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OBJECTIVE

BIOLOGYBIOLOGY

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An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Company

ByVIJAY K. KHOSLA

KANTA KHOSLA

Karnataka Common Entrance Test

NEW EDITION–2016

Consortium of Medical, Engineering andDental Colleges of Karnataka

C M Y K

CET/COMED–K

Price : 700.00`

All Questions

of

CET/ COMED-K,

2015

Included

Reviewed byK.S. GOPAL KRISHNA

M.Sc. (Botany), PGDIM

MBD House, Railway Road, Jalandhar City.MODERN PUBLISHERS

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MODERN'S abc SERIES OFOBJECTIVE BOOKS

Modern's abc JEE-Mainof Objective Physics for

Modern's abc JEE-Mainof Objective Chemistry for

Modern's abc JEE-Mainof Objective Mathematics for

Modern's abc AIPMTof Objective Physics for

Modern's abc AIPMTof Objective Chemistry for

Modern's abc AIPMTof Objective Biology for

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PHYSICS

CHEMISTRY

MATHEMATICS

PHYSICS

CHEMISTRY

BIOLOGY

Sample Papers for

Sample Papers for

Sample Papers for

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JEE-Main

JEE-Main

JEE-Main

JEE-Main

AIPMT

AIPMT

AIPMT

T–JEE

IIT–JEE Advance

II

Modern's

Modern's

Modern's

Modern's

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of Physics+

of + Chemistry

of + Mathematics

of + Biology

MODERN'S abc SERIES OFSCIENCE TEXTBOOKS

FOR CLASS XI & XII

C M Y K

Modern's abc CET& COMED-Kof Objective Physics for

Modern's abc CET& COMED-Kof Objective Chemistry for

Modern's abc CET& COMED-Kof Objective Mathematics for

Modern's abc CET& COMED-Kof Objective Biology for

New Delhi:Mumbai:Chennai:Chennai:Kolkata:Jalandhar City:Bengaluru:Hyderabad:Ernakulam:Pune:Nagpur:Ahmedabad:Cuttack:Guwahati:

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MBD House, Railway Road124/31, 1st Main, IndustrialTown (Near Chowdeshwari Kalyan Mantap),West of Chord Road, Rajajinagar3-4-492,VarunTowers, BarkatpuraSurabhi Building, South Janatha Road, Palarivattom

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DELHI LOCAL OFFICES:

The presentation in your hands of “Modern's abc of Objective Biology” provides a completereview of the material covered in two year course in Biology at +2 stage.

This book has been prepared strictly in accordance with syllabus and guidelines for KarnatakaCET and COMED-K. It fulfils the needs of the students aspiring for selection in competitiveexaminations.

This provides complete but precise discussion of each chapter. It ranges from elementaryand basic concepts to advanced and sophisticated level .Key Facts. These concepts and facts help the students to prepare the topic thoroughly.Quanta to Memory are energy packets for memory and contain valuable information.

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Revision Notes

Questions

Answers

Tips to Students

Acknowledgements

Mult ple Choice Questions. These include a variety of objective type questions in the form ofmultiple choice questions.NCERT Exemplar Problems (MCQ) have been included.Questions from ompetitive Examinations. Questions from all types of competitiveexaminations have been included under separate heading.Recently Asked Questions (RAQ) in Karnataka CET and COMED-K. have been mentionedunder special category.All these will enable the students to have quick revision.‘Thought Provoking Questions’ Self assessment Test at the end of each unit helps thestudents for quick grasp as well as assess the preparation of unit.‘Mock Tests’ are very similar tests for complete revision of syllabus.

The book provides answers to all questions.Special feature of the book is explanation of many questions along with answers at theend of each chapter.

Read this book in between the lines because a slight mistake in reading the statement maymake a large difference in answer. In the competitive examination speed and accuracy areequally vital. Do not read the book like a novel, keep a pen or pencil ready, make sketcheswherever necessary to understand the working.Do not take things for granted but consider all arguments for and against.Avoid the temptation to see the answer without trying all the responses (choices) yourself.Do not jump to conclusions.

It is very difficult to give the long list of friends, colleagues and dear students who have beenhelping in different ways during the compiling of the book. We are gratefully indebted to them.We also acknowledge painstaking efforts of our students and children who helped us in thecompletion of this project.

We acknowledge with thanks the untiring efforts of our publisher, Shri Balwant Sharma,(N.S.H.), Sh. Manik Juneja National Head (Content Operation), Sh. S.K. Sikka (G.M.Publication), Sh. Ravinder Pathania, and B.S. Rawat, Managers Publication and efficient staff tobring out the book.

We hope the book Modern's abc of Objective Biology will be warmly received by the youngscholars and give them a sense of excitement as well as analytical power. It gives an excellentguidance and induce confidence in them to face the challenges. We Pray for their Success.

Though sincere efforts have been made to ensure that all the answers are correct. A slip onour part or during printing cannot be ruled out. We ensure the students to eradicate these errorsin the next edition.

Suggestions for improvement of the book will be sincerely and gratefully acknowledged.

Authors

C M Y K

MODERN'SOF

We feel pleasure in presenting the book for studentsappearing in Karnataka examinations and other board examinations forentrance to different engineering and other professional colleges. The book has beenthoroughly revised in accordance with the changing trends of different examinations andsuggestions of worthy teachers and all my dear students.

‘Modern’s abc of Objective Chemistry’CET/COMED–K

ABOUT THE BOOK

For CET/COMED–K

KARNATAKA COMMON ENTRANCE TEST

OBJECTIVE CHEMISTRY

SPECIAL FEATURES

••

Comprehensive, precise and exclusively written for Karnataka

Includes previous years' AIEEE/JEE and Karnataka CET/COMED-K questions

Review Section emphasizes important definitions, terms, facts, formulae,

principles, theories, etc.

Large variety and number of Multiple Choice Questions covering all aspects

of each chapter/concept

Questions arranged in increasing order of difficulty –

Level 1 (basic conceptual questions)

Level 2 (application-based questions)

Five mock tests based on recent years' competitive examination questions

We feel pleasure in presenting the book for studentsappearing in Karnataka examinations and other board examinations forentrance to different engineering and other professional colleges of the state. The book hasbeen prepared in accordance with the changing trends of different examinations andsuggestions of worthy teachers and all my dear students.

‘Modern’s abc of Objective Physics’CET/COMED–K

MODERN'SOF

ABOUT THE BOOK

For CET/COMED–K

KARNATAKA COMMON ENTRANCE TEST

OBJECTIVE PHYSICS

SPECIAL FEATURES

••

Comprehensive, precise and exclusively written for Karnataka

Includes previous years' AIEEE/JEE and Karnataka CET/COMED-K questions

Review Section emphasizes important definitions, terms, facts, formulae,

principles, theories, etc.

Large variety and number of Multiple Choice Questions covering all aspects

of each chapter/concept

Questions arranged in increasing order of difficulty –

Level 1 (basic conceptual questions)

Level 2 (application-based questions)

Five mock tests based on recent years' competitive examination questions

C M Y K

MODERN'SOF

OBJECTIVE MATHEMATICS

I feel pleasure in presenting the thoroughly revised and updated edition of the bookfor the students aspiring to compete for

Karnataka . The book is strictly in accordance with the changing trends ofdifferent examinations.

The salient features of the revised book are :

“Modern’s abc of Objective Mathematics”CET/COMED–K

ABOUT THE BOOK

ForCET/COMED–K

KARNATAKA COMMON ENTRANCE TEST

SPECIAL FEATURES

••

Comprehensive, precise and exclusively written for Karnataka

Includes previous years' AIEEE/JEE and Karnataka CET/COMED-K questions

Review Section emphasizes important definitions, terms, facts, formulae,

principles, theories, etc.

Large variety and number of Multiple Choice Questions covering all aspects

of each chapter/concept

Questions arranged in increasing order of difficulty –

Level 1 (basic conceptual questions)

Level 2 (application-based questions)

Five mock tests based on recent years' competitive examination questions

SPECIAL FEATURES

MODERN'SOF

ABOUT THE BOOK

For CET/COMED–K

KARNATAKA COMMON ENTRANCE TEST

The presentation in your hands of provides a complete

review of the material covered in two year course in Biology at +2 stage.

This book has been prepared strictly in accordance with syllabus and guidelines for Karnataka

. It fulfils the needs of the students aspiring for selection in competitive

examinations.

“Modern's abc of Objective Biology”

CET/COMED–K

••

Comprehensive, precise and exclusively written for Karnataka

Includes previous years' AIPMT and Karnataka CET/COMED-K questions

Review Section emphasizes important definitions, terms, facts, formulae,

principles, theories, etc.

Large variety and number of Multiple Choice Questions covering all aspects

of each chapter/concept

Questions arranged in increasing order of difficulty –

Level 1 (basic conceptual questions)

Level 2 (application-based questions)

Five mock tests based on recent years' competitive examination questions

OBJECTIVE BIOLOGY

For Class XI & XII School Textbooks

India’sIndia’sNo.No.11

The present book is being brought out to present the subject matter and depth of content of Physics in full conformity with the latest syllabiprescribed by the NCERT/CBSE, New Delhi and other State Education Boards. In order to keep pace with the recent trends in educationat the national level, the whole textual material has been arranged and presented in a sequential manner, following the NCERT pattern.Special emphasis has been laid on skill development in the problem solving approach for providing better basic conceptualunderstanding and deep insight of the subject matter in numerical problem solving as well.

Aunique feature- has been introduced in the book, as a part of much-needed experimentation cum technology-based aspect, to-seek for practical applications of the concepts in day-to-day life of the learners. This aspect is expected to enhance theirmotivational level in the form of thought process for better and correct learning of Physics, with a view to eradicate misconceptions inPhysics.

The textual material of the book has been presented in a systematic and sequential manner, easily comprehensible by the learners tomake it learner-friendly. In addition to full coverage of the content, each chapter of the book includes

(content revision at a glance), Solved and (to cover HOTS),Solved specially designed (with Hints and Solutions) and

(with answers for self-practice), covering most of the previous years’ questions from various State Education Boards andCompetitive Examinations. Conceptual numerical problems and Short Answer Type, Multiple Choice Type Questions, Assertion andReason Type Questions, set in different competitive Examinations (CBSE, AIEEE, IIT, CPMT, MNR, AFMC, AIIMS, etc) have beencovered thoroughly in the present book.

The present book is supported with the firstAugmented Reality app, as a novel feature with interactive

Illustrative Investigation

Illustrative Investigation,Summary NCERT Textbook Exercises, Examples Additional Exercises

NCERT Exemplar Problems, Practice Exercises Additional PracticeExercises

Nytra-Watch books come alive.

PHYSICSabc OF

CHEMISTRYabc OF

KEY FEATURES OF THE BOOKARE

Simple language and easily reproducible diagrams.Large variety of SOLVED NUMERICALPROBLEMS.Additional numerical problems under the heading PRACTICE PROBLEMS for self assessment and practice.REVISION EXERCISES in the form of 'Very Short Answer Type', 'Short Answer Type' and 'Long Answer Type Questions' with

HINTS and SOLUTIONS to some questions is also included.CONCEPTUALQUESTIONS are solved at the end of each chapter.Additional information is given under 'Learning Plus','Key Note' and 'Watch Out'.For Quick Revision of the chapter objective type questions in the form of 'True or False', 'Complete the Missing Links' and 'Choose

the CorrectAlternative', under the heading Memory Test along with their answers, are given at the end of each unit.COMPETITION FILE which includes 'Additional Information', 'Higher Order Thinking Skills' (HOTS), 'Brain-Twisting Questions' (with

answers) and 'Multiple Choice Questions', is also given. This will prepare students for various competitive entrance examinations for

entry to Medical, IIT and other Engineering colleges.COMPLETE coverage of previous years’ questions from all the board examinations and competitive examinations such as AIPMT,

JEE(Main), JEE (Advance) and other State Boards.

In a NUTSHELL the book provides Excellent Guidance to students for Boards' examinations as well as for competitive

examinations for entrance to professional colleges.

The present book is supported with the firstAugmented Reality app, as a novel feature with interactive Nytra-Watch books come alive.

MATHEMATICSabc OF

Modern’s abc +of Mathematics for Class-XII – has been especially designed to inculcate in students the basic concepts, methods andlogic of Mathematics easily. For better practice and keeping in line with the recent modifications, this edition has been revised, updatedand graded with the latest syllabus, curriculum and guidelines laid down by different boards in India.

The wide coverage makes this book essential for aspirants of IIT and other premier engineering colleges of our country.

Solved examples and unsolved problems have been selected very carefully and graded properly.Keeping in view with the latest trends, the exercises have been divided into four categories viz., ‘Fast Track Answer TypeQuestions’, ‘Very ShortAnswer Type Questions’, ‘ShortAnswer Type Questions’and ‘LongAnswer Type Questions’.Value Based Questions to enthuse ethical skills have also been added in the text.

(Higher Order Thinking Skills) questions based on analytical skills have also been included.Questions from different boards of the country have also been incorporated.

(VBQ)HOTS

KEY FEATURES OF THE BOOKARE

BIOLOGYabc OF

Modern's abc + of Biology for class XII, written by very well-known authors of the subject, is a comprehensive book written in simplelanguage with lucid presentation of subject matter. It meets the requirements of senior secondary/pre-degree students appearing for theirBoard examination and also fulfils the requirement of students preparing for different competitive examinations.

In this book, all possible efforts have been made to overcome the practical difficulties which students generally face during thepreparation.

Keeping in view the importance of diagrams in Biology all the chapters have been profusely illustrated with eye-catching diagrams whichmake the subject matter easily comprehensible for the students. The book has also been written keeping the latest trends in mind.

An important feature of this book is the inclusion of some interesting facts for competitive examinations, new terms, objective typequestions, very short answer, short answer and long answer questions.

With all these exclusive features, the book is bound to be a 'Bible' for the students, all over India, appearing for Board Examinations andvarious competitive examinations.

The present book is supported with the firstAugmented Reality app, as a novel feature with interactive Nytra-Watch books come alive.

UNIT - I : DIVERSITY OF LIVING WORLD

UNIT - II : STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

UNIT - III : CELL AND CELL DIVISION

UNIT - IV : PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANTS

UNIT - V : HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

UNIT - VI : REPRODUCTION

1.1. The Living World 1.1 – 1.11

1.2. Biological Classification 1.12 – 1.45

1.3. Plant Kingdom 1.46 – 1.67

1.4. Animal Kingdom 1.68 – 1.127

2.1. Morphology of Plants (Root, Stem and Leaf) 2.1 – 2.33

2.2. Plant Anatomy (Meristem, Plant Tissues, Anatomy of Root, Stem and Leaf) 2.34 – 2.60

2.3 (a). Structural Organisation of Animals (Animal Tissues) 2.61 – 2.80

2.3 (b). Structural Organisation of Animals (Morphology of Cockroach) 2.81 – 2.96

3.1. Cell–Basic Unit of Life 3.1 – 3.38

3.2. Biomolecules 3.39 – 3.80

3.3. Cell Reproduction 3. 81 – 3.105

4.1. Plant–Water Relations 4.1 – 4.19

4.2. Plant Nutrition (Mineral) and Special Modes of Nutrition in Plants 4.20 – 4.33

4.3. Photosynthesis and Translocation of Organic Solutes 4.34 – 4.58

4.4. Respiration in Plants 4.59 – 4.76

4.5. Growth and Development 4.77 –4.101

5.1. Digestive System (Animal Nutrition) 5.1 –5.275.2. Breathing and Respiration (Respiratory System) 5.28 – 5.495.3. Body Fluids an their Circulation (Blood Vascular System) 5.50 – 5.755.4. Excretory Products and their Elimination (Excretory System) 5.76 – 5.905.5. Locomotion and Movements (Muscular and Skeletal System) 5.91 – 5.1145.6. Neural Control and Co-ordination (Nervous System and Sense Organs) 5.115 – 5.1465.7. Chemical Coordination and Regulation (Endocrine System) 5.147 – 5.180

6.1. Reproduction in Organisms 6.1 – 6.13

6.2. Reproduction in Angiosperms 6.14 – 6.34

INTRODUCTION–(Nature and Scope of Biology) 1 – 22

6.3. Human Reproduction (Reproductive System) 6.35 – 6.64

6.4. Reproductive Health 6.65 – 6.90

7.1. Principles of Heredity and Variations 7.1 – 7.48

7.2. Nature of Gene (Genetic Material : Structure and Function) 7.49 – 7.90

7.3. Evolution 7.91 – 7.143

8.1. Human Health and Diseases 8.1 – 8.36

8.2. Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production 8.37 – 8.69

8.3. Microbes in Human Welfare 8.70 – 8.88

9.1. Principles and Processes of Biotechnology 9.1 – 9.22

9.2. Biotechnology and its Applications 9.23 – 9.45

10.1. Organism and Environment 10.1 – 10.32

10.2. Ecosystem 10.33 – 10.56

10.3. Biodiversity and Conservation 10.57 – 10.80

10.4. Environmental Issues 10.81 – 10.110

Mock Test Papers (Solved) M-1–M-16

UNIT - VII : GENETICS AND EVOLUTION

UNIT - VIII : BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE

UNIT - IX : BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

UNIT - X : ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

� You are alive ! Being a part of living world is wondrous and complicated thing. Biologyis the science that deals with living things (bios = life and the logie or ology = scienceof study). Biologists have a tremendous variety of living things and life activities fromwhich to choose as they select their area of study. In doing their work, they are likedetectives trying to solve a mystery. They try to be observant and alert to new ways oflooking at things.

Lamarck and Treviranus (1801) were the first to use the term Biology. The branch ofbiology which deals with the study of animals is called zoology (zoion = an animal ; logieor ology = science of study). Aristotle is regarded as Father of Zoology. The study ofplants is called Botany (botane = herb). Theophrastus (370-287 B.C.) prepared a list of500 plants and is called ‘‘Father of Botany’’.

Pure science. In pure science research is conducted for the sake of knowledge itself.

Applied science. It makes practical use of pure science.

For example, much basic research has been conducted in recent years on the effects ofradiation on living matter. It remained for applied science to make use of this knowledge indestroying tissue by means of radiation.

� Different branches of biology deal with various aspects such as morphology dealswith accurate description of form and external structure, histology is related to detailedstudy of tissue and anatomy is the study of internal structures. Cell biology is thecomplete study of structural and functional aspects of a cell.

� SUB DIVISIONS OF BIOLOGY

Anatomy – It is a branch of science which deals with the study of internal structure of anorganism as revealed by dissection.

Arthrology – Study of joints.Agriology – Study of customs of primitive man.Aphidology – Study of flying organisms in relation with other flying objects.Agronomy – The management of farms and the science of crop production is called

agronomy.Anthropology – The science of man and mankind including his physical and mental

constitution, cultural development and social conditions of present and past is calledanthropology.

Anthology – It is the study of flowers.Agrostology – It is the study of grasses.Acarology – Study of order acarina comprising ticks and mites.Acrology – Study of ticks and mites is called acrology.Aerobiology – Study of air borne organisms and structures such as spores etc. and their

distribution.Agrobiology – It is the quantitative science of plant life and plant nutrition.Agrology – It is the soil science dealing with production of crops.Andrology – It is the study of male reproductive organs.Araneology – It is the study of spiders.Arboriculture – Cultivation of trees and shrubs is called arboriculture.

••••• Sciences are interrelated andbiology requires knowledgeof Physics, Chemistry andother basic sciences.

••••• There are about 0.5 millionspecies of plants on whichabout 1.2 million species ofanimals are dependant.

••••• Living organisms show nu-merous variations and arecapable of change. Universallaws in Biology cannot beformulated as there aremany exceptions.

••••• Living organisms show vari-ous characteristics of lifesuch as growth, metabolism,sensitivity and reproduction.

••••• Living organisms show thepresence of protoplasm andexhibit cellular organisationand movements.

••••• Living organisms showgenetic continuity, growth,development and responseto stimulus.

••••• Life comes from pre-existinglife.

••••• All living organisms havethe property of healing thewounds, reproduce and die.

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Agriculture – It deals with the cultivation of crops and the improved methods of farming.Actinobiology – Study of radiation effect on living organisms.Angiology – Study of blood vessels.Bioinformatics – It is a branch of science concerned with development and application

of computing system and technology in order to make novel observation about biologicalprocesses.

Biotechnology – It is the controlled use of biological agents such as micro-orgainismsor cellular components for beneficial use.

Breeding biology – It is art and science of changing and improving the heredity ofplants and animals.

Biochemistry – Study of chemical aspect of living organisms is termed biochemistry.Batrachology – It is the study of frog.Bioclimatology – The study of climatic effects on biological processes and organisms.Biometrology – Study of effects of atmospheric change on living organisms.Bionics – It is study of problem solving by humans, animals and its technical application.Bacteriology – It is the study of bacteria.Bryology – It is the study of bryophytes.Computational biology – Systematic develeopment, application and validation of

computational hardware and software solutions for building simulation models of biologicalsystems.

Cytology – It deals with the study of structure and functions of cell.Cell Biology – The study of structure and functions, reproduction, energy dynamics,

transport mechanism and life history of cell is called cell biology.Cryobiology – It is the study of effect of low temperature on living organisms.Chirology – It deals with communication system with deaf and mute by sign languages.Chromatology – Study of pigments.Ctenology – Study of acquired characters of organisms.Chorology – Biogeography.Chronobiology – Study of biology of cyclic physiological phenomena.Cosmology – Science of structure and evolution of universe.Cnidology – Study of coelenterates (Cnidarians)Conchology – Study of shells.Chondrology – Study of cartilage.Craniology – Study of skull.Cardiology – Study of heart.Dysteleology – It is the study of appearance of vestigial organs due to evolution.Dendrology biology – It deals with the study of processes by which organisms undergo

progressive and orderly changes in structure as well as physiology during their entire lifecycle.

Dermatology – Study of skin.Developmental morphology – It deals with the developmental aspects of plants.Dactylogy – Communication system as for deaf using signs made of fingers.Demecology – Population ecology. It is the study of population in relation to its

environment.Demography – It is study of population.Dendrology – It is the study of trees and shrubs also called xylology.Desmology – Study of structures and anatomy of ligaments.Evolution – It is the branch of biology which deals with the study of descent of present

day complex living organisms (plants and animals) from the living forms of the past.Embryology – It deals with the study of the stages of an organism that occur immediately

after fertilization.Ecology – It is the study of inter-relationship between living organisms and their

environment.

••••• Breeding Biology. Produc-tion of improved varieties ofplants or animals ; involvescrossing of selected parentsof the same or related spe-cies. It does not manipulategenes.

••••• Physiotherapy. Treating dis-ability, injury and diseasesby external physical means,such as electricity, heat, light,massage, exercise, etc.

••••• Poultry farming. Rearing ofbreeds of poultry birds likedomestic fowl, chicken,ducks and transportationand selling to the businesspeople.

••••• Environmental Manage-ment. It is the assessment ofenvironment, finding out theways and means for remedyof environmental problemsand for conservation ofbiodiversity so as to main-tain the balance of nature.

••••• Computational Biology.Systematic development,application and validation ofcomputational hardwareand software solutions forbuilding simulation modelsof biological systems.

INTRODUCTION (NATURE AND SCOPE OF BIOLOGY) 3

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Ethology – Study of animal behaviour and conditions of animals.Eugenics – It is the science dealing with the improvement of human race through

application of the laws of heredity.Entomology – Study of insects.Exobiology – The study of kind of life that may exist in outer space is called exobiology.Etiology – It is the study of causes of diseases.Ecobiology – Study of adapations in relation to habitat.Ecophysiology – Physiological adaptations in response to environment.Epigenetics – It is the study of mechanisms by which genes and, their products bring

about phenotypic expression.Ethnobotany – It is the relationship between primitive humans and plants.Ethnology – It is science dealing with different race of mankind.Economic botany – It deals with the study of various uses of plants and their products.Environmental mangement – It is the assessment of environment, finding out the ways

and means for remedy of environmental problems and food conservation of biodiversity soas to maintain the balance in nature.

Forensic science – Application of science for identification of various facts aboutblood groups, hair, poisons, narcotics, fingerprints, DNA fingerprinting for solving civilianand criminal cases.

Food technology – Study of processing and preservation of food is called foodtechnology.

Forestry or silviculture – It deals with the development of forests and the utilization oftheir products.

Gynaecology – Study of female reproductive organs.Gerontology – It is a branch of developmental biology which deals with the study of

ageing.Genetics – It is the study of genes and concerned with heredity and variations.Genecology – Study of genetical make up of species or population in relation to habitat.Genetic engineering – The methods of artificial synthesis of new genes and their

subsequent recombination in the genome of an organism or methods of correcting thedefective genes is called genetic engineering.

Geology – It deals with the study of earth and its life as recorded in the rocks.Genecology – It deals with the study of genetic composition of population in relation to

environment.Horticulture – It deals with the study of plants cultivated in gardens and orchards.Hypnology – Science dealing with sleep including the one from hypnosis.Helminthology – Study of parasitic worms.Herpetology – Study of reptiles.Hepatology – Study of liver.Haematology – Study of blood.Histology – The study of the structure and chemical composition of animal and plant

tissue as related to the function.Heredity – It is the study of inheritance of characters from parents to offspring.Ichthyology – Study of fishes and amphibians.Internal morphology – It deals with the internal structure of plant parts and also called

anatomy.Ichnology – It is a branch of palaeontology which deals with fossil foot prints.Kalology – Study of human beauty.Lepidepteriology – Study of butterflies and moths.Leprology – It is the study of leprosy its cause and cure.Limnobiology –It is the study of fresh water.Limnology – study of fresh water ecology/study of snails.

••••• Environmental Manage-ment. Assessment of envi-ronment, finding out theways and means for remedyof environmental problemsand for conservation ofbiodiversity so as to main-tain the balance of nature.

••••• Bioinformatics. Systematicdevelopment and applica-tion of computing systemsand computational solutionof techniques, analysingdata obtained by experi-ments, modelling, databasesearching and instrumenta-tion to make novel observa-tion about biological pro-cesses.

••••• Medical Transcription. In-terpretation and typewriting(transcribing) dictation fromphysicians and otherhealthcare providers regard-ing patient assessment andworkup surgical, radiologyand therapeutic proceduresclinical course, diagnosisand prognosis, etc.

••••• Exobiology. Whether or notlife exists on any planetarybody other than earth hasbeen a question in humanmind since long. There maybe the possibility of the pres-ence of life in the outer spacewhere conditions suitable forits existence are available.One of the purpose of Spacetravel is the search for life onsome other planet. This iscalled exobiology.

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Lichenology – It is the study of lichens.Molecular biology – Study of living oragnisms at the meolecular level.Morphology – It deals with the study of form and structure of animals.Mammology – Study of mammals.Microbiology – Study of microscopic organisms.Malariology – Study of malaria.Myremecology – Study of ants is termed myremecology.Malacology – Study of molluscs.Myology (Sarcology) – Study of muscles.Mastology – Study of breast including teats is called mastology.Mycology – It is the study of fungi.Nematology – Study of nematodes (round worms).Nephrology – Study of kidney.Neonatalogy – It is science of study of new borns upto twenty eight days in humans.Neurology – Study of nervous system.Nidology – Study of nests of birds.Ornithology – Study of birds.Ophthalmology – Study of eyes.Osteology – Study of bones.Organocology – Study of development of organs under embryology.Olericulture – It is the branch of agriculture dealing with cultivation of vegetables.Odonotlogy – Study of teeth and gums.Oto-laryngology – Study of ear and larynx.Palaeontology – It is the study of the origin of plants and animals as shown by fossil

records.Palaeozoology – It is the study of animal fossils.Physiology – Study of functions of various parts of body is called physiology.Parasitology – Study of parasites.Protozoology – Study of unicellular organisms. i.e. protozoans.Parazoology – Study of sponges.Pathology – Nature, symptoms, causes, effects, prevention and suggestive cure of disease

is called pathology.Plant physiology – It is the study of various functional aspects or life processes of the

plants.Plant taxonomy – It is the study of identification, nomenclature and classification of

plants.Palaeobotany – It is the study of fossils of prehistoric plants.Plant ecology – The study of relationship of plants with the environment is termed plant

ecology.Plant geography – The study of distribution of plants over the surface of earth.Phycology – It is the study of algae.Plant pathology – It is the study of plant diseases, their causes, symptoms and methods

of control.Pteridology – It is the study of pteridophytes.Palynology – It is the study of pollen grains.Pomology – It is the study of fruits.Protology – It is the study of hind gut including rectum and anus.Physiotherapy – Treatment of defects by physical remedies is called physiotherapy.Protistology – It is the study of protists.Phenology – Study of periodicity phenomenon of organisms e.g. Bird Migraton.

Pharmacology – It is the study of medicine or drug plants.

••••• Ethology. Study of animalbehaviour is called ethology.

••••• Biodynamics. Branch of bi-ology that deals with activi-ties and bioenergetics of liv-ing beings.

••••• Anthropometry. Measure-ment of human traits likelength of limbs, stature, bodyweight, cranial capacity etc.in human populations aswell as human ancestors.

••••• Bionics/Biological electron-ics. Development of elec-tronic and mechanical artifi-cial systems that imitatethose of living ones e.g.

bionic arm, bionic ear.••••• Ethnoarchaeology. Study of

human behaviour and mate-rial culture of different or-ganisms for evaluating ar-chaeological record.

••••• Ethnography. Study of liv-ing cultures using anthropo-logical techniques.

••••• Hydrography. Study andcharting of surface water.

••••• Sociobiology. Study of evo-lutionary function of socialbehaviour.

••••• Petrology. Study of rocks,their mineral compositionand origin.

INTRODUCTION (NATURE AND SCOPE OF BIOLOGY) 5

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Plant breeding – It is the study of genetics in relation to selective crossing andreproduction between different plants.

Plant agronomy – It is the science of soil mangement and production of crops.

Pharmacognosy – It is the scientific study of structural, physical, chemical and sensorycharacters of plants, cultivation, collection and other particulars relating to their uses.

Phrenology – Study of mental faculties of brain including feelings.

Plant Morphology – study of form and structure of plant organ is called morphology. Itgenerally includes external morphology which refers to gross structure visible to nakedeye.

Pedology – Paedology = Edaphology –study of soil.

Quantitative zoology – Study of biometric data in animals.

Radiation biology – Study of effects of radiation on living organisms is termed radiationbiology (Actinobiology)

Rhinology – Study of nose and olfactory organs.

Serology – Study of serum ; interaction of antigens and antibodies in the blood.

Splanchnology – Study of visceral cavity and its organs.

Soil Science – The study of soil involving its structure, type and dynamics is called soilscience

Sedimentology – Study of rocks and fossils.

Space biology – It is the study of problem of survival of living organisms in outer space.

Serpentology (Ophiology) – Study of snakes.

Saurology – Study of lizards.

Sitology – Science of food, diet and nutrition.

Stomatology – It is the study of foregut.

Speciology – Study of species.

Sarcology – It is branch of anatomy which deals with flesh parts of body.

Spelaeology – Study of caves and cave life.

Teratology – It is a branch of developmental biology which deals with the study ofdevelopmental abnormalities during embryonic stages.

Taxonomy – It deals with the principle of identification, nomenclature and classificationof the animals.

Torentology – It is the study of diseases of embryo.

Taphonomy – It deals with the study of conditions conducive to fossilization of organismsin the plant.

Tricology – Study of hairs is called tricology.

Trophology – Study of nutrition is called trophology.

Toxicology – Study of narcotic effect on animals.

Therapeutics – Study of healing.

Tectology – It is the study of structural organisation of animals.

Traumatology – Study of injuries and wounds.

Urology – Study of excretory system.

Virology – It is the study of viruses.

Xenology – It is the study of hosts in relation to life history of parasites.

Zoo-geography – It is the study of distribution of animals in different geographic regions.

Zoopathology – Study of diseases of animals.

Zymology – Study of fermentation is called zymology.

Zootechny – Science of breeding and domesticating animals.

Zoonosology – It is the study of handicapped animals.

••••• Prawn farming. Rearing,transportation and market-ing of prawn.

••••• Autecology. It is the ecologi-cal study of an individual or-ganism or single species.

••••• Synecology deals with ecol-ogy of group of organisms orcommunities.

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FATHERS IN THE FIELD OF BIOLOGY

Father of Biology : AristotleFather of Botany : TheophrastusFather of Zoology : AristotleFather of Plant Physiology : Stephan HalesFather of Taxonomy : Carl LinnaeusFather of Genetics : G.J. MendelFather of Experimental Genetics : MorganFather of Bryology : Johannn HedwigFather of Modern Cytology : Carl P. SwansonFather of Microscopy : Marcello MalpighiFather of Plant Anatomy : N. GrewFather of Histology : Francis BichetFather of Mycology : MicheliFather of Palynology : ErdtmanFather of Eugenics : Francis GaltonFather of Biochemical Genetics : Achibald GarrodFather of DNA fingerprinting : Alec. JafferyFather of Ethology : LorentzFather of Endocrinology : AddisonFather of ATP cycle : LipmannFather of stress physiology : Hans SelyeFather of gerontology : KorenchevskFather of Indian ecology : R. MishraFather of Comparative Anatomy : Bason George CuvierFather of Modern Anatomy : Andreas VesaliusFather of Experimental Physiology : GalenFather of Study of circulation of Blood : William HarveyFather of Evolutionary ideas : EmpedoclesFather of Modern Embryology : K.V. BaerFather of Ayurveda : CharakaFather of Palaeontology : L. da VinciFather of Medicine : HippocratesFather of Indian Mycology : E. J. ButlerFather of Bacteriology : Robert KochFather of Microbiology : Louis PasteurFather of Mutation : Hugo de VriesFather of Special Creation Theory : Father SuarezFather of Immunology : Edward JennerFather of Modern Genetics : BatesonFather of Blood groups : C. LandsteinerFather of genetic engineering : Paul BergFather of biochemistry : LeibigFather of ECG : EinthovenFather of conditioned reflex : PavlovFather of Polygenic inheritance : KolreuterFather if epidemiology : John SnowFather of plant pathology : de BaryFather of Antiseptic surgery : Joseph ListerFather of Antibiotics : Alexander FlemmingFather of Radiation genetics : H.J. Muller

In various branches differentscientists have worked a lot andare now considered father of thatbranch. The most important ofwhich :

ARISTOTLE : Famous phi-losopher, Native of Unan, regard-ed as Father of Biology, Fatherof Zoology, Founder of Embry-ology, Founder of Taxonomy,wrote a book – titled HistoriaAnimalium.

MOD ABC Of Objective Biology CET/COMED-K (E) Karnataka

Publisher : MBD GroupPublishers

ISBN : 9789351845102Author : Vijak K. Khosla,Kanta Khosla

Type the URL : http://www.kopykitab.com/product/11983

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