Objective: To analyze the government’s plan for the South after the Civil War.

Do Now: Use the glossary in your textbook to define the following terms.

• freedmen

• Reconstruction

- Men and women who had been slaves.

- rebuilding of the South after the Civil War

Key QuestionsKey Questions

1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the

South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction

during the war?during the war?

2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the

South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction

during the war?during the war?

3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

The Defeated South

A: Because the majority of battles took place in the South, many Southern houses, farms, bridges, and railroads were destroyed.

Q: Based upon your observations of the map below, how were the North and the South effected differently as a result of the Civil War?

Ruins in Front of the Capitol – Richmond, VA, 1865

Grounds of the Ruined Arsenal with Scattered Shot and Shell - Richmond, VA, April 1865

Guns and Ruined Buildings Near the Tredegar Iron Works - Richmond, VA, April 1865

Below: Atlanta, Georgia

Above: Charleston, South Carolina

Crippled Locomotive, Richmond & Petersburg Railroad Depot - Richmond, VA, 1865

A Southern armored railroad gun has gone as far as it can on these rails, typifying Civil War destruction of Southern railroad tracks. (Virginia)

This famous photo was taken looking across the ruins of the railroad bridge in Fredericksburg, Virginia

· Confederate money became worthless, and banks closed.

· Newly freed slaves, freedmen, had no land, jobs, or education.

Left and right: post-Civil War Ohio

constructionRe

The period of time after the Civil War when the South was rebuilt.

The federal program to rebuild the South.

1865 - 1877

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan10% Plan

* Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)

* Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South.

* He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.

* Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers.

* When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

Competing Reconstruction Plans

Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan:

I. Once 10% of the state’s voters swore loyalty to the U.S….

II. …Southern states could rejoin the national government after they abolished slavery.

1864 “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR

* “loyal assemblies”

* They were weak and dependent on Northern army for their survival.

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the number of 1860

voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).

Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials.

Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.Senator

BenjaminWade

(R-OH)

CongressmanHenry

W. Davis(R-MD)

“Iron-Clad” Oath.

“State Suicide” Theory [MA Senator Charles Sumner]

“Conquered Provinces” Position[PA Congressman Thaddeus Stevens]

Congress’ Wade-Davis Bill:

I. It required that a majority of Southern white men swear loyalty to the U.S….

II. …and denied former Confederate soldiers the right to vote or hold political office.

PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln

PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln

PocketVeto

PocketVeto

Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill

Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill

13th Amendment13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.

Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.

Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

· The Freedmen’s Bureau provided food, clothing, jobs, medical care, and education for millions of former slaves and poor whites.

Freedmen’s Bureau

A teacher and elementary school students posing on the steps of the Hill School, ca. late 19th Century. The school was a part of the Christiansburg Institute, which was first opened by the U. S. Freedmen's Bureau in 1866. (Montgomery County, VA)

Freedmen’s Bureau SchoolFreedmen’s Bureau School

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the SouthEstablishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Plenty to eat and nothing

to do.