Age, gender, level of education
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Quantitative Vs Qualitative
Quantitative: Mathematical value
Qualitative: No mathematical value
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Continuous Vs Categorical
Continuous: Have continuity in their
measurement.
Categorical: Not continuous I their
measurement.
Constant
Dichotomous
Polytomous
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Scales of Measurement
Nominal scale
Ordinal scale
Interval scale
Ratio scale
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Scales of Measurement
Nominal Scale: When data are labels or
names used to identify the attribute of
an element, the nominal scale is used.
Ordinal Scale: In addition to nominal
level data capacities, ordinal scale can
be used to rank or order objects.
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Scales of Measurement
Interval Scale: In interval level measurement, the
difference between two consecutive numbers is
meaningful.
Ratio Scale: Ratio level measurements possess all theproperties of interval data with meaningful ratio of two
values.
In terms of measurement capacity, nominal, ordinal,interval, and ratio level data are placed in ascending
order.
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A comparison between the four levels of data
measurement in terms of usage potential
Independent variables
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Independent variables
Nominal Ordinal Interval
Nominal
Crosstabs/Chi-square
Chi-square
Discrimin
ant/Logistic/Regression
Ordinal
Nonparametrictests/ordinal
regression
Non-parametriccorelatio
ns
OrdinalRegressio
n
Interval
T-test,Anova
Correlation/Regression
D
E
PE
N
D
E
N
T
V
A
R
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THANKS!
Any questionsPlease?