PowerPoint Presentation

objectivesBriefly talk about the different types of societiesWatch a short film on the evolution of technology and its influence on changes in society (illustrate point 1)Reflect on the analysis of 3 classical thinkers in sociology on the nature of changing societies (Marx, Weber and Durkheim)Watch the documentary: Time for change and discuss the classical analysis on changing nature of society and contemporary questions on where social change is heading (discuss point 3)

4 prominent changes during time:New industrial economy: the growth of modern capitalismThe growth of citiesPolitical change: control vs. democracyThe loss of gemeinschaft community binding elements in societySociocultural evolution

I studied the process of change that results from a societys gaining new information, particularly Technology and came with a classification of 5 general types of societies through historyGerhard Lenski5 types of societies (Lenski, 1995)Hunting and gatheringHorticultural and pastoralAgrarian IndustrialPost-industrialTechnological development as 1 metric for changes in societyBefore we briefly explore the main characteristics of the different types of societies as categorized by Lenski, lets watch Kevin Kellys story of technology

Technology is alive! What does technology want? How has technology influenced human development?Kevin KellyTechnological (determinism) !Discussion:What are the disadvantages of analyzing social change from a technological perspective? What are other possible perspectives for the analysis of social change? What are other metrics?

Hunter and Gather societiesHunting & gathering societiesRefers to simple technology for hunting animals and gathering vegetation From the emergence of the human species until 12.000 years ago, all humans were hunters and gathersThere are still about 300 million indigenous people that organize their society as hunters & gathersIndigenous societies around the world

Main characteristics of H&G societies:Social organization is simple and egalitarianRarely used their weapons (the spear, the bow, knife, arrow) to engage in warBased on kinship (family bonds). Family obtains food, distributes this and secure each otherSmall bands of a few dozen people living at some distance from each other. NOMADIC societies!Few formal leaders (often a shaman). Believed in different spirits inhabiting the worldMost activities are common to everyone and centre on seeking food, some specialization corresponds to age and sexEgalitarian society: equality among the members 11

Horticultural and pastoral societiesHorticulture societiesHorticulture refers to technology based on using hand tools to cultivate plantshoe to work the soil & digging stick to punch a hole in the groundAbout 6.000 years old Pastoralism is based on the domestication of animalsMain characteristics of H&P societies:The domestication of plants and animals greatly increased food production enabling societies to support hundreds of peoplePastoralists remain nomads, leading their herds to fresh grazing lands/Horticulturalists formed settlements, moving on only when they depleted the soil Domesticating plants and animals generates material surplus. Trade emerged between settlements.Material surplus frees some people from the job of securing food, that other kind of professions emerged. E.g. crafts, priests, engage in trade, cut hair etc.Religions emerged, based on the worship of God, the creator. God is directly related to well-being of the world (Christianity, Islam and Judaism)Social inequalities increased. Rich and poor (even slavery). Warfare. Material surplus=more resources necessary to sustain day-to-day living.14

Agrarian societiesMain characteristics of agrarian societies:The technology of large scale farming using ploughs harnessed to animals or more sources of energyTechnological innovations of that period: irrigation, writing, numbers and explanding use of metalsLarge food supplies, large food surpluses. Population and areas of settlements expands (e.g. Roman Empire, Inca and Mayan Civilizations)Increasing production meant greater specialization: the rise of occupations Trade, growth of cities, dramatic social inequalities16

Industrial societiesMain characteristics of Industrial societies:Technology that empowers sophisticated machinery with advanced sources of energyDawns with the Industrial revolution, approximately in 1750 Power supplies, electricity, steam, revolution in transportation and communicationUrbanization: emerging of citiesDiminishing traditions: family and religion. Literacy emergesSocial inequalities increased. Poverty and Richness .Material surplus=more resources necessary to sustain day-to-day living.18Sociology is bornWe wanted to understand social change. How society transforms. Sociology reflects upon the past, tries to explain the present time and envisions future changes.Explaining modern industrial society from different perspectives : 3 classical sociological accounts

How do the societies of the past and present differ from each other?How and why does a society change? What forces divide a society? hold it together? Are societies getting better or worse?Karl MarxEmile DurkheimMax Weber

Marxs materialist analysis of societyMarx analysis of changing patters of society: critique on capitalism

In a society so rich, how could so many be so poor? And how can we change this situation?There are two groups in conflict: Capitalists people who onw factories and other productive enterprisesProletariats: people who provide labour necessary to operate the productive enterprises of the capitalistsMarxs analysis of social inequalities with the rise of industrial societies:Social conflict: struggle between different segments of society over valued resources: Capitalists vs. proletariatsTo conflict between capitalists and proletariats has its roots on the process of production itself: low wages, maximum profitSocial change will come if we all abandon the capitalist system. Transform what he calls False consciousness into Class consciousnessSocial inequalities increased during history: agrarian societies were much equal.Capitalism is grounded in other social institutions: religion, political order and moralityAlienation keeps inequalities in place and prevent social change: alienation from the act of working, from the products of work, from the workers, from human potentials23

False consciousness: explanations of social problems grounded in the shortcomings of individuals rather than the flaws of society itselfCapitalism is the natural order! I dont have any talents, I deserve to be poor and remain poorFalse consciousness?24

I am captured in a system. Hey, I dont deserve this and hey, Im not alone, Im in the majorityClass consciousness: the recognition by workers of their unity as a class in opposition to capitalists and ultimately to capitalism itselfRevolution!Marx idealized socialism as the opposite of capitalism! a more equal society, according to Marx

Webers rationalization of societyTradition and Rationality

Growing out of changes in religious belief, the modern world can be characterized as an increasingly rational worldIdeas, especially beliefs and values have transforming power. Society is the product (not just of new technology and capitalism) of a new way of thinking.

traditionSentiments and believes passed from generation to generation. Deliberate, matter of fact calculation of the most efficient ways to accomplish a goal. Rational social organization (Weber)

Bureaucracy became the symbol of rationalization and modernization. But it has a dehumanizing effect

Durkheims notion of solidarity in society

To love society is to love something beyond us and something in ourselvesPatterns of human behaviour form established structures, these are social facts that have an objective reality beyond the lives and perceptions of particular individualsCultural norms, values, religious believes all endure social facts. Society is larger than individual lives: it shapes individual livesDurkheims notion of solidarityModern societies impose fewer restrictions on everyone but this gives rise to anomie. A condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individualsThe fall of morality: guiding valuesTraditional societies are characterised by mechanical solidarityIndustrial societies gives way to organic solidarity based on productive specializationWhat does Durkheim mean with the concepts of mechanical solidarity, organic solidarity and how does this relate to division in labour, morality and anomie?33Assignment: concept explorationQuestion :What does Durkheim mean with the concepts of mechanical solidarity, organic solidarity and how does this relate to division in labour, morality and anomie?How does an expanding division of labour contribute to social change, according to Durkheim?

Post-industrial societiesMain characteristics of post-industrialist societies:(more in Unit 8, 9 and 10)Computer-linked technology that supports an information based society (term coined by David Bell )Information society, network society, post-modern societyLiquid society: living in times of uncertaintiesGlobalization, unequal world36Contemporary thinkers: where are we heading?

Zygmunt BaumanLiquid society, a new form of society that is much more fluid than previous modern and traditional ones. Everything changes, we live in times of uncertainties, everything flows. Mobility is the keyManuel Castells: information/network societies

A new form of society dependent upon new information technologies and networkingManuel CastellsQuestion:Why do you think inequalities increased the more societies changed from hunter& gather to post-industrialization?Documentary: Time for changeReflect upon the following questiosn:Do Marxs , Webers and Durkheims ideas/analysis of society still apply to contemporary problems in society?Reflect upon the following concepts: change, anger/rage, alienation, false-, class- and any kind of new consciousness that emerges in these times, bureaucracy, good governance, debts, after watching the documentary.