OBIS and Capacity Building in ABNJ
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Transcript of OBIS and Capacity Building in ABNJ
Ocean Biogeographic Information System
Ward AppeltansUNESCO, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC-UNESCO)
International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE)Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS)
Census of Marine Life
OBIS was established as the data repository and information
dissemination system for CoML
OBIS is the world’s largest open access,
online data system on the diversity,
distribution and abundance
of marine species
+42 million observations
116,000 marine species
+1,700 datasets
www.iobis.org
>450 data providers in 56 countries
1,000 papers have cited OBISincrement of 7 papers per month
(4)
(9)
(5)
UNESCO-IOC/IODE/OBIS
"Knowledge of the ocean’s biodiversity is of
such importance to national and global
environmental issues that the responsibility
for OBIS’s continuing success should be
assumed by governments” IOC 2009OBIS secretariat, database +
website moved from Rutgers
University (USA) to the IOC Project
Office for IODE in Oostende
(Belgium)
In June 2009, the 25th Session of the IOC Assembly decided through
Resolution XXV-4 to adopt OBIS as part of IODE
The IOC of UNESCO since 1960Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
Since 1987, Functional autonomy in UNESCO
147 Member States
Often gives UNESCO 2 seats at the table (UNFCCC, CBD, Rio+20, etc)
UNCLOS: IOC = competent international organization for Marine Scientific Researchand Transfer of Marine Technology
International cooperation and coordination of programmes in ocean research, observation and services to generate knowledge and capacity for sustainable ocean management
IODE of IOC since 1961
88
IODE VISIONa comprehensive and integrated ocean data and information system, serving the broad and diverse needs of IOC Member States, for both routine and scientific use
80 IODE Data Centres
International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange programme
Supporting broad mandates of IOC and its Member States in marine biodiversity science, observation and services, and through capacity development support the generation and use data and information.
OBIS
Needs in ABNJ
SST, color, wind,
Wave height, altimetry
T, S, currents,
MLD
Atmospheric pressure,
Winds, turbulence
De
pth
(m
)
Endangered Ocean
Species
• seasonally migratory• dynamic environments• not directly observable
We need to further develop technologies to “illuminate” the undersea
environment in order to exam the movement and behavior of these animals
Ocean Observatories
More information & awareness…
Remote Sensing
Management applications
Issues: • Not evenly distributed• Not easily accessible • Requires significant effort to turn data
into information
Need: synthesize a wide variety of data collection into
relevant information & make this information
available
Indicators to national, regional and
global assessments of the Ocean
14
Current state of knowledge
How many species in the Ocean?
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
1760 1810 1860 1910 1960 2010
Number of
species or
authors
Years
230,000 marine species described up to now ~0.5-2.2 million marine species (statistic models) (Costello, 2012 - Mora, 2011)0.7-1.0 million marine species (expert opinion) (Appeltans, 2012)
~2,000 new species described per year (World Register of Marine Species)
0 0.5 1 100
101
102
103
104
105
106
NOBISPspecies in OBIS
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Bony fish
Sharks & Rays
Other fish
Other chordates
Echinoderms
Crabs, lobsters, shrimp etc.
Other crustaceans
Cephalopods
Gastropods
Bivalves
Other molluscs
Brittle worms
Flat worms
Corals, anenomes etc.
Other cnidarians
Comb jellies
Sponges
Other invertebrates
Fungi
Seagrasses
Mangroves
Other plants
Green algae
Red algae
Brown algae
Protozoans
Bacteria & Archaea
How many speciesin OBIS?
Mammals, birds, fish >50%
Invertebrates, protists, chromista <50%
Two third of known species are uniques
Appeltans W., Dujardin F., Flavell M., Miloslavich P., Webb T. (2015). Biodiversity Baselines in the Global Ocean. In: Fischer A. et al (Eds). Open Ocean Technical Assessment Report for the GEF Transboundary Water Assessment Programme (TWAP). UNEP, IOC-UNESCO. In press.
Nr of records through time (latitude)
Global monitoring since 1950
Progressively increased in the Southern Hemisphere
Appeltans W., Dujardin F., Flavell M., Miloslavich P., Webb T. (2015). Biodiversity Baselines in the Global Ocean. In: Fischer A. et al (Eds). Open Ocean Technical Assessment Report for the GEF Transboundary Water Assessment Programme (TWAP). UNEP, IOC-UNESCO. In press.
Nr of records through time (longitude)
Year
Lon
gitud
e
−180
−120
−60
0
60
120
180
pre−
18
00
19th
C
19
00
19
10
19
20
19
30
19
40
19
50
19
60
19
70
19
80
19
90
20
00
20
10
Appeltans W., Dujardin F., Flavell M., Miloslavich P., Webb T. (2015). Biodiversity Baselines in the Global Ocean. In: Fischer A. et al (Eds). Open Ocean Technical Assessment Report for the GEF Transboundary Water Assessment Programme (TWAP). UNEP, IOC-UNESCO. In press.
S-E Pacific
W-Indian Ocean
Nr of records through time (distance from nearest land)
Appeltans W., Dujardin F., Flavell M., Miloslavich P., Webb T. (2015). Biodiversity Baselines in the Global Ocean. In: Fischer A. et al (Eds). Open Ocean Technical Assessment Report for the GEF Transboundary Water Assessment Programme (TWAP). UNEP, IOC-UNESCO. In press.
Nr of records through time
(sampling depth)
Appeltans W., Dujardin F., Flavell M., Miloslavich P., Webb T. (2015). Biodiversity Baselines in the Global Ocean. In: Fischer A. et al (Eds). Open Ocean Technical Assessment Report for the GEF Transboundary Water Assessment Programme (TWAP). UNEP, IOC-UNESCO. In press.
Nr of sampling days per depth volume
Appeltans W., Dujardin F., Flavell M., Miloslavich P., Webb T. (2015). Biodiversity Baselines in the Global Ocean. In: Fischer A. et al (Eds). Open Ocean Technical Assessment Report for the GEF Transboundary Water Assessment Programme (TWAP). UNEP, IOC-UNESCO. In press.
±99% of ocean volume is still undersampled
(<100 sampling days, <713 records, <13 species per 10,000 km3)
Coastal
Arc
tic O
ce
an
India
n O
ce
an
Nort
h A
tla
ntic
Sou
th A
tla
ntic
No
rth
Pacific
South
Pacific
So
uth
ern
Oce
an
Protozoaother Plantae
RhodophytaChlorophyta
Fungiother Chromista
PhaeistaKhakistaMyzozoa
ForaminiferaCiliophora
other AnimaliaPorifera
PlatyhelminthesNemerteaNematoda
Molluscaother Echinodermata
EchinozoaAsterozoa
Cnidariaother Chordata
other VertebrataPisces
TunicataBryozoa
other ArthropodaHexapodaCrustacea
ChelicerataAnnelida
Open Ocean
Arc
tic O
ce
an
India
n O
ce
an
Nort
h A
tla
ntic
Sou
th A
tla
ntic
No
rth
Pacific
South
Pacific
So
uth
ern
Oce
an
Protozoa
Plantae
Fungi
Chromista
Animalia
Taxonomic richness and gaps
Nspecies
100
101
102
103
Biodiversity indices
ES 50
CompletenessBased on Chao2
Nr of Threatened species
IUCN Redlist categories EN, CR, VU
Nr of species “potentially extinct”?
Species with >10 records but not observed anymore in the last 50 years
Species richness indices per fixed areas
Hulbert index per MPA
Hulbert index per LME
Invasive species
Lionfish invasion in the Caribbean (Blue before 1985, orange after 1984)
Climate Change impactsLatitude shifts
Pre-1990 Post-1990
Dujardin, F. Distribution of Tropical species in OBIS, unpublished data, MSc Thesis Ghent University
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
-40 0 40
latitude
de
nsity
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
-40 0 40
latitude
de
nsity
Species shifting away from the equator?
Pteropod shells are dissolving
Work in progress as part of the GEOWOW project. Unpublished figures. Copyright Steeve Comeau and James OrrPteropod data from OBIS, Aragonite saturation data from James Orr, Model from Steeve Comeau
By the end of the century pteropodshells will be degraded by 50 to 80%.
Changes in community structure
Fulmar
PEAK based on Nr of records
Relative abundance
From Dunn et al. 2011
OBIS contributions to the CBD EBSA process
Biological Diversity all taxaWider Caribbean and Western
Mid-Atlantic workshop, Recife,
Brazil, February 2012
Proposed site meeting EBSA criteria:
Abrolhos Bank & Vitoria-Trindade ChainDescribed in-part due to high regional biodiversity
as depicted using OBIS data.
Goal: Evaluation of EBSA sites described
to date with respect to migratory species
The CBD EBSA Procsss
EBSAs and migratory species
10% Principal 70% Contributory
20% Not mentioned
~80% of EBSAs refer to CMS species as part of the
justification
Green turtles
Source SWOT / OBIS-SEAMAP
Areas of oil & gas potential vs. ecological importance
Ecologically or Biologically Important Areas Oil & Gas Potential
"Assessment units (AUs) in the Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal (CARA) color-coded by assessed probability of the presence of at least one undiscovered oil and/or gas field with recoverable resources greater than 50 million barrels of oil equivalent (MMBOE).
USGS 2008/2011. Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: Estimates of undiscovered oil and gas north of the Arctic Circle.
Threats and Status of fin whale
Source OBIS-SEAMAP
Global population might have been as high as 500,000 before commercial whaling of thespecies. The fin whale population today is estimated to be 14,620 to 18,630 in the NorthPacific; 3,590 to 6,300 in the western North Atlantic; 10,500 in the eastern North Atlantic;and 85,200 in the Southern Oceans.
Main threats to fin whales include: Entanglement in debris/fishing gear
Noise pollution
Ship strikes
Cetacean observations, navy training areas,
shipping channels and renewable energy lease
blocksHow may predicted changes in
ocean climate effect planning and management at the scale of MSP?
Animal density estimates at the scale of Marine Spatial Planning
Fin whale:
abundance /
density season
These models are used to estimate official “takes” for marine mammal protection act and endangered species act regulations in the USA
OBIS-SEAMAP
Data
Information
Current Forecasting Process
(1) animal observation data
(2) ocean observation data
(3) statistical analysis & modeling
(4) spatial decision support system
Temporally
matched
covariates
GAM models of
density
&
habitat
How to access OBIS?
Association of observation points
with oceanographyObservation data associated with
Bottom depth
Temperature
Salinity
Nitrogen / Oxygen
Phosphate / Silicate
Visualized through interactive graphs
Time-series graphs
Histograms
Climate variables from World Ocean Atlas
Example map #1Cetacean species observations in LME region ‘Celtic-Biscay Shelf’(no environmental conditions set)
Example map #2Cetacean species observations in LME region ‘Celtic-Biscay Shelf’ filtered by a temperature range of 13 to 15 degrees
OBIS allows extraction of observations
based on environmental conditions
Species climate envelopes
Calanus finmarchicus
Species depth distribution
Calanus finmarchicus
Capacity Development
OBIS trainingsAccess, process, quality control, publish and use marine biodiversity data
Capacity Development
All lectures remain available online via video and powerpoint
www.oceanteacher.org
IOC Ocean Teacher Regional Training Centres
www.oceanteacher.org
“To ensure equitable participation of all
States in global initiatives”
Conservation of biodiversity in ABNJ
New York, May 2013 BBNJ workshop, technical experts recognized OBIS as an appropriate mechanism for data and information sharing in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction
The Ocean Teacher Global Academy is a direct response to the need expressed in the UNCLOS Article 276 with regard to the establishment of regional centres, in order to stimulate and advance the conduct of marine scientific research, particularly by developing States, and to foster the transfer of marine technology.
This call was reiterated in the outcome document of the Third International conference on SIDS held in Samoa last September.
Sustainable Development Goals
Proposed goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
14.a increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacities and transfer marine technology taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular SIDS and LDCs
Post-2015 Agenda
OBIS & ISA
We recommend an international field program and coordinated data repository be developed in conjunction with the International Seabed Authority and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO's Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) and possibly other global networks. Such a program should generate in a systematic and transparent way the baseline information necessary to evaluate and model impacts, enact protections, and regulate the mining of mineral resources in the deep sea.
Link with UNCLOS part XI-2 The Area -Marine Scientific Research
Art 143 (c) effectively disseminating the results of research and analysis when available, through the Authority or other international channels when appropriate.
Benefit sharing : funding a global deep-ocean data repository
One Planet – One Ocean
THANK YOU