Objectives
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Objectives •Students will explore why Europe was on the brink of war in 1914. •Students will identify the indirect and direct of the war. •Students will discover how warfare changed during WWI. •Students will explore how the United States entered the war. •Students will explore the issues made the peace process difficult. •Students will discern the cost of war.
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Objectives. Students will explore why Europe was on the brink of war in 1914. Students will identify the indirect and direct of the war. Students will discover how warfare changed during WWI. Students will explore how the United States entered the war. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Objectives
Objectives• Students will explore why Europe was on the brink of
war in 1914.• Students will identify the indirect and direct of the
war.• Students will discover how warfare changed during
WWI.• Students will explore how the United States entered
the war.• Students will explore the issues made the peace
process difficult.• Students will discern the cost of war.
OPPRESSION OF WAR
By Ken Cawthon
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One has indeed personally to come under the shadow of war to feel fully its oppression; but as the years go by it seems now often forgotten that to be caught in youth by 1914 was no less hideous an experience than to be involved in 1939 and the following years. By 1918, all but one of my close friends were dead.
— J.R.R. Tolkien, forward to The Lord of the Rings
Central PowersGermanyAustria-Hungary
Allied Powers (Triple Entente)
Great BritainFranceRussiaSerbia
Indirect Causes of World War I
The Causes
In the midst of the tensions with Serbia, archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary decided to visit the Bosnian city of Sarajevo.
• Serbian Gavrilo Princip assassinated archduke, wife
• Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
• Russia prepared to support Serbia• Austria-Hungary ally Germany saw
Russia as threat• Germany declared war on Russia, ally
France
The Impact• Germany faced war on two fronts:
Russia to east, France to west• Decided to strike France quickly then
move to Russia • Began with quick strike into neutral
Belgium• Attack on neutral country led Great
Britain to declare war on Germany
Fighting Begins
War Breaks Out
The War to End all Wars
Industrial Age Weapons Technology (Militarism)
Germany’s plan• Germany wanted to quickly defeat France, move east to fight Russia• Great Britain’s declaration of war on Germany doomed its plan• The Great War became bloody stalemate
Russia enters fighting• Russia attacked German territory from the east• Russians defeated in Battle of Tannenberg• Germany distracted from France, Allies turned on German invaders
Early battles• Battle of the Frontiers pitted German troops against both French and British• Both sides suffered heavy losses • Germany victorious
Fighting in 1914
In the Trenches: Bloody Stalemate
“What is this war? It is mud, trenches, blood, rats, lice, bombs, pain, barbed wire, decaying flesh, gas, death, rain, cats, tears, bullets, fear and a loss of faith in all that we once believed in“
Otto Dix
While people on the home front supported their troops, the war in Western Europe was going badly for the Allied Powers.
• Italy joined Allied Powers, May 1915• Sent forces against Austria-Hungary at
border with Italy• Series of back-and-forth battles• Little progress made
The Italian Front• Germans planned assault on French
fortress, Verdun• Believed French would defend
fortress at all costs• Battle of Verdun meant to kill, injure
as many French soldiers as possible• 400,000 French casualties in 10
months of fighting, almost as many for Germany
The Battle of Verdun
Battles on the Western Front
The Third Battle of Ypres• Failed French offensive caused rebellion among French soldiers, spring 1917• British began offensive near Ypres, Belgium, site of German attacks• Third Battle of Ypres a disaster for British• After 3 years of battle, front lines remained virtually unchanged
The Battle of the Somme• British launched attack in Somme River area to pull German troops away from
Verdun• Main assault during 1916, but no major breakthrough • Both sides lost great number of troops; British suffered nearly 60,000 casualties on
the first day of fighting
http://www.toptenz.net/top-10-bloodiest-battles-of-world-war-i.php
Armenian Massacre• Different conflict elsewhere in
Ottoman Empire during Gallipoli Campaign
• Russia launched attack in Caucasus• Mountain region between Black and
Caspian seas• Home to ethnic Christian Armenians,
minority in Muslim Ottoman Empire
Use of Force• Ottoman leaders claimed Armenians
aided Russians • Began forcibly removing Armenians
from Caucasus, spring 1915
Violence, starvation• 600,000 Armenians died in massacre• Ottoman leaders accused of genocide, destruction of racial, political or cultural
group
By the end of 1916, Russia was once again on the edge of a revolution. As the new year began and conditions in Russia continued to worsen, the Russian people clearly wanted a change.
• Citizens protested in streets of Petrograd, March 8, 1917
• Police, soldiers refused to shoot rioters
• Government was helpless
Revolution Begins• Ordered legislature to
disband• His order defied• Citizens, government,
military refused to obey Czar
• Forced to abdicate, March 15, 1917
Czar Nicholas II• March revolution
known as February Revolution
• Russian calendar at time 13 days behind
• New calendar adopted, 1918
Calendar Change
The Russian Revolution
Provisional Government• Duma established temporary
government • Led by Aleksandr Kerensky• Many unhappy with new leadership
Bolshevism• Abolish private property• Enforce social equality• Later known as Marxism-Leninism
Bolsheviks• Led opposition to Kerensky’s
provisional government • Wanted fundamental change in
government and society• Planned Marxist revolution
Vladimir Lenin• Bolshevik leader forced to live outside
Russia• Returned, April 1917• Germany hoped Lenin would weaken
Russian war effort
The Russian Revolution
Kerensky’s final offensive• Kerensky ordered final military offensive against Central Powers along Eastern Front,
mid-1917• Drive failed and led to widespread rebellion in Russian army• Weakened Russian army collapsed
• Conditions ideal for Lenin• Armed Bolshevik factory workers, Red
Guard, attacked provisional government, November 1917
• Known as October Revolution• Kerensky’s government collapsed after
nearly bloodless struggle
Bolshevik takeover• Established radical Communist
program• Made private ownership of land illegal• Land given to peasants• Control of factories given to workers
Lenin became leader
The Bolshevik Revolution
After the Revolution
Lenin sought to end Russian involvement in World War I
• Sent Leon Trotsky to negotiate peace with Central Powers
• Russia’s army virtually powerless
• Trotsky had to accept agreement harsh on Russia
• Russia gained peace, gave up large parts of empire
United States Enters the War
http://www.lpusd.k12.ca.us/rm1/online/hotpotatoestav/lusitania-nyt2.JPG
German leaders knew America entering the war would increase the strength of Allied Powers.
• Wanted to deal decisive blow to Central Powers before U.S. had time to ready for war
• Opportunity came with Russia’s withdrawal from war
– Russia out by end of 1917– German troops no longer
needed on Eastern front– Could launch new offensive in
the west
A New German Offensive• Launched major assault, March 1918• Made progress, advanced to within
40 miles of Paris• High cost to Germany, lost 800,000
troops• By June, 1918, U.S. troops arrived in
Europe• Gave Allies hope, discouraged
Germans
Assault on West
The End of the Fighting
Balance of power shifted• Allied forces stopped German assault in Second Battle of the Marne• Allies now on the offensive• Allies used tanks, aircraft; gained huge amounts of territory
End of war• Allied forces broke through Hindenburg Line• German leaders sought armistice with Allies• Other Central Powers also admitted defeat, war ended
Germany a defeated force• Many Germans gave up without a fight• Began to doubt their own power• Great turmoil within German ranks
German Collapse
The Peace: A Dictated Peace
The Allied governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied governments and their peoples have been subjected as a result of the war.
The Treaty of Versailles, Clause 231 (the 'War Guilt' clause))
Germany had to pay £6,600 million (called Reparations) for the damage done during the war.
Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force. She could have a navy of only six battleships, and an Army of just 100,000 men. In addition, Germany was not allowed to place any troops in the Rhineland, the strip of land, 50 miles wide, next to France.
Germany lost Territory (land) in Europe. Germany’s colonies were given to Britain and France.
Italy’s leader hoped to gain territory for his nation, but was disappointed to find himself mostly ignored by other leaders during peace talks.
Although peace had come to the battlefield, the leaders of the war’s major countries still had to work out a formal peace agreement. This task would prove difficult.
• Wilson announced his vision of world peace, Fourteen Points
• Included reduction of weapons, right of people to choose own government
• Proposed organization of world nations, protect from aggression
Wilson’s Vision
A Difficult Peace
• Leaders of four major Allies all had different ideas of peace treaty
• French wanted to punish Germany, reparations for cost of war
• British wanted to punish Germany, but not weaken it
Allied Goals
League of Nations• Organization of world governments
proposed by Wilson • Established by Treaty of Versailles
Other treaties• Separate agreements with all defeated
Central Powers • Made important changes to Europe
Main goals• Encourage cooperation, keep peace
between nations• Germany excluded• U.S. did not ratify treaty, not member,
weakened League
Changes in Europe• Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
lands broken apart • Independent nations created: Austria,
Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Turkey
Aftermath
• Movement to create a Jewish state in the Middle East
• Balfour Declaration favored establishing Jewish state in Palestine
• Britain created Transjordan from Palestine Mandate
• Mandates eventually became colonies
Zionist movement• Former Ottoman lands turned into
mandates, territories to be ruled by European powers
• Syria, Lebanon became French mandates
• Palestine, Iraq became British mandates
• European nations supposed to control mandates only until they were able to govern selves
Changes in Middle EastThe Middle East
The Allied governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied governments and their peoples have been subjected as a result of the war.
The Treaty of Versailles, Clause 231 (the 'War Guilt' clause)
Germany had to pay £6,600 million (called Reparations) for the damage done during the war.
Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force. She could have a navy of only six battleships, and an Army of just 100,000 men. In addition, Germany was not allowed to place any troops in the Rhineland, the strip of land, 50 miles wide, next to France.
Germany lost Territory (land) in Europe (see map, below). Germany’s colonies were given to Britain and France.
The Cost of War
Country Total Mobilized Forces Killed Wounded Prisoners and
Missing Total Casualties Casualties as % of Forces
ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED POWERSRussia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 76.3
British Empire 8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 35.8
France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 73.3
Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 39.1
United States 4,355,000 116,516 204,002 4,500 323,018 7.1Japan 800,000 300 907 3 1,210 0.2Romania 750,000 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706 71.4Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 46.8Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 34.9Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 1,000 27,000 11.7Portugal 100,000 7,222 13,751 12,318 33,291 33.3
Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 7,000 20,000 40.0
TOTAL 42,188,810 5,142,631 12,800,706 4,121,090 22,062,427 52.3ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED POWERSGermany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 64.9
Austria-Hungary 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 90.0
Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 34.2
Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 22.2
TOTAL 22,850,000 3,386,200 8,388,448 3,629,829 15,404,477 67.4
GRAND TOTAL 65,038,810 8,528,831 21,189,154 7,750,919 37,466,904 57.5
