OA Silver Notes

SINGAPORE RED CROSS RED CROSS YOUTH

OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES NOTES

SILVER

OUTDOOR

ACTIVITIES

Healthy Lifestyle

Focus Commit tee

Name: ______________________________ School: _____________________________

RED CROSS YOUTH � HEALTHY LIFESTYLE FOCUS COMMITTEE (HLFC)

Outdoor Activities (Silver) Notes 1

HEALTHY LIFESTYLE FOCUS COMMITTEE (HLFC) OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES SYLLABUS BREAKDOWN

DURATION

MODULE LESSON DESCRIPTION Within normal training

hrs (Min)

Outside normal training

hrs (Min)

REMARKS

1

Introduction & Camp Preparation 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Preparation for Outdoor Activities 1.3 Camp Rules & Regulations 1.4 List of Personal Items to Bring 1.5 Checklist for First Aid Kit 1.6 Packing of Rucksack for Outdoor Camp

60

2

Tent Type and Tent Pitching 2.1 Introduction / Types of Tents 2.2 Parts of a Dome Tent (4 men / 6 men) 2.3 Pitching of Dome Tent 2.4 Cleanliness & Maintenance of Tent

90

3

Basic Knots & Lashings 2 3.1 Figure of 8 Knot 3.2 Fishermen's Knot 3.3 Bowline 3.4 Round Turn and 2 Half Hitches 3.5 Square Lashings 3.6 Snake Lashings

60

4

Basic Map Reading 2 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Pacing 4.3 Setting of Map 4.4 Compass Bearing and Directions 4.5 Walking on a Compass with/without Obstacles

60

5

Outdoor Cooking 2 5.1 Introduction / Equipment to be used 5.2 Cooking simple meals using Rural / Urban Method

150

6

Outdoor Hike 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Safety Briefing 6.3 What to Bring and what Not to Bring 6.4 Participate in a Urban / Rural Hike

180

7

Campfire 1 7.1 Introduction / Opening and Closing Procedures 7.2 Campfire Preparations 7.3 Preparation and Presentation of Campfire Item

120

SILVER

OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES

(INTERMEDIATE)

SEC 2 / 3

Total 180 540 3 hrs / 9 hrs Criteria for Silver Badge To be awarded upon passing both theory, practical accreditation and overnight camp of at least a minimum of 2 Days 1 Night, conducted by School or HQ.



OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES (SILVER) NOTES CONTENT PAGE

LESSON OUTLINE PAGES LESSON 1 � INTRODUCTION & CAMP PREPARATIONS 3 � 10 LESSON 2 � TENT TYPE AND TENT PITCHING 11 � 17 LESSON 3 � KNOTS AND LASHINGS 2 18 � 22 LESSON 4 � BASIC MAP READING 2 23 � 27 LESSON 5 � OUTDOOR COOKING 2 28 � 34 LESSON 6 � OUTDOOR HIKE 35 � 37 LESSON 7 � CAMPFIRE 1 38 � 47 ADDITIONAL NOTES 48



Outdoor Activities (Silver) � Lesson 1 (Introduction & Camp Preparation) When assessing the potential environment hazards you need to look at these factors: 1. ACTIVITY

• Static � activities in which the environment is relatively unchanging (i.e. hiking) • Dynamic � activities in which the environment changes very quickly in unpredictable

ways (e.g. whitewater rafting, biking etc)

2. SEASON / CLIMATE Weather and the possibility of weather changes also have a significant impact on Accident Potential.

A) Environment • Rocky Trail • Exposed ledges • Cold Temperatures • Rain • Darkness • Overexposure to sun • Snake bites • Bee-stings B) Equipment • Broken stove • Shoes or boots not broken in • Improper clothing • Inoperative equipment

Human Factor Hazards

A) Participants • No awareness of hazards • No skills to avoid hazards • Resistance to instructions • Irresponsible/reckless attitude towards self, others, equipment etc • Need to �prove� oneself, �macho� attitude • Poor physical strength, stamina • Fear and nervousness



B) Leaders • Lack of knowledge of environment hazards • Inadequate skills to deal with the hazards • Poor safety judgment • Instruction unclear • Ineffectual when under stress C) Group • Group lacks cooperative structure • Interpersonal frictions unresolved • Poor communication patters and excessive competition • Lack of concern for slow or different individuals • Excessive pressure or stress to �perform� � �macho� • No practice in working harmoniously under stress • Lack of leadership within group • Splintering into sub-groups

3. SAFETY BRIEFING A comprehensive safety briefing allows one to intervene to prevent Human Factor Hazards from overlapping with Environment Hazards and thereby reducing the Accident Potential. In order to do this, it is necessary to use the MOE RAMS and from Day 1 of the activity, the teacher-in-charge has to be clear about what are the possible dangers involved. In planning a trip, the leaders must examine the environment and the activities of the trip in order to ascertain what the possible environmental and human factor hazards of that trip are. This information must be communicated to the group in the form of a Safety Briefing a few days before the activity and a reminder of this must be made at the beginning of the activity with subsequent briefings when there is a change in environment or activity. The Safety Briefing sets the tone for seriousness and helps inculcate the idea that the participant is responsible for his/her own behaviour. PERSONAL SAFETY Camping Tips

• Avoid camping in completed isolated areas • Familiarize yourself with local emergency locations and phone numbers in case of

accidents or crime • Avoid leaving your camping gear (cook stove, lantern, ice chest, chairs, etc) out in the

open unattended • Avoid walking alone at night • Get to know your friends and help protect each other�s belongings • Carry a spare lock so you use storage containers (if available) at many parks • Use a chain and lock to secure extra fuel tanks, portable generators, spare tyres, bicycles,

etc



Mark Your Property

• Like your TV, VCR, stereo and other belongings at home, camping equipment is also vulnerable to theft, especially when left in the open. Mark all your belongings with your name and identify card number

• Mark your tent, sleeping bags and clothing with permanent ink. • Engrave your food locker, thermos, coolers, lamps, flashlights, backpacks, snorkels and

fins etc Safety Precautions

• Be sure everyone in your party is aware of the campground rules and regulations • When hiking, notify the ranger or campground host of your plans, including the trails

you are taking, the expected time of your return and the name of a friend or relative to be notified in case of emergency

• Consider having everyone carry a whistle to use in case of an emergency • Never let our pupils wander off by themselves or leave them unattended near a body of

water You Can Help! Remember, parks and wilderness areas are for everyone�s use and enjoyment. Be sure to pick up your litter and extinguish all fires, so that we can preserve the natural beauty of our parks. Report any acts of vandalism and any suspicious activity you witness to park rangers.

• Know the regulations and special concerns for the area you�ll visit • Prepare for extreme weather, hazards and emergencies • Schedule your trip to avoid times of high use

Visit in small groups. Split larger parties into groups of 4-6

• Repackage food to minimize waste • Use a map and compass to eliminate the use of marking pain, rock cairns and flagging • Durable surfaces include established trails and campsites, rock, gravel and dry grasses • Good campsites are found, not made • Concentrate use on existing trails and campsites • Walk single file in the middle of the trail, even when wet or muddy • Keep campsites small. Focus activities in areas where vegetation is absent • Pack it in, pack it out. Inspect your campsite and rest areas for trash or spilled foods.

Pack out all trash, leftover food and litter • Deposit solid human waste in latrines dug 6 to 8 inches deep at least 200 feet from water,

camp and trails • Cover and disguise the latrines when finished • Pack out toilet paper and hygiene products • To wash yourself or your dishes, carry water 200 feet away from streams or lakes and

use small amounts of biodegradable soap. Scatter strained dishwasher • Preserve the past: examine, but do not touch, cultural or historic structures and artifacts • Leave rocks, plants and other natural objects as you find them • Do not build structures, furniture or dig trenches



• Campfires can cause lasing impacts to the backcountry. Use a lightweight stove for cooking and enjoy a candle lantern for light

• Where fires are permitted, use established fire rings, fire pans or mound fires • Keep fires small. Only use sticks from the ground that can be broken by hand • Burn all wood and coals to ash, put out campfires completely, then scatter cool ashes • Never feed animals. Feeding wildlife damages their health, alters natural behaviors and

exposes them to predators and other dangers • Protect wildlife and your food by storing rations and trash securely • Respect other visitors and protect the quality of their experience • Be courteous. Yield to other users on the trail • Steps to the downhill side of the trail when encountering pack stock • Take breaks and camp away from trails and other visitors



Example of a Camp�s Rules & Regulations:

1. Must always the ABCD rules. (No Arguing, No Bargaining, No Complaining, No Dragging of footwear.

2. Must obey whistle drills. 3. Must have voluntary spirit. 4. Must always wear nametags. 5. Must pay attention in class or when any I/C or instructors is talking. 6. Must have sense of urgency, do not be late for any activities. 7. T-shirt must be tuck in at all times. 8. No unnecessary shouting/screaming in corridors or classrooms. 9. No wasting of food is allowed. Checks would be done by F&B I/C. 10. No Littering. 11. No fighting/quarrelling among campers. 12. Take care of each other. 13. Shoes and socks must be worn at all times; slippers could only be wearing during bath

time. 14. Label all group items. 15. Always go to toilet in pairs. 16. Finish eating and wash all cutleries within the time limit. 17. Tables, benches, floor must be clean after every meals. 18. Food must be finished before group can move to it next destination. (Expect for those

going toilet, or for emergency) 19. Food must be taken in orderly manner and no cutting queues is allowed and all camper

must say �Thank You� 20. Campers should ask for permission for everything they do and also inform them about

the place you go.



Example of Things to Bring List: Compulsory Items SN Description Qty Remarks Checkbox01 Clothings

- Red Cross / School T-shirts 3 Excluding the one you wear for reporting

- Trackpants 1 Black or Dark Blue with no fancyful designs

- Shorts / School PE Shorts 2 - Undergarments Sufficient 02 Toiletries 1 Set - Shampoo - Body Foam / Soap - Toothbrush and Toothpaste - Towel 03 Track Shoes 1 Pair New Pair not advisable 04 Socks 3 Pairs Wear 1 Pair / Bring 2 Pairs 05 Sandals / Slippers 1 Pair 06 Utentils 1 Set Non-Disposable - Fork & Spoon (Labelled) - Mug (Labelled) with handle - Plate (Labelled)

07 Poncho 1 Army Green type, Non-Disposable

08 Working Torchlight 1 with extra batteries 09 Ziplock Bags (Large) 3 At least A4 Size 10 Ziplock Bags (Small) 2 About A5 Size 11 Ez-Link Card 1 For Transport 12 Writing Materials 1 Set Pen and Foolscap Paper 13 1.5 Litre Coke Bottle 1 Filled with Water 14 Personal Medications - Esp. Inhaler for Asthma & etc 15 Rags 2 for Area Cleaning 16 Application Form 1 Original Form P

17 Back Pack 1 To contain all personal items, NO HAND-CARRIER OR TRAVEL BAG

18 Nylon Ropes 2 At least 1 metre long, of different colour

19 Twine 2 At least 1.5 metre long Optional Items SN Description Qty Remarks Checkbox01 Windbreaker 1 02 Talcum Powder 1 Bottle



Example of Items in a First Aid Kit: Suggested First Aid Kit Items for Red Cross Units S/No Item Description Qty Units Remarks01 Acriflavine Solution 1:1000 50ml 1 Bottle 02 Adhesive Plaster Approx 20mm width 20 pcs 03 Adhesive Plaster Approx 50mm width 10 pcs 04 Adhesive Tape White, 2.5 cm 2 roll 05 Antiseptic Wipes 20 packets 06 Antiseptic Cream 1 tube 07 Bandage Crepe 5cm 3 roll 08 Bandage Crepe 7.5cm 1 roll 09 Bandage Crepe 10cm 1 roll 10 Bandage Crepe 15cm 1 roll 11 Bandage Triangular 3 pcs 12 Chlorehexydine 0.03% 50ml 1 Bottle 13 Clinical Thermometer 1 pcs 14 Cotton Wool 25 gm 2 roll 15 Deep Heat 1 tube 16 Disposable Cleaning Kit c/w disposable forceps 3 set 17 Disposable Gloves 3 pairs 18 Dressing Scissors Stainless Steel 1 pair 19 Eye Drop Lotion 50ml 1 Bottle 20 Eye Patch 3 pcs 21 Gauze Absorbent approx 7.5 cm by 5 cm 20 pcs 22 Iodine Solution approx 50ml 1 Bottle 23 Safety Pins 10 pcs 24 Sodium Bicarbonate BP20G 1 Bottle 25 Forceps Stainless Steel 3 pcs 26 Plastic Bags 20 pcs 27 Combine Pad Gamma Sterilized 3 pcs 28 Opsite Spray 1 Bottle 29 Centrimide 0.15% 25ml 2 packets 30 Centrimide 0.15% 100ml 1 Bottle 31 Melolin 20cm by 10cm 1 pcs 32 Melolin 5cm by 5cm 3 pcs 33 Alcohol Swabs Isopropyl Alcohol 70% 5 packets 34 Torch Light 1 pcs



Suggested First Aid Pouches Items for Red Cross Units S/No Item Description Qty Units Remarks Compartment A 01 Dressing Kit 3 packets 02 Non-Sterile Gauze 10pcs 5 packets 03 Non-Sterile Cotton Ball 10pcs 5 packets 04 Dressing Scissors Stainless Steel 1 pair 05 Metal Forceps Stainless Steel 1 pcs 06 Disposable Gloves 3 per pack 3 packets Compartment B 07 Melolin 5cm by 5cm 3 packets 08 Crepe Bandage Crepe 5cm 2 roll 09 Crepe Bandage Crepe 7.5cm 2 roll 10 Crepe Bandage Crepe 10cm 1 roll 11 Gauze Bandage 10 cm x 4m 1 roll Compartment C 12 Alcohol Swab 10pcs 2 packets 13 Plaster 20pcs 3 packets Compartment D 14 Surgical Tape 1" width 1 roll 15 Safety Pin 10pcs 1 set Compartment E 16 Antiseptic Cream 1 tube 17 Analgesic Cream 1 tube

18 Chlorhexidine 0.05% 1 bottle or 5 tubes of 50ml

Miscellaneous 19 Clinical Thermometer 1 set 20 Sheath 20 pcs 21 Torch 1 pcs Optional 22 Triangular Bandage 3 pcs 23 Calamine Lotion 1 bottle 24 Water Bottles 2 bottle Optional 25 Pocket Mask (CPR) 1 pcs Optional



Outdoor Activities (Silver) � Lesson 2 (Tent Type and Tent Pitching)

Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, the trainees will be able to: a. Be able to pitch and strike a 6-men tent Dome type; b. Know how to clean and keep a tent.

Methods of Instruction a. Demonstration by instructors b. There will be chance for the trainees to practice. Each group will practice hands-on 1 tent.

Equipment and Training Aids a. 1 x 6-men Dome tent

Safety Precautions a. Take note of trainees playing with the tents� pegs. The ends may be sharp and we do not

want them to point it at each other.

Wet Weather Programme a. Find alternative training grounds using campsite canteen

ERECTION INSTRUCTIONS • Refer to the specific erection instructions for your tent. • To erect a standard tent successfully, the group must organize themselves so that each

member knows their job � thus eliminating confusion and unnecessary waste of time. • Pitch a tent facing the prevailing wind and would be preferred on a relative flat ground for

comfort. • Pitching on a higher ground would also be a form of prevention of flooding in your tent.

PARTS OF THE 6-MEN DOME TENT

1. Main Tent X 1 piece 2. Flysheet X 1 piece 3. Pegs X 8 pieces 4. Long Connecting Poles X 2 pieces 5. Short Connecting Pole X 1 piece

The above mentioned parts and quantities are just an example from a particular brand of Dome Tent. There are many other brands, parts and quantities as they differ from one another.



PITCHING INSTRCUTIONS OF A DOME TENT � VARIES FROM TENTS TO TENTS

1. Unpack the tent bag 2. Check for any missing and/or damaged parts.

3. Join the Long Connecting Poles together. Any jutting edge of the pole is to be meant

for the 4 corners of the Main Tent. 4. Join the Short Connecting Pole (if any).

5. Attach the Connecting Poles to the Clippers / Slots available on the Main Tent. 6. Ensure that they are properly fitted and arranged systematically. 7. Tie the Long Connecting Poles to the Main Tent�s middle ribbon (if any). Tie a reef

knot. 8. Tie the Short Connecting Pole together with the same ribbon or to the fly sheet first

(if any).

9. Upon setting up the poles, 4 people would be required to pitch the tent into its dome-shaped tent with the help of the Long Connecting Poles.

10. Ensure that the tip of the Long Connecting Poles enter the bigger hole of the Main Tent edges.

11. Position the tent to its designated shape and get pegs to stabilise the tent to the ground.

12. The pegs should enter at 45 degrees from the ground. You may wish to push the peg all the way down.



13. If the ground is too hard, methods such as wetting the ground or using a hammer to drive the peg into the hard ground is possible.

14. Ensure that you have your Flysheet attached to the Main Tent (if any). 15. The uses of the Flysheet are:

• To block off sunlight • To provide a cover for tents from rain • To prevent the tents from damage by Ultra-Violet Rays

16. You may choose to open the doors of the Dome Tent but leaving the mosquito net closed to prevent insects from entering your Dome Tent.

17. You have successfully pitched your Dome Tent!

Distance The minimum safety distance between tents should be 1 tent width distance. Flat ground, slopes and the height of ground strongly determines the decision of a campsite. Near a river may be convenient, however if there is flooding prone, trenches maybe required or you would have to shift your campsite to another place. You also do not wish to have your campsite too near the latrine, as you may find it unhygienic and smelly. Positioning yourself too far from water source, latrine and the campfire is undesirable too. Situating in the prevailing wind is the most desirable as it helps ventilate the tent and campsite. Avoid positioning your tents underneath trees as branches may drop and injure someone.



Trenches • Trenches can be drug around the pitched tent for flood prevention. • In rainy weather, the trench serves to contain and divert away the rain water, lower ground. • As a considerate camper, do remember to flatten the trenches after striking camp.

USING YOUR TENT • Avoid wearing shoes or boots in the tent to protect the floor. • When away from camp, be sure to zip the tent doors and any other openings tight. • Never leave a tent set up in the sunlight longer than necessary, ultraviolet rays weaken nylon

after prolonged exposure and the tent will have a considerably shortened life expectancy. FIRE PRECAUTIONS REMEMBER YOUR TENT CAN BURN, CAMP SAFELY � FOLLOW THESE COMMON SENSE RULES: • Do not place cooking, heating or lighting appliances near the sides or the roof. • Always observe the safety instructions for these appliances. • Never play near lighted appliances. • Keep exits clear. • Make sure you know the fire alarm arrangements on the site, e.g. FIRE DRILL

STRIKING A TENT � PACKING UP • If possible pack up when the tent is completely dry. However, it may be necessary at times

to fold your tent up whilst is still wet. Completely dry it out as soon as possible to avoid permanent damage by mildew before storage.

• To dismantle your tent, follow the specific erection instructions in reverse order. There is no hard and fast rule as how you can strike a tent, but there are some points that will be useful to take note of. • Always place the pegs together in fixed place so that you will lose them. • Never fold a tent on the ground of a muddy campsite carry the tent to a drier place before

folding them. • Be patient when keeping the tent back into its carrying bag so as to avoid damages. • Check for any missing equipment before leaving the campsite.

STORAGE & MAINTENANCE STORAGE • Before storing your tent for any period make sure that it is completely dry and all mud has

been removed or mould and mildew are likely to grow and the waterproof coating will be damaged.



• Tents are best stored opened out in a dry, well ventilated (cool) place. High temperatures damage the coating on the material.

• If possible, regularly give the tent a really good airing on a dry day or indoors whenever necessary.

• Ensure that the zip webs and all tapes are dry before storing back in its bag. • Store the pegs and the poles separately and lightly treat metal poles with fine oil, Vaseline or

WD4O which must be removed before re-use. MAINTENANCE � CARE AND CLEANING • Clean your tent by setting it up and wiping with a damp sponge and mild, non-detergent

soap. Never use detergents and do not scrub as it will damage the protective coating. • Never machine washes your tent. • Rinse or grease may be removed with a small amount of kerosene. • A light coat of silicone lubricant on coil zippers will prevent freezing and keep them free-

sliding. • The colored, anodized finish on aluminum poles protects the metal from corrosion. Keep

them clean, dry and scratch-free. A light coat of silicone lubricant will protect the poles from corrosion and help the sections to engage more easily.

PARTS OF THE 6-MEN A-FRAME TENT (OPTIONAL LEARNING)

Part A • Spread fully the whole tent out in a level ground. • Make adjustment for the location if necessary and secure the four corners with hook-pegs.



Part B • Join the vertical poles with the horizontal pole (if any). • Insert the spike on the vertical pole through the hole at each end of the horizontal part of the

tent and raise the tent. • Pull gently the 2 erected vertical poles in opposite directions and the 2 poles when viewed

from the front should be in straight line, almost parallel. • The vertical poles should be perpendicular to the ground. Peg the main guy-lines using the

tent pegs. • The tent-pegs should be about 3 feet away from the poles on both sides.

Part C • Peg the guy-lines in the following order. 1-1, 2-2, 3-3, 4-4 in a diagonally opposite fashion

to equal the tension.

• Start by securing the 4 corner guy-lines 1 and 2 at a 45 degree angle. Ensure that the tent is

fully opened up.

• Peg the wall guy-lines 3 and 4 at an angle of 90 degree to the side of the tent using the tent-

pegs.

Pegs (Round turn and two half hitches Tent (Clove Hitch)

Main Guy-Line

Pegs (Round turn and two half hitches Tent (Bowline)

Guy-Lines



Part D

• Drape the outer flysheet (optional) over the elected tent. Secure the corner and wall guy-

lines. • Double check all guy-lines and poles. When set up, the tent should be uniformly taut with no

sag lines. This indicates good construction and there is an even distribution of stress along the seams when the tent is pitched.

Optional If the ground is soft, the following reinforcing methods may be improvised:



Outdoor Activities (Silver) � Lesson 3 (Knots and Lashings 2) Lesson Objective At the end of the lesson, the trainees will be able to tie the following knots and lashings:

a. Figure of Eight Knot b. Fisherman�s Knot c. Bowline d. Round Turn and 2 Half Hitches e. Square Lashing f. Snake Lashing

2 types of ropes made from different material would be provided � nylon and cotton twine. This is to provide the trainee a feel of how different type of rope will function even using the same type of knots. Method of Instruction a. Each trainee will be given 1 piece of Nylon and Cotton Twin rope each b. Demonstration by instructors and hands-on by trainees c. Explain the usage of each knots and lashings Equipment and Training Aids a. Nylon ropes and Cotton Twine b. Wooden poles Safety Precautions a. No playing with ropes b. Careful of rope-burns Wet-Weather Programme a. Find alternative training grounds using campsite bed room



Figure of Eight Knot (a) Hold the working end of a rope and make a loop (b) Twist the neck of the loop once more (c) Pass the working end thru the loop and pull (d) Uses:

a. Use as a stopper knot b. To strongly secure ropes thru a hole of a pole or gap

3.1 Fisherman�s Knot

(a) Identify a working rope and a standing rope (b) Using the working end of the working rope, tie a thumb knot on the standing rope (c) Using the working end of the standing rope, tie a thumb knot on the working rope (d) Pull the standing end of the both ropes (e) Uses:

a. Use to tighten two ropes of the same thickness, but of a slippery nature b. To lengthen the ropes

3.2 Bowline

(a) Hold the working end (the longer end) of a rope in your non-dominant hand. The working end should trail up and away from you

(b) Make a loop by passing the free end over the working end. For purposes that will soon be clear, call this loop �the hole�. Hold �the hole� with your non-dominant hand at the point where the two ends cross over.

(c) Note: when you make this loop, it is critical that the free end passes on top of the working end. It is also a good idea to make it relatively small, because in the bowline there is a second, larger loop that should be easy to distinguish

(d) Move the free end under the hole, and pass the free end up through the hole. (leave enough rope hanging down on this free end. Later, it will form the second, larger loop)

(e) Pass the free end over the working end, then around behind it, and then back down the hole again. Be sure you pass the free end through the small loop of the knot and not the second, larger loop you�re creating



(f) Hold the free end and the side of the larger loop together in one hand. Hold the working end in your other hand. Pull gently on the working end until the knot is snug. Then grab the loop with one hand, the working end with the other, and pull tight

(g) Uses: a. Lowering of men and material b. Best knot for forming a single loop that will not tighten or slip under c. The bowline forms a loop that may be of any length

(h) Trainer to demonstrate how to tie the knot

3.3 Round Turn and Two Half Hitches

(a) Hold your practice rope in your non-dominant hand. Call the end in your non-dominant hand the working end. Mostly you just want to keep the working end out of your way. Now pick up the free end, the end you want to tie, with your dominant hand

(b) Pass the free end under and around your leg. Pretend that your leg is an object you need to secure with the rope

(c) Take the free end and pull it up parallel to the working end. Cross the free end over the working end. Push the free end under loop created by the cross-over. Pull the free end to snug down the knot.

(d) Take up the free end which should be trailing from the loop of the half hitch. Pull the free end parallel to the working end. The working end should be straight

(e) Cross the free end over the working end in the same direction as the first half hitch formed. Pass the free end behind the working end (notice the new loop you�ve just formed) and pus the free end through the new loop. Snug down the two loops by pulling on the free end and the working end (remember, the working end is the one that passes around your leg)

(f) Pull the knot firmly against the object by sliding the double half-hitch along the working end of the rope. This knot will also tighten naturally by pulling on the working end. Notice how the hitch puts a bend in the rope which prevents it from slipping. This bend in the rope is called bight

(g) Uses: a. To secure a rope to a pole b. To start or finish a lashing

(h) Trainer to demonstrate how to tie the knot



3.4 Square Lashing

(a) Start with a Clove Hitch around the pole which will take the greatest strain and twist the loose end round the rope

(b) Take the working end of the rope over the cross pole, behind the upright pol, over the cross pole, etc. Repeat three times or more, making sure that the rope is lined neatly along the poles and pulled tightly after each turn

(c) Make the lashings really firm by taking the rope round the lashing between the poles. These are called frapping turns. Repeat three or more times. Again pull the rope tight at each turn

(d) Complete with a Clove Hitch around the second pole (e) Uses:

a. The standard lashing used to fasten two spars or poles together, not necessarily at right angles, where there is no tendency for them to spring apart

(f) Trainer to demonstrate how to tie the lashing



3.5 Snake Lashing (a) Lay the poles in a parallel manner (b) Start with a clove hitch on the main pole A (c) Continue the twin thru round turn manner on the poles that are lay in a parallel

manner (d) End with a clove hitch on the main pole B (e) Uses:

a. To join and tighten the poles together to form a surface (g) Trainer to demonstrate how to tie the lashing



Outdoor Activities (Silver) � Lesson 4 (Basic Map Reading 2) Lesson Objective At the end of the lesson, the trainees will be able to: a. Pacing b. Setting of map c. Compass Bearing and Directions d. Walking on a Compass with/without obstacles Method of Instruction a. Demonstration by instructors b. There will be a navigation exercise to determine how well the trainees had understood the

map reading techniques Equipment and Training Aids a. Silva compass b. 1 meter pole c. Maps d. Measuring Tape (to measure 100m) Safety Precautions NIL Wet-Weather Programme a. Certain lessons can be replaced by lesson on �Planning for Hiking Expedition� b. Some lessons can be conducted in classrooms



1 PACING Pacing is a method of estimating the distance a person has travelled. The Pacing Method of estimating distances is stated below:

a) Find a 100-metre section of a good path in the school compound. b) Walk through the path � count every time the right (or left) comes to the ground and

write down the number of steps to complete the 100 metres. c) Walk back again, count and write down the number of steps to complete the 100 metres. d) Average the two answers to obtain the person�s pace for walking 100 metres.

To achieve the most accurate pacing is to walk normally. It is also a common mistake that many take pacing with a friend beside them or they stop halfway while pacing. 2 SETTING A MAP (ORIENTING A MAP) It is easier to read a map when the map is oriented to the surrounding landscape. It a person sees a knoll on his left, and then the knoll must show on the left on the map. We can set a map by taking the following steps:

a) Place the map on a flat ground and the compass on top of it such that the orienting lines are parallel to the longitude lines.

b) Without moving the compass from the position, turn the map till the magnetic needle

points to the magnetic north.



When the above-mentioned step is done, the map is said to be set or oriented. 3 COMPASS BASICS The primary use of a compass is to take bearings. A bearing is a horizontal angle measured clockwise from the North to some point either on a map or in the real world and it is used to accurately travel to a destination or to locate one�s position. BEARING READING � 040o (3 Digits) BEARING READING � 280o (3 Digits) 4 FIND A BEARING FROM THE MAP Finding the bearing from the Map is a simple procedure involving the following 3 steps:

a) Place the compass on the map and join together the Start and the Destination with the long edge of the compass.

b) Turn the compass dial until the orienting lines are parallel to the longitude lines on

the map

Take the compass off the map, hold it and turn it around until the red end of the needle points to the �N� on the dial. The bearing is now the way that the direction of the travel arrow points. 5 FIND A BEARING WITHOUT THE MAP BUT WITH OBJECTS Finding the bearing without the map but with objects involves the following 3 steps:

a) Place the compass on your palm. ALL arrows to be pointed NORTH, including body direction facing NORTH.

b) Direction of Travel Arrow pointing object.

Hold the compass, turn the compass dial until the orienting lines and the Magnetic Needle North End Red is inside the Orienting Arrow pointing to the �N� on the dial. The bearing is now the way that the direction of the travel arrow points.



6 GIVEN A BEARING WITH DISTANCE BUT NO MAP [Examinable] Given the bearing without the map and objects involves the following 3 steps:

a) Place the compass on your palm. ALL arrows to be pointed NORTH, including body direction facing NORTH.

b) Turn the compass dial to the BEARING GIVEN. If distance is given, execute the

distance given via pacing. 1st Example: With a bearing of 280o, walk 10meters. 2nd Example: With a bearing of 70o, walk 50meters. c) Bear in mind that as long as step a) is done, given the bearing and walking the correct

distance with the correct number of pacing, you would reach your destination.

7 COMMON MISTAKE [METHOD OF INSTRUCTION]

a) Hold your compass steadily in your hand so the base plate is level and the direction-of-travel arrow is pointing straight away from you.

b) Hold it about halfway between your face and waist in a comfortable arm position with your elbow bent and compass held close to your stomach.

c) Look down at the compass and see where the needle points.

This compass is pointing due North (also 0 degrees)

a) Turn your body while keeping the compass right in front of you. b) Notice that as the compass rotates, the needle stays pointing the same direction. c) Keep turning until the needle points East like the picture below, keeping the

direction-of-travel arrow and North mark facing straight in front of you.

This compass is pointing East (90 degrees)



IMPORTANT: This is a very common mistake! The compass needle is pointing towards East so you must be pointing East, right? No!

To find your direction, you must turn the compass dial until the North mark and the "Orienting Arrow" is lined up with the North end of the needle. Then you can read the direction you are traveling with the use of the Direction of Travel Arrow.

Since the Orienting Arrow is usually two parallel lines on the floor of the compass housing, a good thing to memorize is:

RED IN THE SHED

Now we know we are really heading West (270 degrees)



Outdoor Activities (Silver) � Lesson 5 (Outdoor Cooking 2) Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, the trainees will be able to: a. Start a fire using dry leaves and twigs b. Learn the different method of cooking their food in an outdoor environment Methods of Instruction a. Demonstration by instructors b. Trainees will try to cook their own meals using the various cooking method. Equipment and Training Aids a. Solid fuel b. Mess tins c. Match sticks and lighter d. Dry leaves and twigs e. Food for cooking Safety Precautions a. Choose the location carefully, keep away from flammable objects. b. Check the prevailing wind direction and avoid the smoke from blowing towards the tents. c. Avoid turfing whenever possible. Turfs must be removed and replaced neatly. d. Personal safety precautions include typing back long hair, rolling up loose sleeves and not to

wear frilly outfits and plastic or synthetic garments while starting or tending a fire. e. Always leave a pail of water within easy reach for safety measures. f. Never leave fire unattended, even temporarily.



LESSON PLAN ON �OUTDOOR COOKING� There are few methods if cooking your food in an outdoor environment.

Boiling Cooking in boiling water requires a container. Tin cans and metal boxes are ideal. Make a handle, hang them from a pot support or use pot tongs to take them on and off the fire. Puncture holes in pots can be repaired by hammering in small plugs of wood � when wet they expand and stop leaks. If no metal containers are available, a thick length of bamboo holds liquids well. Containers can also be made from birch bark � but be careful that they do not boil dry.

Roasting Roasted meat cooks in its own fats. The easiest method is to skewer the meat on a spit and turn over the hot embers of a fire or beside a blazing where it is hot enough to cook. Continually turning the meat keeps the fat moving over the surface. Roast makes a very tasty dish but make sure it is thoroughly cook to kill harmful bacteria.

Grilling Grilling is a quick way of cooking large amounts of food but it requires a support � such as a mesh wire � rested on rocks over the embers of the fire. It should be only be used when food is plentiful since it waste most of the fat from the meat. Hot rocks beside the fire can be used as grilling surfaces or food skewered on sticks and held on the fire. Steaming Steaming foes not overcook so preserves nutritional value of the food. It is am excellent way of cooking fish and green vegetables. Fresh young leaves take very little cooking. The foodstuff needs to be suspended in the steam from boiling water.



OUTDOOR COOKING: HOW TO BUILD A FIRE

Back to Basics Before you can learn anything about lighting a fire you must learn about the fire triangle. Its three sides represent air, heat and fuel. If any side is removed the triangle collapses and the fire goes out. When lighting a fire, always ensure adequate ventilation, with enough fuel and a heat source to ignite this fuel. To produce flame, the air and fuel must be maintained to ensure continuous reaction. The more oxygen is introduced, the brighter the fire: by using the wind, or forcing a draught, the fire is fanned to a high temperature and rapidly burns fuel. By reducing the ventilation the fire burns less fiercely and embers are allowed to glow, needing less fuel. If these principles are understood, smoky fires can be avoided. Smoke is the result of poor combustion � with care, smoke can be virtually eliminated. Location • Situate your fire at least 10 feet away from tents, trees, roots and other flammable items. Use

a stove if available, clear a 2 by 2 square sod and carefully transfer the soil to another location.

• Consider the wind, and attempt to find an area that is shielded from the strongest gusts. Consider also the possibility of rain, and see if there�s a sheltered nook around. But be careful of flammable branches and tree trunks. Careful of over-hanging branches. It is not advisable to have the site beneath such trees if possible.

Gathering Fuel • Gather firewood and kindling. As much as possible, use only fallen branches. • You need three types of materials to build a fire: small stuff (tinder and kindling), medium

stuff (1.5 to 3 cm sticks), and large stuff (large chunks of wood).

Match - Heat

Air Sticks - Fuel



Small stuff: • Tinder is very lightweight and dry material that will burn quickly and ignite the heavier

materials. Examples of tinder are dry grass, leaves, paper, and thin tree bark. • Kindling: A large supply of tinder and kindling is the foundation of good fire. Search around

the base of shrubs and trees for dead branches. Don�t break any piece of wood off an upright tree, it is bad for the tree and the wood won�t burn well.

Medium stuff: • 1.5 to 3 centimeters of diameter sticks: These will be used to build fire-establishing

structures. Search under large shrubs and trees for the medium stuff. The same guidelines for gathering kindling apply here: leave the upright trees alone. Break longer branches into six- or eight-inch pieces.

Large stuff: • Large chunks of wood: If you�re in an established campsite, large chunks of wood will be

available for purchase. Aside from convenience of this option, it also conserves the limited and highly used resources of established campsites. If you�re far away from civilization and established campsites, look around for fallen trees, if you have an axe, spilt the wood into chucks about the size of your arm or little larger. Avoid any mushy wood � this has rot and won�t burn well.

Containing the fire • If the wind is too strong, contain the fire by building a ring of rock or by placing big size

logs around the fire pit. Set the Kindling

• Build a small pile of tinder, including paper scraps, dry plant matter and other small,

flammable items. This will be the heart campfire. • Using the tinder, build a small teepee around (pyramid of dry twigs and small sticks) around

the kindling pile. Gaps will form naturally as you place the twigs. That�s ok; you�ll be dropping a match through one of those gaps.

• The dryer the small kindling you have � the easier and better your fire will start. Be sure that there is plenty of air space in between each piece. Wood that is packed too tight will not burn properly.



Lighting the kindling • Wait for the breeze to die down. If there is one. Shield the area from the wind with your

body if you have to. Assuming you�ve collected solid (not rot), dry materials. You should be able to light the fire with a single match.

• Kneel down and strike a match. Shielding it from the wind, drop it through the gaps onto the tinder inside the teepee. Once the larger sticks are burning, gradually and gently place larger material on. To encourage a struggling a fire, kneel down beside it. Inhale deeply, and blow gently and steadily along the ground and into the base of the fire. Alternatively, you can improvise a fan.

• Add increasingly larger sticks and then logs as the fire grows in strength, always leaving enough space between them for the fire to breathe.

Campfire Cooking Gadgets



Setting up of a Roast Chicken Pit 4 large pegs, 1 hammer, 1 wooden pole, match or lighter and sufficient large wood.

Insert the whole chicken into the wooden pole and leave it to roast. Constant rotation would be

desirable to ensure that it would be cooked. Ensure that you maintain the fire.

Setting up of a Mud Chicken Pit 1 Shovel, match or lighter and sufficient large wood

Dig to a certain depth in the ground. Ensure that proper turfing is done. You will require the soil

to be put back in place to cover the whole chicken. Start the fire as per normal. Once the fire has diminished, as this method requires mainly HEAT to cook the chicken, use aluminum foil to wrap the chicken and put it directly about the mud chicken pit. Cover the mud chicken pit with the soil dug out. Wait for a couple of hours. Avoid digging the soil out constantly as it will affect the rate of cooking.



Start a fire using dry leaves and twigs. Stoves are no longer used but other available resources such as bricks and stones are used to act as stoves to elevate the mess tins. The use of 1 to 3 matchsticks is recommended to start the fire. Maintaining the fire • Always keep a �flame� on your fire - a smoking or smoldering fire is a cold and inefficient

fire and also pollutes the environment. • Add more wood before the fire gets too low. • Use Dry, Seasoned wood

Extinguish the fire • Make sure that the fire is fully extinguished. Used generous amounts of water to douse the

flames and the ashes. • If you are in the countryside and far from water source, throw many shovelfuls of dirt/sand

on the fire. • Checking for smoldering bits material under the dead coals, feel for heat. Half-extinguished

campfires can be smolder and continue burning under the surface, especially if years of composed debris are present.

• If you are using a trench fire then the trench should be scraped clean and the soil revitalized by raking it with a stick.

• The sods that haven been removed should then be placed carefully back into the trench and gently trampled back to place particularly at the edges. If this had been done correctly you should have difficulty finding the fireplace in a number of days.

• If the area around your fireplace is dirty with wood chipping etc, then it should be clean up.



Outdoor Activities (Silver) � Lesson 6 (Outdoor Hike) Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, the trainees will be able to: a. Understand the purpose of an outdoor hike. b. Learn about the safety briefings of an outdoor hike. c. Know what to bring and what not to bring. d. Be an Outdoor Hike Participant (At least 3 hours) Methods of Instruction a. Briefing by instructors or hike planning committee b. Trainees will learn to equip themselves and know what to do in times of emergencies. Equipment and Training Aids a. Maps b. Compasses c. First Aid Kits d. Things to Bring List e. Whistle f. Bag-pack g. Mobile Phone h. Walkie-Talkie



1 PURPOSE OF AN OUTDOOR HIKE The purpose of an outdoor hike may have different objectives. Examples of them are:

• To be familiar with the use of maps and compasses. • To encourage and build team-spirit among members in the group. • To learn about the safety briefing and points to take note while hiking. • To be able to execute the Outdoor Hike. • To be trained and alert in times of emergencies.

More purposes could be developed as long as the hike participants are aware of what they should accomplish at the end of the outdoor hike. However, the utmost importance of consideration when planning for an outdoor hike would be the safety considerations. 2 SAFETY BRIEFING It is important and necessary to conduct a hike safety briefing before the start of the hike. Planning the hike may or may not require a site reconnaissance (recce). If given just a map, it is also possible to plan out the route and deciding what could be done along the way. Basic Rules and Considerations Refer to Lesson 1 � You Can Help! Well-Being of Participants Always ensure that water is being brought and filled with water before the hike. Do conduct water parades to ensure every participant is hydrated. Do conduct stretching exercises for the participants as it would be preferred to have little or no casualties during the hike. Such exercises would aid participants such that common cramps would be avoided if the hike duration is long. Remember to also check for any allergies of participants, dietary restrictions and their body condition before the hike. If they are not feeling well, inform the Teacher or Instructor immediately. Cheering to motivate participants would be advised as it would serve as an encouragement to them to complete the outdoor hike. Nevertheless, group members during the hike itself should constantly motivate one another. It is also advisable to have the emergency contact numbers of the planning hike committee or Teacher or Instructor. However, do take note that not always there may be reception when using a mobile phone or a walkie-talkie.



Things to observe during a hike Maintain a minimum noise level as the place you are hiking may be a reserve or neighbourhood. Do not touch any floral or fauna as some plants may be poisonous or you may destroy these plants. Keep a lookout for one another and do head count from time to time. Logistics and Food Rations It is important to conduct Logistics and Food Rations checking before you start the hike. If in case you lack any logistics, you will have to think of means to ensure that the group has a backup logistics or plan. Rations are also important as it serves as a motivation to the group members; it also may keep them surviving for a couple of days if they do happen to get lost during the hike. Whistle Drill

Type of Whistle Blow What it means What to do

Continuous Short Blows Hornet Attack Campers to lie flat on their front and cover their exposed necks with their hands.

Execute the hornet drill when there is a hornet attack. The above type of whistle blow is an example of what to do as well. First Aid may be used in times of emergency. Expect the unexpected when you are in an outdoor hike. 3 WHAT TO BRING AND WHAT NOT TO BRING ITEM QTY ! BACKPACK 1 ! COMPASS 1 ! MAP 1 ! WHISTLE 1 ! FIRST AID KIT / POUCH 1 ! PONCHO 1 ! T-SHIRT 1 ! SHORTS/TRACK PANTS 1 ! SOCKS 1 ! TRACK SHOES 1 ! TOILETRIES 1 SET ! BOTTLE (1.5L) 1 ! PERSONAL MEDICATION SUFFICIENT! CASH SUFFICIENT! FOOD PACK 1 SET ! ZIPLOC BAGS SUFFICIENT

All items are required to be waterproofed.



Outdoor Activities (Silver) � Lesson 7 (Campfire 1) Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, the trainees will be able to: a. Participate actively in a campfire and learning the campfire songs. b. Learn about the opening and closing procedures. c. Able to setup a campfire with the help of instructors. d. Be a Campfire Participant (At least 1.5 hours) Methods of Instruction a. Demonstration by instructors b. Trainees will learn to soak firewood and setup the pit if possible. Equipment and Training Aids a. Firewood b. Kerosene c. Zinc Sheets d. Bricks e. 1.2m tall spar f. Cloth g. Metal Wire h. Pliers i. Wire Mesh j. Sand k. Water l. Fire Extinguisher m. Newspapers n. Pails



1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

(a) Choose the location carefully, keep away from flammable objects. Make sure fires are allowed where you plan to build one. Secure permission on a written permit.

(b) Avoid turfing whenever possible. Turfs must be removed and replaced neatly (c) Build a fire just big enough. (d) Feed the fire consistently. (e) Personal safety precautions include tying back long hair, rolling up loose sleeves, and not

wearing frilly outfits and plastic or synthetic garments while building or tending a fire. (f) Always keep a pail of water or fire extinguisher within easy reach for safety measures. (g) Never leave the fire unattended, even temporarily. (h) Fully extinguish your fire at the end of the campfire. (i) Do not go too near the fire unless necessary, even if the flames do not reach you, the heat

can still burn you. 2 SITE

(a) Before lighting the fire, check that you are allowed to light fires on the site you have chosen. Find a fare patch of ground well away from dry grass, leaves, twigs, etc, to prevent the fire from spreading to the surrounding areas.

(b) Using Zinc Sheets would be desirable but it could still damage the field or ground. (c) Wetting the area with lots of water help minimize the damage. (d) Placing bricks by elevating the zinc sheet. (e) Place sand around the zinc sheet. (f) Using lesser firewood and having additional zinc sheets above the existing one does not

help minimize the damage at all. 3 TURF

(a) If the site for the fire is on a grass patch, it is necessary to cut out a turf large enough to accommodate the fire.

(b) Mark the size of the turf with a changkul. Then dig in and remove the turf from below the roots. If the area you are turfing is large, divide it into smaller square portions.

(c) Keep the turf moist in a shady area for replacement later. (d) Replace the turf only when the ground is cool.

4 MATERIALS NEEDED FOR LIGHTING A FIRE

(a) Collect/Buy the firewood beforehand. (b) Soak those you wish to be use as the initial stack to start the fire with kerosene a few

days before the event. This will ensure that the stack will burn easily when ignited by the fire torches.

(c) Prepare sufficient kerosene bags filled at least ¼ of the bag. Do not fill too much as it is dangerous if the fire gets too big.



5 LAYING THE FIREWOOD

(a) Stack up a pile of firewood in the shape of a Pyramid. (b) At the centre of the Pyramid, you can place a ball of rugs. This will serve as the kindling. (c) Be sure that there is plenty of air space in between each piece of firewood. Without

oxygen, wood that is packed too tightly will not burn properly.

6 LIGHTING THE FIRE � FIRE TORCH

(a) The ideal length of a fire torch is approximately 1.2m. (b) Use an old cloth or shirt to wrap the top of the torch together with the thin metal wire to

secure the cloth to the torch. (c) A short Torch may be dangerous to the person holding it as it might burn the person

lighting the campfire, while a long Torch may be unsightly and difficult to handle when lighting the campfire.

(d) Soak the Torch with kerosene about 5 minutes before lighting. (e) Use lighter/matches to light a fire torch. Take note of the direction of the wind, we do not

want the wind to blow the flame at you. (f) Do not light the fire directly using lighter/matchsticks. (g) Stick the Torch into the middle of the stack all the way down to the base. (h) If there�s a need to reuse the Torch, take it out carefully and extinguish the Torch with

sand or water.



Notice that the Fire Torch is more than 1.2m. It becomes difficult and unsightly when you remove it from the pit. This is a common mistake made by people who do campfire preparations for the first time. OR LIGHTING THE FIRE � FIRE BALL

(a) Wire Mesh, Pliers, Cloth, Small pieces of bricks and thin and thick metal wires would be required.

(b) Form a shape of a cage for the Fire Ball with the wire mesh. (c) Put in the small pieces of bricks with the cloth to act as the weight for the Fire Ball when

lighting the fire from a higher ground. Tie the cloth. (d) Use the thin metal wires to tie the cloth of bricks. (e) Make a hook for the Fire Ball to descend from higher ground via the thick metal wire. (f) Ensure that the thick metal wire is able to allow the Fire Ball descend smoothly. (g) Tie the thick metal wire to a couple of large piece of bricks to ensure that the Fire Ball

would hit it and not move the whole campfire structure. (h) Do not light the fire directly using lighter/matchsticks. (i) Use a smaller torch to light the Fire Ball. (j) Ensure that there are people looking after the safety of the thick metal wire as it may hurt

people. (k) Ensure that no one sits under the path of the Fire Ball as it is dangerous if the Fire Ball

drops, hits or burn anyone. (l) Someone is to hold onto the thick metal wire and cut it. Be careful of the tension as if not

held properly, it may fly and hit someone. 7 TENDING THE FIRE

(a) Add more wood before the fire gets too low. Use dry, seasoned wood. At the same time stressing the safety precautions to be taken.

(b) It would be desirable to prepare the remaining firewood in stacks about 10 feet away from the pit to add more wood to the fire.

(c) The wind should be blowing from your back to prevent being burnt by the fire.



8 PREVENTION OF KEROSENE LEAKAGE

(a) Making a wall of sand around the pit helps to prevent kerosene from leaking out of the campfire pit.

(b) Making water moats around the pit does not help as kerosene floats.

9 CLOSING THE CAMPFIRE

(a) Sand is the most apropriate method to close a campfire by the Guest-Of-Honour if there is.

(b) Water could be used as an alternative method to close a campfire in replace of sand. (c) Avoid using the fire extinguisher to close a campfire as it creates a mess and a

replacement of the used fire extinguisher is necessary. 10 EXTINGUISHING THE FIRE

(a) Douse the ash with generous amount of water. (b) When you are sure it is cold, remove the ashes. (c) The fire must be fully put out before you leave the place. (d) If the ground is turfed, the original turf which was put on one side earlier has to be put

back. 11 FACTORS FOR A SUCCESSFUL CAMPFIRE

(a) The most critical success factor for a campfire is identifying the Emcees and ensuring the participants learn the campfire songs.

(b) Appropriate and early invitation of Guest-Of-Honour is a showing a form of polite gesture.

(c) Decorations and sitting arrangements are recommended to make the campfire look more presentable.

(d) Offering good food and venue is optional, but with the presence of any Guest-Of-Honour or VIPs, it would be recommended.

12 PREVENTION OF KEROSENE LEAKAGE

(a) Making a wall of sand around the pit helps to prevent kerosene from leaking out of the campfire pit.

(b) Making water moats around the pit does not help as kerosene floats.



13 CLOSING THE CAMPFIRE

(a) Sand is the most apropriate method to close a campfire by the Guest-Of-Honour if there is.

(b) Water could be used as an alternative method to close a campfire in replace of sand. (c) Avoid using the fire extinguisher to close a campfire as it creates a mess and a

replacement of the used fire extinguisher is necessary. 14 EXTINGUISHING THE FIRE

(a) Douse the ash with generous amount of water. (b) When you are sure it is cold, remove the ashes. (c) The fire must be fully put out before you leave the place. (d) If the ground is turfed, the original turf which was put on one side earlier has to be put

back. 15 FACTORS FOR A SUCCESSFUL CAMPFIRE

(a) The most critical success factor for a campfire is identifying the Emcees and ensuring the participants learn the campfire songs.

(b) Appropriate and early invitation of Guest-Of-Honour is a showing a form of polite gesture.

(c) Decorations and sitting arrangements are recommended to make the campfire look more presentable.

(d) Offering good food and venue is optional, but with the presence of any Guest-Of-Honour or VIPs, it would be recommended.

16 CLEARING OF CAMPFIRE PIT

(a) Make sure the fire is put out properly. (b) Clean up the place, especially the fire pit. (c) Leftover kerosene should be stored properly and in a cool area. (d) Spilled kerosene could be washed away with soap powder mixed with water in disposing

of the spilled kerosene. (e) The burnt firewood which are now charcoal should be disposed off properly and not be

an eye-sore to others. Best is spread it among bushes as it is a source of fertilizer.



Campfire Songs

1) ADIJI YELL Adiji adiji ah oh ah Adiji adiji zis boom bah Ah oh ah Zis boom bah Ra ra ra ( Together) 2) CAMPFIRE�S BURNING Campfire�s burning, Campfire�s buring, Draw nearer, draw nearer, In the glooming, in the glooming, Come sing and be merry 3) PASS IT ON

It only takes a spark, to get the fire going. And soon all those around, Can warm up in its glowing.

That�s how it is with God�s Love Once you�ve experienced it. You�ll spread his love, to everyone. You want to pass it on, pass it on pass it on, pass it pass it pass it on

What a wondrous time is spring, When all the trees are budding. The birds begin to sing, The flowers start their blooming.

That�s how it is with God�s Love Once you�ve experienced it. You want to sing, it�s fresh like spring. You want to pass it on, pass it on pass it on, pass it pass it pass it on.

I wish for you my friend The happiness that I�ve found. You can depend on Him, It matters not where you�re bound.

I shouted it from the mountain top. �RED CROSS!!!� I want the world to know, The LORD of Love has come to me, I want to pass it on, pass it on pass it on, pass it pass it pass it on.

4) THE MORE WE GET TOGETHER

The more we get together, together, together. The more we get together, the merrier we�ll be. For your friends are my friends. And my friends are your friends. The more we�re together, the merrier we�ll be. 5) WHEN YOU ARE HAPPY * When you�re happy and you know it Clap your hands (X 2)

When you�re happy and you know it, And you really want to show it. When you�re happy and you know it Clap your hands.

When you�re happy � snap your fingers When you�re happy � stamp your feet When you�re happy � nod your head When you�re happy � say hello When you�re happy � do all five

6) RED CROSS SPIRIT I�ve got the Red Cross Spirit * Deep in my heart (X 3) I�ve got the Red Cross Spirit Deep in my heart, Deep in my heart to stay.

(* Repeat with: right in my head, all over me)



7) PEACE LIKE A RIVER * I got peace like a river (X 3) In my soul IN MY SOUL! (Repeat *)

* I got joy overflowing (X 3) In my soul IN MY SOUL! (Repeat *)

* I got life everlasting (X 3) In my soul IN MY SOUL! (Repeat *)

* I got peace like a river I got joy overflowing I got life everlasting In my soul IN MY SOUL! (Repeat *) 8) GAKO THE FROG

Kae-Ro No Yo Ma-Wa-Ri Gako gako geko piong piong. Hapa luke, hapa luke Gako Geko Piong Gako Piong, Geko Piong Gako Geko Piong Gako Gako Ga � Piong Piong Piong

Geko Geko Ge � Piong Piong Piong Gako Piong, Geko Piong, Gako Geko Piong 9) HAI TI Hai Ti, Tili Tili Tong, Hai Ti, Tili Tili Tong, Hai Ti, Tili Tili Tong, Tili, Tili, Tong Tong Tong

10) FATHER ABRAHAM

Father Abraham had seven children, Seven children had Father Abraham Some of them were tall, Some of them were short, But none of them were bright.

Raise your left (hand)

Raise your right (hand)Stamp your left (feet) Stamp your right (feet) Butts up Chest front Stick your tongue 11) EPPO Oh eppo eh tai tai eh yah (X 2) Oh eppo eh tai tai Eppo eh tuki tuki Eppo eh tuki tuki eh

Oh Eppo eh tuki tuki eh yah (X 2) Eppo eh tuki tuki Eppo eh tuki tuki, Eppo eh tuki tuki eh yah 12) CHEK CHEK KOLEK * Chek Chek Kolek, Chek Ko Pisang, Pisang Salangka, Ada-lah Selangka, Oh my Chek Chek (Slow) (Repeat *) 13) SAMPAN LOW SAMPAN LAY Sampan Low ah Sampan Lay ya Sampan Low ah Sampan Lay ya

Ah mina mina eh eh Ah mina mina eh eh



14) POM CHIKA POM

Pom Chika Pom, Pom Chika Pom, Pom Chika Wana, Chika Wana, Chika Pom. Oh yeah? Ride on!

Let�s make it even louder Let�s make it even softer Let�s make it even faster Let�s make it even slower Let�s make it even sexier 15) THE LITTLE GREEN FROG Mm.. Hm went the little green frog one day, Mm.. Hm went the little green frog. Hm.. Hm went the little green frog one day, And the little green frog went Mm.. Hm But we know frogs go, Sha-la-la-la-la Sha-la-la-la-la Sha-la-la-la-la But we know frogs go, Sha-la-la-la-la

Frogs don�t go Mm.. Hm 16) MY BONNIE My Bonnie lies over the mountain, My bonnie lies over the sea, My bonnie lies over the ocean, Oh bring back my bonnie to me. Bring back, bring back Oh bring back my bonnie to me, to me Bring back, bring back Oh bring back my bonnie to me

17) FLEA FLY MOSQUITO Flea, flea fly, flea fly mosquito Calamine, Calamine, calamine calamine lotion Oh no more, calamine lotion Itchy itchy scratchy scratchy up and down my backy wacky Itchy itchy scratchy scratchy up and down my backside Beep went the bug when I spray, With my spray can, pssssssss �. 18) FLEA FLY MOTORCAR Flea, flea fly, flea fly motorcar Honda, Honda, Toyota, Mitsubishi Lancer, Oh no more Mitsubishi Lancer Driving on the highway without a license One day kanna accident Pi po pi po pi pi po Dong cheng dong cheng dong dong cheng

19) CHA CHIKA CHA Hands up, palms together CHORUS Cha, Chika Cha, Chika Cha, Chika Cha Cha Cha (Action: moving the arms and body to the left and right) Hands up, palms together, elbows together

Chorus Hands up, palms together, elbows together, knees together

Chorus Hands up, palms together, elbows together, knees together, legs apart

Chorus Hands up, palms together, elbows together, knees together, legs apart, tongue out Ah, ah ah ah, ah ah ah, ah ah ah ah, ah ah



20) BY THE LIGHT OF THE SILVERY MOON By the light (not the darkm but the light) Of the silvery moon (not the sun but the moon)I want to spoon (not the fork but the spoon) To my honey I�ll croon love true Honeymoon (no the sun but the moon) Keep on shinning in June (not in May, but in June) Your silvery beams will bring love dreams We�ll be cuddling soon (not too late but too soon) By the silvery moon (not the sun but the moon)

21) MOONLIGHT BAY We were sailing along (we were sailing along) On moonlight bay (on moonlight bay) We could hear the voices singing (singing) They seems to say (I happy lay) You have stolen my heart (I have stolen your heart) Now don�t go away (I won�t go away) As we sing love�s old sweet song (sweet song) On the moonlight bay (on moonlight bay)

22) YOUR SIDE Your side (X2) Your side, your front, your back Your side, your front Your side, your back Your side, your front, your back Pang Bian Pang Bian Pang bian qian mian hou mian Pang bian qian mian pang bian hou mian Pang bian qian mian hou mian Tepi Tepi Tepi hapadan belakang Tepi hapadan tepi belakang Tepi hapadan belakang

Odrum odrum Odrum munadi binadi Odrum munadi odrum binadi

Odrum munadi binadi

23) FRIENDSHIP DANCE As �we walk to the left and we walk to the right As we walk as we walk as we walk all night With a heel and a toe and a half turn around With a heel and a toe and a new friend found 24) AULD LANG SYNE

Should all acquaintance be forgot And never brought to mind Should all acquaintance be forgot And the days of auld lang syne For auld lang syne, my dear My auld lang syne, We�ll take a cup of kindles yet For auld lang syne



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OA Silver Notes

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