O ’ Wednesday O ’ March 17, 2010 Open your science notebook and write today’s date and set up...

O’Wednesday O’March 17, 2010

O’Wednesday O’March 17, 2010

• Open your science notebook and write today’s date and set up your Cornell notes.

• Finish Atmosphere notes.

• Books open to page 513.

• Goal: What is the composition of the atmosphere?

• Open your science notebook and write today’s date and set up your Cornell notes.

• Finish Atmosphere notes.

• Books open to page 513.

• Goal: What is the composition of the atmosphere?

Candle BurnCandle Burn

• Compare and contrast what happens in each of the beakers

• Compare and contrast what happens in each of the beakers

Guiding QuestionsGuiding Questions

• What is weather?• What is the composition of the

atmosphere?• What is air pressure?• How does air temperature and

air pressure change with altitude?

• What is weather?• What is the composition of the

atmosphere?• What is air pressure?• How does air temperature and

air pressure change with altitude?

What is weather?What is weather?

• How many words can you think that describe what the weather is?

• How many words can you think that describe what the weather is?

What is Weather?What is Weather?

WeatherWeather is the current condition of the is the current condition of the atmosphere at a specific time and place.atmosphere at a specific time and place.

A A MeteorologistMeteorologist is a person who studies the is a person who studies the weather.weather.

What are the ingredients for weather?What are the ingredients for weather?– AtmosphereAtmosphere– Sun (energy)Sun (energy)– WaterWater

What is Earth’s Atmosphere?What is Earth’s Atmosphere?P. 512P. 512

The The atmosphereatmosphere (aka the air) is an envelope or layer (a (aka the air) is an envelope or layer (a sphere) of gases, solids and liquids that surrounds the earth.sphere) of gases, solids and liquids that surrounds the earth.

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

What is air made up of?What is air made up of?

Composition of Earth’s AtmosphereComposition of Earth’s AtmosphereNitrogen Nitrogen (N(N22)) ~ 78% ~ 78%

Oxygen Oxygen (O(O22)) ~ 21% ~ 21%

Argon Argon (Ar)(Ar) ~0.93% ~0.93%All OthersAll Others

Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide (CO(CO22)) ~0.03% ~0.03%

Water Vapor Water Vapor (H(H22O)O)gg ~ ~0 to 4%0 to 4%

Trace Trace (very small amounts) (very small amounts) Gases Gases – Neon, Helium, Methane, Krypton, – Neon, Helium, Methane, Krypton, Xenon, Hydrogen, Ozone.Xenon, Hydrogen, Ozone.

NitrogenNitrogenMost abundant element in atmosphere (78%).Most abundant element in atmosphere (78%).

Always occurs as NAlways occurs as N2.2.

It is a gas at surface temperatures.It is a gas at surface temperatures.

Un-reactive, somewhat Un-reactive, somewhat inertinert, which means it does not , which means it does not easily combine with other elements.easily combine with other elements.

Vital to life (Nitrogen Cycle).Vital to life (Nitrogen Cycle).

Most of your breath is Nitrogen.Most of your breath is Nitrogen.

OxygenOxygen

22ndnd most abundant element in atmosphere most abundant element in atmosphere (21%).(21%).

Found in nature as OFound in nature as O22

Very reactive, supports combustion (burning)Very reactive, supports combustion (burning)

Extremely vital to most living thingsExtremely vital to most living things

ArgonArgon

33rdrd most abundant element in atmosphere most abundant element in atmosphere (0.93%).(0.93%).

Completely inert, does not combine with other Completely inert, does not combine with other elements.elements.

Used in neon lightsUsed in neon lights

Water VaporWater Vapor

Water VaporWater Vapor is water in the form of a gas. is water in the form of a gas.– Remember the states of matter?Remember the states of matter?

It is It is invisibleinvisible, not the same thing as steam., not the same thing as steam.– Steam is water vapor (the gas) condensing back Steam is water vapor (the gas) condensing back

into into liquidliquid water. water.

The amount of water vapor in the air varies, The amount of water vapor in the air varies, from 0% in an arid (dry) environment, to 5% from 0% in an arid (dry) environment, to 5% in tropical rain forests.in tropical rain forests.

Trace elements/compoundsTrace elements/compounds

Carbon dioxide: (0.035%) plants use to Carbon dioxide: (0.035%) plants use to produce food. Plants take in COproduce food. Plants take in CO22 and give and give

off oxygen as a waste product.off oxygen as a waste product.

Animals take in oxygen to make energy Animals take in oxygen to make energy and give off COand give off CO22 as a waste product. as a waste product.

Ozone LayerOzone Layer



Trace elements/compounds Trace elements/compounds (cont’d)(cont’d)

OzoneOzone is a special form of oxygen and is vital is a special form of oxygen and is vital to life on Earth.to life on Earth.

Ozone up in the stratosphere blocks out Ozone up in the stratosphere blocks out harmful UV (Ultra-Violet) rays of the sun.harmful UV (Ultra-Violet) rays of the sun.

UV rays cause sunburn and can cause UV rays cause sunburn and can cause cancer in large amounts.cancer in large amounts.

Use sunscreen!Use sunscreen!

Ozone near the surface (from pollution) is Ozone near the surface (from pollution) is poisonous.poisonous.

Ozone LayerOzone Layer



Solids and Liquids in the Solids and Liquids in the AtmosphereAtmosphere

There are solids suspended (floating) in the There are solids suspended (floating) in the atmosphere (dust, salt and ice).atmosphere (dust, salt and ice).

There are liquids suspended in the atmosphere There are liquids suspended in the atmosphere (droplets of clouds).(droplets of clouds).

Water is the only substance that exists as a Water is the only substance that exists as a solid, a liquid and a gas in the atmosphere.solid, a liquid and a gas in the atmosphere.

•Photochemical smog forms when sunlight triggersreactions and transformations of gases and aerosols.

•Negative effects include burning eyes, sore lungs,and an unpleasant odor with poor visibility.

•Los Angeles-type smog (above) usually involves dry air while•London-type smog combines smoke and damp air.

Acid Deposition due to PollutionAcid Deposition due to Pollution

Why is the atmosphere important?Why is the atmosphere important?Why should I care?Why should I care?

Oxygen and gases for life.Oxygen and gases for life.

Traps water and energy from the sun.Traps water and energy from the sun.

Protects from harmful rays of the sun.Protects from harmful rays of the sun.

Keeps most meteoroids from hitting the Keeps most meteoroids from hitting the surface.surface.

Air Around You ReviewAir Around You Review

Simpsons Video QuizSimpsons Video Quiz

Tuesday March 23, 2010• Set Up Your Cornell Notes

• Books Open to page 516.

• Goal/Question: What is air pressure?

• Notebook Check and Air Around You were due Friday!

• Progress Reports Today. Due Thursday 5 points.

Does Air Have Mass?Does Air Have Mass?

As you remember, As you remember, massmass is the measure of the is the measure of the amount of matter or “stuff” in something.amount of matter or “stuff” in something.

Is air “stuff”?Is air “stuff”?

Since it has Since it has massmass and takes up space (has and takes up space (has volumevolume), we can also measure its ), we can also measure its densitydensity

What is Air Pressure?What is Air Pressure?

PressurePressure is the force exerted on an area or is the force exerted on an area or surface (like you).surface (like you).

Atmospheric pressureAtmospheric pressure is the force exerted by is the force exerted by air molecules being pulled toward the surface air molecules being pulled toward the surface by gravity.by gravity.

– Basically the Basically the weight of the air above youweight of the air above you..– about the same as a school bus.about the same as a school bus.

Column of AirColumn of Air

QuickTime™ and a decompressor


How does the atmosphere put How does the atmosphere put pressure onto us?pressure onto us?

Air is most dense at the surface because the air Air is most dense at the surface because the air is pulled down on the lower atmosphere is pulled down on the lower atmosphere compressing (squeezing) the air.compressing (squeezing) the air.

Atmospheric (aka Air) pressure is greatest at Atmospheric (aka Air) pressure is greatest at sea level. Lowest on tall mountains.sea level. Lowest on tall mountains.

Atmospheric Pressure and AltitudeAtmospheric Pressure and Altitude

At higher altitudes, At higher altitudes, the atmosphere the atmosphere contains fewer contains fewer molecules of air.molecules of air.

This means that the This means that the density of air density of air decreases with decreases with increasing altitude increasing altitude (as you go up).(as you go up).

Atmospheric PressureAtmospheric Pressure

Atmospheric Pressure and AltitudeAtmospheric Pressure and Altitude

Air is thinner (less Air is thinner (less dense) at high dense) at high altitudes because altitudes because most molecules are most molecules are pulled to the pulled to the surface.surface.

The earth's atmosphere thins rapidly with increasing altitude and is much The earth's atmosphere thins rapidly with increasing altitude and is much closer to the earth than most people realize.closer to the earth than most people realize.

Measuring Air PressureMeasuring Air Pressure

Atmospheric pressure is also called air Atmospheric pressure is also called air pressure or barometric pressure. pressure or barometric pressure. – Measured with a Measured with a BarometerBarometer..

Types of BarometersTypes of Barometers– MercuryMercury– AneroidAneroid

– Air pressure is measured in units calledAir pressure is measured in units calledinches of Mercuryinches of MercuryOr MillibarsOr Millibars

The mercury The mercury BAROMETERBAROMETER measures the atmospheric measures the atmospheric pressure from the balance pressure from the balance between the pressure between the pressure exerted by the weight of the exerted by the weight of the mercury in a tube and the mercury in a tube and the pressure exerted by the pressure exerted by the atmosphere.atmosphere.

As atmospheric pressure As atmospheric pressure increases and decreases, increases and decreases, the mercury rises and falls. the mercury rises and falls.

Measuring Measuring Atmospheric PressureAtmospheric Pressure

Mercury BarometerMercury Barometer



Aneroid BarometerAneroid Barometer





Layers of the Atmosphere?Layers of the Atmosphere?

The atmosphere starts The atmosphere starts below the surface and below the surface and reaches far into space reaches far into space (120Km/72 miles).(120Km/72 miles).

The atmosphere has 4 The atmosphere has 4 distinct layers.distinct layers.

What gases are in the What gases are in the atmosphere?atmosphere?



Layers of the atmosphereLayers of the atmosphereEarth’s atmosphere has five distinct layers Earth’s atmosphere has five distinct layers based on temperature differencesbased on temperature differences..

Let’s draw another one of my famous Let’s draw another one of my famous pictures.pictures.



Vertical Structure - TemperatureVertical Structure - Temperature

4 Thermal Layers4 Thermal Layers

– TroposphereTroposphere

– StratosphereStratosphereJet StreamJet StreamOzone LayerOzone Layer

– MesosphereMesosphere

– ThermosphereThermosphereIonosphereIonosphereexosphereexosphere

What layer of the atmosphere What layer of the atmosphere do we live in?do we live in?

TroposphereTroposphere

TroposphereTroposphere — the lowest — the lowest thermal layer of the thermal layer of the atmosphereatmosphere

From Greek tropos (turn)From Greek tropos (turn)

Lots of vertical mixing and Lots of vertical mixing and turbulenceturbulence


The Troposphere is The Troposphere is warmer near the surface.warmer near the surface.

Clouds and the surface Clouds and the surface absorbs & re-radiates absorbs & re-radiates the sun’s energy the sun’s energy

Temperature decreases Temperature decreases (gets colder) with (gets colder) with altitude.altitude.– (altitude = your height (altitude = your height

above the ground).above the ground).


The thickness of the The thickness of the troposphere varies:troposphere varies:– Because of insolation (the Because of insolation (the

amount of solar energy amount of solar energy received).received).

– LatitudeLatitudeThicker at equator (11mi/ 18 Thicker at equator (11mi/ 18 km)km)

Thinner at poles (5mi/ 8km)Thinner at poles (5mi/ 8km)

– SeasonSeasonThicker in summerThicker in summer

Thinner in winterThinner in winter


Almost all weather Almost all weather occurs in the occurs in the troposphere.troposphere.

75% of all the 75% of all the atmosphere’s atmosphere’s gases are in the gases are in the troposphere.troposphere.

Ft m

StratosphereStratosphere

StratosphereStratosphere from Latin from Latin stratumstratum (“a cover”) (“a cover”)– meaning no vertical meaning no vertical

mixing.mixing.

The jet stream is located The jet stream is located in the stratosphere.in the stratosphere.

The jet streams are The jet streams are strong, constant winds strong, constant winds that blow from west to that blow from west to east.east.


Temperature increases Temperature increases with altitude.with altitude.

– The higher you go it gets The higher you go it gets a little warmer.a little warmer.

– ozone layer absorbs UV ozone layer absorbs UV radiation which makes it radiation which makes it warmer.warmer.


The ozone layer is a The ozone layer is a layer of gases in the layer of gases in the stratosphere.stratosphere.

It is a special kind of 3-It is a special kind of 3-atom oxygen.atom oxygen.

The ozone layer absorbs The ozone layer absorbs the sun’s harmful UV the sun’s harmful UV rays (Ultraviolet rays). rays (Ultraviolet rays).

StratosphereStratosphereIn 1961 USAF Cpt. Joseph Kittinger, Jr., In 1961 USAF Cpt. Joseph Kittinger, Jr., stepped out of a helium filled balloon 19.5 stepped out of a helium filled balloon 19.5 miles over New Mexico.miles over New Mexico.

As he accelerated to 614 mph in freefall, As he accelerated to 614 mph in freefall, his suit fabric didn’t flutter and there was his suit fabric didn’t flutter and there was no sound of rushing wind.no sound of rushing wind.

Initially, there was no sense of speed until Initially, there was no sense of speed until he looked up at the balloon getting rapidly he looked up at the balloon getting rapidly smaller and smaller.smaller and smaller.

His speed began to decrease as the His speed began to decrease as the atmosphere thickened and wind atmosphere thickened and wind resistance slowed his descentresistance slowed his descent

After 4 min., 25 sec., his chute opened at After 4 min., 25 sec., his chute opened at 18,000 ft (3.4 miles)18,000 ft (3.4 miles)

13 min., 35 sec., later, after falling 13 min., 35 sec., later, after falling through 99% of Earth’s atmosphere, he through 99% of Earth’s atmosphere, he set the record that still stands today.set the record that still stands today.

MesosphereMesosphere

Mesosphere from Mesosphere from Greek Greek mesomeso (“middle”) (“middle”)

Temperature Temperature decreases with altitude decreases with altitude - no heat source- no heat source

This is the layer in This is the layer in which meteors burn up which meteors burn up

Thermosphere from Greek Thermosphere from Greek thermtherm (“heat”). (“heat”).

Temperature increases with Temperature increases with altitude due to UV absorption by altitude due to UV absorption by molecules in the ionosphere.molecules in the ionosphere.

Did you know…Heat is the flow Did you know…Heat is the flow of energy from one body to of energy from one body to another due to a difference another due to a difference between thembetween them

ThermosphereThermosphere

The IonosphereThe Ionosphere

Within the thermosphere is Within the thermosphere is a layer of electrically a layer of electrically charged particles (Ions) charged particles (Ions) called the called the ionosphereionosphere..

At night, long wavelength At night, long wavelength (AM) radio signals bounce (AM) radio signals bounce off the ionosphere, allowing off the ionosphere, allowing radio signals to travel very radio signals to travel very long distances.long distances.

The outer edge of te The outer edge of te thermosphere is called the thermosphere is called the exosphereexosphere, which blends , which blends into outer space.into outer space.

Increased solar activity Increased solar activity (sunspots, coronal flares) (sunspots, coronal flares) can cause thermosphere to can cause thermosphere to expand and exert drag on expand and exert drag on satellites in low orbitsatellites in low orbit..

Thermosphere/ExosphereThermosphere/Exosphere

O ’ Wednesday O ’ March 17, 2010 Open your science notebook and write today’s date and set up...

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