Objective The Fang coming all the way down from … Der Veen/Fang_WebVersion.pdf1 Workshop...

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Workshop Workshop ‘‘MigrationMigration’’, , EurocoresEurocores programme OMLL, Ile de Porquerolles, 5programme OMLL, Ile de Porquerolles, 5--7 7 SeptemberSeptember 20072007

The Fang The Fang comingcoming all the all the wayway down down fromfrom ‘‘EgyptlandEgyptland’’? ?

Or how the Or how the wallswalls of a of a mythmyth maymay come come tumbling downtumbling down……

L. J. van der L. J. van der VeenVeen (DDL, UMR 5596, Lyon)(DDL, UMR 5596, Lyon)ResearchResearch withwith J.J.--M. M. HombertHombert (Lyon), P. Mou(Lyon), P. Mou--guiamaguiama--DaoudaDaouda (Lyon(Lyon--Libreville), D. Comas Libreville), D. Comas

(Barcelone), L. Quintana(Barcelone), L. Quintana--MurciMurci (Paris), L. (Paris), L. SicaSica(Franceville, Gabon)(Franceville, Gabon)


ObjectiveObjective

PresentationPresentation of of somesome expectedexpected and unand un--expectedexpected resultsresults fromfrom the "the "LanguageLanguage, , Culture and Culture and GenesGenes in Bantu" in Bantu" projectproject(OHLL, OMLL) (OHLL, OMLL) relatedrelated to to –– FairlyFairly wellwell--knownknown populationpopulation–– MigrationMigration


OutlineOutline

The FangThe Fang–– WhereWhere theythey livelive–– WhoWho theythey areare–– WhereWhere theythey come come fromfrom

Evidence Evidence fromfrom LinguisticsLinguisticsEvidence Evidence fromfrom Population Population GeneticsGenetics–– MtDNAMtDNA–– YY--chromosomechromosome

Possible scenario(s)Possible scenario(s)FurtherFurther investigationinvestigation


Fang: Fang: wherewhere theythey livelive

SouthernSouthern part of part of CameroonCameroon ((withwith the the BuluBuluand and BetiBeti pops as pops as theirtheir northernnorthern neighneigh--boursbours))Most of the Most of the northernnorthern halfhalf of Gabonof GabonSmall Small regionregion in in northwestnorthwest of Congoof Congo--BrazzavilleBrazzaville

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Geographical distributionof Fang, Beti and Bulu

With recent expansion patterns for Fang dia-lects: Ntumu, Mvaï, O-kak, Mekè, Nzaman, Betsi

(Perrois 1972:102)


Fang: Fang: whowho theythey areare

Most Most recentlyrecently installedinstalled BantuBantu--speakingspeaking popupopu--lationlation in Gabonin GabonDemographicallyDemographically and and linguisticallylinguistically, dominant , dominant group (Gabon)group (Gabon)±±700,000 700,000 individualsindividuals distributeddistributed over 3 countriesover 3 countriesPatrilinearPatrilinear descentdescent systemsystemMarriageMarriage strategystrategy: : exogamyexogamyFarmingFarming villagersvillagers

Fang women coming home from plantation - Cureau (1912)


Oral traditionOral tradition–– MvettMvett ((storytellingstorytelling/music): /music): performingperforming ancestral ancestral mythmyth

DifferencesDifferences betweenbetween clans/clans/lineageslineages!!

Initiation Initiation ritualsrituals–– BwitiBwiti: : adoptedadopted fromfrom TsogoTsogo ((southernsouthern Gabon) Gabon) atat

beginningbeginning of of XXthXXth centurycentury–– MelanMelan, as part of , as part of ByeriByeri: : ancestorancestor worshipworship

ArtArt–– MasksMasks ((NgilNgil), ), funeralfuneral statuettes (statuettes (ByeriByeri), ), ……


Fang Ntumu reliquary



EthnicEthnic group group thatthat has has nevernever failedfailed to to fascinatefascinatethe the EuropeanEuropean traders, traders, explorersexplorers, , missionariesmissionaries, , anthropologistsanthropologists, , everever sincesince the first the first encounterencounterReputationReputation largelylargely basedbased on Western (mis)on Western (mis)--perceptions (outsidersperceptions (outsiders’’ viewview, , ideologyideology, etc.), etc.)–– ‘‘FerociousFerocious’’, , ‘‘superiorsuperior’’, , ‘‘nomadicnomadic’’ ‘‘conquerorsconquerors’’–– ‘‘IntelligentIntelligent’’, , ‘‘industriousindustrious’’, , ‘‘honesthonest’’, , ‘‘handsomehandsome’’–– SuspectedSuspected of of havinghaving practisedpractised cannibalismcannibalism

RumoursRumours spreadspread by by MpongweMpongwe and and alliedallied brokers? (The brokers? (The latterlatter’’ss priviledgedpriviledged position position beingbeing threatenedthreatened!)!)

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UsuallyUsually consideredconsidered to to belongbelong to to largerlarger cultural cultural unit, unit, withwith BetiBeti and and BuluBulu (the (the soso--calledcalled ‘‘PahouinPahouin’’group)group)–– ‘‘MpangweMpangwe’’, , ‘‘PamouayPamouay’’ or or ‘‘PamuePamue’’ < (mi< (mi--))pamyepamye ‘‘I I

dondon’’tt knowknow’’?? (?? (MpongweMpongwe B11a)B11a)–– Name Name mostmost certainlycertainly attributedattributed by by othersothers, , probablyprobably

the the MpongweMpongwe

PossiblyPossibly, a , a confederationconfederation of of variousvarious clans/ clans/ lineageslineages–– RelatedRelated? ? UnrelatedUnrelated? ? BothBoth??


Fang: Fang: wherewhere theythey come come fromfrom

Most Most consensualconsensual and and mostmost likelylikely scenario scenario ((thoughthough limitedlimited time time depthdepth!)!)–– FairlyFairly wellwell--documenteddocumented demicdemic expansion expansion withinwithin the the

CameroonCameroon--Gabon area, Gabon area, thoughthough the the preciseprecise ((ancientancient) ) geographicalgeographical originorigin ((MvogMvog EtangaEtanga) ) stillstill a a mattermatter of of debatedebate

Adamawa Adamawa highlandshighlands in in northnorth--central central CameroonCameroon??UpperUpper--Sangha in western CentralSangha in western Central--AfricanAfrican RepublicRepublic??BothBoth??

–– WaveWave--likelike expansion expansion SeveralSeveral stages and branches (splitstages and branches (split--offs)offs)

–– IntensifiedIntensified duringduring 18th 18th centurycentury AD and come to an AD and come to an end end duringduring first first halfhalf of 20th of 20th centurycentury AD in GabonAD in Gabon


Fang: Fang: wherewhere theythey come come fromfrom–– Trigger(s) and/or Trigger(s) and/or conductorconductor(s): (s):

Groups (of nonGroups (of non--Bantu speakers) Bantu speakers) invadinginvading northernnorthern CameroonCameroonand and triggeringtriggering migration migration movementsmovements

–– I.a. I.a. FulaniFulani expansion expansion triggeringtriggering southwardsouthward migrationsmigrations–– More More generallygenerally, , MuslimMuslim invasions and slave invasions and slave tradetrade (the figure of (the figure of

the the ‘‘CrocodileCrocodile’’ in Fang oral tradition?)in Fang oral tradition?)Trade, Trade, EuropeanEuropean goodsgoods ((increaseincrease of of economiceconomic exchange: exchange: ivoryivory, , ironworkironwork, captives, etc.) and , captives, etc.) and miserymisery amongamong Fang Fang werewerecrucial crucial factorsfactors, , especiallyespecially duringduring final stage of expansionfinal stage of expansion

–– SearchSearch for for womenwomen ((exogamyexogamy) and ) and veryvery highhigh costcost of of dowrydowryFang Fang dowrydowry system: system: highesthighest costcost in Gabon (Mayer, 2002)in Gabon (Mayer, 2002)

–– PossiblyPossibly, , decreasedecrease of of elephantelephant population (Cadet, 2005)population (Cadet, 2005)

–– More More thanthan one population one population involvedinvolved!!ProtoProto--Fang: part of a more Fang: part of a more generalgeneral, , southwardsouthward movementmovement


Fang: Fang: wherewhere theythey come come fromfrom–– FangFang’’ss arrivalarrival in Gabon (in Gabon (chronologychronology))

Prior to Prior to arrivalarrival, the , the MpongweMpongwe ((MyeneMyene--speakersspeakers) are the ) are the exclusive exclusive tradetrade partnerspartners of the of the EuropeansEuropeansFirst First referencereference to Fang in Gabon: to Fang in Gabon: BowdichBowdich, 1819 (, 1819 (inlandinlandlocation, but location, but wherewhere??) ) First contacts First contacts betweenbetween Fang and Fang and EuropeansEuropeans: Wilson, 1842 : Wilson, 1842 ((first description!first description!))Progressive Progressive entringentring of the of the EstuaryEstuary: : fromfrom 1844 on1844 onDescentDescent encouragedencouraged by the French: by the French: developmentdevelopment of of tradetradeactivitiesactivities ((tiedtied to to destinydestiny of the of the ColonyColony!!))SouthwardSouthward movementmovement to Ogoouto Ogoouéé: : fromfrom 1866 on1866 on

–– N.B. N.B. SomeSome accountsaccounts suggestsuggest presencepresence of Fang in of Fang in Gabon (Gabon (KomoKomo regionregion) ) isis olderolder

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–– ArrivalArrival profoundlyprofoundly reshuffledreshuffled the the populationalpopulationaland and linguisticlinguistic landscapelandscape ((theirtheir numbernumber, , skillsskills, , economiceconomic statusstatus, etc.), etc.)

PreviouslyPreviously installedinstalled groups groups leftleft theirtheir territoryterritory beingbeingpushedpushed awayaway by the Fang (by the Fang (e.g. Kele (B22)e.g. Kele (B22)))ThoseThose whowho stayedstayed underwentunderwent processprocess of of gradualgradualassimilation (assimilation (e.g. e.g. MakinaMakina (A83)(A83)))

–– Main sources: oral traditions and Main sources: oral traditions and testimoniestestimonies, , somesome writtenwritten documents (documents (reportsreports, , registersregisters))


Fang migrationsfrom 1800 AD on

Bulu migrationsfrom 1840 AD on

For Cameroon:after Geschiere(1981) based onAlexandre (1965)

Sanaga

?

?

?


Migrations of Fang groups since the 17th and 18th centuries, according to oral traditions

(Modified fromPerrois 2006)



A more A more picturesquepicturesque, , RomanticRomantic theorytheory: : NomadicNomadicwarriorswarriors come down come down fromfrom the the UpperUpper--Nile Nile regionregion–– TheoryTheory elaboratedelaborated by the French (!) by the French (!) RevRev. Trilles. Trilles

(1912, 1931) and (1912, 1931) and severalseveral otherother ‘‘specialistsspecialists’’: : ‘‘EgyptianEgyptian’’originorigin ((plateaux of Bahrplateaux of Bahr--elel--GhazalGhazal) ) for the Fang for the Fang popupopu--lationlation, language and culture, language and culture

BuiltBuilt on a series of speculative and often random parallels on a series of speculative and often random parallels drawn by 19th century administrators, explorers and drawn by 19th century administrators, explorers and missionaries (missionaries (natural fascination with the Unknown, the natural fascination with the Unknown, the presumably presumably ‘‘UnspoiltUnspoilt’’, the Savage, the Savage))BuiltBuilt on on debatabledebatable interpretationinterpretation of of MvettMvett, and , and arguments arguments referring to linguistic, cultural and referring to linguistic, cultural and phenotypicalphenotypical traitstraits ((skinskincolourcolour, , overalloverall size, etcsize, etc.).)

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Bahr-el-Ghazal,Sudan



–– Direct Direct descentdescent of of nomadicnomadic tribetribe headingheading for for the the conquestconquest of Gabonof Gabon

–– Theory has become very popular, especially Theory has become very popular, especially among Black African scholars, but also among among Black African scholars, but also among nonnon--scholarsscholars

–– In Gabon, common belief that the Fang, as In Gabon, common belief that the Fang, as well as their language, are not Bantuwell as their language, are not Bantu

BirthBirth of a new, of a new, glorifyingglorifying mythmyth, , cunninglycunningly exploitedexploitedby the French by the French coloniserscolonisers



–– SometimesSometimes, , strongstrong ideologicalideological dimension: dimension: CheikhCheikh Anta Anta DiopDiop (1979, 1981, 1993) and (1979, 1981, 1993) and ThThééophileophile ObengaObenga (1985, 1993)(1985, 1993)

SchoolSchool of of thoughtthought““White Egyptologists falsify ancient History!White Egyptologists falsify ancient History!””

–– SimilarSimilar claims for claims for BasaBasaáá (A43a)(A43a) and and MboshiMboshi(C25) (C25) languageslanguages

–– Theory in its strongest version claims that all Theory in its strongest version claims that all Black African languages and cultures descend Black African languages and cultures descend from the ancient Egyptian civilisationfrom the ancient Egyptian civilisation


Evidence Evidence fromfrom linguisticslinguistics

Fang: A75 (A70: FANGFang: A75 (A70: FANG--BULU cluster)BULU cluster)Gabon: Gabon: northernnorthern, , southernsouthern and interand inter--mediatemediate dialectsdialects ((MedjoMedjo MvMvéé, 1997), 1997)Impact on Impact on surroundingsurrounding languageslanguages–– Dominant Dominant languagelanguage assimilatingassimilating severalseveral otherother, ,

relatedrelated and and lessless relatedrelated, , languageslanguages (cf. (cf. ShiwaShiwa, , A83 A83 dialectdialect spokenspoken by by MakinaMakina))

–– CurrentlyCurrently spokenspoken by by nearlynearly 30% of the 30% of the GaboneseGabonese population!population!

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Fang looks Fang looks differentdifferent fromfrom the the neighneigh--bouringbouring Bantu Bantu languageslanguages ((atat the surface)the surface)–– SomeSome peculiarpeculiar phonologicalphonological featuresfeatures

8V + 3 8V + 3 diphtongsdiphtongsLabiovelarsLabiovelars ([([kpkp], [], [gbgb])])PredominantlyPredominantly closedclosed syllablessyllablesPalatal nasals in Palatal nasals in wordword--final positionfinal position

Fang Ntumu (Bitam, Gabon)Proverb (P. Medjo Mvé)



–– ButBut…… accordingaccording to to GuthrieGuthrie (1948, 1967(1948, 1967--71), 71), HombertHombert et al. (1989), et al. (1989), MedjoMedjo MvMvéé (1997) and (1997) and MbaMba--NkogheNkoghe (2001)(2001)::

AbsolutelyAbsolutely no no evidenceevidence of a nonof a non--Bantu substratumBantu substratumAll the traits of a All the traits of a regularregular Bantu Bantu languagelanguage

–– Lexicon can be directly and straightforwardly related to Lexicon can be directly and straightforwardly related to ProtoProto--Bantu reconstructions, through regular sound Bantu reconstructions, through regular sound correspondences (correspondences (vowels, consonants, tonesvowels, consonants, tones))

–– RegularRegular Bantu Bantu nounnoun class systemclass system–– RegularRegular Bantu Bantu verbverb systemsystem

–– Fang Fang isis a a foolprooffoolproof Bantu Bantu languagelanguage, no , no doubtdoubt


Evidence Evidence fromfrom geneticsgenetics ((mtDNAmtDNA))

MtDNAMtDNA variation (variation (analysisanalysis team team directeddirected by L. by L. QuintanaQuintana--MurciMurci))–– 1404 1404 samplessamples (i.e. (i.e. individualsindividuals) ) fromfrom Gabon and Gabon and

CameroonCameroon–– 9 hunter9 hunter--gatheringgathering ‘‘PygmyPygmy’’ pops (pops (421 421 individualsindividuals), 20 ), 20

BantuBantu--speakingspeaking farmingfarming pops (pops (983 983 individualsindividuals))–– No No evidenceevidence atat all of a all of a SemiticSemitic or or EgyptianEgyptian originorigin–– If Fang If Fang reallyreally descendeddescended fromfrom ‘‘EgyptEgypt’’, all Bantu, all Bantu--

speakingspeaking groups of the area groups of the area wouldwould bebe relatedrelated to the to the ((ancientancient) ) EgyptiansEgyptians!!

(Data, (Data, analysisanalysis and and slideslide by by LluisLluis QM)QM)


Evidence Evidence fromfrom geneticsgenetics ((mtDNAmtDNA))Principal Coordinates

BEN

DUM

EWD

FAN-GB

GAL

GIS

KEL

KOT

MAKNDU

NGU

NZE

OBA

ORU

PUN

SHA

TEK

TSO

Coord. 1

Co

ord

. 2

35%

25%

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Evidence Evidence fromfrom geneticsgenetics (Y)(Y)

YY--chromosome variation (chromosome variation (analysisanalysis directeddirectedby J. by J. BertranpetitBertranpetit and D. Comas)and D. Comas)–– 900 900 samplessamples fromfrom Gabon and Gabon and CameroonCameroon–– 3 hunter3 hunter--gatheringgathering ((‘‘PygmyPygmy’’) populations, 20 ) populations, 20

BantuBantu--speakingspeaking farmingfarming populationspopulations–– 18 STR markers (3 18 STR markers (3 reactionsreactions))–– ~~40 SNP markers40 SNP markers(Data, (Data, analysisanalysis, , slidesslides by David Comas)by David Comas)



–– First First resultresult: Fang are : Fang are basicallybasically ‘‘BantuBantu’’!!


Y-chromosome in Central Africa: haplogroups

Y-chromosome haplogroupBantu

Pygmy-2.50

-2.00

-1.50

-1.00

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

-0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00

A

B

B2b

E

E1

E2

E3aE3b1

G

R1b BakaG

BakaC

Bakola

Bekwil

Eviya

Orungu

Makina BengaEshiraNdumuShake

Punu

Galoa

FangDuma

Tsogo

Okande

Kota

NzebiKeleObamba

Teke

Y-chromosome haplogroupBantu

PygmyY-chromosome haplogroup

Bantu

Pygmy-2.50

-2.00

-1.50

-1.00

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

-0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00

A

B

B2b

E

E1

E2

E3aE3b1

G

R1b BakaG

BakaC

Bakola

Bekwil

Eviya

Orungu


Punu

Galoa

FangDuma

Tsogo

Okande

Kota

NzebiKeleObamba

Teke

-2.50

-2.00

-1.50

-1.00

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

-0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00

A

B

B2b

E

E1

E2

E3aE3b1

G

R1b BakaG

BakaC

Bakola

Bekwil

Eviya

Orungu


Punu

Galoa

FangDuma

Tsogo

Okande

Kota

NzebiKeleObamba

Teke

Correspondence analysis: haplogroup compositionFirst two dimension plot (75.6% genetic variance)



–– ButBut…… Fang Fang attestattest a nona non--AfricanAfrican haplogrouphaplogroup(R1b)!!(R1b)!!

–– HoweverHowever…… theythey are not the are not the onlyonly onesones!!!!!!PunuPunu, Teke, , Teke, NdumuNdumu, , ObambaObamba! (In ! (In particularparticular!)!)Pops Pops havinghaving differentdifferent oral traditionsoral traditions

–– EspeciallyEspecially Fang vs. Fang vs. othersothers

Pops not Pops not directlydirectly relatedrelated, , linguisticallylinguistically–– EspeciallyEspecially Fang vs. Fang vs. othersothers

GeographicalGeographical distance distance –– Fang vs. Fang vs. othersothers

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GABON

Major W

estern Expansion Route (costal,

inland, both?)

Punu

Ndumu-Teke

Fang

Peopling of Gabon by Punu, Ndumu, Teke and Fang acc. to oral traditions



–– Distribution, Distribution, originorigin and and ageage of of thisthis haplohaplo--group?group?


2424

6363

44

3333

Ngum

baN

gumba

5533332222884747424260604848434358582020474757573636434353536464242458584848555050TotalTotal

3355101022121211114411116619192222R1bR1b

22GG

22E3b1E3b1

202012125555100100898971718585818172727474808075758484757584848585808058588181888880808484E3aE3a

4412125588993310101111226622221717101022E2E2

5522E1E1

2020121255222255332220201212EE

60606464272777225522443322B2bB2b

99221717889977447733141444222121224422BB

9922443322AA

BakaCBakaCBakaGBakaGBakolaBakolaO

kandeO

kandeG

aloaG

aloaEshiraEshiraTsogoTsogoTekeTekeShakeShakePunuPunu

Orungu

Orungu

Obam

baO

bamba

Nzebi

Nzebi

Ndum

uN

dumu

Makina

MakinaKotaKotaFangFangEviyaEviyaD

uma

Dum

aBengaBengaBekw

ilBekw

ilKeleKele%%

Y-chromosome in Central Africa: haplogroups


Y-chromosome in Central Africa: haplogroup R1

••

••

•

•Haplogroup R1b*

Modified from Cruciani et al. 2002

Haplogroup R1b*(Zalloua, personal communication)

Chad: 20 - 35 %North Africa: 7 %Middle East: 10 %

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–– HaplogroupHaplogroup R1b*R1b*EstimatedEstimated ageage: 13,000 : 13,000 ±± 3,000 3,000 yearsyears

–– HaplogroupHaplogroup R1b (R1b (includingincluding ChadChad samplessamples))EstimatedEstimated ageage: 12,700 : 12,700 ±± 2,200 2,200 yearsyears

–– HaplogroupHaplogroup R1R1OutOut--ofof--AfricaAfricaPartial back migration (Partial back migration (~~16,000 YBP)16,000 YBP)SubsequentSubsequent contacts: Central contacts: Central AfricaAfrica


Possible scenario(s)Possible scenario(s)

Scenario(s)Scenario(s)Type(s) of migrationType(s) of migration

Fang warrior(19th centurydrawing)



Contacts Contacts betweenbetween BantuBantu--speakingspeaking farmersfarmers and and otherother groups (Nilogroups (Nilo--SaharanSaharan?) ?) beforebefore and/or and/or duringduring southwardsouthward--boundbound migrationmigration–– Initial contacts: Initial contacts: ChadChad?, ?, northernnorthern CameroonCameroon?, Central?, Central--

AfricanAfrican RepublicRepublic? ? FartherFarther southsouth??–– More More thanthan one one regionregion, , possiblypossibly–– Over an Over an undeterminedundetermined but but considerableconsiderable stretch of stretch of

timetime

SeveralSeveral BantuBantu--speakingspeaking pops have pops have thusthus becomebecome, , withwith othersothers, the new , the new ‘‘carrierscarriers’’ of a of a muchmuch olderolder‘‘backback--intointo--AfricaAfrica’’ migrationmigration


Current distributionof Nilo-Saharanlanguages

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CarriedCarried alongalong by by southwardsouthward migrationsmigrationsNot a rush!Not a rush!–– LargeLarge--scalescale movementmovement, , withwith variousvarious rates of rates of velocityvelocity

over timeover time–– On the On the wholewhole, slow progression, slow progression

No direct No direct descentdescent fromfrom the the UpperUpper--Nile Nile regionregion! ! "Out"Out--ofof--EgyptEgypt theorytheory" " isis untenableuntenable–– SeriousSerious problemproblem of time of time depthdepth! Much ! Much olderolder geneticgenetic

substratumsubstratumNot a Not a carefullycarefully plannedplanned, , aggressiveaggressive conquestconquest!!–– NonNon--orientedoriented, non, non--plannedplanned, non, non--linearlinear processprocess



–– NonNon--teleologicalteleological eventevent ((mostmost of the time)of the time)Just Just ‘‘getget out of the out of the wayway’’ …… to to GodGod--knowsknows--wherewhere

No No nomadsnomads: : authenticauthentic villagersvillagers–– ProbablyProbably experiencedexperienced tradesmentradesmen alreadyalready in in prepre--

colonialcolonial timestimes

WaveWave--likelike in in spacespace, in time (, in time (‘‘fleaflea--likelike’’))–– SouthernSouthern linguisticlinguistic featuresfeatures in in somesome northernnorthern dialectsdialects

(Gabon) (Gabon) stronglystrongly suggestsuggest ((minorminor) ) backback migrationsmigrations–– SomeSome splitsplit--offs offs maymay have have miscarriedmiscarried–– SomeSome groups groups staystay, , othersothers move onmove on



Primary and secundarydispersal areas



TriggeredTriggered and/or and/or encouragedencouraged by a by a varietyvariety of of factorsfactors thatthat maymay evolveevolve over timeover timeRepellersRepellers, , attractorsattractors, , conductorsconductors–– E.g. E.g. FulaniFulani expansion: expansion: highthight of of centralisedcentralised empire empire

duringduring 19th 19th centurycentury ADADUsman dan Usman dan FodioFodioSokoto empire and jihad (Sokoto empire and jihad (northernnorthern Nigeria)Nigeria)Invasions, raids and pressure contributed to southward Invasions, raids and pressure contributed to southward migratory movements through Niger and Nigeria into migratory movements through Niger and Nigeria into CameroonCameroon

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Fulani (Fulbe) people



–– EuropeanEuropean tradetrade and and goodsgoods: efficient : efficient attractorattractor duringduringsecond second halfhalf of 19th of 19th centurycentury in Gabon (in Gabon (strategicstrategic, , politicalpolitical choicechoice!)!)

–– RepellersRepellers: : fearfear of slave of slave tradetrade, , strongstrong social social tiesties(clans)(clans)

ComplexComplex eventevent: : –– Migration(s) Migration(s) withinwithin migration (migration (admixtureadmixture beforebefore

and/or and/or duringduring spreadspread))–– SeveralSeveral ((relatedrelated or not or not relatedrelated) populations ) populations involvedinvolved



Incorporation: partial Incorporation: partial integrationintegration throughthrough concon--tacttact withwith pops pops alreadyalready in place (in place (substratumsubstratum) ) and/or and/or encountersencounters of of variousvarious types (!)types (!)–– ArchaeologicalArchaeological evidenceevidence: Hunter: Hunter--collectingcollecting settlesettle--

mentsments priorprior to to arrivalarrival of Bantu of Bantu villagersvillagersCarriers of R1B??Carriers of R1B??

–– Motivation and modes of incorporation?Motivation and modes of incorporation?Evidence (YEvidence (Y--chromosome) chromosome) onlyonly concernsconcerns male male individualsindividuals

–– WhatWhat about about femalesfemales??

VoluntaryVoluntary basis? basis? ForcedForced integrationintegration??Time Time depthsdepths??



‘‘R1bR1b--freefree’’ pops: pops: MyeneMyene (B10), (B10), TsogoTsogo (B30) and (B30) and Kele (B20) groupsKele (B20) groups–– No real contact No real contact withwith R1bR1b--carryingcarrying popspops

More More ancientancient? (? (SuggestedSuggested by by linguisticlinguistic evidenceevidence!)!)OtherOther migrations migrations pathspaths? (? (CoastalCoastal??, more western?)??, more western?)

–– Limited Limited numbernumber of Kele and of Kele and PygmyPygmy individualsindividuals: : genegeneflowflow

Possible Possible explanationexplanation for for perceivedperceived phenotypicalphenotypicaltraits in Fang??traits in Fang??–– WhyWhy Fang and not the Fang and not the otherother pops pops suchsuch as as PunuPunu??

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FurtherFurther explore explore originorigin and and distributiondistribution of the of the nonnon--AfricanAfrican haplogrouphaplogroup–– ChadChad, , CameroonCameroon and Central and Central AfricanAfrican RepublicRepublic (e.g. (e.g.

UpperUpper--Sangha area in CAR)Sangha area in CAR)–– FartherFarther down down southsouth

Examen Examen NorthNorth--SouthSouth,, decreasingdecreasing gradientgradient–– TwoTwo CongosCongos ((otherother BantuBantu--speakingspeaking populations)populations)–– Angola (idem)Angola (idem)

LinguisticLinguistic researchresearch–– ProtoProto--FangFang

VocabularyVocabulary–– ReconstructionsReconstructions–– BorrowingsBorrowings

FurtherFurther investigationinvestigation


FurtherFurther investigationinvestigation

SortingSorting out time out time depthsdepthsFang: Fang: OriginallyOriginally an (an (ethnicethnic) ) unityunity? Or ? Or resultresult of of ((recentrecent) convergence?) convergence?–– Cultural variation Cultural variation

Artefacts (Artefacts (funeralfuneral statuettes, statuettes, traditionaltraditional knivesknives) and style ) and style differencesdifferences withinwithin Fang (Fang (PerroisPerrois, i.a.), , i.a.), DifferencesDifferences betweenbetween Fang and Fang and BetiBeti ((LaburtheLaburthe--TolraTolra, 1981), 1981)

–– ProblemsProblems withwith genealogiesgenealogies withinwithin ‘‘FangFang’’: absence : absence commoncommon ancestorsancestors, , incompatibilitiesincompatibilities

LineagesLineages as as mostmost significantsignificant unitsunits??–– Variations in oral traditionVariations in oral tradition–– WhatWhat cancan population population geneticsgenetics tell us?tell us?


ReferencesReferences (1)(1)AlexandreAlexandre, P. (1965). Proto, P. (1965). Proto--histoire du histoire du groupegroupe betibeti--bulubulu--fangfang : : essaiessai de de synthsynthèèsese provisoireprovisoire, , Cahiers Cahiers dd’é’étudestudes africainesafricaines, , volvol V., nV., n°° 20. 50320. 503--560.560.BowdichBowdich, T., T.--E. (1819). E. (1819). Voyage Voyage dansdans le pays le pays dd’’AschantieAschantie ouou Relation de Relation de ll’’ambassadeambassade envoyenvoyééee dansdans cece royaumeroyaume par les par les AnglaisAnglais, , Paris, Gide, 1819, Paris, Gide, 1819, 527 p., 527 p., traductiontraduction de de ll’é’éditiondition originaleoriginale, , LondresLondres, John Murray, 1819; Carte , John Murray, 1819; Carte de 1821, de 1821, publipubliééee dansdans MittheilungenMittheilungen ausaus Justus Justus PerthesPerthes’’ GeographischerGeographischerAnstaltAnstalt üüberber WichtigeWichtige NeueNeue ErforschungenErforschungen auf Dem auf Dem GesammtgebieteGesammtgebiete derderGeographieGeographie von Dr A. von Dr A. PetermannPetermann 1862, Gotha Justus 1862, Gotha Justus PerthesPerthes, , TafelTafel 8, Die 8, Die GabGabüünn LLäändernder..Cadet, X. (2005). Cadet, X. (2005). Histoire des Fang, Histoire des Fang, peuplepeuple gabonaisgabonais. PhD thesis in History. . PhD thesis in History. Lille 3, July 2005. Supervisor Jean Martin. CRHENLille 3, July 2005. Supervisor Jean Martin. CRHEN--O.O.DiopDiop, C. A. (1979; 1955). , C. A. (1979; 1955). Nations nNations nèègres et culture. De lgres et culture. De l’’antiquitantiquitéé nnèègre gre éégyptienne aux problgyptienne aux problèèmes culturels de lmes culturels de l’’Afrique Noire dAfrique Noire d’’aujourdaujourd’’huihui. Paris, . Paris, PrPréésence africaine.sence africaine.DiopDiop, C. A. (1981). , C. A. (1981). Civilisation Civilisation ouou barbariebarbarie ? ? Anthropologie sans Anthropologie sans comcom--plaisanceplaisance. Paris, Pr. Paris, Préésence africaine.sence africaine.


ReferencesReferences (2)(2)DiopDiop, C. A. (1993; 1977). , C. A. (1993; 1977). AntAntéérioritrioritéé des des civilisationscivilisations nnèègresgres : : mythemythe ououvvééritritéé historiquehistorique ?? Paris/Dakar, Paris/Dakar, PrPréésencesence africaineafricaine..Du Du ChailluChaillu, P. (1863). , P. (1863). Voyages et aventures en Afrique Voyages et aventures en Afrique ééquatorialequatoriale. Paris, . Paris, Michel Levy.Michel Levy.GuthrieGuthrie, M. (1948). , M. (1948). The Classification of the Bantu The Classification of the Bantu LanguagesLanguages. London, . London, Oxford Oxford UniversityUniversity PressPress for the International for the International AfricanAfrican IInstitutenstitute..Guthrie, M. (1967Guthrie, M. (1967--71). 71). Comparative BantuComparative Bantu. Farnborough, Gregg . Farnborough, Gregg International Publishers.International Publishers.HombertHombert, J., J.--M., M., MedjoMedjo MvMvéé, P. & , P. & NguNguéémama, R. (1989). Les Fang sont, R. (1989). Les Fang sont--ils ils BantuBantu ? ? PholiaPholia, 4, LAPHOLIA, CRLS, Universit, 4, LAPHOLIA, CRLS, Universitéé LumiLumièèrere--Lyon 2. Lyon 2. 133133--47.47.LaburtheLaburthe--TolraTolra P. (1981). P. (1981). Les seigneurs de la forêtLes seigneurs de la forêt, Paris, Publication de la , Paris, Publication de la Sorbonne.Sorbonne.Mayer, R. (2002). Mayer, R. (2002). Histoire de la Histoire de la famillefamille gabonaisegabonaise. Libreville, Editions du . Libreville, Editions du LUTO.LUTO.MbaMba--NkogheNkoghe, J. (2001). , J. (2001). Description linguistique du fang du Gabon (parler Description linguistique du fang du Gabon (parler atsiatsi)) : phonologie, morphologie, syntaxe, lexique: phonologie, morphologie, syntaxe, lexique. . PhDPhD thesisthesis..MedjoMedjo MvMvéé, P. (1997). , P. (1997). Essai sur la phonologie Essai sur la phonologie panchroniquepanchronique des parlers des parlers fang du Gabon et ses implications historiquesfang du Gabon et ses implications historiques. . PhDPhD ThesisThesis. Universit. UniversitééLumiLumièèrere--Lyon 2.Lyon 2.

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ReferencesReferences (3)(3)ObengaObenga, T. (1985). , T. (1985). Les Bantu. Langues. Peuples. CivilisationsLes Bantu. Langues. Peuples. Civilisations. Paris, . Paris, PrPréésence africaine.sence africaine.ObengaObenga, T. (1993). , T. (1993). Origine commune de lOrigine commune de l’é’égyptien ancien, du copte et des gyptien ancien, du copte et des langues nlangues néégrogro--africaines modernes. Introduction africaines modernes. Introduction àà la linguistique historique la linguistique historique africaineafricaine. Paris, L. Paris, L’’Harmattan.Harmattan.PerroisPerrois L. (1972). L. (1972). La La statuairestatuaire fang. Gabonfang. Gabon. . MMéémoiremoire de de ll’’O.R.S.T.O.MO.R.S.T.O.M., n., n°°59, Paris, ORSTOM.59, Paris, ORSTOM.PerroisPerrois, L. (2006). , L. (2006). FangFang. T2 Visions . T2 Visions dd’’AfriqueAfrique. Paris, 5 Continents.. Paris, 5 Continents.Trilles, R. P. (1912a). Trilles, R. P. (1912a). Chez les Fang ou quinze annChez les Fang ou quinze annéées de ses de sééjour au Congo jour au Congo franfranççaisais. Paris, Soci. Paris, Sociééttéé AugustinAugustin--DesclDesclééee de Brouwer.de Brouwer.Trilles, R. P. (1912b). Le totTrilles, R. P. (1912b). Le totéémisme chez les Fang. misme chez les Fang. AnthroposAnthropos--BibliothekBibliothek, , vol. I, nvol. I, n°° 4, Munster4, Munster..TrillesTrilles, R. P. (1931). , R. P. (1931). Mille Mille lieueslieues dansdans ll’’inconnuinconnu. . En pleine forêt En pleine forêt ééquatoriale, quatoriale, chez les Fangchez les Fang. . Paris, Paris, DesclDesclééee de Brouwer.de Brouwer.Wilson, J. (1843). Mr. WilsonWilson, J. (1843). Mr. Wilson’’s description of the country near the mouth of s description of the country near the mouth of the the GaboonGaboon. . The Missionary HeraldThe Missionary Herald. vol. XXXIX. June 1843, n. vol. XXXIX. June 1843, n°° 6. 2296. 229--240.240.


AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

To ESF, To ESF, To CNRS,To CNRS,To the To the OrganisersOrganisers,,To the Audience, To the Audience,

…… for for thisthis stimulatingstimulating workshop!workshop!

Fang blacksmiths in 1856 (Du Chaillu, 1863:168))

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