MacromoleculesMacromolecules

Objective:Describe the function and structure of carbohydrates and lipids.

BiologyBiologyThe Big The Big

PicturePicture

Macromolecules

• Macro-molecule = large molecule

– Monomer are smaller units that come together.

– Polymers are made up of monomers.

• Poly = many• Poly = many

• Mono = one

• 4 Types

– Carbohydrates

– Proteins

– Lipids

– Nucleic Acids

Polymers

• Long molecules built by linking repeating

building blocks in a chain

– monomers

• building blocks

• repeated small units H2O

HO

HO H

H HHO

• repeated small units

– covalent bonds

Dehydration synthesisDehydration synthesis

How to build a polymer

• Dehydration Synthesis

– joins monomers by “taking” H2O out

• one monomer donates OH–

• other monomer donates H+

• together these form H OH2O

HO

HO H

H HHO

• together these form H2O

– requires energy&enzymes

enzymeDehydration synthesisDehydration synthesis

CondensationreactionCondensationreaction

How to break down a polymer

• Hydrolysis

– use H2O to breakdown polymers

• reverse of dehydration synthesis

• cleave off one monomer at a time

Breaking upis hard to do!

H2O

HO H

HO H HO H

• cleave off one monomer at a time

• H2O is split into H+ and OH–

– H+& OH– attach to ends

– requires enzymes

– releases energy

HydrolysisHydrolysis

DigestionDigestion

enzyme

Macromolecule Function Structure Examples Picture

Carbohydrates• Function:Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for living

things. Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.

• Structure:(rings of carbons: hexagons, pentagons)

– Monomers: Monosaccharides (sugars, glucose, galactose, fructose)

– Polymers: Polysaccharides (starch, glycogen)

• Examples:• Examples:

– Monosaccharides: fruits, honey, sugar cane

– Polysaccharides: grains, potatoes, vegetables

• However, refined carbohydrates found in junk food are deficient in nutrients.

(Monosaccharaides)

(Polysaccharides)

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ProteinsProteins• Function: Proteins are made up of amino acids and are

important because they… – Are used to form bones and muscles

– Control the rate of reactions

– Transport substances around the body

– Help fight disease.

• Structure:(look like ribbons/squiggles)– Monomers: Amino acids– Monomers: Amino acids

– Polymers: Polypeptide chain (protein)

• Example:

– Meat, fish, eggs, and milk contain 8 essential amino acidsOR

– Combination of plant foods, beans, rice

LipidsLipids

• Function: Lipids are used to store energy.Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.

• Structure:(not a polymer)– Large molecules that are generally not soluble in water.

– Long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms.– Long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

• Examples:– fats, oils, & waxes

– Nuts, fruits, vegetable oils, olive oils

Macromolecules

Monomers Polymers

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Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins

Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid• Function: Store and transmit hereditary or genetic

information.

• Structure:

– Monomer: nucleotides (contains a 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.

– Polymer: DNA, RNA (double/single helix)

• Examples:

– Found in negligible amounts in foods.– Found in negligible amounts in foods.

– … therefore it does not provide enough calories (energy).

Macromolecules

Monomers Polymers

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Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins

• https://youtu.be/nt9u7CfVoc4

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