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The Engineering metals play an important role in an

industry, because the process of all manufacturing starts with the raw

materials. The materials, mainly used in actual practice may be

broadly divided into the following Two Groups:

Aluminum , Copper , Zinc , Brass & Etc.

The metals, which contain a metal

other than iron as their main constituent, are called Non-Ferrous Metals. The various Non-Ferrous metals used in

industry are

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The metals, which contain iron as their main

constituent, are called Ferrous Metals. The various ferrous

metals used in industry are

Pig Iron,

Cast Iron.Wrought Iron and

Steel

Steel is the generic term for a large family of Iron-Carbon alloys, which are malleable, within some

temperature range, immediately after solidification form

the molten state. The principle raw materials used in steel

making are Iron ore, Coal, and Limestone

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Is steel that owes its distinctive properties chiefly to the carbonis contains.A steel qualifies as a Carbon Steel while it contains the

following materials at the rated percentage.

Manganese - 1.65 % (maximum)

Silicon - 0.60 % (maximum)

Copper - 0.60 % (maximum)

CLASSIFICATION OF CARBON STEEL :

Carbon Steel can be subdivided roughly into Three groups :1. LOW CARBON STEEL : Carbon - 0.05 To 0.25 %

2. MEDIUM CARBON STEEL : Carbon - 0.30 To 0.55 %

3. HIGH CARBON STEEL : Carbon - 0.60 To 1.30 %

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Is steel that owes its distinctive properties chiefly to same

element or elements other that carbon, or jointly to such other elements

and carbon. Alloy steels posses high yield point and high strength. Theyare more stronger, tougher and fatigue resistant than carbon steel.

CLASSIFICATION OF ALLOY STEEL:

Alloy Steel can be subdivided roughly into Three groups:

1. LOW ALLOYSTEEL 2. MEDIUM ALLOY STEEL

3. HIGH ALLOY STEEL

1. LOW ALLOY STELL :

Alloy steels contain one or more alloying agents to improve

mechanical and corrosion - resistant properties over those to carbon

steel. A typical low - alloy grade containsCarbon : 0.40 %

Manganese : 0.70 %

Nickel : 1.85 %

Chromium : 0.80 %

Molybdenum : 0.25 %

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STAINLESS STEEL :

Stainless steels are high-alloy steels and have superior corrosion

resistant to the carbon and conventional low-alloy steels because they

contain relatively large amount of Chromium.

Stainless steels are iron base alloy containing Chromium as the

main alloying element with a minimum content of 10.5% to make it

resistant to staining, rusting, scaling in most of the corrosive

environments.

Several other alloying elements like Nickel, Molybdenum,

Manganese,Copper, Titanium, etc. are also added in different grades

in order to improve its Metallurgical, Physical and Mechanical

Properties to suit typical and use requirements.

Most of metals and alloys loose their strength and start scaling

when heated to high temperature and become brittle at low temperature.

Stainless steel retain its strength to great extent and do not scale at high

temperature, and at the same time they maintain their toughness and

ductility even at subzero temperature.

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CLASSFICATION OF STAINLESS STEEL :

In the broadest sense the Stainless steels can be divided into

Three basic groups based on their structures:1. AUSTENITIC

2. FERITIC

3. MARTENSITIC

The crystal structure of the metal depends upon the

configuration of its atoms to form unit cell.

# In austenitic steel metal atoms are arranged in

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

# In ferritic steel metal atoms are arranged in

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

# In martensitic steel metal atoms are arranged in

Body Centered Teragonal (BCT)

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Alloying

Elements

Chromium

Nickel In

Pearlite

Nickel In

Austenite

Molybdenum

Manganese In

Pearlite

Manganese In

Austenite

Nitrogen

Silicon

Phosphorous

Sulphur

Hardness Strength Yield Point Elongation Corrosion

Resistance

EFFECT OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS ON THE PROPERTIES OF STEEL

n

n

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ENGG.MATERIALS

METALSCERAMIC ORGANIC

FERROUS METALS NON-FERROUS METALS

PIG IRON CAST IRON WROUGHT STEEL WROUGHT IRON

CARBON STEEL ALLOY STEEL STAINLESS STEEL

LOW C.S MEDIUM C.S HIGH C.S

LOW A.S MEDIUM A.S HIGH A.S

AUSTENITI FERITIC MARTENSITIC