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Transcript of O NE OF THE MOST POPULATED AND WEALTHY COUNTRIES IN A FRICA, N IGERIA GOT INDEPENDENCE FROM B RITAIN...
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STRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACYCHAPTER 35 – SECTIONS 2-5
1945-PRESENT
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THE CHALLENGE OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
CHAPTER 35 - SECTION 2
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EUROPEAN COLONIZATION
• COLONIALISM’S LEGACY IN AFRICA HAS LIMITED DEMOCRACY• BOUNDARIES ESTABLISHED BY
EUROPEANS IGNORED ETHNIC/CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
• FOCUS ON ONE OR TWO CASH CROPS IGNORED LOCAL NEEDS
• LACK MANUFACTURING
• ECONOMIC POLICIES RESULTED IN NO MIDDLE CLASS (ESSENTIAL TO DEMOCRACY)
• WHEN EUROPEANS LEFT, MILITARY DICTATORSHIPS OFTEN REPLACED THEM
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NIGERIAN CIVIL WAR
• ONE OF THE MOST POPULATED AND WEALTHY COUNTRIES IN AFRICA, NIGERIA GOT INDEPENDENCE FROM BRITAIN IN 1960
• THREE MAJOR ETHNIC GROUPS (HAUSA-FULANI, YORUBA, AND IGBO) WILL DIVIDE CONTROL INTO A FEDERAL SYSTEM WITH 3 SEPARATE STATES
• DISTRUST AND MINORITY HOSTILITIES EVENTUALLY LED TO OVERTHROWS AND MARTIAL LAW (TEMPORARY MILITARY CONTROL OF A REGION)
• INDEPENDENCE/SECESSION LED TO CIVIL WAR (1967-70)• EVENTUALLY UNITED THE COUNTRY BUT
MILLIONS DIED IN THE PROCESS
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NIGERIAN NATION BUILDING
• AFTER THE CIVIL WAR, NIGERIA WENT BACK TO REBUILDING
• THE MILITARY MAINTAINED CONTROL WITH THE IDEA OF EVENTUALLY BECOMING A DEMOCRACY (ATTEMPT IN 1979 FAILED BY 1983)
• ANOTHER ELECTION IN 1993 WAS DECLARED INVALID AND THE MILITARY MAINTAINED CONTROL• JAILED DISSIDENTS (OPPOSITION)
• IN 1999, THEY ELECTED THEIR FIRST CIVILIAN PRESIDENT (OBASANJO)
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APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA
• SOUTH AFRICA HAD BEEN DIVIDED DURING COLONIAL RULE
• GRANTED SELF-RULE IN 1910• DENIED POWER TO BLACK
MAJORITY
• IN 1948, S. AFRICA IMPLEMENTED APARTHEID (COMPLETE SEPARATION OF RACES)• SCHOOLS, HOSPITALS,
NEIGHBORHOODS, ETC.
• 75% OF THE POPULATION WAS LEFT WITH 13% OF THE LAND (THE WORST LAND)
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PROTESTS
• IN 1912, THE BLACK MAJORITY FORMED THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS• ORGANIZED STRIKES AND BOYCOTTS
• GOVERNMENT BANNED THE PARTY AND IMPRISONED MANY OF ITS LEADERS IN 1960 (MOST FAMOUS OF WHICH WAS NELSON MANDELA)
• 1976 – RIOTS ABOUT SCHOOL POLICIES BROKE OUT, LEAVING 600 STUDENTS DEAD
• IN THE 1980S, SOUTH AFRICAN LEADERS CALLED FOR INTERNATIONAL SANCTIONS• STOPPED BUYING S. AFRICAN GOODS
AND BANNED THEM FROM THE OLYMPICS
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STRUGGLE FOR DEMOCRACY
• IN 1989, S. AFRICA VOTED FOR A PROGRESSIVE (F.W. DE KLERK).• LEGALIZED THE ANC AND
RELEASED NELSON MANDELA
• REPEALED APARTHEID LAWS
• IN APRIL 1994, S. AFRICA HAD ITS FIRST UNIVERSAL ELECTIONS (ALLOWED EVERYONE TO VOTE)• NELSON MANDELA WON THE
PRESIDENCY AND THE ANC WON 63% OF THE PARLIAMENT
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QUICK CHANGES
• A NEW CONSTITUTION WAS CREATED IN 1996• BASED ON EQUAL RIGHTS
AND A BILL OF RIGHTS
• SUCCESSFULLY TRANSITIONED POWER IN 1999 BUT STILL HAS MAJOR PROBLEMS• CRIME RATES
• UNEMPLOYMENT
• POVERTY
• AIDS
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THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION
SECTION 3
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SOVIET SHIFTS IN POLICY
• THE SOVIET UNION IN THE 60’S AND 70’S WAS TOUGH ON THEIR PEOPLE• BREZHNEV AND THE POLITBURO
(THE RULING COMMITTEE FOR THE COMMUNISTS) PUNISH ALL OPPOSITION
• BREZHNEV DIES IN 1982
• EVENTUALLY THE POLITBURO WILL CHOOSE MIKHAIL GORBACHEV TO BECOME THEIR LEADER• YOUNG, ENERGETIC, AND
POLITICALLY SMART
• WANTED TO PURSUE NEW GOALS
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GORBACHEV’S POLICIES
• SOVIET SOCIETY HAD BECOME STAGNATE (UNCHANGING) BECAUSE IT PUNISHED INDIVIDUALITY
• GORBACHEV IMPLEMENTED GLASNOST (OPENNESS) IN 1985, ENCOURAGING THE FREE FLOW OF NEW IDEAS• CHURCHES WERE OPENED,
DISSIDENTS WERE RELEASED, BOOKS WERE PUBLISHED, REPORTERS INVESTIGATED
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RESTRUCTURING THE ECONOMY
• OPEN CRITICISM LED TO PEOPLE COMPLAINING ABOUT THE ECONOMY
• GORBACHEV BLAMED THE COMMAND ECONOMY• SOLVED THIS PROBLEM
WITH PERESTROIKA (RESTRUCTURING)
• INDIVIDUALS GAINED AUTHORITY IN LARGE FACTORIES AND FARMS AND SMALL BUSINESSES WERE ALLOWED TO BE PRIVATE
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OPENING GOVERNMENT
• RECOGNIZING THE LINK BETWEEN DEMOCRACY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH, GORBACHEV CALLS FOR DEMOCRATIZATION• ELECTED A NEW
LEGISLATIVE BODY BASED ON FREE CHOICE
• GORBACHEV WILL ALSO SIGN A TREATY (INF TREATY) WITH REAGAN TO LIMIT GOVERNMENT SPENDING ON THE MILITARY
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TURMOIL IN THE USSR
• GORBACHEV’S REFORMS WILL EVENTUALLY LEAD TO OVERWHELMING CALLS FOR MORE REFORM• ESPECIALLY IN THE SATELLITES
• THE BALTIC STATES WERE THE FIRST TO DECLARE INDEPENDENCE (LITHUANIA IN 1990)• GORBACHEV WILL ATTEMPT TO
USE ECONOMIC SANCTIONS BUT FEAR OF LOOSING CONTROL LED TO MILITARY USE IN 1991
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YELTSIN’S RISE TO POWER
• LITHUANIA + SLOW ECONOMIC PROGRESS HURT GORBACHEV
• BORIS YELTSIN WAS HIS GREATEST OPPONENT
• IN 1991, YELTSIN WAS VOTED IN AS THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC’S FIRST PRESIDENT
• DESPITE THEIR ATTEMPTS TO TAKE BACK CONTROL, GORBACHEV AND YELTSIN DEFEATED THE “OLD GUARD” OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY
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FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION
• THE ATTEMPT TO OVERTHROW GORBACHEV AND YELTSIN LED TO THE DOWNFALL OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY• WITHIN MONTHS, ALL 15 SOVIET
SATELLITES HAD DECLARED INDEPENDENCE
• RUSSIA WILL CALL FOR THE CIS (COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES) TO LOOSELY UNITE THEM IN A FEDERATION• DEC 25, 1991 – GORBACHEV
RESIGNS AS LEADER OF A COUNTRY THAT DOES NOT EXIST
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YELTSIN’S REFORMS
• TO REFORM THE ECONOMY, YELTSIN IMPLEMENTED A PLAN KNOWN AS “SHOCK THERAPY”• LIKE PULLING OFF A BAND-AID
BUT WITH CAPITALISM
• LOWERED TRADE BARRIERS, TOOK AWAY PRICE CONTROLS, AND ENDED SUBSIDIES
• INITIALLY THE PLAN DESTROYED THE ECONOMY• PRICES SOARED, FACTORIES
CLOSED, UNEMPLOYMENT EXPLODED
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YELTSIN’S STRUGGLE LEADS TO PUTIN
• WAR WITH CHECHEN SECESSIONISTS TOOK ITS TOLL ON YELTSIN
• IN 1999, HE HANDED POWER TO VLADIMIR PUTIN
• PUTIN WAS MUCH MORE FORCEFUL THAN YELTSIN, MAKING HIM POPULAR IN RUSSIA
• RUSSIA HAS, SINCE 1992, BEEN STRUGGLING TO ADAPT TO THE FREE MARKET SYSTEM
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CHANGES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
CHAPTER 35 - SECTION 4
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LEADERS
• WITH THE FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION, EASTERN/CENTRAL EUROPE STARTED TO EXPERIMENT WITH FREEDOM
• WORKERS IN POLAND WERE THE FIRST TO UNITE.• SOLIDARITY (SHIPPING UNION) WENT
ON STRIKE IN 1980. THEIR POPULARITY LED TO THE GOVERNMENT GIVING IN
• IN 1989, THEY ELECTED NEW LEADERSHIP THAT REFORMED THE COUNTRY• LED TO UNEMPLOYMENT AND
INFLATION
• DESPITE SHOWING SIGNS OF REBOUNDING, THEY ELECTED A FORMER COMMUNIST IN 1995
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HUNGARY FOLLOWS
• HUNGARY, HAVING SEEN THE IMPROVEMENTS IN POLAND, FOLLOWED THEIR EXAMPLE• PRIVATE ENTERPRISE
• STOCK MARKET
• MULTIPLE PARTIES
• SINCE 1989, THE PARTIES HAVE GONE BACK AND FORTH FOR CONTROL
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REUNIFICATION OF GERMANY
• IN 1989, EAST GERMANS BEGAN TO “ESCAPE” TO THE WEST• THE EAST RESPONDS BY CLOSING
ITS BORDERS, WHICH LED TO HUGE PROTESTS CALLING FOR FREE MOVEMENT AND DEMOCRACY
• NOV. 9, 1989, THE BERLIN WALL CAME DOWN
• THE PLAN TO STABILIZE FAILED AND THE COMMUNIST PARTY WAS VOTED OUT
• WITHOUT COMMUNISM, PEOPLE CONSIDERED REUNIFICATION OF GERMANY
• ONE YEAR LATER (1990), GERMANY WAY OFFICIALLY REUNITED IN ONE GOVERNMENT
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NEW CHALLENGES
• EAST GERMANY HAD BEEN RAVAGED BY 40 YEARS OF COMMUNIST RULE• ATTEMPTS TO HEAL THE EAST
INITIALLY LED TO UNEMPLOYMENT
• IN 1998, THEY VOTED FOR A SOCIALIST • WHILE GERMANY HAD THE 3RD
LARGEST ECONOMY IN THE WORLD, ITS GROWTH WAS SLOW
• IN 2005, THEY REPLACED THE SOCIALIST SCHRODER WITH ANGELA MERKEL, A CAPITALIST
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CZECHOSLOVAKIA
• BY 1989, THERE WERE MASS PROTESTS IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA CALLING FOR DEMOCRACY• BY THE END OF THE YEAR, THE
COMMUNISTS RESIGNED AND ELECTIONS WERE HELD
• IN 1993, INABILITY TO WORK TOGETHER CAUSED THE TWO REGIONS TO SPLIT (CZECH REPUBLIC AND SLOVAKIA)• BOTH REGIONS IMPLEMENTED
CAPITALIST REFORMS THAT HELPED THEM GROW RAPIDLY
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ROMANIA
• COMMUNIST LEADER CEAUSESCU ATTEMPTED TO MAINTAIN ORDER WITH AN IRON FIST• PROTESTS GREW MORE
WIDESPREAD
• DEC 25, 1989, HE AND HIS WIFE WERE TRIED AND EXECUTED• DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS
FOLLOWED
• SLOW GROWTH HAS OCCURRED BECAUSE MUCH OF THE ECONOMY IS STILL STATE CONTROLLED
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YUGOSLAVIA
• PLAGUED BY A VARIETY OF ETHNICITIES, YUGOSLAVIANS HAVE LONG DISTRUSTED EACH OTHER• COMMUNIST CONTROL HAD HELD
THE COUNTRY TOGETHER DURING THE COLD WAR
• WHEN SLOVENIA AND CROATIA DECLARED THEIR INDEPENDENCE IN 1991, THE YUGOSLAV ARMY (MOSTLY SERBS) INVADED• INDEPENDENCE WAS EVENTUALLY
WON
• BOSNIA WOULD THEN DECLARE ITS INDEPENDENCE (1992)
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ETHNIC CLEANSING IN BOSNIA
• BOSNIA WAS THE MOST MIXED REGION
• WHEN THEY DECLARE INDEPENDENCE, THE BOSNIAN SERBS BEGIN TO TARGET BOSNIAN MUSLIMS FOR ETHNIC CLEANSING (EXTERMINATION OF AN ENTIRE ETHNIC GROUP)• AN AGREEMENT
EVENTUALLY CREATED A THREE PERSON PRESIDENCY (1996)
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MODERN PROBLEMS
• IN 1998, THE KOSOVO REGION DEMANDED INDEPENDENCE• THE CONFLICT BECAME
INCREASINGLY BLOODY
• IN 1999, AFTER HEAVY NATO BOMBING, SERBIA PULLED OUT OF KOSOVO
• THE MIXED POPULATION STILL LEADS TO POLITICAL CONFLICTS• MONTENEGRO VOTED 55-45 FOR
INDEPENDENCE IN 2008, KOSOVO IS RECOGNIZED BY ½ THE WORLD
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CHINA: REFORM AND REACTIONCHAPTER 35-SECTION 5
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LEGACY OF MAO
• MAO’S ATTEMPT TO CREATE EQUALITY DAMAGED THE ECONOMY IN GENERAL
• WHEN THE NATION MOVED TOWARDS CAPITALISM, MAO INSPIRED THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION IN 1966• INSTEAD OF INCREASING
RADICAL COMMUNISM, MANY TURNED AGAINST IT
• ZHOU ENLAI WILL LEAD A PERIOD OF MODERNIZATION IN THE 1970S
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RELATIONS WITH THE WEST
• WORRIED ABOUT THEIR ISOLATION, ZHOU BRINGS THE US TO CHINA IN 1971• FIRST THE TABLE-TENNIS
TEAM AND THEN PRESIDENT NIXON
• BOTH ZHOU AND MAO DIE IN 1976• THE PARTY WILL BECOME
MORE MODERATE.
• IN 1980, DENG XIAOPING BECAME THE NEW LEADER
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FOUR MODERNIZATIONS
• DESPITE BEING COMMUNIST, DENG WANTED TO USE CAPITALIST IDEAS TO PROMOTE THE ECONOMY.
• HIS NEW GOALS BECAME KNOWN AS THE FOUR MODERNIZATIONS• GOAL: IMPROVE AGRICULTURE,
INDUSTRY, DEFENSE, AND SCIENCE/TECHNOLOGY
• LAND WAS LEASED TO FARMERS
• FOREIGN INVESTMENT IMPROVED
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TIANANMEN SQUARE
• WITH THE GOODS, WESTERN IDEAS ALSO MOVED INTO CHINA, INCLUDING DEMOCRACY
• IN 1989, 100,000 STUDENTS PROTESTED FOR DEMOCRACY IN TIANANMEN SQUARE• DENG RESPONDS WITH MARTIAL
LAW AND ORDERS THE MILITARY IN
• HUNDREDS ARE KILLED, THOUSANDS INJURED. THE GOVERNMENT CRACKED DOWN EVEN HARDER, USING MEDIA TO REPORT THAT THE MASSACRE HAD NEVER HAPPENED
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RECENT CHANGES
• DENG CONTINUED REFORM BUT KEPT A TIGHT HOLD• JIANG ZEMIN TAKES CONTROL
AFTER DENG’S DEATH IN 1997
• WHILE CHINA HAS CONTINUED TO BECOME MORE ECONOMICALLY FREE, THEY CONTINUE TO REPRESS DISSENT
• WHILE THE ECONOMY SLOWED IN THE 2000S IN MOST OF THE WORLD, CHINA’S CONTINUED TO GROW.