Object Oriented Programming in FEM and BEM a Bibliography 1990 2003 2004 Advances in Engineering...

8/19/2019 Object Oriented Programming in FEM and BEM a Bibliography 1990 2003 2004 Advances in Engineering Software

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Object-oriented programming in FEM and BEM:a bibliography (1990–2003)

Jaroslav Mackerle*

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Linkö ping Institute of Technology, S-581 83 Linkö ping, Sweden

Received 19 November 2003; accepted 18 April 2004

Abstract

This paper gives a bibliographical review of the object-oriented programming applied to the finite element method as well as to the

boundary element method. The bibliography at the end of the paper contains references to papers, conference proceedings and

theses/dissertations on the subject that were published between 1990 and 2003. The following topics are included: finite element method—

object-oriented programming philosophy, mesh modelling, distributed/parallel processing, toolkits and libraries, object-oriented specific

applications (aerospace, civil engineering/geomechanics, coupled problems, dynamical systems, electromagnetics, fracture mechanics and

contact problems, material simulations/manufacturing, mechanical engineering, nonlinear structural simulations, optimization, others);

boundary element method. Totally 408 references are listed.

q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Finite element method; Boundary element method; Object-oriented programming; Bibliography

1. Introduction

The output of scientific papers in general is fast growing

and professionals are no longer able to be fully up-to-date

with all the relevant information. The increasing specializ-

ation in various engineering fields has resulted in the

proliferation of subject-oriented journals and conference

proceedings directed to specialist audiences. The research-

ers have more channels for communicating the results of

their research at their disposal, but on the other hand findingthe necessary information may be a time-consuming

and uneasy process. Another question is whether

researchers/scientists are willing to spend time looking for

information. It has been pointed out that in engineering,

informal knowledge channels are the most frequently used

means of obtaining information.

In the last almost four decades the finite element method

(FEM) has become the prevalent technique used for

analyzing physical phenomena in the field of structural,

solid, and fluid mechanics as well as for the solution of field

problems. The FEM is a useful tool because one can use it to

find out facts or study the processes in a way that other tool

can not accomplish.

The boundary element method (BEM) is about one

decade younger (for elasticity problems). While finite

element analysis demands a time-consuming discretization

of the domain, boundary elements are a function of the

surface configuration only. The method of finite elements is

predominantly based on approximations, the BEM com-

bines them with powerful analytical solutions. From the

point of engineering practice there is a drawback for the

BEM: not many commercial boundary element codes havebeen developed and are in usage.

This paper gives a list of published papers dealing with

object-oriented programming applied to FEM and BEM and

hopefully, this bibliography will save time for readers

looking for information on subjects described below. It can

assist researchers interested in described subjects but not

having the access to large databases or not willing spend

their time for own information retrieval.

During developments of FEM and BEM there have also

been changes in programming paradigms, from the

procedure-oriented to the object-oriented. The traditional

programming language is Fortran and its software was tied

to a particular algorithm or data structure. Necessarychanges in the code required modifications through

0965-9978/$ - see front matter q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

doi:10.1016/j.advengsoft.2004.04.006

Advances in Engineering Software 35 (2004) 325–336www.elsevier.com/locate/advengsoft

* Tel.: þ46-13-281111; fax: þ46-13-282717.

E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Mackerle).

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the whole program. The global access to data structure

decreases the flexibility of the software. Interdependencies

in the program architecture are hidden and difficult to

determine—a high degree of knowledge of the entire

program is necessary. These limitations are non-existent

with the approach of object-oriented programming, where

class, object, inheritance and polymorphism are the main

concepts and the encapsulation is the central principle. The

object-oriented programming improves the efficiency,

extendibility, reusability and increased maintability of

large finite element software systems. It usually leads to

smaller programs and provides better data management. In

the object-oriented approach the strong modularity is

provided which results from the encapsulation of data,

methods and state. The modularity makes it also possible

that various modules/parts can be reused for multiplepurposes. New analysis capabilities may be added by

inheriting from the classes in the framework. Repetitions or

modifications from previously implemented software are

avoided.

The bibliography is divided into the following parts and

concerns.

Finite element method:

† object-oriented programming philosophy

† mesh modeling

† distributed/parallel processing

† toolkits and libraries

† object-oriented specific applications (aerospace, civilengineering/geomechanics, coupled problems, dynami-

cal systems, electromagnetics, fracture mechanics and

contact problems, material simulations/manufacturing,

mechanical engineering, nonlinear structural simu-

lations, optimization, others)

Boundary element method:

† subcategories are not specified because not so many

papers on the subject have been published

The bibliography is organized in two main parts. In the

first, each topic is handled and current trends in modelingtechniques are mentioned, usually as the keywords. The

second part, Appendix A, contains a list of papers published

in the open literature in the period of 1990– 2003 on subjects

listed above. References have been retrieved from the

author’s database, MAKEBASE. Also the INSPEC and

COMPENDEX databases have been checked. Hopefully,

this bibliography will save time for readers looking for

information on object-oriented programming in the FEMs

and BEMs, theory and applications. Readers interested in

the finite element literature in general are referred to the

author’s Internet Finite Element Books Bibliography (http://

www.solid.ikp.liu.se/fe/index.html), where approximately

500 book titles are listed and completed with biblio-graphical data, abstracts and contents.

This paper is a pure bibliography. Readers interested in

the concept of object-oriented programming in general are

referred to Rumbaugh et al. [1], Booch [2], Gamma et al. [3]

and implementations to FE analysis to Mackie [4] or Villa

et al. [5].

2. Finite element method

2.1. Object-oriented programming philosophy

The basis of object-oriented philosophy is the abstrac-

tion. Roughly speaking: class, object and message are the

main blocks of object-oriented programming. A group of

objects with the same character is called a class. The

software contains classes. These encapsulate data and dataoperations. Encapsulating the data and operations together

isolates the classes and promotes reuse of the program. It is

the encapsulation that makes the software maintenance so

easy. To invoke an operation of an object means to send a

message to this object. Objects communicate through

sending and receiving messages.

To give some examples for FE software architecture:

objects are nodes, elements, constraints, materials, loads,

etc. A group of objects with the same character is a class.The class node contains data (coordinates, DOF, etc.) and

operations (give coordinates, give DOF, etc.).

Topics included contain papers dealing with: object-

oriented finite element analysis; object-oriented finiteelement program architecture; object-oriented data manage-

ment; object-oriented structural analysis in a graphical

environment; large scale object-oriented finite element code

design; object-oriented explicit finite element computation;

sub-domain object-oriented finite element computation;

object-oriented adaptive finite element analysis; intelligentobject-oriented environment; object-oriented architecture

for finite element analysis knowledge-based system; expert

system for generation of finite element codes; object-

oriented rule-based reasoning within finite element analysis

system; object-oriented database technology for finite

element analysis; support system for finite element analysis;

object-oriented hybrid symbolic–numeric approach; mod-ularity improving; control over the calculation process;

substructuring using object-oriented approach; object-

oriented decomposition; object-oriented bandwidth, profile,

wavefront reduction; generic field classes.

2.2. Mesh modeling

Mesh generation for complex configuration is time-

consuming and the bottleneck in the finite element

analyses/simulations. What we need are efficient, automatic

mesh generators requiring minimum user input and

experience. Another problem is the grid quality having the

influence on the accuracy, convergence, etc. There are manypapers dealing with general or specific issues of mesh

J. Mackerle / Advances in Engineering Software 35 (2004) 325–336 326

http://www.solid.ikp.liu.se/fe/index.htmlhttp://www.solid.ikp.liu.se/fe/index.htmlhttp://www.solid.ikp.liu.se/fe/index.htmlhttp://www.solid.ikp.liu.se/fe/index.html


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generation algorithms. A list of more than 1700 references is

presented by Mackerle [6].

In traditional programming the data is encapsulated by

static variables and these are identified at the beginning

forcing the relevant event to be driven in only one way

(continuity in downstream processing). Object-oriented

programming makes it possible to build optimal rep-

resentations allowing an increased algorithm efficiencyand use of less computer memory. The implementation in

the data structure is easier and more general mesh

representations are possible (e.g. hybrid or non-conform-

ing meshes).

Classes that are appropriate for a mesh include nodes,

elements or lines. All these objects are visible and easily

addressed in a class structure. Object-oriented programming

can be used to obtain an interface between the geometry andthe topology. Geometrical objects are hidden from the

topology and from the mesh generator.

Papers on the following topics are handled in this

section of Appendix A: object-oriented 2D and 3D mesh

generation; 2D triangular and quadrilateral mesh gener-

ation; 3D hybrid mesh generation; tetrahedral and

hexahedral mesh refinement; mesh generation for

shell structures; adaptive mesh generation; unstructured

mesh generation; graphic objects; geometry defeaturing

for finite element meshing; object-oriented virtual

geometry interface; model visualization and graphical

analysis; mesh generation based on fuzzy knowledge

processing.

2.3. Distributed/parallel processing

By means of distributed parallel processing large-scale,

complex engineering problems may be solved in an efficient

way. Here each process has its own local memory and has

direct access to the memory of other processors. Data is

exchanged with help of some message passing tools; each

process needs to know which process and what data it will

receive from or send to.

Most of commercial finite element codes were originally

written in Fortran for scalar processors. When the problem

size is growing it has become necessary to develop andimplement parallel algorithms, modern language extensions

and object-oriented programming. Object-oriented pro-

gramming is a tool for easily incorporating new changes

in data structures. Recent developments investigate various

issues for parallel processing such as abstractions required

for data mapping, communication and message passing. The

use of object-oriented programming makes the finite

element code portable and reusable across different

computer platforms.

The following topics are included in this section:

distributed object-oriented finite element analysis program

architecture; a class of data structures for distributed

memory systems; object-oriented environment for thedevelopment of parallel finite element applications;

object-oriented programming applied to massively

parallel computing; object-oriented control of parallel

computations; object-oriented programming applied to the

domain decomposition methods; object-oriented approach

to finite element modeling on clusters; parallel adaptive

FEMs and object-oriented programming.

3. Toolkits and libraries

Existing object-oriented toolkits and libraries can easily

be extended by users for their specific applications.

Topics included: object-oriented tools for scientific

computing; Cþþ ; Cþþ templates; Janus; Smalltalk;

ADA; Java; object-oriented Fortran 90; CFE tools;

FEþþ ; VCþþ ; matrix class libraries; parallel matrixclass libraries; object-oriented finite element libraries;

object-oriented optimization libraries; object-oriented

expert system tools; framework-based environment for

object-oriented codes; generic object-oriented interfaces

between meshes and solvers; object-oriented finite element

specific codes and structural modeling—KASKADE, FEM-

STER, FER/SubDomain, SIFFEA, MEF, FrameView,

MODIFY, OSW, Deside-X, MUIApp, FEMLIB, ALA-

MODE, FEView, etc.

3.1. Object-oriented specific applications

This section of Appendix A lists papers dealing with

object-oriented finite element analyses or simulations in

aerospace, civil engineering/geomechanics, coupled pro-

blems, dynamical systems, electromagnetics, fracture

mechanics and contact problems, material simulations/

manufacturing, mechanical engineering, nonlinear struc-

tural simulations, optimization, others.

4. Boundary element method

Not many papers dealing with object-oriented program-

ming implementing the BEM have been published. There-fore subcategories are not specified in this section and all

papers are stored in the same group.

Acknowledgements

The bibliography presented in Appendix A is by no

means complete but it gives a comprehensive representation

of different object-oriented programming techniques

applied to the FEM and BEM analysis in various fields of

engineering. The author wishes to apologize for the

unintentional exclusions of missing references and would

appreciate receiving comments and pointers to otherrelevant literature for a future update.



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Appendix A. A bibliography (1990–2003)

This bibliography provides a list of literature references

on the object-oriented programming techniques applied to

FEM and BEM. The listing presented contains papers

published in scientific journals, conference proceedings, and

theses/dissertations retrospectively to 1990. References

have been retrieved from the author’s database, MAKE-

BASE. Entries are grouped into the same sections described

in the first part of this paper, and sorted alphabetically

according to the first author’s name. In some cases, if a

specific paper is relevant to several subject categories, the

same reference can be listed under the respective section

headings, but the interested reader is expected to consider

also areas adjacent to his/her central area of research

interest.

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[6] Mackerle J. 2D and 3D finite element meshing and remeshing, a

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