ob and people

8/14/2019 ob and people

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ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOURORGANIZATION BEHAVIOUR

Nature of PeopleNature of People

By Prof. Shivashankar


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OB-Nature of PeopleOB-Nature of People

s Every field of Science Social orEvery field of Science Social or

Physical has a philosophical foundationPhysical has a philosophical foundation

of basic concepts that guide itsof basic concepts that guide itsdevelopmentsdevelopments

s Examples:Examples:s Accounting System Double entryAccounting System Double entrys Physics Elements of nature are uniformPhysics Elements of nature are uniform

s Law of gravity Same in UK or IndiaLaw of gravity Same in UK or India

s Atoms of hydrogen or same in Moscow & USAtoms of hydrogen or same in Moscow & US


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s But such type of Uniformity cannot beBut such type of Uniformity cannot beapplied to HUMANSapplied to HUMANS

BASIC CONCEPT REGARDING HUMANBASIC CONCEPT REGARDING HUMAN

BEHAVIOURBEHAVIOUR

s Fundamental Concepts Revolving aroundFundamental Concepts Revolving aroundthe nature of People and Organizations arethe nature of People and Organizations are

Prorogated by Herb Kelleher an AirlineProrogated by Herb Kelleher an Airlineexecutiveexecutive

Gives :Gives : 6 Basic Concepts regarding people &6 Basic Concepts regarding people &

3 for Organizations3 for Organizations


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1.1. Individual differencesIndividual differences

2.2. PerceptionPerception

3.3. A whole personA whole person

4.4. Motivated behaviorMotivated behavior

5.5. Desire for involvementDesire for involvement

Basic

concepts

R

egardin

g

Basic

concepts

R

egardin

g

People

People


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Nature of OrganizationsNature of Organizations

Basic concepts regarding organizationsBasic concepts regarding organizations

s Social SystemsSocial Systems

s

Mutual SystemsMutual Systemss EthicsEthics


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Individual DifferencesIndividual Differencess Each person in the world is differentEach person in the world is different

s What Science Says ?What Science Says ?s Each person is different from other inEach person is different from other in

million ways!!million ways!!

s DNA is differentDNA is differents Billions of brain cells and billionBillions of brain cells and billion

combination or connections andcombination or connections and

experiences storedexperiences stored


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Differences: PsychologyDifferences: Psychology

s From birth uniquenessFrom birth uniqueness

Experiences after birth tend to makeExperiences after birth tend to makepeople more differentpeople more different

s Why to recognize the differences?Why to recognize the differences?

Because management can motivateBecause management can motivate

employees best by treating thememployees best by treating them

differentlydifferently


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s We cannot measure each with theWe cannot measure each with the

same yardsticksame yardstick

s Managers approach to employeesManagers approach to employeesmust be individual not statisticalmust be individual not statistical

s Law of individual differencesLaw of individual differences

PerceptionsPerceptions

It is a unique way in which each personIt is a unique way in which each person

sees, organizes and interprets thingssees, organizes and interprets things


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PerceptionsPerceptions

s People will see things differentlyPeople will see things differently

sTheir view is filtered by perceptionTheir view is filtered by perception

s Life time experiencesLife time experiences

s

Values accumulated in their lifeValues accumulated in their lifeBecause of all this we are humanBecause of all this we are human

otherwise we would have beenotherwise we would have been

machines!!machines!!


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Employees Live in a different worldEmployees Live in a different world

Their world is work worldTheir world is work world

They see things differentlyThey see things differently

What influences perceptionWhat influences perception (Factors )(Factors )

PersonalityPersonality

NeedsNeedsPhysical settingsPhysical settings

Social Settings/demographic factorsSocial Settings/demographic factors

Past experiencePast experience

Time PeriodTime Period


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Whatever is the factorWhatever is the factor

s They act on the basis of their PerceptionsThey act on the basis of their Perceptions

s People react to a situation on the basis ofPeople react to a situation on the basis oftheir belief, values and expectationstheir belief, values and expectations

s This leads to selection perceptionThis leads to selection perception

s

Selective perception causesSelective perception causesmisinterpretation of a single event at workmisinterpretation of a single event at work

s This also causes rigidity preventing newThis also causes rigidity preventing new

experienceexperience


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What is the context ?What is the context ?

s Business consists of peopleBusiness consists of people

s Organizations are made up of peopleOrganizations are made up of people

s Managers must learn to expectManagers must learn to expect

perceptional differences among theirperceptional differences among their

employeesemployees

s Accept people as emotional humanAccept people as emotional human

beings and manage them in individualbeings and manage them in individual

waysways


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s Whole Person:Whole Person:

Organizations wish to employ theOrganizations wish to employ the skills ofskills of

a persona person But they cannot !!But they cannot !!

They have to take a employee who isThey have to take a employee who is aa

whole personwhole person We can study human traits separately butWe can study human traits separately but

finally everything is embedded in afinally everything is embedded in a

personperson


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Some more points about nature ofSome more points about nature of

peoplepeople

s Home Life is separate from work lifeHome Life is separate from work life

s A military commander who can makeA military commander who can make

soldiers to shiver is a mild person atsoldiers to shiver is a mild person at

homehomes Emotion conditions not separate fromEmotion conditions not separate from

physical conditionsphysical conditions

s People function as total human beingsPeople function as total human beings


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s A data entry operator is a whole person notA data entry operator is a whole person not

a workera worker

s When management practices OB, they areWhen management practices OB, they aredeveloping a better employee and a betterdeveloping a better employee and a better

personperson

Role of educationRole of education ::

s Moulding a personMoulding a person

s Developing an ideal personDeveloping an ideal person

s Job shapes a manJob shapes a man


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Motivated behaviorMotivated behavior

Humans normal behavior has certainHumans normal behavior has certain

causes which relates to needscauses which relates to needs

Why motivation is an important aspectWhy motivation is an important aspect

to study?to study?

Management uses peoples skills toManagement uses peoples skills to

produce an outputproduce an output


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Desire for involvementDesire for involvement

People wish to feel good aboutPeople wish to feel good about

themselvesthemselves

They would like to feel & show:They would like to feel & show:

They have the capability to perform a taskThey have the capability to perform a task

Fulfill role expectationsFulfill role expectations

Make a meaningful contribution orMake a meaningful contribution or

Meet a challenge successfullyMeet a challenge successfully


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s Many employees will be looking forMany employees will be looking for

opportunities to become involved inopportunities to become involved in

relevant decisionsrelevant decisionssThey want to contribute their talentThey want to contribute their talent

and ideas to the success of theand ideas to the success of the

organizationorganizations Organizations should provideOrganizations should provide

opportunities which will benefit bothopportunities which will benefit both


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s Summing Up:Summing Up:

s People deserve to be treated differentlyPeople deserve to be treated differently

from other factors of productionfrom other factors of productionThey are the higher order in the UniverseThey are the higher order in the Universe

Because of this they wanted to be treated withBecause of this they wanted to be treated with

care, respect & dignitycare, respect & dignity

Increasing they demand such treatment fromIncreasing they demand such treatment from

employersemployers

They are not simple economic tools!!!They are not simple economic tools!!!


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1.1. Organizations are Social SystemsOrganizations are Social Systems

2.2. They are formed on mutual basisThey are formed on mutual basis

3.3. They must treat employees ethicallyThey must treat employees ethicallyOrganizations as Social SystemsOrganizations as Social Systems

Organizations are social systemsOrganizations are social systems

Activities are governed by social lawsActivities are governed by social lawsand psychological lawsand psychological laws

People have psychological needsPeople have psychological needs

They also have social roles and statusThey also have social roles and status


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s Behaviour of people are influenced byBehaviour of people are influenced by

group and individual drivesgroup and individual drives

Social SystemsSocial Systems

Formal Official Informal SocialFormal Official Informal Social

Social systems are dynamic in natureSocial systems are dynamic in nature

Whereas an Organization chart isWhereas an Organization chart is

staticstatic


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All parts of the system areAll parts of the system areindependent but interrelated andindependent but interrelated and

influenced by the otherinfluenced by the other Example : Safety violationExample : Safety violation

Mutual Interest:Mutual Interest:

Organization PeopleOrganization People

ManagersManagers needneed employeesemployees fulfillfulfill orgnorgn

objectivesobjectives


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People Need organizations FulfillPeople Need organizations Fulfill

individualindividual

objectivesobjectives(needs)(needs)

Mutual interest provides aMutual interest provides a supersuper

ordinate GOALordinate GOAL,, one that can beone that can beattained throughattained through integrated effort ofintegrated effort of

employees and individualsemployees and individuals


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Employee

Goals

Orgn

Goals

Ethics

Super Ordinate

Goal of

Mutual Interest

MutualAccomplishment

Of interest

Society

Organization

Employees


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Ethics:Ethics:

Science of MoralScience of Moral

Who needs it ? Who cares for it ?Who needs it ? Who cares for it ?

Good, Skilled workers, managers, leadersGood, Skilled workers, managers, leaders

are in great demandare in great demand

As such they are taken awayAs such they are taken away


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Attrition What is attrition?Attrition What is attrition?

Why people leave jobs & take up newWhy people leave jobs & take up new

jobs?jobs? PositionPosition

SalarySalary

RecognitionRecognition

What is ethical?What is ethical?


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To Retain employees what has to be done ?To Retain employees what has to be done ?

PromotionPromotion

Salary hikeSalary hike RecognitionRecognition

These are the most critical issues of the presentThese are the most critical issues of the present

day organizationsday organizations

Most organizations have realized thisMost organizations have realized this A variety of programs are planned byA variety of programs are planned by

organizations to ensure higher standard ororganizations to ensure higher standard or

ethical performanceethical performance


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s Many companies are publicizing theirMany companies are publicizing their

highest ethicshighest ethics

When organization goals and ethicalWhen organization goals and ethicalissues are blended, it creates a tripleissues are blended, it creates a triple

benefit for :benefit for :

The IndividualThe IndividualThe OrganizationThe Organization

The SocietyThe Society


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s People find more satisfaction in workPeople find more satisfaction in work

when there is co-operation andwhen there is co-operation and

teamworkteamworksThey will be learning, growing andThey will be learning, growing and

contributioncontribution

s Organizations will be more successfulOrganizations will be more successfuland will operate more effectivelyand will operate more effectively

s Quality will be better, serviceQuality will be better, service

improved & costs are reduced!improved & costs are reduced!


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Biographical ProfileBiographical Profile

s AGE: Average age of organizationalAGE: Average age of organizationalworkforce isworkforce is SHRINKING & EXPANDINGSHRINKING & EXPANDING

SIMULTANEOUSLY SIMULTANEOUSLYs AgeAge VsVs Job performanceJob performances AgeAge VsVsJob turnoverJob turnovers

AgeAge VsVs ProductivityProductivitys AgeAge VsVs AbsenteeismAbsenteeisms AgeAge VsVs Job satisfactionJob satisfaction


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Biographical ProfileBiographical Profile

s Effect of Age on turnover, absenteeismEffect of Age on turnover, absenteeism

& Job satisfaction& Job satisfaction

IMPACT OF

INCREASING

AGE ON

Turnover Less likely to quit as age

advances

Absenteeism- Seniors tend to be more absent

Compared to young

Productivity-No correlation between increasing ageAnd productivity

Job Satisfaction Studies reveal mixed response

regarding increasing age and job satisfaction

Issues beyond limits of time : Male domination

Equality


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Marital status VsMarital status Vs

ProductivityProductivity

s AbsenteeismAbsenteeism

s Job turnoverJob turnover

s

Job satisfactionJob satisfactionTENURE OF SENIORITY ON PRODUCTIVITYTENURE OF SENIORITY ON PRODUCTIVITY

Positive relationship has been established betweenPositive relationship has been established between

seniority and productivityseniority and productivity

HR considerationsHR considerations

An employees previous jobs is a strong indicator of hisAn employees previous jobs is a strong indicator of hisfuture turnoverfuture turnover

Tenure and job satisfaction are positively relatedTenure and job satisfaction are positively related

When age and tenure are considered separately, tenureWhen age and tenure are considered separately, tenure

is more acceptableis more acceptable


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AbilityAbility

Ability refers to individuals capacity toAbility refers to individuals capacity toperform various tasks on a jobperform various tasks on a job

HR AngleHR Angle Assessment of a candidates abilityAssessment of a candidates ability

Physical abilityPhysical ability

Manual tasksManual tasks

Semi skilled tasksSemi skilled tasks

Intellectual abilityIntellectual abilityMental ability to perform mental activitiesMental ability to perform mental activitiesMain assessment tools:Main assessment tools:CAT MAT GMAT CET GRECAT MAT GMAT CET GRE

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