OBJECTIVES AND INSTRUMENTS OF MACROECONOMIS (THE GOALS OF MACROECONOMIS POLICIES)
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Transcript of OBJECTIVES AND INSTRUMENTS OF MACROECONOMIS (THE GOALS OF MACROECONOMIS POLICIES)
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OBJECTIVES AND INSTRUMENTS OF MACROECONOMIS
(THE GOALS OF MACROECONOMIS POLICIES)
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INTRODUCTION
The birth of macroeconomic (ME)1. Founded by john Maynard Keynes 1930an 2. Central ME question :
a. Why do output and employment sometimes fall, and how can unemployment be reduced;
b. What are the sources of inflation, and how can it be keft under control; and
c. How can a nation increase its rate of economic growth.
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0BJECTIVES AND INSTRUMENT OF MACROECONOMIC
No Objectives of MEP Instrument/Tools
1 Outputs : rapid growth of output Fiscal policy
2 Employment Fical policy/Monetary Policy
3 Price level stability Monetary Policy
4 Exchanges rates stability Monetary Policy
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GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT/GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
GNP/GDP
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MEASURING ECONOMIC ACTIVITY(NATIONAL PRODUCT/INCOME)
GDP• GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
ADALAH TOTALITAS NILAI PASAR DARI PRODUK BARANG BARANG DAN JASA JASA AKHIR YANG DIHASILKAN OLEH SUATU AKTIVITAS PRODUKSI DALAM AKTIVITAS EKONOMI PENDUDUK SUATU NEGARA DALAM SATU PERIODE TERTENTU BIASANYA SATU TAHUN
GNP• GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT
ADALAH TOTALITAS NILAI PASAR DARI PRODUC BARANG BARANG DAN JASA JASA AKHIR YANG DIHASILKAN OLEH SUATU AKTIVITAS PRODUKSI DALAM AKTIVITAS EKONOMI PENDUDUK WARGA NEGARA SUATU NEGARA DALAM SATU PERIODE TERTENTU BIASANYA SATU TAHUN .
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METODE PERHITUNGAN PENDAPATAN NASIONAL
1. PRODUCTION APPROACH DIMANA PERHITUNGAN DIDASARKAN PADA JUMLAH NILAI AKHIR ( FINISH GOODS ) BARANG BARANG DAN JASA JASA YANG DIHASILKAN OLEH MASYARAKAT DALAM SUATU PEREKONOMIAN/NEGARA PADA SUATU PERIODE TERTENTU.
• FINISH GOODS ADALAH NILAI BARANG DAN JASA YANG SIAP DIKONSUMSI DAN TIDAK LAGI DIGUNAKAN DALAM PROSES PRODUKSI BERIKUTNYA.
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PRODUCTION APPOACH
• INTERMEDIATE GOODS MERUPAKAN BARANG YANG MASIH DAPAT MEMILIKI NILAI TAMBAH.
• VALUE ADDED ADALAH SELISIH ANTARA NILAI SUATU BARANG DENGAN BIAYA YANG DIKELUARKAN UNTUK PROSES PRODUKSI TERMASUK RAW MATERIAL YANG DIGUNAKAN
• PENDAPATAN NASIONAL DILAKUKAN DENGAN MENGHITUNG NILAI FINISH GOODS ATAU MENJUMLAHKAN SEMUA VALUE ADDED
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PERHITUNGAN VALUE ADDED DARI SEPOTONG PAKAIAN
TAHAP PRODUKSI OUTPUT FINISH GOODS VALUE ADDED
PETANI KAPAS KAPAS 500 500
PEMINTALAN BENANG 1.000 500
INDUSTRI TEXIL KAIN 2.500 1.500
INDUSTRI GARMEN PAKAIAN JADI 5.000 2.500
5.000
PRODUCTION APPOACH
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PRODUCTION APPROACH
• DALAM APLIKASINYA PERHITUNGAN DENGAN PRODUCTION APPROACH JUGA DAPAT DILAKUKAN DENGAN MENJUMLAHKAN OUTPUT DARI SELURUH SEKTOR LAPANGAN USAHA YANG TERDAPAT DALAM SUATU PEREKONOMIAN.
• DI INDONESIA SEKTOR EKONOMI ( LAPANGAN USAHA ) TERDIRI DARI 9 SEKTOR YANG MELIPUTI:
1. PERTANIAN, PETERNAKAN,KEHUTANAN,PERIKANAN.2. PERTAMBANGAN DAN PENGGALIAN3. INDUSTRI PENGOLAHAN4. LISTRIK DAN GAS DAN AIR BERSIH.5. KONSTRUKSI.6. PERDAGANGAN, HOTEL DAN RESTORAN7. PENGANGKUTAN DAN KOMUNKASI.8. KEUANGAN, REAL ESTATE DAN JASA PERUSAHAAN..9. JASA - JASA
SELENGKAPNYA LIHAT TABEL
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Pendapatan Domestik Bruto Atas Dasar Harga Konstan 2000 Menurut Lapangan Usaha (Miliar Rupiah)
Lapangan Usaha 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008* 2009**
1. Pertanian, Peternakan, Kehutanan dan Perikanan 247,163.6 253,881.7 262,402.8 271,509.3 284,620.7 296,369.3
a. Tanaman Bahan Makanan 122,611.7 125,801.8 129,548.6 133,888.5 142,000.4 148,691.6
b. Tanaman Perkebunan 38,849.3 39,810.9 41,318.0 43,199.2 44,785.5 45,887.1
c. Peternakan 31,672.5 32,346.5 33,430.2 34,220.7 35,425.3 36,743.6
d. Kehutanan 17,433.8 17,176.9 16,686.9 16,548.1 16,543.3 16,793.8
e. Perikanan 36,596.3 38,745.6 41,419.1 43,652.8 45,866.2 48,253.2
2. Pertambangan dan Penggalian 160,100.5 165,222.6 168,031.7 171,278.4 172,442.7 179,974.9
a. Pertambangan Minyak dan Gas Bumi 98,636.3 96,894.6 95,853.1 94,746.6 95,170.3 95,239.2
b. Pertambangan Bukan Migas 46,947.1 52,694.2 55,242.4 58,151.3 57,511.0 63,583.5
c. Penggalian 14,517.1 15,633.8 16,936.2 18,380.5 19,761.4 21,152.2
3. Industri Pengolahan 469,952.4 491,561.4 514,100.3 538,084.6 557,764.4 569,550.8
a.Industri Migas 51,583.9 48,658.8 47,851.2 47,823.0 47,662.7 46,611.2
1). Pengilangan Minyak Bumi 22,322.3 21,207.2 20,806.9 20,780.6 20,972.0 21,073.7
2). Gas Alam Cair (LNG) 29,261.6 27,451.6 27,044.3 27,042.4 26,690.7 25,537.5
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b. Industri Bukan Migas 418,368.5 442,902.6 466,249.1 490,261.6 510,101.7 522,939.6
1). Industri Makanan, Minuman dan Tembakau 118,149.3 121,395.6 130,148.9 136,722.4 139,921.9 155,720.0
2). Industri Tekstil, Barang dari Kulit dan Alas Kaki 53,576.3 54,277.1 54,944.2 52,922.5 50,994.0 51,265.4
3). Industri Kayu dan Produk Lainnya 20,325.5 20,138.5 20,006.2 19,657.6 20,335.8 20,039.2
4). Industri Produk Kertas dan Percetakan 23,384.2 23,944.2 24,444.8 25,861.0 25,477.2 27,074.2
5). Industri Produk Ppuk, Kimia dan Karet 54,513.6 59,293.1 61,947.9 65,470.0 68,389.6 69,421.7
6). Industri Produk Semen dan Penggalian Bukan Logam 15,045.2 15,618.1 15,700.1 16,233.3 15,990.7 15,889.4
7). Industri Logam Dasar Besi dan Baja 8,008.0 7,712.0 8,076.8 8,213.3 8,044.7 7,680.6 8). Industri Peralatan, Mesin dan
PerlengkapanTransportasi 121,683.3 136,744.6 147,063.8 161,375.6 177,178.3 171,961.6
9). Produk Industri Pengolahan Lainnya 3,683.1 3,779.4 3,916.4 3,805.9 3,769.5 3,887.5
4. Listrik, Gas & Air Bersih 10,897.6 11,584.1 12,251.0 13,517.0 14,993.6 17,059.8
a. Listrik 7,468.5 7,967.6 8,474.7 9,122.5 9,729.3 10,406.1
b. Gas 1,639.5 1,745.8 1,838.9 2,393.5 3,188.4 4,496.6
c. Air Bersih 1,789.6 1,870.7 1,937.4 2,001.0 2,075.9 2,157.1
5. Konstruksi 96,334.4 103,598.4 112,233.6 121,808.9 130,951.6 140,184.2 6. Perdagangan, Hotel & Restoran 271,142.2 293,654.0 312,518.7 340,437.1 363,813.5 367,958.8
a. Perdagangan Besar dan Eceran 222,290.0 241,887.1 257,845.0 282,115.8 301,936.6 301,983.5
b. Hotel 11,590.7 12,313.2 12,950.5 13,645.6 14,261.5 14,774.9
c. Restoran 37,261.5 39,453.7 41,723.2 44,675.7 47,615.4 51,200.4
7. Pengangkutan dan Komunikasi 96,896.7 109,261.5 124,808.9 142,326.7 165,905.5 191,674.0
a. Pengangkutan 62,495.7 66,404.7 70,796.0 72,791.1 74,786.9 78,872.9
1). Angkutan Rel 603.3 585.3 623.0 631.0 721.3 672.0
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2). Angkutan Jalan Raya 27,056.6 28,367.1 29,764.2 30,868.2 32,391.4 34,226.5
3). Angkutan Laut 8,142.9 8,855.8 9,497.4 9,278.7 8,809.7 8,589.7
4). Angkutan Sungai, Danau & Penyeberangan 2,254.0 2,342.7 2,431.9 2,512.5 2,631.8 2,763.9
5). Angkutan Udara 9,384.3 10,362.3 11,466.2 12,385.3 13,044.4 14,564.3
6). Jasa Penunjang Angkutan 15,054.6 15,891.5 17,013.3 17,115.4 17,188.3 18,056.5
b. Komunikasi 34,401.0 42,856.8 54,012.9 69,535.6 91,118.6 112,801.1
8. Keuangan, Real Estate & Jasa Perusahaan 151,123.3 161,252.2 170,074.3 183,659.3 198,799.6 208,832.2
a. Bank 68,295.0 71,366.9 72,474.4 78,241.0 84,039.5 86,057.5
b. Lembaga Keuangan Tanpa Bank 12,067.3 13,074.9 14,009.2 15,149.8 16,518.1 17,775.1
c. Jasa Penunjang Keuangan 1,057.8 1,128.3 1,213.5 1,331.0 1,376.3 1,472.7
d. Real Estat 44,111.7 47,714.6 51,755.3 55,819.1 60,775.4 63,957.6
e. Jasa Perusahaan 25,591.5 27,967.5 30,621.9 33,118.4 36,090.3 39,569.3
9. Jasa-jasa 152,906.1 160,799.3 170,705.4 181,706.0 193,024.3 205,371.5
a. Pemerintahan Umum 72,323.6 73,700.1 76,618.4 80,778.2 84,377.9 88,683.2
1). Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pertahanan 46,055.1 46,889.6 48,644.3 51,148.9 53,230.7 55,845.8
2). Jasa Pemerintahan Lainnya 26,268.5 26,810.5 27,974.1 29,629.3 31,147.2 32,837.4
b. Swasta 80,582.5 87,099.2 94,087.0 100,927.8 108,646.4 116,688.3
1). Jasa Sosial Kemasyarakatan 21,082.7 22,604.5 24,178.0 25,777.4 27,601.1 29,621.5
2). Jasa Hiburan dan Rekreasi 6,302.1 6,713.1 7,246.7 7,751.8 8,378.4 9,065.1
3). Jasa Perorangan dan Rumah tangga 53,197.7 57,781.6 62,662.3 67,398.6 72,666.9 78,001.7
Produk Domestik Bruto 1,656,516.8 1,750,815.2 1,847,126.7 1,964,327.3 2,082,315.9 2,176,975.5
Produk Domestik Bruto Tanpa Migas 1,506,296.6 1,605,261.8 1,703,422.4 1,821,757.7 1,939,482.9 2,035,125.1
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METODE PERHITUNGAN PENDAPATAN NASIONAL
2. INCOME APPROACH, DIMANA DALAM PENDEKATAN YANG DIHITUNG SEBAGAI KOMPONEN PENDAPATAN ADALAH SELURUH BALAS JASA YANG DITERIMA OLEH PARA PEMILIK FAKTOR FAKTOR PRODUKSI YANG MELIPUTI: Land ( Rent ) Capital ( Interest ) Labor ( Wages ) Skill /entrepreneur ( Profit )
Y = ( r, i, w, ɳ )
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3. EXPENDITURE APPROACH
DIMANA DALAM PENDEKATAN INI YANG DIHITUNG SEBAGAI KOMPONEN PENGELUARAN ADALAH PENGELUARAN YANG DILAKUKAN OLEH SELURUH RUMAH TANGGA YANG TERLIBAT DALAM AKTIVITAS EKONOMI, YANG MELIPUTI; Rumah Tangga Konsumsi ( C ) Rumah Tangga Produksi ( I ) Rumah Tangga Negara ( G ) Rumah Tangga Luar Negeri ( X – M )
Y = C + I + G + ( X – M )
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Penggunaan Produk Domestik Bruto Triwulanan Atas Dasar Harga Berlaku Tahun 2008 (Miliar Rupiah)
JENIS PENGELUARAN 2008*
Jumlah I II III IV
1 Pengeluaran Konsumsi Rumahtangga 700,227.7 734,874.0 772,060.9 792,794.3 2,999,956.9 a. Makanan 335,223.7 349,173.9 365,600.2 375,561.4 1,425,559.2 b. Bukan Makanan 365,004.0 385,700.1 406,460.7 417,232.9 1,574,397.7
2 Pengeluaran Konsumsi Pemerintah (a+b-c) 76,724.1 104,994.5 106,037.6 129,110.4 416,866.7 a. Belanja Barang 25,276.9 44,508.2 53,657.4 81,959.8 205,402.2 b. Belanja Pegawai + Penyusutan (NTB) 56,126.1 71,221.4 64,921.5 65,278.6 257,547.6 c. Penerimaan Barang dan Jasa 4,678.9 10,735.0 12,541.3 18,128.0 46,083.2
3 Pembentukan Modal Tetap Domestik Bruto 291,389.9 327,660.0 369,263.4 382,321.2 1,370,634.5 a. Bangunan 239,786.6 270,521.5 304,393.0 311,555.8 1,126,256.9 b. Mesin dan Perlengkapan Dalam Negeri 4,902.8 5,027.5 5,218.9 5,306.2 20,455.5 c. Mesin dan Perlengkapan Luar Negeri 29,199.3 31,610.4 35,669.2 36,582.4 133,061.3 d. Alat Angkutan Dalam Negeri 2,279.8 2,697.9 3,115.3 2,970.1 11,063.1 e. Alat Angkutan Luar Negeri 7,068.9 8,998.6 11,588.5 15,837.5 43,493.5 f. Lainnya Dalam Negeri 5,459.7 5,847.8 6,056.0 6,380.0 23,743.5 g. Lainnya Luar Negeri 2,692.6 2,956.3 3,222.6 3,689.3 12,560.8
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4 a. Perubahan Inventori 7,490.3 1,978.7 4,012.2 -7,658.9 5,822.3 b. Diskrepansi Statistik 1) -2,801.2 45,578.1 81,165.1 -18,082.6 105,859.3
5 Ekspor Barang dan Jasa 346,596.2 377,603.3 384,468.2 366,451.4 1,475,119.1 a. Barang 319,167.3 347,058.5 350,884.1 329,851.0 1,346,960.9 b. Jasa 27,428.9 30,544.8 33,584.1 36,600.4 128,158.2 6 Dikurangi Impor Barang dan Jasa 308,772.7 371,321.1 388,936.0 353,872.3 1,422,902.1 a. Barang 250,955.3 306,430.3 322,267.7 282,388.1 1,162,041.4 b. Jasa 57,817.4 64,890.8 66,668.3 71,484.2 260,860.7
7 PRODUK DOMESTIK BRUTO 1,110,854.3 1,221,367.5 1,328,071.4 1,291,063.5 4,951,356.7 8 Pendapatan Neto Terhadap Luar Negeri -41,563.2 -41,012.7 -41,503.5 -51,785.9 -175,865.2 Atas Faktor Produksi a. Pendapatan Dari Luar Negeri 6,452.4 5,710.8 5,876.6 7,639.0 25,678.8 b. Pendapatan Ke Luar Negeri 48,015.6 46,723.5 47,380.1 59,424.8 201,544.0 9 PRODUK NASIONAL BRUTO 1,069,291.2 1,180,354.8 1,286,567.9 1,239,277.7 4,775,491.5
10 Dikurangi Pajak Tidak Langsung Neto (a-b) 67,353.2 -7,718.5 9,678.6 332.7 69,645.9 a. Pajak Tidak Langsung 67,480.9 83,875.6 96,242.7 97,337.3 344,936.5 b. Subsidi 127.7 91,594.1 86,564.1 97,004.6 275,290.5
11 Dikurangi Penyusutan 55,542.7 61,068.4 66,403.6 64,553.2 247,567.8
12 PENDAPATAN NASIONAL 946,395.3 1,127,004.9 1,210,485.7 1,174,391.8 4,458,277.8
1) Selisih antara PDB Lap. Usaha dan Penggunaan * Angka sementara
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GDP VS GNP• GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ( GDP ) DIHITUNG
BERDASARKAN KONSEP KEWILAYAHAN, ARTINYA KOMPONEN YANG DIHITUNG ADALAH OUTPUT YANG DIHASILKAN OLEH MASYARAKAT DALAM SUATU NEGARA.
• GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT ( GNP ) DIHITUNG BERDASARKAN KONSEP KEWARGAANEGARAAN, ARTINYA PENDAPATAN NASIONAL YANG DIHITUNG ADALAH OUTPUT YANG DIHASILKAN OLEH MASYARAKAT WARGA NEGARA SUATU NEGARA
• GNP = GDP + NET FACTORS INCOME EARNED FROM ABROAD (NFIA)
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GDP VS GNP
• NET FACTORS INCOME EARNED FROM ABROAD ( NFIA ) MERUPAKAN SELISIH ( NILAI AKTIVITAS FAKTOR PRODUKSI DALAM NEGERI DILUAR NEGERI DIKURANGI NILAI AKTIVITAS FAKTOR PRODUKSI LUAR NEGERI DIDALAM NEGERI ).
• NFIA INDONESIA MASIH MEMILIKI NILAI NEGATIF, ARTINYA NILAI AKTIVITAS FACTOR PRODUKSI LUAR NEGERI DI INDONESIA JAUH LEBIH BESAR DIBANDINGKAN DENGAN NILAI AKTIVITAS FACTOR PRODUKSI INDONESIA DILUAR NEGERI
• NET NATIONAL INCOME ( NNP ) ADALAH NILAI GDP ATAU GNP YANG TELAH DIKURANGI DENGAN PAJAK TIDAK LANGSUNG DAN PENYUSUTAN.
• DISPOSABLE INCOME ( PENDAPATAN YANG SIAP UNTUK DIKONSUMSI ), YAITU PENDAPATAN YANG TELAH DIKURANGI OLEH PAJAK LANGSUNG, DITAMBAH DENGAN SUBSIDI.
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GDP NOMINAL VS GDP RIIL• NOMINAL GDP ADALAH NILAI OUTPUT YANG DINILAI
BERDASARKAN HARGA HARGA YANG TERJADI PADA SAAT TAHUN PERHITUNGAN GDP TSB ( at current market price )
• REAL GDP ADALAH NILAI OUTPUT YANG DINILAI BERDASARKAN PADA HARGA TAHUN DASAR ( at constant cost)
• CONTOH PERHITUNGAN GDP DARI PRODUK PIZZA
YEAR UNIT OF OUTPUT
PRICE PER UNIT $
GDPPRICE INDEX YEAR
1=100
NOMINAL GDP
$
REAL GDP
$1 5 10 100 50 50
2 7 20 200 140 70
3 8 25 250 200 80
4 10 30 300 300 100
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NOMINAL GDP VS REAL GDP• GDP PRICE INDEX
Price Indexin a given
year =Price of market basket
in specific yearPrice of same marketbasket in base year
x 100
Real GDP = Nominal GDPPrice Index
(in hundredths)
Price Index(in hundredths)= Nominal GDP
Real GDP
Inflation or deflation = change in index X 100 initial value of the index
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Dengan menghitung nilai GDP riil dan GDP nominal di atas kita dapat menghitung inflasi antara tahun 1983 sampai tahun 1990 yaitu dengan cara:
GDP deflator t – GDP deflator t-1 GDP deflator t GDP deflator mencerminkan peningkatan
harga .YEAE` OUTPUT PRICE GDP PRICE
INDEXNOMINAL
GDPREAL GDP INFLATION
1 5 10 100 50 50 -
2 7 20 140 70
3 8 25 250 200
4 10 30 300 100
X 100
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National Income Accounting
• National Income ( NI ) = Wages + Business Interest Payments + Rental Income + Corporate Profits + Proprietors Income.
• Net National Product ( NNP ) = National Income + Indirect Business Taxes
• Gross National Product ( GNP ) = NNP + Capital Consumption Allowance
• Personal Income ( PI ) = National Income - (Corporate Profits+Social Insurance Contributions) + ( Government Transfer Payments + Business Transfer Payments + Interest Paid by Government and Consumers + Corporate Dividents )
• Personal Disposable Income ( PDI ) = Personal Income –personal Taxes
• Personal Saving ( PS ) =Personal Disposable Income – ( Consumption Expenditures + Consumers Interest Payments)
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Data national income and product Given the following data 1974, find
a). National Income (NI). b) . Net National Product ( NNP ).c). Gross National Product(GNP)d) Personal Income (PI). e) Personal Fisposable Income.. f) Personal Saving.Data are in billions of current dollar
Capital Consumption Allowance $119,5 Wages $ 855,7 Business Interest Payments $ 61,6 Indirect business Taxes $ 135,0 Rental Income $26,5 Corporate profits $105,4 Proprietors income $ 93,0 Corporate dividens $ 32,7 Social Insurance Contributions $ 101,0 Personal Taxes $ 170,7 Consumer interest payments $ 26,0 Interest paid by government and consumers $ 42,3 Government transfer payment $ 134,6 Business Transfer payment $ 5,2 Personal Consumption expenditures $ 877,0
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KONSUMSI & INVESTASI
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1. KONSUMSI• Kegiatan menghabiskan daya guna (utility) barang
dan jasa.• Pengeluaran konsumsi personal (personal
consumption expenditure) adalah pengeluaran rumah tangga untuk membeli barang baik barang-barang tahan lama (durable goods) maupun barang-barang tidak tahan lama (nondurable/ perishable goods), dan jasa.
• Pendapatan yang siap dibelanjakan (current disposable income)
• Menurut hipotesa ini, Konsumsi ditentukan oleh current disposable income.
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2. TABUNGAN
• Bagian dari pendapatan yang tidak dikonsumsi
• Tabungan nasional adalah komposisi dari private saving (personal dan business) dan tabungan pemerintah (government/ public saving)
• Jika tabungan nasional tinggi, maka capital stock akan tumbuh dengan cepat, sehingga ouput potensial akan tumbuh dengan cepat pula.
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3. KONSUMSI, TABUNGAN DAN PENDAPATAN
Recall:Pendapatan perseorangan (Personal
Income = PI)dikurangi : pajak-pajak pribadi (personal
taxes)sama dengan : pendapatan yang siap
dibelanjakan (disposable income = Yd)dikurangi : konsumsi personal (personal
consumption = C)sama dengan : tabungan personal
(personal saving = S)
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Secara Matematis
Secara matematis: Yd = C + Sdimana Yd adalah disposable income, yaitu pendapatan yang siap dibelanjakan setelah dikurangi pajak (Y – T). Dalam perekonomian dimana tidak ada campur tangan pemerintah, maka Yd = Y, sehingga:
Y = C + SS = Y – C
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29
INCOME,CONSUMPTION AND SAVINGINCOME
( Y )CONSUMPTION
( C )SAVING
( S = Y – C )
8.000 8.000 0
8.500 8.300 200
9.000 8.600 400
9.500 8.900 600
10.000 9.200 800
10.500 9.500 1.000
11.000 9.800 1.200
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Fungsi Konsumsi
a. Suatu fungsi konsumsi menggambarkan hubungan antara konsumsi dan pendapatan
b. Kemiringan fungsi/ kurva konsumsi disebut hasrat mengkonsumsi marginal (Marginal Propensity to Consume = MPC), mengukur besarnya tambahan pendapatan yang digunakan untuk menambah konsumsi.
• MPC = C/Y• MPC selalu positip, tetapi nilainya kurang
dari satu (0 < MPC < 1)
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Lanjutan…
c. Fungsi konsumsi linear mempunyai kemiringan sama (MPC konstan), sedangkan fungsi konsumsi nonlinear mempunyai kemiringan yang berubah (MPC tidak konstan/ berubah)
d. Intersep fungsi konsumsi disebut konsumsi otonom (autonomous consumption), mengukur:
– besarnya pengeluaran konsumsi pada saat pendapatan nol.
– pengeluaran konsumsi yang tidak dipengaruhi oleh pendapatan
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Lanjutan…
e. Hasrat mengkonsumsi rata-rata (Average Propensity to Consume = APC) merupakan rasio antara pengeluaran konsumsi terhadap pendapatan atau disebut juga sebagai tingkat konsumsi
• APC = C/Y• APC selalu positip
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Fungsi Tabungan
a. Kemiringan fungsi/ kurva tabungan disebut hasrat menabungan marginal (Marginal Propensity to Save = MPS), mengukur besarnya tambahan pendapatan yang digunakan untuk menambah tabungan.
• MPS = S/Y• MPS selalu positip, tetapi nilainya kurang
dari satu (0 < MPS < 1)b. Fungsi tabungan linear mempunyai kemiringan
sama (MPS konstan), sedangkan fungsi tabungan nonlinear mempunyai kemiringan yang berubah (MPS tidak konstan/ berubah)
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Lanjutan…
c. Hasrat menabungan rata-rata (Average Propensity to Save = APS) merupakan rasio antara pengeluaran tabungan terhadap pendapatan atau disebut juga sebagai tingkat tabungan.
• APS = S/Y• Jika C > Y S negatip (dissaving) APS negatip
C < Y S Positip (saving) APS positip
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Y1
C2
S3
APC4
2:1
APS5
3:1
MPC6
▲2 : ▲1
MPS7
▲3 : ▲1
0
100
400
500
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
100
180
420
500
900
1.700
2.500
3.300
-100
-80
-20
0
100
300
500
700
-
1,800
1,050
1,000
0,900
0,850
0,833
0,850
-
-0,800
-0,050
-0,000
0,100
0,150
0,177
0,175
0,80
0,80
0,80
0,80
0,80
0,80
0,80
0,20
0,20
0,20
0,20
0,20
0,20
0,20
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Hubungan MPC dan MPS
Y = C + SY + Y = (C + C) + (S + S)Y = (C + S) – Y + (C + S) Y = C + SY/Y = C/Y + S/Y1 = MPC + MPS
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Hubungan APC dan APS
Y = C + SY/Y = C/Y + S/Y1 = APC + APS
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Fungsi Konsumsi danTabungan Linear
Fungsi Konsumsi: C = C0 + bY atau C = a + bYdimana: C0 (a) adalah autonomous cosumption, b adalah MPC Recall:
Y = C + SS = Y – C
Fungsi TabunganS = Y – (C0 + bY)S = – C0 + (Y – bY)S = – C0 + (1 – b)Ydimana: (1-b) adalah MPS
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Break Even Point (BEP)
Kondisi break even terjadi jika pendapatan hanya cukup untuk menutup pengeluaran konsumsi (Y=C, atau S= 0)Pada gambar di atas, BEP terjadi pada saat pendapatan sebesar 200.000Secara matematis:
Y = CY = C0 + bYY – bY = C0
Y(1 – b) = C0
Y = C0/(1 – b) = C0/MPS
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C = Co + bYd
S = - Co +( 1- b) Yd
C,S
Co
-Co0
YYe
YY = C== S = 0Break even point
Jika Y < Ye, maka C > Y,Berarti S < 0 (dissaving)
Y = C + S
Jika Y > Ye, maka C < YBerarti S > 0 ( saving )
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ContohDiketahui Fungsi Kosumsi: C = 50.000 + 0,75YPada tingkat pendapatan berapa BEP terjadi?Jawab:BEP Y = CY = 50.000 + 0,75YY – 0,75 Y = 50.000Y (1 – 0,75) = 50.000Y = 50.000/0,25 = 200.000
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C = Co + bYd
S = - Co +( 1- b) Yd
C,S
Co
-Co0
YYe
YY = C== S = 0Break even point
Jika Y < Ye, maka C > Y,Berarti S < 0 (dissaving)
Y = C + S
Jika Y > Ye, maka C < YBerarti S > 0 ( saving )
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TUGAS, untuk KTM no. GanjilPada pendapatan rumah tangga sebesar Rp 1.000.000,00 pengeluaran konsumsi rumah tangga sebesar Rp 1.150.000,00. Pada saat pendapatannya meningkat menjadi Rp 2.000.000,00 pengeluaran konsumsinya juga meningkat menjadi Rp 1.950.000,00.
1)BEP terjadi pada pendapatan sebesar berapa ?
2)Pada pendapatan Rp875.000,00, berapa APS ?
3)Pada tingkat pendapatan berapakah tabungan rumah tangga sebesar 4% dari pendapatan dicapai ?
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TUGAS, untuk KTM no. Genap
Y C1000 28501800 31502600 34503400 37504200 4050
Di samping ini adalah ilustrasi tabel fungsi konsumsi. Ditanyakan a. Persamaan konsumsi?b. BEP terjadi pada Y?c. Besarnya tabungan pada saat pendapatan nasional = 5000?d. APS = 0 pada tingkat GNP
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4. INVESTASI
– Pembelian barang modal baru– Penambahan stok barang modal atau aset produktif– Produksi barang modal tahan lama
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Peran Investasi Dalam Perekonomian
Jangka Pendek: mempengaruhi output dan kesempatan kerja melalui dampaknya terhadap permintaan agregat.
Jangka Panjang: berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi melalui dampaknya terhadap output potensial dan penawaran agregat.
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Investasi Menurut Penggunaan
• Konstruksi• Rehabilitasi• Ekspansi
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Determinan Investasi
Mengapa pebisnis perlu investasi?Dengan investasi, penerimaan yang diperoleh lebih
besar dari ongkos iinvestasinyaTiga Elemen Penting dalam Investasia.Revenue yang dihasilkan oleh seluruh kegiatan
ekonomi (GDP)b.Cost (harga barang modal, tingkat bunga, pajak)c. Expectation / Harapan dan kepercayaan sektor bisnis
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Kurva Investasi
Proyek Total I nvestasi
Revenue per tahun per Rp
1000 yang diinvestasikan
000,000 10% 5% 10% 5%A 1 1500 100 50 1400 1450B 4 220 100 50 120 170C 10 160 100 50 60 110D 10 130 100 50 30 80E 5 110 100 50 10 60F 15 90 100 50 -10 40G 10 60 100 50 -40 10H 20 40 100 50 -60 -10
Cost per Rp 1000 nilai
proyek pada tingkat bunga
per tahun
Net Profit per tahun dengan tingkat bunga
pertahun
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Lanjutan…
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
30 55Pengeluaran Investasi (I )
Ting
kat B
unga
(i)
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Ekuilibrium PerekonomianDua Sektor
Equilibrium:output = Income= spendingSecara matematis:Y = C + IY = CO + bY + IY – bY = Co + I Y( 1- b ) = Co + I Y = Co + I 1 - b
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C = Co + bYd
S = - Co +( 1- b) Yd
C,S
Co
-Co0
YYe
YY = C== S = 0Break even point
Jika Y < Ye, maka C > Y,Berarti S < 0 (dissaving)
Y = C + S
Jika Y > Ye, maka C < YBerarti S > 0 ( saving )
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C,I
Y
O
Ye Ye’
S = -C0 + ( 1 – b ) Yd
C = C0 + b Yd
C + I
Y = C +
S
C0
-C0
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C = Co + bYd
S = - Co +( 1- b) Yd
C,S
Co
-Co0
YYe
YY = C== S = 0Break even point
Jika Y < Ye, maka C > Y,Berarti S < 0 (dissaving)
Y = C + S
Jika Y > Ye, maka C < YBerarti S > 0 ( saving )
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C,I
0Y
C= a + bYd
S = -a + ( 1-b )Yd
Y = C + S
50
100
200
300
200-50
CY < 200 == S < 0 Y < C
CY > 200 == S > 0 Y > C
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C,I
Y
O
Ye Ye’
S = -C0 + ( 1 – b ) Yd
C = C0 + b Yd
C + I
Y = C + S
C0
-C0
C + I + G
II
G
G
Ye’’
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t
0
t
Income Taxes Y Y0
T
Lump-Sum- Taxes
Txo
Progresive taxes
Regresive taxes
Proportional taxes Lump-sum- taxes
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NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING(lump – Sum – Taxes)
KESEIMBANGAN PEREKONOMIAN TIGA SEKTOR
• Y = C + I + G , C = Co + byd• Y = Co + bYd + I + G• Yd = Y – T • Y = Co + b ( Y – T ) + I + G• Y = Co + bY – bT + I + G• Y – bY = Co – bT + I + G• Y ( 1 – b ) =Co – bT + I + G• Y = Co – bT + I + G• ( 1 – b )
Coefficient Multiplier Coefficient Investasi; Ki = = > 0
▲ I
▲ Y1
( 1 – b ) =
▲ G▲ Y
=1
( 1 – b ) = > 0
Coefficient Multiplier G Kg =
• Coefficient Multiplier T
Kt =▲ T
▲ Y =
-b( 1 – b )
< 0
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Y = C + I + GY = Co + b Yd + I + G
Y = Co + b ( Y – tY ) + I + G Yd = Y – T,===== T = Ty ( Income Taxes )
Y = Co + b Y – btY + I + GY –bY + btY = Co + I + G
Y(1 –b + bt ) = Co + I + G
Y = a + I + G
1 – b + bt
Kg= 1 1 – b + bt
▲G▲Y
=
( INCOME TAXES---- PROPORTIONAL TAXES )
> 0
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G – T = 12,5 ( deficit )G ‘ = T ‘ -------- G’ = G + ▲G, --------- T’= T + ▲TG + ▲G = T + ▲TG + ▲G – T – ▲T = 0G – T = 12.5
12,5 + ▲G – ▲T = 0
Kg= 11 – 2/3 + 2/3(1/4)
Kg = 2Jika ▲G = 1, maka ▲Y = 2, T = tY== ▲T=t▲Y▲T = 1/4▲2 = ½, jika▲G = 1, maka ▲T = 1/2▲G
12,5 +▲G - ▲T= 0 12,5 + ▲G - 1/2▲G = 0 12,5 = - 1/2▲G
▲G = - 25 G’ = - 50
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Balance Budget
• G ‘ = G + ▲G = 75 – 25 = 50
• Y = 25 + 25 + 50Co + I + G’
1 – b + bt=
1 – 2/3 + 2/3(1/4)= 200
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75 150 225 250 375
25
25
50
125
75
OY
C = 25 + 2/3 Yd
S= - 25 + 1/3 Yd
▲I = 25
▲G = 75
C + I
I
I +G
C + I + G
C + I + G’
C + I + G’’
FISCAL POLICY AND INCOME DETERMINATION
100
200
Y
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Inflationary gap
Deflationary gap
C + I = AD
Y= AS
C = Co + bYd
S = - Co + ( 1 –b )Yd
C,S,I
O Y1 Y2 OYo
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C,I
Y
O
Ye Ye’
S = -C0 + ( 1 – b ) Yd
C = C0 + b Yd
C + I
Y = C + S
C0
-C0
C + I + G
I
IG
G
Ye’’
45°
▲Yi
▲I
▲G
▲Yg
Perubahan Pendapatan akibat
Investasi
Perubahan Pendapatan akibat Pengeluaran
Pemerintah
Pada Ye== S=0
Pada Ye’== S=I
Pada Ye’’ S+T= I + G
I + G
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G – T = 12,5