O-Level - Digital Teachers Uganda · Web view=Uprooted monocot plant with flower and fruit Modified...

of 293 Uganda Laboratory Foundation At Nabisunsa Tel. 0712 80 27 09

Expt. (O) Flowering plants - 1 Page 1 of 2(O)

You are provided with specimens A and B, observe the specimens carefully and answer the following:

1 Classify the specimens into the following texaKingdom Class Subclass

Specimen A

Specimen B

2 Make a well labelled diagram of specimens A

(c) Mention functions for any five the parts specimen A, you have labelled above

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Expt. (O) Flowering plants 1 Page 2 of 2

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(d) Give four differences and two similarities between specimen A and B

DifferencesSpecimen A Specimen B

1

2

3

4

Similarities



Expt. (O) Modified plant organs 1 Page 1 of 2

You are provided with specimens K, L and M which are plant parts.

(d) Giving two reasons in each case, identify which part of the plant each specimens K and L 4 marks

K is ………………………………………………………………………..…………..

Reasons……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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L is ……………………………………………………………………….…………..

Reasons……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(d) All the specimens K, L and M are modified to perform other functions other than the usual

functions. Using observable features, state what each specimen is modified to do. Record the

observable features and the functions each specimen is modified to perform in the table below

Specimen Features on the specimens Function

K

L



M


(d) Cut a small piece of specimens K and squeeze the piece between your fingers (Do not damage

the specimen. It will be required in part (e)). From your observation of specimen K, state all

the functions performed by the specimen.

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(2 marks) (d) Explain how the features on specimen

(iii) K enable the specimen to live successfully in its habitat

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(iii) M enable the plant from which the specimen was obtained to live successfully in its habitat(s)

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(9 marks)

(e) Draw and label specimen K in the space below




You are provided with specimens X and Z which are plant organs. Examine them carefully and answer the following questions.

a) Identify the specimens

Specimen X ………………………………………………….

Specimen Z ………………………………………………….

(b) From your observation, list

(ii) two similarities between specimen X and Z……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(ii) differences between X and Z

Specimen X Specimen Za.

b.

c.

(c) (i) State three functions of specimen Z



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(ii) In what way is specimen Z adapted to its function(s)……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(d) In the space provided make a well labelled diagram of specimen Z.



Expt.(O): Leaves-1 Page 1 of 2 (O)

You are provided with specimen A, B, C, D and E

(a) State two observable features so show that these are the same plant organs……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………3 Make a well labelled diagram of specimen A



4 Observe each specimen carefully and record the major observable characteristic features of each specimen.

A ……………………………………………………………….…………….

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B. …………………………………………………………………………..….

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C. …………………………………………………………………………..….

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D. …………………………………………………………………..………….

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E. ……………………………………………………………………..……….

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Expt.(O): Leaves-1 Page 2 of 2

5 Using the characteristic features of each specimen you have observed. Construct (on the next page) a simple biological key to identify each specimens



6. Give the functions and adaptation of specimen A

Expt. (O) Leaves-2 page 1 of 1

You are provided with specimen L1, L2, L3, L4 & L5. Examine each specimen and answer the following questions.

1. For each specimen excluding leaf shape tabulate two major characteristic features of the leaf lamina/blade

SpecimensL1 Bauhinia 1

2

L2 - canalily 1

2

L3 Cassava 1



2

L4 Cammelina 1

2

L5 Hibiscus 1

2

(ii) Using the information in the table only construct a simple biological key to identify each specimen.

Your key should start as follows:

1. (a) leaves lobed(b) leaves not lobed

Expt. (A) Leaves - O page 1 of 31. How is a leaf distinguished from other part of the plant

2. Give functions and adaptations of leaves to the plants

3. (a) You are provided with specimen M, N, O. P, and Q



(i) State two observable features so show that these are the same plant organs……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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For each specimen, mention one way in which it is structurally unique

M…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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N…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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O…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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P…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Q…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(b) For M and N only, give

(i) 3 descriptive similarity

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Expt. (A) Leaves - O page 2 of 3

(ii) Ecological advantages of specimen N over M

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(iii) In the space below, draw an outline of the lamina of specimen M and N of at ½ magnifications



(iv) Using the outlines in b(ii) above determine the surface areas of M and N.

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(v) Express the size of lamina as a ration of M: N.

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Expt. (A) Leaves - O page 3 of 3

(vi) Comment on the biological significance of the ratio of M/N obtained in b (v) above

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(c) by limiting your self to the structure of the lamina. Construct a dichotomous key which can be used

to identify the specimen M – Q in the given order starting with M and ending with Q

.

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(d) (i) Classify specimen M:Phylum …………………………………………………………Class …………………………………………………………

(ii) Give 3 characteristics possessed by the plants in this class.

1. ………………………………………………………………….…………………………

2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………

3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(i) Classify specimen N:Phylum …………………………………………………………Class …………………………………………………………


4. ………………………………………………………………….…………………………

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6. ………………………………………………………………………………………………



Expt. (A) Leaves - 1 page 1 of 1 (A)

3. (40 min) You are provided with five specimens P, Q, R, S and T which are simple leaves of common crop plants. Examine each of the specimens carefully and then for each specimen briefly and concisely describe.

(a) The lamina and associated venation.(b) The petiole (stalk) and associated structures, if any.

After exercises (a) and (b) above.

(c) Construct a dichotomous key, based on the characteristics (features) of the petiole (stalk) only, beginning with specimen S, followed by R, Q, P and T in that order.

N.B. Pay no attention to the colour, smell, sap content or size of the specimen or parts of it.



Expt.(A): Leaves-2 page 1 of 2

Specimen P, Q, R, S, T, U, V and W are leaves of common plants.

(a) (i) Classify specimen V:Phylum …………………………………………………………Class …………………………………………………………


7. ………………………………………………………………….…………………………

8. ……………………………………………………………………………………………

9. ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Examine specimens P, Q, R and U, for each specimen give four descriptive features of the leaf blade (lamina).

Specimen P1. ………………………………………………………………….……………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………………….……………………………………

3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. ………………………………………………………………...………………………………………

Specimen Q1. ………………………………………………………………….………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………………….………………………………

3. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Specimen R1. ………………………………………………………………….…………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………………….………………………………

3. …………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. ………………………………………………………………...………………………………

Specimen U1. ………………………………………………………………….…………………………………For more browse: digitalteachers.co.ugThe Science Foundation College is the best science secondary school. Register Now: +256 753 802709


2. ………………………………………………………………….………………………………

3. …………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. ………………………………………………………………...…………………………………

Expt. (A): Leaves-2 page 2 of 2

(c) Construct a dichotomous key which can be used to identify the 8 specimens (P-W) in the order given.



Expt. (A): Leaves-3 page 1 of 2 You are provided with flowering shoot of Lantana camara labelled X and leaves of cassia labelled Y. use them to determine the different types of vegetation as requested

(a) (i) Observe the shoot of specimen X and put down difference seen between the flowers in different position. i.e. those innermost, in the middle and outer most, in the table below.

Character innermost middle outer

colour

size

Age

ii) What type of variation is shown by the flower shoot above? Give reasons.

(b) Now take 20 leaves of cassia (specimen Y) and count the number of leaflets per leaf (x)Record your information in the table below

Number leaf per leaf (x)

Tally Frequency, f F(x)



(i) Plot a graph of against F(x)(c)(i0 From your graph(i) Calculate the number of leaflets possessed by most individuals(ii) What type of variation is shown by the graph. Give reasons.



Expt. (A): Leaves 4 (wakisha mock 2007) page 1 of 2 You are provided with specimens H, I, J, K and La) Mount a little of specimen H and I on two separate microscopic slides, mount and observe in each case. Also observe the other specimen critically. State two characteristic features of each specimen

(10 marks)H

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I……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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J……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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K……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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L……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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b) Suggest one ecological advantage of each of the following specimens (1 mark each)

(i) I over H

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(ii) J over K

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c) (i) Describe the structure of the leafs of specimens K and L (2 marks)

K

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L

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Expt. (A): Leaves 4 (wakisha mock 2007) page 2 of 2

(ii) Make an accurate drawing of the lamina of specimen K half its size. Do not label (4)

d) Using only features stated in (a) above construct a dichotomous key to Identify the specimens

starting with H, I, J, K and ending with L (7marks)



Modified organ and leaf reference material

Experiment Materials

Flowering plant-1 A B

Uprooted dicot plant with flower and fruit=Uprooted monocot plant with flower and fruit

Modified organ – 1 K Bryophyllum leaf with offspringsL Pea leaf/leaf with tendrilsM Rhizome (ginger

Modified organ-2 X Rhizome (spear grass)Z Bryophyllum leaf

(O) leaf -1 A Simple leaf with smooth laminaB Simple leaf with hairy laminaC Trifoliate leaf (bean)D Compound pinnate (Acacia)E Simple leaf with parallel veins (grass)

(O) Leaves-2 L1 BauhniaL2 Cana lily (21alaga)L3 Cassava (muwogo)L4 Cammelina (nanda)L5 Hibiscus

(A) Leaf O MNOPQ

LumbuguKayuki yukiHibiscusDodoMango

((A) Leaves – 1 PQRTT

(A)Leaves-2 PQRSTUVW

Simple leaf with smooth lamina and pinnate venation (dodo)Simple leaf with hairy lamina and smooth marginTrifoliate leaf (bean)Compound pinnate (Acacia)Simple leaf with parallel veins (grass)Sessile simple leaf Simple leaf with palmate venation(hibiscus)Fleshy leaf (bougnaville)

(A) leaves -3 XY

Lantan camara (kayukiyuki)Shoot of acacia with 20 leaves

(a) Leaves 4 H, I, J, K L

MouldSpirogyraMoss whole plantWhole been seedling with at least 2 pairs of leavesWhole star grass (Cynodon dactlon) plant



Expt. (O) Flowers-1 Page 1of 2

You are provided with specimens J and K. Use them to answer the following questions.

a. Cut each of the specimen longitudinally into two halves

(i) Draw a well labelled diagram of longitudinal section of specimen J and state your magnification.

(ii) List structures (parts) that are exclusively accessory and four essential organ/structures

Accessory organ

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Essential organ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Expt. (O/A) Flowers-1 Page 2of 2

(iii) Name any four organs in a human female that you would constitute to correspond to the essential organs of J

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(b) (i) What is the significance of the specimen to the organism from which it was taken……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(ii) Give one importance of the specimen J to a named organism in the habitat where it is found.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(iii) What is the relationship in (b), called?……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(iv) Give four structural differences between specimen J and KSpecimen J Specimen K

(c) (Draw a pistil of J



Expt. (O/A) Flowers-2 Page 1 of 2

You are provided with specimen R( Hibiscus) and S (bean) which are plant organs. Observe each of them carefully and answer the questions that follow.

(a) Describe specimen R basing on the following parts

(i) Calyx……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(ii) Corolla

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(ii) Androecium……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(iii) Gynaecium……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(b) State five structural differences and three similarities between specimen R and S

Structure differencesSpecimen R Specimen S1

2

3



4

5

Expt. (O/A) Flowers-2 Page 2 of 2

Similarities1. …………………………………………………………………………………………………

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2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………

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3. …………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(d) Carefully remove the other floral parts of specimen S so as to expose the pistil but leaving it still attached to the flower stalk. Make a well labelled drawing of the pistil.

(d) Carefully detach the ovary of specimen R and then S. Make a cross section of the ovaries and observe using a hand lens. Describe the placentation of the two ovaries……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(e) Draw a floral diagram of R and S and write their floral formulae



Expt. (O): Flowers- 3 Page 1 of 1

You are provided with specimens C1 and C2. Cut each specimen longitudinally into two halves. Examine them carefully using a hand lens.

(a) (i) Draw the longitudinal section of specimen C1 and label.

(ii) Describe the ovary of Specimen C1 ……………………………………………………………

SpecimenC2 ……………………………………………………………

a. In the table below record the observable differences and similarities between the specimens

DifferencesC1 C2



Similarities……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(c) Suggest with reasons, how specimen C1 is pollinated

Expt (O) Flowers 4 Page 1of 2

(a) Give six differences between specimen C and specimen D and four differences between specimen E and F.

Specimen C Specimen D

Specimen E Specimen F

(b) Give three characteristics features of each specimen.



C ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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D …………………………………………………………………………………………….……………

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E …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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F ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Expt (O) Flowers 4 Page 2of 2

(c) Using only the features in (b) construct a dichotomous key to identify the specimens

(d) State the agent of pollination of each specimen and give adaptive structural features in each case.

C …………………………………………………………………………………….……………………



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E ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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F ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Expt. (A) Flower O Page 1 of 3(a) What is a flower?……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(b) Diagram of longitudinal section of Hibiscus flower



(c) Longitudinal section of bean flower

Expt. (A) Flower O Page 2 of 3

(d) Longitudinal section of morning glory flower

(e) Characteristics of parts of the floweri. Stigma - flowers may differ –

ii. r by: the numbers of stigma, shapes of stigma, and whether fused of not



iii. Anthers - flowers may differ by: the numbers of anthers, shapes of anthers, and whether fused of not

iv. Filaments: flowers may differ by: the numbers of filament, and whether fuse of notv. Petals: flowers may differ by: the numbers of petals, and whether fuse of not

vi. Sepals: flowers may differ by: the numbers of sepals, and whether fuse of notvii. Epicalyx: these may be present or absent.

viii. Ovary may be – monocarous, synocarpous or apocarpous- Inferior or superior

ix. Whole flowers: the flower may be regular or irregular..

(f) Give 8 differences between Hibiscus and bean flower

Hibiscus Bean flower

Expt. (A) Flower O Page 3 of 3

(g) Give 8 differences between Hibiscus and morning glory

Hibiscus morning glory flower



(h) Give 8 differences between morning glory and bean flower

Morning glory Bean flower

(i) List essential part of flower:

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(j) List non essential parts of flower

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(k) How does each of the following flowers adapted to mechanisms of pollination.………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(l) Construct floral diagrams and write floral formulae for hibiscus, bean and morning glory flower (on back page)

Expt (A) Flowers - 1 Page 1of 3






(b) Give three characteristics features of each specimen.C ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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D …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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E ………………………………………………………………………………………….………………

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F ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Expt (A) Flowers -1 Page 2of 3





C …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………

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D ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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E ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Expt (A) Flowers 1 Page 3of 3

F ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(e) Draw floral diagrams and write floral formulas of specimen F.

Expt. (A) Flowers-2 page 1 of 2

You are provided with specimens, C, D, E, and F which are inflorescences and A and B which are

single flowers

a. Observe each specimen and describe the pattern of arrangement of floret (04 marks)



C

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D………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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E…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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F…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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b. Remove a single floret from specimens C, D and E

i. Give two descriptive features on each of the following floral parts of each floret.

Floral part Floret of specimen C Floret of specimen D Floret of specimen E

Pistil

Anthers


Petals



Bracts

ii. With reference to the information in the table in b(i) , state how the florets from specimens D

and E are adapted to their modes of pollination.

Florets from C

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Florets from D

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c) Remove one floret from specimen E. cut it symmetrically into two halves. Observe the internal

structure using a hand lens. Draw on half of the floret and label only the essential reproductive floral

structures.




(45 minutes) You are provided with specimen K and L which are inflorescence. Pick one flower from each inflorescence and examine carefully using a hand lens.

(a) Describe the structure of each flower in respect to the specified parts as indicated in the table

Structure Flower form K Flower from L

Petals

Sepals

Bracts

Stamens

and

carpals

(b) Using the descriptive in the table. State how the structure of each flower is adapted to reproductive

life of the plant of each specimen.

Flower from K

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Flower from L

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I Draw and label flower from K and L

Flower from K

Floret from L







(b) Give three characteristics features of each specimen.C ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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D …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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C …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………

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D …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Expt. (A ) Flowers-5 Page 1of 3

You are provided with specimens J , K and L. Use them to answer the following questions.

b. Cut each of the specimens J and K longitudinally into two halves

(j) Draw a well labelled diagram of longitudinal section of specimen J and state your magnification.

(ii) List structures (parts) of J that are exclusively accessory and four essential organ/structures

Accessory organ

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Essential organ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Expt. (A) Flowers-5 Page 2of 3

(iii) Name any four organs in a human female that you would constitute to correspond to the essential organs of J

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) (i) What is the significance of the specimen to the organism from which it was taken……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Give one importance of the specimen J to a named organism in the habitat where it is found.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) What is the relationship in (b), called?……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iv) Give six structural differences between specimen J and K

Specimen J Specimen K



(c) Draw floral diagrams and write floral formulas of J and K

(i) Floral diagram of J Floral formula of J

(i) Floral diagram of K Floral formula of K

(d) L is an inflorescence. (i) Name the type of inflorescence exhibited by L

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Pick two florets from L and make accurate drawings of each.



(iii) Give any four structural differences between the two florets in (d) (ii) above

(iv) How are the florets of L adapted for pollination?



Expt. (A) Flowers-6 Page 1of 3

Specimens P, Q and R are plant organ

1. State the roles of P and Q to the plants from which they were obtainedRoles of P

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Roles of Q

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. State the adaptations of P to its functions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

i. Draw the lamina of P to half the magnification and use the diagram to estimate the surface area of the specimen.

ii. What is the significance of surface area for the similar organs in different plantsFor more browse: digitalteachers.co.ugThe Science Foundation College is the best science secondary school. Register Now: +256 753 802709


…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Expt. (A) Flowers-6 Page 2of 3…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Construct floral diagrams and write floral formulas for specimens Q and R

4. Give the differences between Q and R



Expt. (A) Flowers-6 Page 3 of 3

5. Describe the structures and functions of essential parts of Q

6. What is the fate of each part in (5) after fertilization

7. (i) How does Q discourages self fertilizations

(ii) What would be the disadvantaged of self fertilization when it occurred



8. Flower reference materialExperiment Materials

(O) Flowers-1 J Bean flowerK Tubular flower e.g. potatoes

(O) Flowers-2 R Bean flowerS Hibiscus flower

(O) Flowers-3 C1 Hibiscus flowerC2 Canna lily flower

(O) Flowers-4C male maize flowerD Bean flowerE Hibiscus flowerF Ipomea batatus flower

(A) Flowers-1C male maize flowerD Bean flowerE Hibiscus flowerF Ipomea batatus flower

(A)Flowers-2 CDEF

BananaCassiaMaizeBougainvillae

(A) Flowee-3

(A) Flowers-4C male maize flowerD Bean flowerE Hibiscus flowerF Ipomea batatus flower

(A) Flower -5 JKL

HibiscusBeanCapitulum

(A)Flowers-2 CDEF

BananaCassiaMaizeBougainvillae



Expt. (O) Fruits-1 Page 1 of 2

You are provided with fruits D, E, F, G, H I, J. Longitudinally cut specimens F and G.

(a) List two similarities and two differences between specimen F and G

Similarities

1.

2.

Differences F G

(b) Draw a well labelled diagram of the section through F.



Expt. (O) Fruits-1 Page 2 of 2

(c) Construct a simple biological key to identify D E F G H, I, J

(d) Suggest the agent and two adaptive feature for dispersal E and G

Specimen Agent of dispersal Adaptive featureE

G



Expt. (O) Fruits -2 Page 1 of 2

Use specimens W and T to answer the following questions

Cut T longitudinally and also split open specimen W

(a) State the identities of W and T in each case give one reason to support your answer

Identify W ……………………………………………………………….

Reason ……………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………….

Identify W ……………………………………………………………….

Reason ……………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………….

(b) Draw and label one half of specimen T

(c) (i) Locate and pick a seed from specimen T. Feel it between your fingers and state your observations.______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

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(ii) Of what significance is your observation in C (i) above?______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Expt. (O) Fruits -2 Page 2 of 2

(d)(i) Suggest the mechanism of dispersal of specimens W.______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

(ii) Describe how the mechanism you have named above is possible.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

(e) State five differences between W and T

Specimen T Specimen W

1

2

3

4

5



Expt.(A/O) Fruits-3 Page 1 of 2

Before you are specimens A, B, C, D and E

(a) (i) Cut longitudinally through specimen A and then transversely through B.

(ii) Make well labelled diagram of the sections of B

(b) State three similarities and four differences between A and B

(i) Similarities



……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) differences

A B

1

2

3

4

Expt.(A/O) Fruits-3 Page 2 of 2

(c) State the placentationsA ___________________________________________________

B ___________________________________________________

C ___________________________________________________

D ___________________________________________________

E ___________________________________________________

(d) Give the mechanism and one adaptation for the dispersal of

C…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………….…………………………………

D…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………….…………………………………

(e) Draw a simple dichotomous key to identify the specimen in the order B, C, A and then D.



Expt. (O) Fruits and seed -4 Page 1 of 2

You are provided with specimen X and Y. Study the specimens carefully and answer the following questions.

(i) With one reason in each case identify the parts of the plant each specimen represent. X ……………………………..………………………………………

Reason ……………………………………………………………………

Y ……………………………………………………………………………..

Reason ………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Cut each specimen longitudinally into a half. Draw and label a longitudinal section of specimen X



(iii) Dip a longitudinal section of specimen Y in iodine for 5 minutes. Remove and wash it with water. a. Make a labelled diagram of the cut surface.

Expt. (O) Fruits and seed -4 Page 2 of 2

b. From your observation, what conclusion can you make with distribution of the dark colour?____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

c. Give 2 similarities and 3 differences between specimen X and Y. (i) Similarities

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Differences



……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Expt. (A) Fruits-1 (70 minutes) page 1 of 3

You are supplied with fruit specimens labelled W, X, y and Z.

1. Make longitudinal cuts of each of the fruits W and X to obtain equal parts.

(i) Draw and label all structures seen in the one half of W .



(ii) State two structural similarities between W and X. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………….………………………………………


(iii) State six structural differences between W and X.W X

(i) ………………………………………

………………………………………

(ii) ……………………………………….

……………………………………….

(iii) ………………………………………

………………………………………

(iv) ……………………………………….

(i) ………………………………………

………………………………………

(ii) ……………………………………….

……………………………………….

(iii) ………………………………………

………………………………………

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……………………………………….

(v) ………………………………………

………………………………………

(vi) ……………………………………….

……………………………………….

……………………………………….

(v) ………………………………………

………………………………………

(vi) ……………………………………….

……………………………………….

Carry out the following experiment to determine the amount of ascorbic acid (vitamin (C) in fruits W, Y and Z.

Proceed as follows:

(i) Mash W in a mortar and with the help of a glass rod and funnels squeeze the juice through a muslin cloth into a test tube labelled W.

(ii) Repeat the procedure above with fruit Y and Z, using afresh muslin cloth each time.

(iii) Label three small beakers W, Y, Z and into each measure EXACTLY 2.0 cm3 of DCPIP.

Measure EXACTLY 5.0 cm3 of glacial acetic acid and then add toe ach of the three beakers. the blue colour in each beaker will turn pink.

(iv) Using a graduated pipette, draw up the fruit juice W and note the amount drawn up. Slowly run it drop wise into beaker W with constant shaking until the pink colour in the beaker disappears, leaving the colour of the original fruit juice. Note and record the volume of juice used to neutralise 2.0 cm3 of DCPIP.


(v) Repeat procedure (IV) for fruit juice Y and Z, using a clean pipette each time.

(vi) Tabulate your results below:

Sample Volume of juice used (cm3)WYZ

You are given that 2 cm3 DCPIP is equivalence to 0.2 mg of vitamin C.

(a) How much vitamin C is present in each sample volume used to neutralise 2.0 cm3 DCPIP?………………………………………………………………………………….



(b) Calculate the amount of vitamin C in 100cm3 of each sample. Show clearly your working. Enter the results in the table below.Working:

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Results:

Sample Amount of Vitamin C in 100cm3 in (mg)WXX

(c) Which fruit has the highest concentration of vitamin C?

…………………………………………………………………………………..

(d) Give two reasons why vitamins are important in nutrition.(i) …………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………..

(ii) …………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………..

Expt. (A) Fruits-2 Page 1 of 3

You are provided with fruits P, Q, R, S and T.

(a) Longitudinally cut specimens P and Q.

(i) List two similarities and five differences between specimen P and Q

Similarities

1.

2.



DifferencesP Q

(b) Draw a well labelled diagram of the section through P.


(c) Carry out the following experiment to determine the amount of ascorbic acid (vitamin (C) per kilogram in fruit P

Proceed as follows:

(i) Weigh one half of P crash it in a mortar and 10 cm3 of water to make and label an extract W

(ii) To a beaker add EXACTLY 2.0 cm3 of DCPIP followed by 5.0 cm3 glacial acetic acid and then add to the beaker. The blue colour in each beaker will turn pink.



(vii) Using a graduated pipette, draw up the fruit juice W and note the amount drawn up. Slowly run it drop wise into beaker W with constant shaking until the pink colour in the beaker disappears, leaving the colour of the original fruit juice. Note and record the volume of juice used to neutralise 2.0 cm3 of DCPIP.

Volume of the juice used ……………………………………………………………….

(iv) Given that 2 cm3 DCPIP is equivalence to 0.2 mg of vitamin C.

a. How much vitamin C is present in the volume of fruit juice used to neutralise 2.0 cm3 DCPIP?

………………………………………………………………………………….

b. Calculate the amount of vitamin C in 10cm3 of each sample. Show clearly your working. Enter the results in the table below.

Working:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

c. Assuming all the vitamin C was extracted into 10cm3 of water added, calculate the amount of vitamin C per Kilogram of P

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………


(d) Construct a simple biological key to identify P, Q, R, S and T .



(e) Suggest the agent and two adaptive feature for dispersal Q and R

Specimen Agent of dispersal Adaptive featureQ

R

Fruit reference

(O) Fruits-1 D DesmodiumE black jackF Tomato/orangeG Mango/AvocadoH Capsule



(O) Fruits-2 W Bean pondT Tomato fruit

(O) Fruits-3 A MangoB TomatoC Passion fruit/pawpawD Avocado fruitE Bean pond

(O) Fruit and seeds - 4 X Bean seed soaked overnightY Maize seed soaked overnight

(A) Fruits -1 WX Y Z

TomatoAvocado Passion fruitOrange

(A) Fruit -2 PQRS T

TomatoAvocadoBlack JackOpen Bean pondOpen capsule

Expt. (O/A) Arthropods - 1 page 1 of 1(O/A)



You aye provided with a specimen X. Study the specimen carefully and answer the following questions.a) Identify the specimen from kingdom to the order.b) Give the functions and adaptations for the hind leg.c) Make a well labelled diagram of the hind leg.d) Give the differences between the outer and inner wings.e) Give the functions and adaptations of the outer and inner wings.f) Dissect to expose the gut and make a well labelled diagram of it.g) Use the starch solution provided to determine the location of amylase in the gut basing on the three

major divisions of the gut namely; fore, mid and hind gut. Explain how you went about the experiment and sate your conclusions.

h) Study the mouth parts of the specimen carefully, and state with reason on which type (solid liquid) food the specimen feeds.

i) Draw and describe the function and adaptations of the different mouth parts of the specimenj) Draw the antennae under low power in the microscope, state you magnification.(Ignore parts f) to i) if you are in O-level)

Expt. (O/A) Arthropods - 1 page 1 of 1(O/A

You aye provided with a specimen X. Study the specimen carefully and answer the following questions.a) Identify the specimen from kingdom to the order.b) Give the functions and adaptations for the hind leg.c) Make a well labelled diagram of the hind leg.d) Give the differences between the outer and inner wings.e) Give the functions and adaptations of the outer and inner wings.f) Dissect to expose the gut and make a well labelled diagram of it.g) Use the starch solution provided to determine the location of amylase in the gut basing on the three


h) Study the mouth parts of the specimen carefully, and state with reason on which type (solid liquid) food the specimen feeds.

i) Draw and describe the function and adaptations of the different mouth parts of the specimenj) Draw the antennae under low power in the microscope, state you magnification.(Ignore parts f) to i) if you are in O-level)



Expt. (O) Arthropods-2 Page 1 of 1

You are provided with specimen U and V

(a) State the kingdom, phylum, class and order to which the specimens belong

Kingdom _______________________________________________

Phylum _______________________________________________

Class _______________________________________________

Order _______________________________________________

(b) Give three reasons in each case for placing the specimens in the above named

(i) Phylum …………………………………………………….

……………………………… ……………….………….

…………………………………………………………………….…

……………………………..…………………………………….………………………………

…………….…………….…………………………………………………………………….…

(ii) Class

…………………………………………………….…………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………….

…………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

….…………………….…

(c) State the sex/mating type of each specimen giving one reasons in each caseU …………………………………………………….

…………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………….………………………………

V …………………………………………………….

…………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………….………………………………



(d) Make accurate labelled drawing of the last abdominal segments of each specimen. Indicating feature necessary to identify each mater (use the back page)

Expt. (O) Arthropods-3 Page 1 of 1

You are provided with specimens P, Q, and R. Observe the specimen carefully and answer the following question.

(a) Give characteristic features of the head, thorax and abdomen of each specimen.Features of P Q RHead

Thorax

Abdomen

(b) Suggest the economic important of each specimen

P…………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Q …………………..……………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

R …………………………………………………………...……………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(c) Suggest the habitant of each specimenP …………………………………………………………………….

Q ………………………………………………………….



R ………………………………………………………………………

(d) How is specimen Q adapted to survive in its habitat you have suggested in (c) above? (use the opposite page).

(e) Cut off the right hind leg of specimen Q close to the body and make an accurate libelled diagram of it (use the opposite page).

Expt. (O) Arthropods -4 Page 1 of 2

You are provided with specimen G and H; observe the specimens carefully to answer the following questions.

(a) Both specimens belong to the same phylum and class but different orders. Name the phylum, class and order giving two reasons in each case.

Phylum:

Reasons

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………

ClassReasons

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………

Order of G

Reasons

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………



Order of H

Reasons

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Expt. (O) Arthropods -4 Page 2 of 2

Briefly (b) Describe the features of the thoracic and head region of the specimenBody parts Specimen G Specimen HHead

Thorax

(d) Cut off the hind limb of each specimen close to the body. Give three similarities and four differences between the hind limbs of the specimens.

Similarities

Differences



Expt. (O) Arthropods - 5 Page 1 of 1

You are provided with specimen P, Q, R, S and T. Study the specimen carefully and answer the following questions.

(a) With two reasons in each case state the phylum and class of specimens P and TP ……………………………………………………………………

Reason

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………….………………………

T …………………………………………………………………

Reason………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………….……………………………

Give characteristics features of the head of each specimen

Specimen P

Specimen Q



Specimen R

Specimen S

Specimen T

(b) Using only features in (b above construct a dichotomous key to identify the specimens

(c) Give four similarities and four differences between specimen R & S

(d) State the economic importance of each specimen(for question (b), (c) and (d) answer on the opposite page)

Expt. (O) Arthropod -6 page 1 of 2

You are provided with specimen X. Study the specimen carefully using a hand lens provided.

(a) Classify the specimen as far as possible. Kingdom _________________________________________

Phylum _________________________________________

Class _________________________________________

Order _________________________________________

Species _________________________________________

(b) Make a ‘well-labelled” diagram of the dorsal view of the specimen with the left inner and outer wings extended.



(c) Remove the left hind leg

(i) Make a well labelled diagram of this leg.

(ii) State the functions and adaptations for this leg.


(d) Cut of the inner and outer wings close to the body and spread each as far as possible

(i) State three observable differences between the outer and inner wings.

(ii) State the functions and adaptations for each wing

(e) Make an accurate drawing of the inner wing. State the magnification. (labelling is not required)



(f) Observe the mouth parts using a hand lend. Explain the adaptation of the mouth parts to the type of food they feed on.

(g) Give one economic importance of the specimen.



Expt. (O) Arthropod -7 page 1 of 1 You are provided with freshly killed spider labelled F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5, respectively, hand lends and drawing needles.

(a) All the specimens belong to the same phylum. State the phylum giving three observable features as your reasons for this classification.

Phylum ……………………………………………………………..Reason

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………

(b) One of the specimen belong to a different class while the rest belong to a common class

Member of the same class…………………………………………..

Name of the class ………………………………………………….Reason

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………

Member of a different class……………………………………………..

Name of the class ……………………………………………………..Reason

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………

(c) Give the feeding mechanism of each specimen in each case giving the adaptive structural features observed.

Specimen Feeding mechanism Adaptive structural features

F1

F2

F3



F4

F5


You are provided with specimen Cockroach and Tick which are animals living in different habitats

(a) Using a hand lens, observe the specimens. For each specimen, describe the structural appearance of the mouth, body wing and legs and state how each of these parts are suited for the mode of life of the animal, by completing the table below

Specimen Body part Description of body part Suitability of the mode of lifeA Mouth part

Body

Wing

Legs

B Mouth parts

Body

Wings

Legs



Expt. (O/A) Arthropod -8 page 2 of 2

(a) Draw the inner wing of specimen A do not label

(b) Draw the hind leg of the specimen

(c) Give the function and adaptations of the hind leg of the specimen



O – Level: Arthropod referenceExperiment number Specimen Letters Specimens

5 Expt. (O) Arthropod -1 X Cockroach2 Expt. (O) Arthropod -2 U Female cockroach

V Male cockroach3 Expt. (O) Arthropod -3 P Freshly killed soldier termite

Q Freshly killed cockroachR Freshly killed housefly

4 Expt. (O) Arthropod -4 GH

butterfly worker bee

5 Expt. (O) Arthropod -5 P Soldier termiteQ BeeR CockroachS HouseflyT Spider

6 Expt. (O) Arthropod -6 X Cockroach7 Expt. (O) arthropod - 7

Feeding habits in arthropods

F1 F2F3F4F5

CockroachHouseflyButterflysoldier termite,Spider

8 AB

CockroachTick



Expt. (A) Arthropod -2 page 1 of 2

You are provided with specimen Cockroach and Tick which are animals living in different habitats

(a) Using a hand lens, observe the specimens. For each specimen, describe the structural appearance of the mouth, body wing and legs and state how each of these parts are suited for the mode of life of the animal, by completing the table below

Specimen Body part Description of body part Suitability of the mode of lifeA Mouth part

Body

Wing

Legs

B Mouth parts

Body

Wings



Legs

(d) Draw the inner wing of specimen A do not label


(e) Draw the hind leg of the specimen

(f) Give the function and adaptations of the hind leg of the specimen

(g) Dissect the cockroach to expose the gut on the right of the animal, label the part responsible for excretion



Expt. (A) Arthropod -3 page 1 of 1Study specimens J, K, L, M and N provided

Identify the name, class and phylum of each specimenSpecimen Name Class Phylum

J

K

L

M

N

(b) State the mode of nutrition of each of the specimen in 3(a) aboveSpecimen Mode of nutrition

J

K

L

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N

(c) For each specimen, J, K, N state the characteristics that make it suited to its mode of nutritionSpecimen Adaptation to the mode of nutrition

J

K

N

State the habitat and economic importance of J and MJMExpt. (A) Arthropod -4 page 1 of 2

You are provided with specimen s D, E, F, G, and H(a) State three observable differences between specimen D and G (3 marks)

Specimen D Specimen G(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(b) (i) Using a hand lens, examine the tarsus of the hind limb of each specimen F and G (6marks)



(ii) Give the ecological significance of the structure of each tarsus (2 marks)


(c) Examine the mouth parts of specimen G and H, using a hand lens.

(i) Draw and label the mouth parts of specimen G and H

(ii) Relate the structures of each mouth part to its function on the specimen



(d) Using features of the abdomen only, construct a dichotomous key to identify specimen D, E, F, G, and H

A – Level: Arthropod referenceExperiment number Specimen Letters Specimens

1 Expt. (A) Arthropod -2 CockroachTick

2 Expt. (O) Arthropod -3 J TickK AscarisL BeeM TermiteN Spirogyra

3 Expt. (O) Arthropod -4 D Worker beeE Grass hopperF WaspG House flyH Soldier termite



Expt. (O) Soil -1 page 1 of 1

You are provided with the following: 2 filter papers, 2 filter funnels, 3 measuring cylinders, 2 dry soil samples labelled A and B each 30g, a graph paper and a stop clock/wall –clock or wrist watch may be used.

Carry out the following experiment and answer the questions that follow.

Place the filter paper in the funnel and stand the funnel into the 100-ml measuring cylinder. Put one of the soil samples into one funnel and the other sample into the second funnel. Pour 50 cm3 of water into each soil sample. Record in the table below the volume of water collected in each measuring cylinder after every minute for 15 minutes.

Time/minute 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15Soil A/cm3

Soil B/cm2

(a) Using the data you have obtained above plot a graph of volume against time for each soil sample on the same axis.



(b) From the graph, what is the volume of water that remained in the soil sample A and B after 12½ minutes

Volume of water in soil sample A ______cm3

Volume of water in soil sample B ______cm3

(c) Give an explanation for your observation in (b) above.

(d) Suggest the soil type represented by A and B

Soil sample A is ____________________________________________

Soil sample B is ____________________________________________

(e) What does this experiment illustrate

(f) Calculate the percentage of water retained by each soil sample at the end of the experiment.

(g) Which soil is the most suitable for agriculture and why

Expt. (O) Soil -2 page 1 of 1You provided with soil samples labelled A and B. Study the samples carefully and answer the following questions

(a) (i) Feel the two soil samples between your fingers and record your Observations

(ii) Give the significance of your observations in a(i) above.

(b) Place a filter paper or a piece of cotton/glass wool into the neck of a filter funnel. Put 50 cm3 of soil sample A in the funnel and place the funnel on to a 100 cm3 measuring cylinder.



Measure 50 cm3 volume of water and carefully pour it on to the soil and simultaneously start a stop clock. Record the volume of water in the measuring cylinder every after half a minute for five minutes. Repeat the procedure using soil sample B.

Record the results in the table belowTime 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0Volume of water drained from A/cm3

Volume of water drained from B/cm3

(c) Plot graph of volume of water drained through A and through B against time on the same axes.

(d) How do your observations (a) explain the results in (b)

(e) Give reasons why soil sample B may not be suitable for agriculture.

(f) How can soil sample B be improved to make it suitable for agriculture?

Expt. (O) Soil -3 page 1 of 1

You are provided with soil samples, B, A and C, cotton/glass wool, glass funnel, two 100 cm3

measuring cylinders

(a) Measure exactly 50 cm3 of each soil sample. Place a filter paper or a piece of cotton/glass wool into the neck of a filter funnel. Half fill the funnel with soil sample A and place the funnel on to 100 ml measuring cylinder. Measure 50 cm3 of water and carefully pour it onto the soil and simultaneously start a stop clock. Record the volume of water that drains through the soil after 5 minutes. Repeat the above experiment using soil sample A and B.

Record your results in the table below.

A B CVolume Soil used /cm3



Water used/cm3

Water drained/cm3

Water retained/cm3

(a) Calculate(i) Percentage of water drained through each soil sample

(iii) Percentage of water retained by each soil sample

(b) Plot a histogram of percentage drained and percentage of water retained with the soil sample

(c) Briefly and precisely explain the significance of the results of this experiment. Expt. (O) Soil -4 page 1 of 1

You are provided with an empty 100g tin of blue band, two 250cm3 measuring cylinders, water stirring rod and two soils ample labelled A and B.

(a) (i) Fill the tin with sample A and level off at the top.

(ii) half fill the measuring cylinder with water. Record the volume of water in the table below.

(iii) Pour the soil sample into the cylinder carefully taking care to transfer all the soil and not to displace any drops of the cylinder.



(iv) Stir well the contents of the measuring cylinder using the stirring rod for 3 minutes. Record the volume of water and soil in the table below

(v) Determine the volume of the tin (volume of soil used) by filling it with water then measure the water in the measuring cylinder. Record this volume in the table below.

(vi) Repeat procedures a(i) to a(iv) using soil samples B

Table of resultsVolume Sample A Sample B

Volume of water in the

cylinder /cm3

Volume of water and soil after

stirring /cm3

Volume soil used (equal to

volume of the tin used) /cm3

(b) (i) Calculate the volume of air in each soil sample

(ii) Calculate the percentage of air in each soil sample

(c) State three factors that may affect the amount of air in the sample

(d) Give two functions of soil air

(e) How can aeration of the soil sample R be improved?

O– Level: Soil referenceExperiment number Specimen Letters Specimens

A Sand soilB Clay soilC Garden soil



Expt. Food test -1 page 1 of 1LESSON ON TESTING CARBOHYDRATE

TESTS Solution of reducing sugars

Solution of non reducing sugars

Starch solution

To 1 cm3 of solution add equal amount of Benedict’s solution and boil for 1 minute



To 1 cm3 of solution add 4 drops of hydrochloric acid and boil for 1 one minute. Cool h\the test tube in cold water. Then add sodium hydroxide solution and equal amount of benedict’s solution and boil for 1 minute.

To 1 cm3 of solution add 3 drops if iodine solution.

Testing for starch using an enzyme (amylase)To 1 cm3 of starch solution in a test tube, add saliva and put the test tube that contains the mixture in a hot water bath for 25 minutes. Add Fehling’s/Benedict’s solution and boil for 1 minute

Observations …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………

Give examples of natural food substances (plants) that contain

Reducing sugars …………………………………………..……………………………………………

Non-Reducing sugars …………………………………..………………………………………………

Starch ………………………………………..……………..………………………………..…………

(a) How can you distinguish between reducing and non reducing sugars?(b) What is the function of HCl and NaOH when testing for non reducing sugars?(c) What is the purpose of incubating starch solution with saliva in testing for starch?(d) What is the importance of reducing sugars, non reducing sugars in human diet(e) Why is it possible to use saliva to identify starch?

Expt. Food test 1B Carbohydrate In Practical carbohydrate are classified into three groups



1. Reducing sugars: these include monosaccharides (glucose, fructose and galactose) and some disaccharides (maltose and lactose)

PropertiesThey are sweet, soluble in water and reduce blue Cu2+ in Benedict’s or Fehling’s solution to red Cu+ ions. When a solution containing reducing sugars is boiled with equal amount of Benedict’s or Fehling’s solution for 1 minute, the colour changes from blue to green to yellow to orange.

Test the following solutions for reducing sugarsTests Observations

S TTo 1cm3 of solution add 1 cm3 of Benedict’s solution and boil for 1 minute.

Which of the solutions contains reducing sugars and why………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Give natural sources of reducing sugars

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Non reducing sugars: example cane sugars or sucrose

PropertiesThey are sweet, soluble in water but do not reduce blue Cu2+ in Benedict’s or Fehling’s solution to red Cu+ ions.

When a solution containing non reducing sugars is boiled with equal amount of Benedict’s or Fehling’s solution for 1 minute, the colour remains blue.

Non reducing sugars are hydrolysed with Hydrochloric acid (HCl) to reducing sugars, however, before testing for reducing sugar, the excess acid is neutralised by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) because Benedict’s solution does not work in acidic medium. After hydrolysis and neutralisation of excess acid with NaOH, boiling the solution with Benedict’s solution, the colour changes from blue to green to yellow to orange.

The following solutions for non reducing sugarsObservations

Tests S T UTo 1cm3 of solution add 1 cm3

of Benedict’s solution and boil for 1 minute.



Tests S T UTo 1cm3 of solution add 4 drops HCl boil for 1 minute and cool. Then add 1cm3 of NaOH followed by 1cm3 of Benedict’s solution and boil for 1 minute

Which of the solutions S, T and U contains reducing sugars and which contains non reducing sugars?……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...

From practical point of view how are non reducing sugars different from reducing sugar?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

What is the use of HCl and Sodium hydroxide in the test for non reducing sugars

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………….…………………

What are the natural sources of non reducing sugars

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. Starch:

Starch changes the colour of iodine to black

Starch is digested by amylase enzyme to reducing sugar

Testing for starch

Tests Observation

(a) To 1cm3 of solution U add 3 drops of iodine

solution

(b) To 1cm3 of solution U add 1 cm3 of Benedict’s

solution and boil for 1 minute.

(c) Stir solution U, and to 1cm3 of it add equal amount

of saliva, incubate for 30 minutes at 35-400 and

after add 1cm3 of benedict’s and boil for 1 minute

(i) Why do we incubate the solution?



………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii) Explain observation in (i) above

Expt. Food test -2 page 1 of 2Testing for proteins, lipids, vitamin C and catalyse enzyme

1. Proteins Carry out the following test on the food substance that contain proteins and record your observations.

Tests observationBoil 1 cm3 of food substance add n a test tube

Buiret’s testTo 1 cm3 of food substance add1cm3 of sodium hydroxide followed by 1 drop of copper sulphate.

Million’s testTo 1 cm3 of food substance add a few drops of million’s reagent and boil for 1 minutes

Give three uses of proteins to the body__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

Give two natural sources of proteins ___________________________,________________________

2. Lipids (Fats and oil) The difference between fat and oil is that, fat are solids at room temperature.Carry out the following test on the food substance that contain lipids and record your observations

Test observationsa. Add 2 drops of the food substance

to a test tube that is half full water.

b. Add a drop of food substance on a piece of paper and dry the paper on a non smoke flame and view the



paper through light.

Expt. Food test -2 page 2 of 2

(b) Mention three uses of lipids to the body__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

(c) Give two plants, which are commercial sources of oils _________________________________, ___________________________________________

(d) Mention two major commercial uses of fats and oils

……………………………………….., ……………………………………………………….

3. Vitamin CCarry out the following tests on the food that contain vitamin C and record your observationsTest observationsTo 1 cm3 of DCPIP (dichlorophenol indole

phenol) add the food substance drop wise

until there is no further change.

What is the function of vitamin C in the body ____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

Name the deficiency disease of vitamin C ______________________________________

State the major sources of vitamin C __________________________________________

3. Catalyse enzymeCarry out the following test to show the effect of catalyse on hydrogen peroxideTest observationsTo 1 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in a test

tube add a piece of liver, lung, green pawpaw or

Irish potatoes and observe for 1 minute.

What is the effect to the enzyme Catalyse on hydrogen peroxide? ___________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________



Name two organs in animal that contain high concentrations of Catalyse enzyme

Expt. (O) Food test -3 page 1 of 2You are provided with solutions P and Q and test tubes labelled. Use the following reagents to determine the chemical nature of the substances present in the solutions and indicate your observation and deduction in the table below.

Iodine solutionBenedict’s /Fehling’s solution

Solution R Solution S

Experiment Observation Deduction(i) To 1 cm3 of solution P in a test tube, add 3 drops of iodine solution

(ii) To 1 cm3 of solution P in a test tube, add equal amount of Benedict/Fehling’s solution and boil for 1 minute

(iii) To 1 cm3 of solution P in a test tube, add 4-5 drops of solution R and boil. Cool under tap water. Add equal volume of solution S, the 2 cm3 of Benedict’s/Fehling’s solution and boil

(iv) To 1 cm3 of solution Q in a test tube, add 3 drops of iodine solution

(v) To 1 cm3 of solution Q in a test tube, add equal amount of Benedict/Fehling’s solution and boil for 1 minute

(vi) To 1 cm3 of solution Q in a test tube, add 4-5 drops of



solution R and boil. Cool under tap water. Add equal volume of solution S, the 2 cm3 of Benedict’s/Fehling’s solution and boil

Expt. (O) Food test -3 page 2 of 2

(a) Why was it necessary to boil P and Q with solution R

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(b) Suggest what solution R and S could be

Solution R ………………………………………………………………………………..

Solution S ………………………………………………………………………………..

(c) What was the use of solution S in the experiment?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(d) Name two natural sources of each of the substance in solutions P and Q

P (i) ………………………………………………….. (ii) ………………………………………………

Q(i) ………………………………………………….. (ii) ………………………………………………

(e) State the uses of substances in P and Q to man

P…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….



Q…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Expt. (O) Food test -4 page 1 of 2You are provided with solution A and B(d) Carry out the following tests out eh solutions and record your results in the spaces provided.

Test 1To 1 cm3 of solution A add 1 cm3 of benedict’s solution and boil for 1 minutes.

Observations………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………..………………

Test 2To 1 cm3 of solution B add 1 cm3 of benedict’s solution and boil for 1 minute.

Observations……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….……………………

Test 3To 1 cm3 of solution A add 1cm3 of hydrochloric acid and boil for 2 minutes. Cool in water and add 1cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution, shake and add 1 cm3 of benedict’s solution and boil for 1 minute.

Observations………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………..…………………



Test 4To 1 cm3 of solution B add 1cm3 of hydrochloric acid and boil for 2 minutes. Cool in water and add 1cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution, shake and add 1 cm3 of benedict’s solution and boil for 1 minute.

Observations………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………


Test 5Rinse your mouth with clean water and collect 2 cm3 of your saliva in a test tube. To 2 cm3 of solution A in a test tube, add 1 cm3 of saliva and shake. Keep the test tube in a water bath maintained at 35-400C for 25 minutes. After the 25 minutes remove the test tube, add 1 cm3 of benedict’s solution and boil for 1 minute.

Observations……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(e) What are the role of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide in test 3 and 4?………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

© (i) Explain what was responsible for the observations you made in test 5.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………

(ii) In test 5 why was the solution with saliva placed in a water bath?……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………

(f) (i) Name the food substance present in solutions

A ________________________________________



B ________________________________________

(ii) Describe one additional test required to confirm the food substance present in solution A……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………… (iii) Give two natural sources of the food substance found present in solution B

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………


You are provided with specimens P and R, knife scalpel, distilled water, iodine solution, benedict’s solution, millions reagent, mortar and pestle, test tubes a beaker and measuring cylinders.

(a) (i) State the identity of each specimen.

Q ___________________________________________________

R ___________________________________________________

(iii) Give one reason for each case to support your answer in a (i) above.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(b) Make an accurate labelled diagram of each case.



(c) Using a knife or scalpel slice each specimen half way(i) Add three drops of iodine to the cut surface of one half of each specimen and

spread the drop over the surface and record your observation and deductions.

Observation _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Deductions_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(ii) Cu small chips from the remaining half of P and place them in the mortar. Add some sand and crush using a pestle to make a paste. Add 10cm3 of water to the paste and decant to obtain a water extract. Label the extract X. Carry out the following test on the extract and record your results and deductions in the table below

Test Observation DeductionTo 1 ml of x add 1 ml g Benedict’s solution and boil

To 2 cm3 of X add 1 ml of million’s reagent and boil

To 1 ml of DCPIP solution in test tube add X drop wise until there is no further change



(d) Give two roles of Q giving a reason in each caseRole Reason

Expt. (O) Food test -6 page 1 of 21. (a) Specimen A is a plant organ (i) Identify the part of the plant is specimen A

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (ii) Cut and draw a longitudinal section of A

(b) (ii) Make an extract of specimen A by crushing a half A in a mortar and add about 10cm 3 of water. Use this extract to test for the food substance in the specimen

Test Observation DeductionStarchFor more browse: digitalteachers.co.ugThe Science Foundation College is the best science secondary school. Register Now: +256 753 802709


Reducing sugars

Vitamin C

Proteins


(ii) State the functions of food you have identified in (b)(i) above

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) To 1 cm3 of the extract add about 1cm3 of hydrogen peroxide and observe for 1 minute. Record your observation.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) Repeat (c) with boiled and cooled extract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………



(e) What can be deduced from the observation in (c) and (d) above? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Expt. (O) Food test -7 page 1 of 21. (a) Specimen P is a plant organ (i) Identify the part of the plant is specimen P

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (ii) Make a well labelled diagram of P

(b) (ii) Make an extract of specimen P by crushing a half P in a mortar and add about 10cm3 of water. Use this extract to test for the food substance in the specimen



Test Observation DeductionStarch

Reducing sugars

Vitamin C

Proteins


(ii) State the functions of food you have identified in (b)(i) above

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

© To 1 cm3 of the extract add about 1cm3 of hydrogen peroxide and observe for 1 minute. Record your observation.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) To 1 cm3 of the extract, add 1cm3 of HCl followed by 1cm3 of hydrogen peroxide. Observe for 1 minute and then make your observation.For more browse: digitalteachers.co.ugThe Science Foundation College is the best science secondary school. Register Now: +256 753 802709


…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(e) What can be deduced from the observation in © and (d) above? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………


You are provided with two substances S1 and S2. One is a mixture of an enzyme and food material, another mixture of foods. Z is a common laboratory chemical. Carry out the following tests to identify the three substances.

Experiments Observations Deductions(a.) To 1 cm3 of S1 in test tube add 3 drops of iodine solution

(b) To 1 cm3 of S2 in test tube add 3 drops of iodine solution

(c) To 1 cm3 of S1 add 1 cm3 of benedict’s/Fehling’s For more browse: digitalteachers.co.ugThe Science Foundation College is the best science secondary school. Register Now: +256 753 802709


solution and boil for 1 minutes

(d) To 1 cm3 of S1 add 1 cm3 of benedict’s/Fehling’s solution and boil for 1 minutes

(e) Repeat (d) with S2

(f) To 1 cm3 of Z and 1 cm3

of S1 and observe for 2 minutes

(g) Repeat (f) using S2


Experiments Observations Deductions(h) To 2 cm3 of DCPIP add S1 drop wise until in excess

(i) Repeat (h) using S2



(a) Substance S1 contains:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Give reasons

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Substance S1 contains:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Give reasons

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Suggest the name of Z……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) What was the effect of the enzyme on Z

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(e) Suggest the name of the enzyme……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………


(a) Examine specimen S provided.(i) What part of the plant is specimen S?

………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Give a reason for your answer in a (i) above.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Suspension A is an extract from specimen S. Using the reagents provided, carry out tests on suspension A and solution L for starch and reducing sugar. Record the tests, observations and deductions in the table below:

Test Observations Deduction



Suspension ASTARCH

REDUCING SUGAR

Solution LSTARCH

REDUCING SUGAR

(c) To about 1 cm3 of A in a test tube add 1 cm3 of solution L. Place the test tube in a water bath maintained at between 35-40oC. Leave to stand for 25 minutes. Remove the test tube, add 1 cm3

of Benedict’s solution to the mixture and boil for a bout one minute.

(i) Record your observations.…………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………

(ii) What do you deduce form the observations made in c (i) above?………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………

Expt. (O) Food test - 9 page 2 of 2

(d) Boil 2 cm3 of L in a test tube for 3 – 5 minutes. To 1 cm3 of S in a test tube, add 1 cm3 of the

boiled solution L. Allow to stand in a water bath at 350 – 40oC for 10 minutes. Add 1 cm3 of

Benedict’s solution and boil for 1 minute.

Record your observations.



……………………………….………………………………………………………………………

……………………………….………………………………………………………………………

(e) (i) Suggest with reasons, the nature of the substance in solution L.

…………………………………..………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………….……………………………………………………………………

(ii) Suggest the name of the substance present in solution L.

…………………………………….………………………………………………………………………



Reference materials for O-level Food TestPractical number Reference Food-1 Reducing sugar =1% glucose solution

Non reducing sugar = 1% sucrose solutionStarch = 1% starch solution

Food -2 Protein = A solution of egg white in waterLipids = cooking oilVitamin C = Extract of orange or lemonCatalase enzyme = a piece of liver, onion, Irish potato

(O) Food -3 P = 1% non reducing sugarQ = starch solutionR = dilute HClS = dilute NaOH

(O) Food -4 A = starch solutionB. = 1% sucrose solution

(O) Food -5 P = Irish potatoR = Ginger rhizome

(O) Food-6 A - onion(O) Food-7 P = Irish potato(O) Food - 8 S1= starch solution + 1% glucose solution

S2 = green pawpaw extract(O) Food - 9 S = Irish potato



Expt. (A) Food test -1 page 1 of 2

(a) You are provided with dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute sodium hydroxide solution, iodine solution, Benedict’s solution and three unknown solution labelled L, M and N. Two of these solutions are carbohydrates and the third is an enzyme capable of catalysing the hydrolysis of ones of the carbohydrates.

Using the reagent provided, carry out suitable tests to identify the carbohydrate solutions and the enzyme.

Tabulate the tests, observations and inferences you have made.




(a) You are provided with a mixture of food solution labelled O, Benedict’s solution, dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute sodium hydroxide solution, iodine solution, and Mellon’s reagent. Carry out five tests to identify the food substances in the mixture.



(ii) What are the uses of sodium hydroxide and dilute hydrochloric acid in the experiments in which they are used.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………


You are provided with solutions B1 and B2 both of which are food mixture.

Using the reagents provided carry out tests on B1 and B2 for the food substances specified in the table below. Record your tests, observations and inferences.

Experiment Observations inferencesI. Proteins

B1

B2

II. Starch III.

B1

B2



IV. Reducing sugars

B1

B2

Expt. (A) Food test -2 page 2 of 2V. Non reducing sugar

B1

B2

VI. Vitamin C

B1

B2

b) (i) Obtain 6cm3 of the food mixture which you found to contain starch. Label 3 test tubes 1, 2, and 3 and add 2 cm3 of the mixture to each test tube.

Rinse your mouth with water and spit out 2 cm3 of saliva into a test tube. Dilute with an equal volume of water.

To test tube 1 add 1 cm3 of saliva. To test tube 2 add 1 cm3 of saliva and 5 drops of sodium hydrogen carbonate. To test tube 3 add 1 cm3 of saliva and 4 drops of hydrochloric acid.Incubate all three test tubes in a water bath maintained at 370C-400C for 20 minutes.



(ii) Carry out tests for starch in all the 3 test tubes 1,2, and 3.Test Tube 1……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………….………………………………………

Test Tube2

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Test Tube 3……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………….……………………………………………………………

(iii) Give reasons for the results obtained in the test in (b) (i) above

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………….………………………………………………………

Expt. (A) Food test -3 page 1 of 4You are provide with specimen P (Irish Potato)

a) Using a scalpel, peel the specimen P then cut out to cubes from it. Cube B1 measuring,

1cm x 1cm x 1cm and cube B2 measuring 2cm x 2cm x 2cm

a. Calculate the surface area, the volume and the surface area to volume ratio of each cube in

table 1. Show your working. (03 mark)

Surface area volume Surface area : volume

B1

B2



b. Immerse each cube completely in a beaker containing potassium permanganate (10%)

solution and leave for 15 minutes. After 15 minutes remove the cube from the solution

and wipe them using blotting paper.

Using a razor blade, cut each cube into two halves. Using half of each cube, measure the

distance in mm, across the uncoloured portion as indicated in fig.1

Fig.1

Record your results

B1 …………………………………………mm

B2 …………………………………………mm


c. What physiological process is observed in (b.)

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

d. How do the results in (b.) relate to the physiological process named in (c.) above, in

living organisms?



b) Cut a very thin slice of specimen B using a sharp razor blade. Place the slice on a slide

in a drop of water and irrigate with iodine solution. Observe the slice under the medium

power of microscope.

a. Draw and label three adjacent cells observed (06 marks)

b. Giving a reason, suggest the name of the tissue observed (02 marks)

Expt. (A) Food test -3 page 3 of 4From your observation state the function of the tissue observed. (02 marks)

c) Using a mortar and pestle, crush the remaining piece of the specimen B. add 10 cm3 of water to it,

stir then decant the liquid part into a test tube.

a. Carry out test for protein, starch and reducing sugars on the solution, using the reagents provided.



Record your test, observation and conclusion in table II

Table II

Test observation Deductions

Protein

Starch

Reducing

sugars

(10 Marks)


b. To 5cm3 of solution B, add 2cm3 of solution Y provided. Incubate in a water bath at 45-400C for 5

minutes. Repeat he tests in table II using the incubated mixture.

Record your observation and conclusion in Table III

Table III

Test observation Deductions

Protein



Starch

Reducing

sugars

(06 Marks)

c. From the results in c) (b.) suggest the nature of solution Y (02 marks)

d. state one property of solution Y shown by the results in c) (b.)


You are provided with suspension S and P

(a) Carry out the following tests to identify the food substances in suspension S and identify the

nature of solution P. Record your observations and deductions in the table below.

Tests Observations Deductions(i) To 1 cm3 of S in a test tube, add 3 drops of iodine solution



(ii) repeat (i) with P

(iii) To 1 cm3 of S in a test tube, add equal amount of Benedict’s solution and boil for 1 minute

(iv) Repeat (iii) with P

(iii) To 1 cm3 of S in a test tube, add 1 cm3 of dil. sodium hydroxide solution followed by 1 drops of copper sulphate solution

(iv) To 1 cm3 of S in a test tube, add 1 cm3 of ethanol and shake thoroughly. Leave to settle and then pour off 1 cm3 of the mixture into a test tube containing 1 cm3 of water(v) To 1 cm3 of DCPIP in a test tube add S drop wise until in excess.


(b) Put 2 cm3 of S in a test-tube and add an equal amount of P.

Incubate the mixture in a water bath maintained at 40oC for 25 minutes. After the 25 minutes,

carryout the following tests and record our observations and deductions in the table below.

Test observations Deductions(i) To 1 cm3 of the

mixture, add 3 drops of For more browse: digitalteachers.co.ugThe Science Foundation College is the best science secondary school. Register Now: +256 753 802709


iodine

(iii) To 1 cm3 of mixture

in a test tube, add equal

amount of Benedict’s

solution and boil for 1

minute

(ii) To 1 cm3 of the

mixture, ad 1 cm3 of dilute

sodium hydroxide solution

followed by 1 drops of

copper sulphate solution

(c) From your results in (a) and (b)(i) Suggest with a reason, the identity of solution S.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………….……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………….……………………………………………………………

(ii) State with a reason, one property of S

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………….……………………………………………………………

Expt. (A) Food test -5 page 2 of 2 You are provided with the following:

A suspension XPepsin solution BIodine solutionBenedict’s solution

(i) Using the reagents provided, identify the food substance (s) found in both A and B.



Clearly record any test, observations and deductions made in a table.

(ii) To 1 cm3 of A in a test tube, ad 1 cm3 of B and mix well. Test pH of the mixture using litmus paper. Incubate the mixture at 350C for 25 minutes. Record your observations below.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) Repeat the procedure in (ii) above with three more test tubes, put four drops of solution Q in each test tube and incubate the mixture at temperatures of 35oC, 45oC and 65oC respectively for 25 minutes.Record your observations as in (ii) above

Temperature pH of solution Observation35oC

45oC

65oC


(iv) Relating you observations made in (ii) and (iii) above with the substance(s) common to suspension A and solution B, suggest the biological roles of the substance(s) in A and B.



(v) (i) What is the significance of the observation you have made in (ii) and (iii) above?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Explain the biological principle involved in the above observations

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………….…………………………




Obtain 8 test tubes and number them in pairs A: A1, B:B1, C:C1, and D:D1. Dispense 10 ml of glucose solution into each test tube. Add 1 ml of the indicator to each of the test tubes in the pairs A:A 1, and C:C1, only.

You are provided with specimen M which is beef (striated muscle). Make a water extract of the muscle as follows:-Cut up the beef (if not already minced) into small pieces and place in a mortar. Add some clean coarse sand and pound, to break up the muscle fibres, for about 5 minutes. Add 80 ml of water and grind the mixture for one more minute. Allow to stand for a while and decant the top extract into a beaker or flask.

Add 5 ml quantities of muscle extract to each of the tubes, A,A1, B, and B1 only noting the colour changes in tubes A and A1.

Transfer the test tubes, A, B, C and D to a water bath which is maintained at 35oC and incubate for one hour.

N.B. You can at this stage start working on other questions as you wait for question one to incubate. After one hour, remove the test tubes from the water bath and pair them with the other test tubes.

(a) Using a burette and a given alkaline solution, titrate the alkali into each of the test tubes A, A1, C and C1 only starting with pair C, C1 as follows:

Fill the burette with the alkaline solution and record the level of the alkali in the burette.Transfer the contents of one test tube into a conical flask (size 250ml to 500ml), then release the alkali into the flask a little at a time and shake the flask. Continue this process until the solution in the flask is blue. When you have reached the blue end point record the level of the alkali in the burette a second time, this will enable you to obtain the volume of the alkali used.

Repeat the above procedure for all the 4 test tubes and record the volume of the alkali used in each case.

(b) Test the contents of test tubes D, D1, B and B1 for reducing sugar by taking a little of the contents of each test tube and boiling it with an equal amount of Benedict’s reagent (for not more than 3 minutes) and record your observations in each case.

(c) (i) What observable differences is there between test tube pairs D:D1, and B:B1, if any?

(ii) Attempt to explain the cause of the observed difference.(iii) What does the difference in volume of alkali used between test tube

pairs A:A1, and C:C1, show?(iv) In view of your observations in test tube pairs A:A1, and C: C1, and

those of D:D1, and B:B1, write down concise conclusions on the effect of the beef extract on the glucose solution.



Expt. (A) Food test - 6 page 2 of 2

(d) (i) Suggest one other titration you would carry out in order to have a clearer picture of the effect of the beef extract on the glucose solution.

(ii) Suggest an explanation for the difference (if any) on the contents of test tube A and A1.

(a) Table of results form titrations.Test mixture of test tube labelled A A1 C C1

Volume of alkali used (ml)

(b) Results of boiling contents of test tubes with Benedict’s reagent.

Test tube D contents

D1

B

B1

Gives ………………………………

Gives ………………………………

Gives ………………………………

Gives ………………………………

(c) (i) Observable difference between test tube sets D:D1 and B:B1.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Explanation of the cause of the observed difference.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………

(iii) It shows

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iv) Conclusions on the effect of the muscle extract on the glucose solution:



……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………Expt. (A) Food test - 7 page 1 of 2

1. (i) You are provided with specimen P. Cut off a cube with dimensions of 2cm x 2cm x2cm.

(a) Calculate the surface area of the cube

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(b) Calculate the volume of the cube

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Calculate the surface area to volume ratio of the cube

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) Give any two significance of the ratio in 1(i)(c) above to any named organism.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Crush the cube in (i) into a paste, add about 5cm3 of water to make an extract. Use this

extract together with iodine solution, Benedict’s solution, HCl, copper sulphate

solution, DCPIP and sodium hydroxide solution to test the various food substance

stored by Plant organ P



Expt. (A) Food test - 7 page 2 of 2



(iii) With reasons suggest any other two foods you would recommend to be served with

food P at lunch time in your locality for a health living

(a)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Expt. (A) Food test - 8You are provided with posho suspension X, Iodine, Benedict’s copper sulphate, sodium hydroxide and DCPIP solutions

(a) use the reagent provided to carry test to determine the food contents of posho(b) What is the use of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid solutions in the test (a) above(c) Suggest with reason a plant material that can be served with X to the students for lunch



Experiment (A) Food test 9 Page 1 of 4You are provided with L and M, including common Laboratory reagents Labeled N, O and P and specimen Q(a) (i) Carry out a Biuret test on solution L and M. Record your test, observation and deduction in table 1Test Observations Deduction

L

M



Experiment (A) Food test 9 Page 2 of 4

Table 2Original appearanceTest tube observation1

2

3

(iii) Establish and record the pH of each test tube content by taking a sample with a clean dropper each time and touching its tip on to a piece of pH test paper provided so that a small drop of liquid runs on to it, then compare the color produced on the paper with standard chart supplied (03marks)For more browse: digitalteachers.co.ugThe Science Foundation College is the best science secondary school. Register Now: +256 753 802709


Test tube: 1………………………………………………………………………………….

2. …………………………………………………………………………………..

3. ………………………………………………………………………………….

b) (i) Why were the test tubes left to stand for five minutes originally

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

.

© What is the chemical nature of

(i) L ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) M …………………………………………………………………………………………….

Experiment (A) Food test 9 Page 3 of 4

(d) Explain your results

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………



Test tube Contents Observations Deduction

1 2cm3 of Q1 and 2cm3of

P


P


P


P

Experiment (A) Food test 9 Page4 of 4

(ii) Explain your results



Expt. (A) Germination - 1 page 1 of 2

You are provided with seeds and seedlings of Ground nuts, which have been under germination for 3 hours, 48 hours, and 96 hours. Pick 20 seed or seedlings and pound them with a mortar and pestle to form a paste; add 30 ml of water, grind for sometime and decant off 15 cm3 into a test tube or flask. Allow t stand as you make similar extracts for the remaining seedling.

Take note of the appearance of the extract and the residue.

Divide each extract into five approximately equal parts (no need to measure exactly) in test tube labelled 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 you will end up with a total of 15 test tubes of the extract portions.

(i) For test tubes labelled (1) (they are three) add to each test tube 2cm3 of yeast solution, shake to mix and leave to stand for 40 minutes. After 40 minutes, to 2 cm3 of the extract add equal amount of Benedict’s solution and heat in a water bath for 3 minutes. Record your observation in the table provided.

(ii) For test tubes labelled (2), to each add 1cm3 of sodium hydroxide, shake and add 2 drops of copper sulphate solution shake and leave to stand for 5 minutes before making observation.

(iii) For test tube labelled (3) to each add 5 drops of iodine solution shake and leave to stand for 15 minutes. Examine and record your observation

(iv) For test tube labelled (4) to each tube add equal amount of Benedict’s solution and heat in a water bath for 3 minutes.

(v) For test tube labelled (5) add 2cm3 of Litmus solution to each. DO NOT SHAKE but leave to stand for 10 minutes. Record your observations.

Table Record your observation in the appropriate spacesTest 3 hour 48 hours 96 hours1. Extract + yeast solution + Benedict’s solution + heat

2. Extract + sodium hydroxide + copper sulphate



Expt. (A) Germination - 1 page 2 of 2

3. Extract + Iodine solution

4. Extract + Benedict’s solution + heat

5. extract + Litmus solution

Using only the information obtained from this experiment, answers the following questions.(a) List the organic composition of dry ground nuts starting with “lipids”

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Give a concise outline of the changes, which occurred to the organic compounds in the seeds of groundnuts during germination as revealed by this experiment. Attempt to show how you arrived at your conclusions.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Attempt to explain the differences (if any) in the three test tubes labelled (5) at 3 hours, 48 hours,

and 96 hours.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) Which category of ground nuts yielded

(i) Light and less milky water extract what this suggests to you



……………………………………………………………………………………………………………(ii) More fibrous residue? What does this indicate



Reference materials for A-level Food Test

Practical number Reference (A) Food-1 L = 1% amylase solution

M = non reducing sugarN = 1% starch solutionO = A mixture of egg white and starch + cooking oil

(A) Food -2 B1 = 1% starch + 1% sucrose solutionB2 = Egg white : water (1:2)

(A) Food -3 P = Irish potatoY = 1% amylase solution

(A) Food -4 S = Extract fro Soya beanP = 1% starch solution

(A) Food -5 M = striated muscleIndicator = phenolphthalein1% glucose

(a) Food -6 Groundnuts germinated for 3 hours, 48 hours and 96 hours Food-7 P is sweet potatoA Food 8A food 9 L - egg white

M- Pepsin enzymeN –HCLO – NaHCO3

P – H2O2

Q – Irish



Expt. (A) enzymes -1 page 1 of 1(A)

You are provided with specimen X, Benedict’s solution, Millions reagent, iodine solution, dilute

hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide solution, DCPIP and hydrogen peroxide.

Longitudinally cut X into two part A and B.

Use a separate piece of paper to answer the following questions

(a) Make a well-labelled diagram of section A

(b) Make about 10cm3 extract from A and use the reagents provided to identify the food substances

present in A

(c) Cut off four equal pieces from section B and use them to carry out the following tests;

i. Prepare 4 test tubes each with 1 ml of hydrogen peroxide solution

ii. To test tube 1, add 1 cm3 of water followed by one piece of from B

iii. To test tube 2, add 1 cm3 of hydrochloric acid followed by one piece of from B

iv. To test tube 3, add one piece of from B which has been previously been boiled for 2 minutes

and cooled.

v. Crush the 4th piece of B in a mortar, add 1 cm3 of water and then add the resultant mixture to

the fourth test tube.

vi. Note your observation and three deductions from your experiments (C)i –©iii.



Expt. Enzymes - 2 page 1 of 1(O and A) You are provided with specimens C1 and C2, hydrogen peroxide, distilled water, dil. HCl, dil. NaOH, Mortar and pestle.

(d) Cut 5 equal pieces from specimen CI, remove the testa of one of the seeds and hence obtain one of the cotyledons of this seed, and leave the other seed intact. Use the prepared samples to carry out the following tests and record your observations and deductions in each case in the table below.

Test Observation DeductionTo 1 ml of H2O2 in a test tube add one piece of C1Boil the second piece of C1 in water for five minutes; add the boiled liver sample to 1 ml H2O2

in a test tubeCrush the third piece of C1 to form a paste and add the crushed liver to a test tube sample that contains 1 ml of H2O2

To test tube add 1 ml H2O2, 5 drops of dil HCl followed by the fourth piece of C1To test tube add 1 ml of H2O2, 5 drops of dil NaOH followed by 1 piece of C1To 1 ml of H2O2 in a test tube add the testa of specimen 2



To 1 ml of H2O2 in test tube add the cotyledon of specimen C1To 1 ml of H2O2 in test tube add intact C2(b) Name the substance common to both C1 and C2 giving one reason.(c) Write the reaction equation for H2O2 in presence of the active substance identified.(d) Which specimen has more active substance?

Suggest a possible explanation for your answer.(e) Give four concussions, which can be drown from the results of this experiment.(use behind of the page to answer (b) – (e)Expt. (A) Enzymes-3 page 1 of 1

You are provided with specimen D and E, hydrogen peroxide, distilled water, and test tubes. Carry out the following tests on D and E in order to determine their nature.

(a)(i) Add 5 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide to a series of four test tubes labelled as 1-4 and add distilled water to another test tube 5.

Using a knife or scalpel make four equal cubes from specimen D each 1cm3. Carry out the following tests and record your observation in the table below either as no reaction, slow, vigorous or very vigorous reaction.

Tests Observation

1 Add 1 cube of specimen D to test tube 1

2 Boil the second cube of specimen D in

water for five minutes allow to cool in cold

water and add it to test tube 2

3 Crush the third cube of specimen D to a fine

paste and add the paste to test tube 3

4 Add a spatula end full of E to test tube 4

5 Repeat 2 using E



(b) Explain the observations made in test tube 1 and test tube 4.

(c) What does results in test tube 2 and test tube 5 show about enzymes and catalyst.

(e) What do you deduce from experiment 3?

(f) Propose the name of the active substance in D and E

(g) (i) Write equation of the reaction taking place in test tube 1(ii) Briefly describe a chemical test for identifying one of the products that is observed in

the above reaction.

Expt. Enzyme-4 (reaction after dissection page 1 of 1 (A)

You are provided with fleshly killed specimen (frog or rat) and food substance X

1. Carry out food tests for starch, reducing sugars, and proteins on X.

2. Dissect the specimen to expose the digestive system.

3. Separately cut out the pancreas and stomach

4. Make about 10ml of extract A and that of B from the pancreas and the stomach respectively.

5. Prepare and label six test tubes 1-6

6. To test tube 1 add 1ml of food mixture X, add 5drops of water.

7. To test tube 1 add 1ml of food mixture X, add 5drops of NaOH

8. To test tube 1 add 1ml of food mixture X, add 5drops of HCl.

9. Use the remaining test tubes repeat 5,6 and 7 using solution B

10. Incubate all the six test tube in hot water maintained at 370C for 30 minutes.

11. After30 minutes make your observations.

12. State three properties each active substance in pancreas and the stomach.



Expt. Enzyme-5 (reaction after dissection page 1 of 1

You are provided with fleshly killed specimen and food substance male Rat and a mixture X of starch

and egg white. Dissect the specimen to expose the digestive system and then urinary system.

A. Separately cut out the pancreas and stomach

a. Make about 10ml of extract A and that of B from the pancreas and the stomach

respectively.

b. Prepare and label six test tubes 1-6

c. To test tube 1 add 1ml of A ,1ml of food mixture X and add 5drops of water.

d. To test tube 1 add 1ml of A ,1ml of food mixture X, add 5drops of NaOH

e. To test tube 1 add 1ml of A ,1ml of food mixture X, add 5drops of HCl.

f. Use the remaining test tubes repeat c, d and f using solution B

g. Incubate all the six test tube in hot water maintained at 370C for 30 minutes.

h. After30 minutes make your observations.

i. What conclusions can you draw from the results of 1. And 11?



B. Draw structures responsible to form and remove urine from the body

Expt. Enzyme - 6 (59 minutes) page 1 of 4

You are provided with solutions X and Y(a) Identify the food substances in solution X and Y using iodine solution, Benedict’s solution and million’s reagent only.Record your test, observation and deduction in the table below



( 6 marks)

Expt. Enzyme - 6 page 2 of 4

(b) Dissect and cut a piece of the stomach from the freshly killed frog provided, measuring 1 cm3. Wash and grind it in a mortar. Add 4cm3 of distilled water, leave to settle then decant. Label the extract, S.

Label four test tubes 1, 2, 3, and 4 and add contents to each test tube as shown in the table below

Test tube 1 2 cm3 of X and 1 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid solution

Test tube 2 2 cm3 of X and 1 cm3 of dilute sodium hydroxide solution

Test tube 3 2 cm3 of Y and 1 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid solution

Test tube 4 2 cm3 of Y and 1 cm3 of dilute sodium hydroxide solution

Divide extract S into four portions and add a portion to each of the test tubes1, test tube 2, test tube 3 and test tube 4 aboveIncubate the test tubes at 400C for 20 minutes.After 20 minutes.



(i) Observe test tubes 1 and 2 and record your observations and deductions in the table below.

Observations deductionsTest tube 1

Test tube 2

Expt. Enzyme-6 page 3 of 4

(ii) Identify the food substance in test tube 3 and 4 using the reagents provided. Record your test, observation and deductions in the table below.

Test tube Tests Observations Deduction

3



4

(iii) From you results, state two properties of the active substance in Solution S.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(12 marks)

Expt. Enzyme -6 page 4 of 4

(c) You have been provided with a fresh bean seed labelled E. Remove the testa and splint the seed into two

Cut another piece of the stomach, two pieces of the liver, a piece of the leg muscle and piece of the lung, from the dissection in of the frog.

All the pieces should be the same size as one half of the split bean seed. Boil one half of the bean seed and one piece of the liver, separately, for 3 minutes the cool.

Label six test tube 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 then add 2 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide to each followed by the different cut pieces to each test tube as indicated in the tale below. Record your observation and deductions.

Observations DeductionsTest tube 1 add un boiled half of bees seed

Test tube 2 add boiled half of



bees seed

Test tube 3 add un boiled piece of liver

Test tube 4 add boiled piece of liver

Test tube 1 add piece of leg muscle

Test tube 1 add piece of the lung

(12 marks)

() From your results state three conclusions from the experiment in (c)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(3 marks)Expt. Enzyme -7 (No. 2 Wakissha 2007) page 1 of 3

You are provided with solutions X, Y, and Z, suspension A and Food test reagents

(i) Cut and remove a piece of liver from R (rat) measuring approximately 1cm x 1cm x 1cm. crush it in

mortar to form a fine paste. Add 6cm3 of distilled water, decant to obtain a supernatant, label it B

Label 3 tests 1-3. To test tube 1 and 2 add 2cm3 solution of X and solution Y respectively. To test tube

3 add 2cm3 of water. Add 2cm3 of solution Z to each of the test tube 1-3 followed by 2cm3 of B in

each case. Record your observation in the table below.

Table 1Test tube observation1



2

3

(ii) Explain the results in each test tube in (a) (i)Test tube 1 (2marks)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Test tube 2 (2marks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Test tube 3 (2marks)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Expt. Enzyme -7 (No. 2 Wakissha 2007) page 2 of 3

b) Use only the reagent provided, carry out tests to identify the nutrients in suspension A. record your

tests, observation and deduction (4½ marks)



(c) cut and remove the stomach of specimen R(rat). Cut it open, decant its content and wash it with

little water. Crush the stomach in a mortar, add 5cm3 and decant to obtain an extract labelled C. Make

another extract D from the pancreas.

Label six test tubes 1-6. To test tube 1-3 add 1cm3 of A and 2 cm3 of C; to test tube 4-6 add 1 cm3 of A

and 2 cm3 of D in each case

To test tube 1 and 4 add 2cm3 of solution X

To test tube 2 and 5 add 2 cm3 of solution Y

To test tube 3 and 6 add 2 cm3 of distilled water

Incubate all the test tubes in a water bath maintained at about 35-400C; periodically shaking for one

hour

After the time of incubation note the appearance of the contents of each test tube and then add 2 drops

of iodine solution

Record your observation in each case in the table below

Expt. Enzyme -7 (No. 2 Wakissha 2007) page 3 of 3(i) Table 2 (12 marks)

Test tube Appearance of content Observation with iodine solution

1

2

3



4

5

6

(ii) Explain the results in each of the following pairs of test tubes

Test tube 1 and 4

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Test tube 2 and 5

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Test tube 3 and 6

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………END



Expt. Enzyme -8 (End of term 2007) page 1 of 3

You are provided with Specimen P and Q and solution X, Y and Z. using the solutions you are to carry

out tests on the specimens. Peel specimen Q, then cut it into four cubes of measurement and label as

indicated below

0.5cm x 0.5cm x 0.5cm, label K

1.0cm x 1.0cm x 1.0cm, label L

1.5cm x 1.5cm x 1.5cm, label M

2.0cm x 2.0cm x 2.0cm, label K

Prepare an extract from each cube as follows:

Grind the cube in a mortar and pestle the add 10cm3 of distilled water, stir leave to settle and decant.

Label each extract correspondingly.

(a) Label four test tubes as 1, 2, 3 and 4 and add contents to each as shown in table 1. Record your

observation and deduction in the table (06 marks)

Table 1

Test tube Contents Observation Deduction

1 2 cm3 of Z and 2 cm3 of K

2 2 cm3 of Z and 2 cm3 of L

3 2 cm3 of Z and 2 cm3 of M

4 2 cm3 of Z and 2 cm3 of N



Expt. Enzyme -8 (End of term 2007) page 2 of 3

(b) Use extract N to carry out further tests in table 2. Record your observation and deduction in table 2

(4 ½ marks)

Table 2

EXP. No. Test Observations Deduction

1 To 2cm3 of Z add 2 cm3 of N that had

been boiled for 5 minutes and cooled

2 To 2cm3 of Z add 2 cm3 of N

followed by 2cm3 of X

3 To 2cm3 of Z add 2 cm3 of N

followed by 2cm3 of Y

(c) Explain your results:

(i) Table 1 (03 marks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) In table 2 (03 marks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………



……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) From the test in Table 1 and 2, state the factors that were being investigate (03)

Expt. Enzyme -8 (End of term 2007) page 3of 3……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) Peel specimen P and from it cut a cube 1.0cm x 1.0cm x 1.0cm and make an extract from it in the

same way you prepared the earlier extracts. Label P.

(i) Carry out the following tests to determine the relative abundance of starch, Reducing sugars and

proteins in extracts P and L prepared in 2(a)

Record your tests, observations and deductions for each extract in the table 3 (12 marks)

Test Observations Deductions

Starch

Reducing Sugars

Protein

(ii) Explain any difference between the contents of P and L in the table 3 (05 marks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………



……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Reference materials for A-level Enzyme reactionPractical number Reference (A) Enzyme -1 X= Onion(A) Enzyme -2 C1 = Piece of liver

C2 = Bean socked over night(A) Enzyme -3 D = Green raw pawpaw/ Irish potato/onion

E = MnO2

(A) Enzyme -4 X = Boiled egg white suspension(A) Enzyme -5 Y = starch solution(A) Enzyme - 6 Freshly killed frog

X – Boiled egg white suspensionY – starch solutionE. Fresh bean or dry bean soaked over nightPiece of liver

(A) Enzyme- 7 A (2% Starch suspension and 2% egg whiteX; 0.1M sodium hydroxide solutionY; 0.1 Hydrochloric acid solutionZ; 2% hydrogen peroxideMortar and pestleWhite sandSource of heat6 test tube and test tube rackRatReagentIodine5% copper sulphate and 0.2M sodium hydroxide solution

(A) Enzyme - 8 P Sprouting Irish potatoQ Fresh Irish potatoX 2M sodium hydroxideY 2M hydrochloric acidZ 1% hydrogen peroxide (medical hydrogen peroxide dilutes 4x)5% copper sulphateBenedict’s solutionDistilled water Motor and pestle



Expt. (O)Bones-1 page 1 of 1

1. You are provided with specimens P, Q, and R, which are bones. Study the specimens carefully and answer the following questions.

(a) Give the names the specimensP ………………………………………………………………Q …………………………………………………………………R …………………………………………………………………

(b) Name one bones that is contact with specimen P indicating the type joints made with the bone you have named.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(c) Draw well labelled diagram of the specimen Q.

(d) Give the differences between Specimen Q and R



(e) Give similarities between Q and R

(f) Give the functions of specimen R in the body.

Expt. (O)Bones-2 page 1 of 1

2. You are provided with specimens X, Y, and Z, which are bones. Study the specimens carefully and answer the following questions.

(a) Give the names the specimensX ………………………………………………………………Y …………………………………………………………………Z …………………………………………………………………

(b) Draw well labelled diagram of the specimen X.

(c) Give Four observable differences between Specimen X and Y



(d) Give three functions of Y

(e) In which part of the body is specimen Z found?

(f) Name the type of joint formed in the part named in (e) above

Expt. (O): Teeth -1 page 1 of 1

You are provided with specimen S and T

(a) State the identity of each specimen giving two reasons in each case.

Specimen S ………………………………………………………………..

Reasons ……………………………………………………………….………………….…………………………………………………………..………………………

Specimen T ………………………………………………………………….………………..

Reasons …………………………………………………..……………………………….……………………………………………….……………………………………

(b) Give the role in nutrition, of the specimens for the organisms from which they are obtained.

(c) Give the functions and adaptations of each specimen

Specimen S……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Adaptations………………………………………………………………………………………

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Specimen T ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Adaptations………………………………………………………………………………………

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(d) Make accurate well labelled drawing of each specimen (at the back of the page)

Expt (O) Jaw-1 page 1 of 1

You are provided with specimen X and W

(a) Identify the specimensX

W

(b) Suggest the feeding specialisation of the animal from which the specimens were obtained.

(c) How are the specimens adapted to the feeding specialisation of the mammals?



(d) Give two similarities and four differences between the specimens

(e) Make an accurate drawing of each specimen.

Expt. (O) Feathers-1 page 1 of 1

You are provided with feathers from the same animal labelled V and Wa) Name the class of organism from which the specimens were obtained

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b) Identify each specimen giving two reasons in each case

V ________________________________________Reason ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………..………………

W ________________________________________Reason



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c) State four structural differences between the specimensSpecimen V Specimen W

d) Give three functions of the specimens to the animal and suggest observable adaptive features in each case

V ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………W ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………e) Make accurate labelled diagram of each specimen. State the magnification in each case.

Reference materials for O-level Bone, Teeth, Feather, and JawPractical number Reference (O) Bone-1 P = scapula

Q = Cervical vertebraR = Lumber vertebra

(O) Bone- 2 X = Thoracic VertebraY = Lumber vertebraZ = Scapula

(O) Teeth S = incisorT = Molar

(O) Jaw X = Jaw of dog with teeth



W = jaw of cow or goat with teeth(O) Feather V = Quill

W = Covert



Expt. (A) Osmosis-1 page 1 of 1

You are provided with spacemen K, 1.0M sucrose solution and distilled water. Using a measuring cylinder and the boiling tubes; dilute the sucrose solutions of concentrations 0.8 M, 0.6 M, 0.25 M and 0.0M. Dispense 40cm3 of the 1.0M sucrose solution into the fifth tube. Label all the tubes.

Produce five cylinders of tissues form specimen K using a cork borer,. Cut the cylinders to a uniform length of 4.0cm. Place one cylinder to each tube. Leave for one hour, agitating occasionally. After this period, remove the cylinders and measure the length of each cylinder to the nearest millimetre. Calculate the ratio of initial length to final length of the cylinders. If there is no change in length after the 1 hour, ratio will be (4.0: 4.0 = 1.0).

(a) (i) Record your results in tables I and II

TABLE 1: TABLE FOR DILUTIONSOLUTION 1(0.0M) B(0.25M) C(0.6M) D(0.8M) E(1.0M)Vol. Of water used

TABLE IISOLUTIONS 0.0M 0.25M 0.6M 0.8M 1.0M

Final Length /(Cm)

RATIO: Initial: Final Length

(ii) Plot a graph of ratio against the sucrose concentrations.(iii) From the graph, determine the molar concentration of the cell sap of specimen K.

(b) Briefly explain the changes in plant tissues where a ratio of less than 1.0 was obtained.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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© Feel the cylinders form the various tubes and tabulate your observations as follows:

TUBE A B C D EFeel of Cylinder

(iv) From your observations in (c)(I) above, comment on the significance of relative water content to a plant.



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Expt. Osmosis-2 page 1 of 3

You are provided with spacemen Z, and sucrose solution of concentrations 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. (a) Using a measuring cylinder transfer 50cm3 of the solution to the respective labelled plastic container.

(b) Produce five cylinders of tissues form specimen using a cork borer of 0.5cm diameter. Place a cylinder into each plastic container in (a) above.

(c) Leave for 30minutes, agitating occasionally.

(d) After this period, remove the cylinders and measure the length of each cylinder to the nearest millimetre. Calculate the ratio of initial length to final length of the cylinders. If there is no change in length after the 30 minutes ratio will be (4.0: 4.0 = 1.0).


Container A B C D E F G HTABLE IISOLUTIONS

0.0% 2.5 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Final Length /(Cm)


(v) Plot a graph of ratio against the sucrose concentrations.(vi) From the graph, determine the molar concentration of the cell sap of specimen Z

(b) Briefly explain the changes in plant tissues where a ratio of less than 1.0 was obtained.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

© Feel the cylinders form the various tubes and tabulate your observations as follows:

TUBE A B C D E F G HFeel of cuboids



(vii) From your observations in (c)(I) above, comment on the significance of relative water content to a plant.


You are provided with specimen P (Irish Potato) and sugar solutions of varying concentrations labelled

A,B,C,D,E and F

(a) Measure 8.0 cm3 of each solution and transfer the solution into test tubes labelled correspondingly.

Using a cork borer, obtain six equal sized cylinder of at least 1cm diameter, from specimen P and trim

the cylinders to uniform length of 6.0cm. Immerse a cylinder into each of the solution in a test tube and

leave for 1½ hour. (You may proceed with other work)

(i) After 1 ½ hours, transfer Solution A into a measuring cylinder and record the final volume in Table

1. Repeat the procedure for the remaining solutions

Table 1

Solutions A B C D E F

Final volume,cm3

Initial volume: final

volume ratio

(ii) Calculate the initial volume to final volume ratio, of the solution in the spaces provided in table 1

(b) Plot a graph of Initial volume: final volume ratio against solutions A, B, C, D, E, F.

(C) From the graph,

(i) Suggest the solution with the concentration nearest to that of the cell sap of specimen P. Explain

your answer.

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(ii) Arrange Solutions A to F in order of decreasing osmotic potential. Explain your answer



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Explain the results obtained in test tube A, D and E

Test tube A

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Test tube D

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Test tube E

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(d) Examine the cylinders placed in solutions B and F.

(i) Compare the physical conditions of the cylinder from the two solutions

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(ii) Suggest the ecological significance of the observation in (d (i)) in the life cycle of specimen P



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-Expt. Osmosis-4 page 1 of 2 You are provided with specimen N and O, 1M sucrose solution, solutions X and Y.

(a) Cut a piece (4cm) from O, slice it longitudinally into two halves , put one half into 40cm3 of solution X and another in 40cm3 of solution Y and leave to stand for on hour. Remove the pieces, draw outlines of the pieces below. From X From Y

(ii) Explain the observation in (b) (i) above

(b) (i) Using 1M sucrose solution provided prepare 40cm3 of each of the following solutions 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8 and 1M sucrose solutions. Record the volume of water used for dilution.

Molarity of solution

0.0 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0

Volume of water required to make 40cm3



(ii) Obtain 6 epidermal strips from the lower epidermis of specimen N and immerse one strip into each solution (b)(i) above at 3 minutes intervals. After 10 minutes, starting from the strips in 0% sucrose solution , monitor and observe the strips under medium powder magnification. Estimate the plasmolyzed cells out of the cell count. Repeat this procedure for the remaining strips.

Fill the required information in the table below.Sucrose Molarity 0 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0No of plasmolyzed cells out of 15% plasmolyzed

(ii) Plot a graph of percentage plasmolysis against sucrose concentration. (v) From the graph, what is the sucrose concentration at which the quarter of the cells where plasmolyzed …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(c) (i) What was the use of the minute intervals in (b) above (1mk)Expt. Osmosis-4 page 2 of 2 (ii) Draw three neighbouring cells as observed in the microscope from 0.3M solution and label fully

(iii) How are the cells adapted to their function (3mks?)

(d)(i) Cut specimen N into two equal halves. Make a large labelled drawing of one half of the specimen. Draw and label fully (07mks)



(ii) Crush the remaining half of N into a motor using a pestle provided. Add 10ml of distilled water, decant to obtain an extract. Using the reagent (iodine, Benedict’s solution, DCPIP) provided carry out three tests on the extract. Tabulate your results

(9mks)Test Observation Deduction

(iii) State the food substance present in the extract (1mk) (iv) What functions of the specimen is shown by the result in d(iii) above (1mk)Expt. Osmosis-5 (wakisha mock 2006) page 1 of 2

You are provided with solutions P, Q, R, are unknown, but solutions S is of concentration 1.0M

Carry out the following instruction

(a) Obtain a broad strip of the outer epidermis (coloured) from a fleshy leaf of specimen O.

(b) Divide the strip into two equal portion and transfer onto three glass slides labelled ,P,Q, and R

(c) Using a dropper, flood the epidermal strips with the corresponding solution P, Q and R and leave

to stay for 20 minutes before observing under a medium power magnification of a microscope (x

100)

(i) Draw one typical cell observed from each step. Label only the cell from solution Q.

NB. All cells must be drawn to the same magnification (09 marks)

CELL FROM P CELL FROM R



CELL FROM Q

(ii) State the common magnification of your drawing and show how you have arrived at this magnification. (03 marks)

Magnification ………………………………….

Explanation

Expt. Osmosis-5 (wakisha mock 2006) page 2 of 2

(iii) From your observation in a(i), arrange cells P, Q and R in order of increasing turgor pressure

(03 marks)

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explain how you have arrived at the order above

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b. Using distilled water, dilute K (1.0M) to obtain 10 cm3 of solution K1, K2, K3, and K4 of

concentrations – 0.0M, 0.25M, 0.5M and 0.75M respectively

(i) Record the volume of distilled water used.

Solution K1 K2 K3 K4

Volume of water used /cm3

(ii) Showing your working explain how you have determined the volume of water used to make the

0.5M solution. I.e. formula used (03 marks)



………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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……….(iii) obtain another strip from the outer epidermis of the fleshy leaf of O flood with solution K

on a glass slide and observe under a medium power after 10 minutes. Count the number of cells with

shrunken cytoplasm out of ten cells observed. Repeat the above procedure with solutions K1, K2, K3,

and K4 (used a freshly obtained strip each time)

Record your results below.

Solutions Number of cells with shrunken

cytoplasm out of ten

% of cell with shrunken

cytoplasm (P)

K1

K2

K3

K4

iv) Plot a graph to show the relationship between P and the concentration of the solution

Expt. Osmosis-6 Page 1 of 3

1. (a) You are provided with flower stalk Labelled F and sucrose solution Labelled G, H, J, K and L. Obtain 3 flower stalks of 4-5cm. Cut each stalk longitudinally to obtain six sections. Note he normal curvature of sections and make a labelled drawing of one of them in the space below

(b) Place a section into 10cm3 of each of the solutions G, H, I, J K and L in a Petri dish and Leave to stand for 30-45minutes while agitating. After observations, describe and draw the nature of curvature of each of the stalk in each of the solution.



Solution G Solution H

Solution I Solution J


Solution K Solution L

(a) Describe the curvature in each of the stalk



G…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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I……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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J……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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K…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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L…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(b) Arrange the solutions in ascending order of concentration and explain your results.

(i) Order of concentration of solution

(ii) Explanation

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(c) Why do the sections bend outwards as soon as they have been splint from stalk?

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(d) What possible errors could have risen out of the experiment

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You are provided with specimen Q. using a sharp blade cut it into two cubes of dimensions 1cm x 1cm

x 1cm (labeled A) and 2cm x 2cm x 2cm (labeled B)

a) Calculate the surface area (A), volume (V) and surface area to volume ratio for each of the cube

A and B.

Record your results in the table below

Specimen Surface area (A) Volume (V) A:V

A



B

b) Immerse the cube in 30cm3 of 10% KMnO4 solution for 15 minutes. After the 15 minutes

remove the cube from the solution and dry them gently with blotting paper. Using a sharp

blade, cut the cubes transversely into two equal halves. Measure in cm and record the length of

cross section (x) of each section and the length y of unstained portion of section in transverse

section.

The specimen appears as shown when at

X

Unstained portion

Stained portion

i. Record your results in the table belowSpecimen Length of cross-section

X/cmLength of unstained portion y /cm

% penetration

A

B


ii. Explain the results in b(i) above………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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y


c) (i) If colored substance represents an important chemical of life. What advantage would

specimen A have over specimen B

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(ii) How would specimen B over come its disadvantage?

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d) Explain the significance of the above results.

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You are provided with spacemen K (Irish potato), 1.0M sucrose solution and distilled water. Using a measuring cylinder and the test tube; dilute the sucrose solutions of concentrations 0.8 M, 0.6 M, 0.25 M and 0.0M. Dispense 10cm3 of the 1.0M sucrose solution into the fifth tube. Label all the tubes.



Produce five cylinders of tissues form specimen K using a cork borer, cut the cylinders to a uniform length of 6.0cm. Place one cylinder to each tube. Leave for one hour, agitating occasionally. After this period, remove the cylinders and measure the length of each cylinder to the nearest millimetre and residual volume in the test tube. 1. Calculate the ratio of initial length to final length of the cylinders. If there is no change in length after the 1 hour, ratio will be (5.0: 5.0 = 1.0).2. Calculate another ratio of final volume to initial volume


TABLE 1: TABLE FOR DILUTIONSOLUTION 1(0.0M) B(0.25M) C(0.6M) D(0.8M) E(1.0M)Vol. Of water used

TABLE IISOLUTIONS 0.0M 0.25M 0.6M 0.8M 1.0M

Final Length /(cm)


Final Volume /(cm)

RATIO: Initial: Final volume

(ii) Plot a graph of ratio of length against the sucrose concentrations.

(iii) Plot another graph of ratio volume against sucrose concentrations

(iv) From the graphs, determine the molar concentration of the cell sap of specimen K.

(b) Briefly explain the changes in plant tissues where the ratios of less than 1.0 were obtained.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………


(c) Feel the cylinders form the various tubes and tabulate your observations as follows:



TUBE A B C D EFeel of Cylinder

(v) From your observations in (c)(I) above, comment on the significance of relative water content to a plant.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...............................................................................................................………

Expt. Osmosis-9



You are provided with specimen Y and 1molar sucrose solution

(a) Cut two pieces each 2.5cm from the specimen Y. Splint each piece longitudinally into 2 to

make 4 pieces.

(b) Prepare 10 cm3 of 1.0M, 0.3M and 0.0M sucrose solution into separate test tube.

(c) Add a piece of Y into each of the test tube in (b) above and wait for 1hour.

(d) Draw the appearance of the pieces from each solution after an hour below and label the

epidermal side of each.

A piece from 1M solution A piece from 0.3M solution

A piece from 0.0M solution

(e) Why do the sections bend outwards as soon as they have been splint from stalk?

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(e) Why do a section bend the way it does in solutions 0.0M

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(e) What possible errors could have risen out of the experiment



Expt. Osmosis-10You are provided with spacemen K, 1.0M sucrose solution and distilled water. Using a measuring

cylinder and the boiling tubes; prepare 20 cm3 of the sucrose solutions of concentrations 0.8 M,

0.25M and 0.0M. Divide the solution in two and colour one set red with G.V dye

Produce 3 cylinders of tissues form specimen K using a cork borer. Cut the cylinders to a uniform

length of 6.0cm. Place one cylinder to each tube. Leave for one hour, agitating occasionally. After

this period, remove the cylinders. To the residual solution and a drop of corresponding coloured

solution and observe.

TABLE 1: TABLE FOR DILUTIONSOLUTION A(0.0M) B(0.30M) C(0.8M)Vol. Of water used

Record and explain your observation in each test tube



Reference materials for OSMOSIS

(f)

Practical number Reference Osmosis-1 K – Irish potato/pawpawOsmosis - 2 Z = Irish PotatoOsmosis - 3 P = Irish Potato

A = 1.0M sucrose solutionB = 0.8M sucrose solutionC = 0.5M sucrose solutionD = 0.3M sucrose solutionE = 0.1M sucrose solutionF = 0.0M sucrose solution

Osmosis 4 N red onionsO young part of black jack plantX 1M sodium chlorideY water

Osmosis 5 P = 0.0M common saltQ = 0.25M common saltR = 1.0M common saltS = 1M (50cm3 per student) common saltK = 1.0M (20cm3 per student) common saltO = Onion – large purple onion with scale leaves removedMicroscope50 cm3-Measuring cylinderGraph paper

Osmosis 6 G, H, I, J, K, L are sucrose solution for the respective concentration 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%

Osmosis-7 Iris potato and 10% potassium permanganate solution

Osmosis-8 Y younger stem of black jack



Expt. (A) Cockroach-1 page 1 of 1

You aye provided with a specimen X. Study the specimen carefully and answer the following questions.k) Identify the specimen from kingdom to the order.l) Give the functions and adaptations for the hind leg.m) Make a well labelled diagram of the hind leg.n) Give the differences between the outer and inner wings.o) Give the functions and adaptations of the outer and inner wings.p) Dissect to expose the gut and make a well labelled diagram of it.q) Use the starch solution provided to determine the location of amylase in the gut basing on the three


r) Study the mouth parts of the specimen carefully, and state with reason on which type (solid liquid) food the specimen feeds.

s) Draw and describe the function and adaptations of the different mouth parts of the speciment) Draw the antennae under low power in the microscope, state you magnification.


You aye provided with a specimen X. Study the specimen carefully and answer the following questions.k) Identify the specimen from kingdom to the order.l) Give the functions and adaptations for the hind leg.m) Make a well labelled diagram of the hind leg.n) Give the differences between the outer and inner wings.



o) Give the functions and adaptations of the outer and inner wings.p) Dissect to expose the gut and make a well labelled diagram of it.q) Use the starch solution provided to determine the location of amylase in the gut basing on the three


r) Study the mouth parts of the specimen carefully, and state with reason on which type (solid liquid) food the specimen feeds.

s) Draw and describe the function and adaptations of the different mouth parts of the speciment) Draw the antennae under low power in the microscope, state you magnification.

Expt. (A) Cockroach-2 (60 minutes) page 1 of 2

You are provided with a freshly killed cockroach.

(a) (i) Identify the sex of the specimen and list three external features which help to determine the sex.

Sex ……………………………………………………………….\External features

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(ii) Then give three characteristic eternal features which would be found in the opposite sex.

1. …………………………………………………………………………

2. …………………………………………………………………………

3. …………………………………………………………………………

Observe the left lateral side of the cockroach using a hand lens.How many spiracles are found in the;Thoracic region …………………………………………..

Abdominal region …………………………………………..

(c) (i) Cut off the head of the specimen, immerse the head in caustic soda and boil for 2 – 3 minutes. Then carefully remove the mouth parts arrange them as seen from anterior view. Draw a labelled diagram of the mouth parts.




(ii) Point out one way in which the structures named in (c) above are adapted for the given role

STRUCTURE ADAPTATION

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(c) Suggest the purpose of boiling the head.……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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You are provided with specimen K.(a) Examine the specimen and name the external features which are characteristic of the class to which the specimen longs. (03 marks)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(b) From your observation of the external features, state with reasons the sex of the specimen

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(c) Place the specimen ventral side upper most, draw and label the end of the abdomen. (05 Marks)

Using a hand lens examine one antenna and draw. Do not label. (02 marks)




Place the specimen dorsal side uppermost and dissect to expose the structures within the abdominal

cavity

(i) Displace the structures to display the salivary glands on the left of the specimen.

(ii) Displace the alimentary canal to the right of the specimen. Remove all unnecessary tissue to

display all part of the alimentary canal and the structures on the ventral side.

Draw and label (24 marks)

Draw a cross section of the structure responsible to grind food



Expt. (A) Cockroach-4 (2002) (69 minutes) page 1 of 2

You are provided with specimen Z hat is freshly killed

a) Examine the antennae and describe how they are adapted to their functions

b) Carefully cut off the whole left maxilla. Observe using a hand lens. Draw and label.

c) Give three adaptations of the maxilla to its functions.

d) Place the specimen dorsal side upper most. Cut along one lateral line of the specimen to display the

Heart. Draw and label the circulatory system.




e) Now proceed to display the structures responsible for food storage and digestion and display to one

side. Draw and label

f) Remove both the crop and the gizzard. Cut them open longitudinally, wash out the contents and

examine their inner surfaces using a hand lens.

a. Describe the appearance of the inner surface of

i. Crop

ii. Gizzard



g) How are the inner surface of the crop and gizzard related to their functions


You are provided with specimen S

(a) Dissect the animal to display the he alimentary canal. Displace the alimentary canal to the right.

Draw and label.



(b) Cut the crop, mid gut and hind gut separately from the dissection. Wash out the content from the

crop into a test using 3 cm3 of water. Label the mixture, crop solution. Repeat the procedure of

washing out contents, with mid gut and hind gut. Label the mid gut and hind gut solution respectively.

Using the reagent (Iodine and Benedict’s solutions) provided, carry out tests to identify the food

substances present in the crop solution, mid gut solution and hind gut solution. Record your tests

observation and deduction in the following table.

Expt. (A) Cockroach-5 (69 minutes) page 2 of 2Solution Test Observation deductions

Crop solution

Mid gut

solution

Hind gut

solution

(c) From you results

(i) State the food substance present in

Crop solution ……………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) In which region does absorption take place in a cockroach?

Give a reason for your answer.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………



……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) Explain the results of each solution

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Expt. (A) Cockroach-6 (69 minutes) page 1of 2

You are provided with a freshly killed animal, Labelled K. Study the animal. Study its external features, carefully and from your observation, answer the following

a. Classify the animal under the following taxi. Phylum ……………………………………………………………………..

ii. Class ………………………………………………………………………..

iii. Give two observable features to support your classification of the phylum above

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………

b. Give or identify the sex of the animal,

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….c. Draw and label the last segment of the ventral side of the specimen.

d. (i) Carefully remove the gut, pin it down end to end; measure and record the length of the different parts as shown in the table below

Part Crop Gizzard Mid-gut Rest of the gutFor more browse: digitalteachers.co.ugThe Science Foundation College is the best science secondary school. Register Now: +256 753 802709


(ii) What is the significance of your results?……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

e. Remove the crop and the gizzard. Cut them open longitudinally. Wash out the contents and examine the inner surface using a hand lens


i. Describe the appearance of the inner surface of the crop and Gizzard.Crop…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Gizzard………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

ii. How are the inner surfaces of the crop and the gizzard related to their functionsCrop…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Gizzard………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………




Reagents: Iodine solution, Benedict’s solution, Million’s Reagent

2. You are provided with a freshly killed specimen S(g) Dissect the animal to display the alimentary canal, displace the alimentary canal to the right of

the animal. Draw and label the structures responsible for digestion.

(h) Cut the crop, mid gut and hind-gut separately from the dissection. Wash out the content from the crop into a test tube using about 5cm3 of water. Label the mixture crop solution. Repeat the procedure with mid-gut and hind gut and label the mixture mid-gut and hind gut solutions respectively. Using the reagents provided, carry out the tests to identify the food substances present in the crop solution, mid-gut and hind-gut solution. Record your tests, observations and deductions in the tables below

a. Crop solutionsTests Observations Deductions




b. Mid-gut solutionTests Observations Deductions

c. Hind gut solutionTests Observations Deductions



Practical number Reference Cockroach 7 Cockroach fed on posho for 7 days



RAT



You are provided with a freshly killed rat. Page 1 of 2

Part 1(a) Classify the animal into the following texa:

(i) Kingdom ……………………………………………………………..………(ii) Phylum …………………………………………………….………………(iii) Class ………………………………………………………..………..…(iv) Order ………………………………………………………………………

(b) Give three observable external features which justify that the animal belongs to the class you have state in (b) (ii) above.

(c) (i) Establish the sex of the animal, then draw and label those external features which helped you to determine the sex of the animal.

(ii) List two diagnostic external features which would be found on rat of the opposite sex. (d) Examines the external features of specimen answer the following questions:-

(i) State three structures the animal may use for defence (03 marks)(ii) For each of named: give two adaptations for the given function (06 marks)(iii) Describe concisely how these structures may be used for defence (06 marks)(e) Not e the whisker, ears and the eyes. Describe their position on the head.

(i) Whiskers(ii) Eyes(iii) Ears

(f) (i) observe carefully the tails. Describe it’s features. (ii) To what extent are feature of the tail adaptive to mode of life of the organism

(iii) Measure the length of the tail and the trunkLength of the trunk …………. cmLength of the tail ………… cm(iv) What is the ratio of the trunk to the tail?

(g) Study the external features of the specimen and list six observable features that enable the specimen to colonize land and explain how they are useful.(h) (i) Examine the limbs of the specimen and draw a for and hind limb to same magnification in

the space below(ii) Explain the significance between the fore and the hind limb to the mode of life of the animal

i(i) How are the following suitable for their function in the animal?

(i) Mouth (ii)Toes

(j) Describe and give the significance of the shape of the Head(k) Suggest the significance of structure future and location of the following organs to their role(i) Tail (ii) Toes (iii) Pinna



Experiment Rat O page 2 of 2Part 2Dissection: Now display the animal on the dissection board in usual way.(a) Remove the skin from the ventral side of the animal up to the neck region, to display the

glands, organs and their accessory structure that can be seen from the ventral side of the neck region, anterior to the fore limb. Draw structures of the neck region

(b) Briefly state the functions of each of the structure you have labelled in (a) above (c) Now open the abdominal wall to clearly display the structure lying posterior to the diaphragm without displacing any organisms. Draw and label your dissection. (d) Dissect the abdominal region to display the stomach. Observe the structures lying under the

stomach. Then shift the stomach to the right of the specimen and tear off any unnecessary tissue to clearly display the nerves, blood vessels, glands and structure originally covered by the stomach. Draw and label this portion of your dissection. (21 marks)

(d) Remove the structures responsible for digestion and strip off any unnecessary tissue to expose the urino-genital system. Carefully; observe the system and make a large labelled drawing of it

(e) From both your dissection and drawing list those organs, which are exclusively for(i) Excretion(ii) Reproduction

(iii) Name one anatomical structure seen in (ii) above which enables the organ to carry out its function(g) Now proceed to display the blood vessels that return blood from the thigh of left limb, and left kidney back to the heart again. Draw and label(h) Turn to the thoracic cavity. Note the rib cage and the diaphragm. Describe shape/ structure (i) Rib cage (ii) Diaphragm(iii) How are the shapes/structure of rib cage and diaphragm adapted to their functions?

Rib cage Diaphragm (i) Lift the xiphoid cartilage and cut along the lower edge of the rib cage. Tie the xiphoid cartilage, pull it back and pin it down, cut a long the side wall of the thorax on both sides to remove the rib cage. This should expose the main blood vessels, nerves, respiratory tract and glands in this region. Draw the neck region and label carefully(j) (i) Note and describe the colour and the structure of the lungs a. Colour b. Structure(ii) How is the colour and structure of the lungs related to their function?

(k) (i) Note and describe the structure of the trachea.(ii) How is the structure of the trachea related to its function?(l) Carefully remove the heart from the chest cavity, by first ligaturing the major blood vessel to

and from the heart.(i) Draw and label the ventral view of the heart.

(ii) Cut open the walls of the left and right ventricles. What difference between the walls of thee two ventricle do you observe?(iii) What is the significance of this difference?



(m) Trace the blood vessels in the left limbsDraw and label the blood vessels that drain all the structures on the left and posterior to the liver (21 marks)

Experiment Rat O page 1 of 12You are provided with a freshly killed rat.

Part 1(a) Classify the animal into the following texa:

(i) Kingdom ……………………………………………………………..………

(ii) Phylum …………………………………………………….………………

(iii) Class ………………………………………………………..………..…

(iv) Order ………………………………………………………………………(b) Give three observable external features which justify that the animal belongs to the class you have state in (b) (ii) above.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(c)

Establish the sex of the animal, then draw and label those external features which helped you to determine the sex of the animal.

Male



List two diagnostic external features which would be found on rat of the opposite sex.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Experiment Rat O Page 2 of 12(d) Examines the external features of specimen answer the following questions:-

(i) State three structures the animal may use for defence (03 marks)

1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….(ii) For each of named: give two adaptations for the given function (06 marks)

Structure 1:1…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Structure 2:1…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Structure 3:1…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(iii) Describe concisely how these structures may be used for defence (06 marks)



Structure 1:………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Structure 2:………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Structure 3:………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Experiment Rat O Page 3 of 12(e) Not e the whisker, ears and the eyes. Describe their position on the head.

(i) Whiskers

(ii) Eyes

(iii) Ears

(f) (i) observe carefully the tails. Describe it’s features.

(ii) To what extent are feature of the tail adaptive to mode of life of the organism



(iii) Measure the length of the tail and the trunk

Length of the trunk …………. cm

Length of the tail ………… cm

(iv) What is the ratio of the trunk to the tail?

Experiment Rat O Page 4 of 12(g) Study the external features of the specimen and list six observable features that enable the specimen to colonize land and explain how they are useful.

(h)(i) Examine the limbs of the specimen and draw a for and hind limb to same magnification in the space below

Fore limbs Hind limbs



(ii) Explain the significance between the fore and the hind limb to the mode of life of the animal

(i) How are the following suitable for their function in the animal?

Mouth

Toes

Experiment Rat O Page 5 of 12(j) Describe and give the significance of the shape of the Head

(k) Suggest the significance of structure future and location of the following organs to their role(i) Tail

(ii) Toes

Pinna



Experiment Rat O page 6 of 12Part 2Dissection: Now display the animal on the dissection board in usual way.

(a) Remove the skin from the ventral side of the animal up to the neck region, to display the glands, organs and their accessory structure that can be seen from the ventral side of the neck region, anterior to the fore limb. Draw structures of the neck region

(b) Briefly state the functions of each of the structure you have labelled in (a) above



Experiment Rat O Page 7 0f 12(c) Now open the abdominal wall to clearly display the structure lying posterior to the diaphragm without displacing any organisms. Draw and label your dissection.



(d) Dissect the abdominal region to display the stomach. Observe the structures lying under the stomach. Then shift the stomach to the right of the specimen and tear off any unnecessary tissue to clearly display the nerves, blood vessels, glands and structure originally covered by the stomach. Draw and label this portion of your dissection. (21 marks)

Experiment Rat O Page 8 of 12(d) Remove the structures responsible for digestion and strip off any unnecessary tissue to expose

the urino-genital system. Carefully; observe the system and make a large labelled drawing of it



(e) From both your dissection and drawing list those organs, which are exclusively for(i) Excretion

(ii) Reproduction

Experiment Rat O Page 9 of 12

(iii) Name one anatomical structure seen in (ii) above which enables the organ to carry out its function

(g) Now proceed to display the blood vessels that return blood from the thigh of left limb, and left kidney back to the heart again. Draw and label



(h) Turn to the thoracic cavity. Note the rib cage and the diaphragm. Describe shape/ structure (i) Rib cage

(ii) Diaphragm

(ii) How are the shapes/structure of rib cage and diaphragm adapted to their functions?

Rib cage

Diaphragm


(i) Lift the xiphoid cartilage and cut along the lower edge of the rib cage. Tie the xiphoid cartilage, pull it back and pin it down, cut a long the side wall of the thorax on both sides to remove the rib cage. This should expose the main blood vessels, nerves, respiratory tract and glands in this region. Draw the neck region and label carefully



(j) (i) Note and describe the colour and the structure of the lungs Colour

Structure

(ii) How is the colour and structure of the lungs related to their function?


(k) (i) Note and describe the structure of the trachea.



(ii) How is the structure of the trachea related to its function?

(l) Carefully remove the heart from the chest cavity, by first ligaturing the major blood vessel to and from the heart.(i) Draw and label the ventral view of the heart.

(ii) Cut open the walls of the left and right ventricles. What difference between the walls of thee two ventricle do you observe?………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(iii) What is the significance of this difference?


(m) Trace the blood vessels in the left limbsDraw and label the blood vessels that drain all the structures on the left and posterior to the liver (21 marks)



Expt. Rat-1 (80 minutes) page 1 of 1

1. You are provided with a freshly killed rat.(i) Establish the sex of the animal, then draw and label those external features which helped

you to determine the sex of the animal.

(ii) List two diagnostic external features which would be found on rat of the opposite sex.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………..

(b) Classify the animal into the following texa:(i) Phylum ………………………………………………………….

(ii) Class ………………………………………………………………..

(c) Give three observable external features which justify that the animal belongs to the class you

have state in (b) (ii) above.

(iii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………...…….………………

(iv) ……………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

…

(v) ………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………...………………………….

(d) Dissect the animal to expose and display the heart and the great blood vessels. Pin the heart to the fit of the animal then draw and label fully.



Expt.: Rat- 2 (70 minutes) page 1 of 2

1. You are provided with specimen B. examines the external features of specimen answer the following questions:-

a. (i) State three structure the animal may use for defence (03 marks)

1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) For each of named: give two adaptations for the given function (06 marks)

Structure 1:1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Structure 2:1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Structure 3:. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(iii) Describe concisely how these structures may be used for defence (06 marks)

Structure 1:. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Structure 2:. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Structure 3:. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….For more browse: digitalteachers.co.ugThe Science Foundation College is the best science secondary school. Register Now: +256 753 802709


………………………………………………………………………………………………………….


Dissect the abdominal region to display the stomach. Observe the structures lying under the stomach. Then shift the stomach to the right of the specimen and tear off any unnecessary tissue to clearly display the nerves, blood vessels, glands and structure originally covered by the stomach. Draw and label this portion of your dissection. (21 marks)




You are provided with a small freshly killed animal. Lay the animal in the ventral side uppermost on a

dissecting board. Pin it firmly on the board.

Dissect the mammal to expose the heart and urinal genital system.

Carefully remove the heart from the chest cavity, by first ligaturing the major blood vessel to and from

the heart.

(a) (i) Draw and label the ventral view of the heart.

(ii) Cut open the walls of the left and right ventricles. What difference between the walls of thee two

ventricle do you observe?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(iii) What is the significance of this difference?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….



…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Turn over


(b) Strip off any unnecessary tissue to expose the urino-genital system. Care fully observe the system

and make a large labelled drawing of it



Expt. Rat- 4 (90 minutes) page 1 of 3

You’re provided with a freshly killed rat. Examine the animal carefully and answer the following question.

Not the whisker, eye and the eyes. Describe their position on the head.

(i) Whiskers

(ii) Eyes

(iii) Ears

(b) (i) observe carefully the tails. Describe it’s features.



(ii) To what extent are feature of the tail adaptive to mode of life of the organism

(iii) Measure the length of the tail and the trunk

Length of the trunk ………………………………………………. cm

Length of the tail ………………………………………………… cm

(iv) What is the ratio of the trunk to the tail?Expt. Rat- 4 (90 minutes) page 2 of 3

(v) What is the significance of the ratio in (iv) above to the life of the animal

(c)(i) Examine the limbs of the specimen and draw a for and hind limb to same magnification in the space below

Fore limbs Hind limbs

(ii) Explain the significance between the fore and the hind limb to the mode of life of the animal



(d) Now display the animal on the dissection board in usual way. Dissect to display thoracic cavity. Note the rib cage and the diaphragm.

(i) Describe their shape/ structure

Rib cage

Diaphragm


(ii) How are their shapes/structure related to their functions

Rib cage

Diaphragm

(e) Display the heart and the great blood vessels. Do not displace the lungs. Note the colour and the structure of the lungs (i) Describe the colour and structure.

Colour

Structure

(ii) How is the colour and structure of the lungs related to their function?

(f) Proceed to remove the neck muscle. Expose the blood vessels. Note the trachea.For more browse: digitalteachers.co.ugThe Science Foundation College is the best science secondary school. Register Now: +256 753 802709


(i) Describe the structure of the trachea

(ii) How is the structure of the trachea related to its function?

(g) Clean your dissection by removing all the blood from the erupted blood capillaries using cotton wool. Draw and label the heart and the blood vessels in the region of the animal you have dissected.




You are provided with a freshly killed rat.

(a) Dissect the specimen to display the heart, arteries and the vein of the thorax.(No dissection of the neck is required at this stage). Do not remove or displace the right lung.Make a large accurate well-labelled drawing of your dissection.



(b) Now dissect the specimen further into the neck to display the glands, organs and their accessory structure that can be seen from the ventral side of the neck region, anterior to the fore limb.(i) Make an accurate, well labelled draw of the dissection.

(ii) Briefly state the functions of each of the structure you have labelled


You are provided with a freshly killed rat.

(a) Study the external features of the specimen and list six observable features that enable the specimen to colonize land



(b) Measure the length of the tail and that of the tail plus the body. Express your result as a ratio of Tail: tail + rest of the body.

(ii) Suggest the significance of this ratio in the life of an animal.


(iii) Dissect the animal to clearly display the structure lying posterior to the diaphragm without displacing any organisms. Draw and label your dissection.



(iv) Now proceed to display the blood vessels that return blood from the left kidney back to the heart again. Draw and label



Expt. Rat- 6 (QN 1 Wakisha mock 2007 65 minutes) page 1 of 2

You are provided with a freshly killed animal labelled R.Examine it critically and answer the following questionsa) (i) State taxonomic ranking of the specimen (1 ½ marks)

Phylum ……………………………………………………………………………………………

Class ……………………………………………………………………………………………...

Order ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii) Give two structural features of the animal as reasons for your answer to justify the class stated

in a(i) above.

...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(b) Suggest the significance of one structural feature and location of the following organs to their role.

(i) Tail

...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Toes

...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) Pinna

...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) (i) State the sex of the animal and give two structural features as reason for your answer

Sex ……………………………………………………………………………………..



Reasons

1. ……………………………………………………………………………………….

2. ………………………………………………………………………………………

Expt. Rat- 6 (QN 1 Wakisha mock 2007 65 minutes) page 1 of 2

(ii) Make a labelled drawing to show the structures you have states in (c)(i) above ( 4 marks)

d)



Expt. Frog-1 page 2 of

You are provided with a freshly killed frog.Examine the head(a) Measure the thickness, width, and length of the head in centimetresThickness ………………………….cm width …………………………. cmlength ………………………… cm(b) State the ratio of thickness: width and thickness: length

Thickness: width …………………………..Thickness: length …………………………….

(c) State the significance of the shape and the proportions of the head in relation to its mode of life....

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(d) Examine the limbs of the specimen, draw and label the fore and hind limb to the same magnification.

(e) Explain the significance of the differences between the fore and the hind limb to the mode of life of the animal.

..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………



………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………


(f) Describe the shape and the position of the eyes, ear, nostril and the mouth.State the significances of the position and shapes above.Shape and position of the eye

..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Significance of the shape and position of the eye………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Shape and position of the ear...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Shape and position of the nose..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Significance of the position of the nose………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….(g) Give the functions and adaptations of the hind leg.Functions Adaptations1.

2.



(h) Compare the hind leg of the specimen with that of a grass hopper and name the evolutionary term that relates them

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….


(i) Give the functions and adaptations of the skin.Functions Adaptations1.

2.




DISECTIONPlace the animal ventral part upper most and dissect the animal to(i) Dissect and remove the skin, take not of how it is attached to the underlying body wall. (a) Describe the attachment of the skin to the body wall (03 marks)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Suggest the significance of the way the skin is attached to the body wall as described in (i)(a) above……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Observe the main blood circulation on the skin (a) Describe the pattern of blood circulation on the skin (04Marks)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Give the significance of the pattern of blood circulation described in (ii)(a) (03 marks)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………




Digestive system of a frog

(a) Dissect the specimen further to display the visceral organ posterior to the heart but anterior the cloak; draw clearly the organs in their undisturbed position and label only the bladder, duodenum and rectum.

(b) Examine the alimentary canal. Describe how the structures of the following organs are related the their function(i) Oesophagus

(ii) Stomach

(c) Describe the location, appearance and structures of the



(i) Pancreas


(ii) Duodenum

(d) You are provided with solutions X, Y, and Z, suspension A and Food test reagents

(i) Cut and remove a piece of liver from R (rat) measuring approximately 1cm x 1cm x 1cm. crush it in

mortar to form a fine paste. Add 6cm3 of distilled water, decant to obtain a supernatant, label it B

Label 3 tests 1-3. To test tube 1 and 2 add 2cm3 solution of X and solution Y respectively. To test tube

3 add 2cm3 of water. Add 2cm3 of solution Z to each of the test tube 1-3 followed by 2cm3 of B in

each case. Record your observation in the table below.

Table 1Test tube observation1

2

3

(ii) Explain the results in each test tube in (a) (i)Test tube 1 (2marks)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Test tube 2 (2marks)



……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………


Test tube 3 (2marks)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(e) Suggest the identity of X and Y and state property was investigated in (d) above?




b) Use only the reagent provided, carry out tests to identify the nutrients in suspension A. record your

tests, observation and deduction (4½ marks)

(c) cut and remove the stomach of specimen R(rat). Cut it open, decant its content and wash it with

little water. Crush the stomach in a mortar, add 5cm3 and decant to obtain an extract labelled C. Make

another extract D from the pancreas.

Label six test tubes 1-6. To test tube 1-3 add 2 cm3 of C; to test tube 4-6 add 2 cm3 of D in each case

To test tube 1 and 4 add 2cm3 of solution X

To test tube 2 and 5 add 2 cm3 of solution Y

To test tube 3 and 6 add 2 cm3 of distilled water

Incubate all the test tubes in a water bath maintained at about 35-400C; periodically shaking for one

hour



After the time of incubation note the appearance of the contents of each test tube and then add 2 drops

of iodine solution

Record your observation in each case in the table below


(i) Table 2 (12 marks)

Test tube Appearance of content Observation with iodine solution

1

2

3

4

5

6

(ii) Explain the results in each of the following pairs of test tubes

Test tube 1 and 4

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………



…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Test tube 2 and 5

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Test tube 3 and 6

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Expt. Frog-1 page 10 of

(iv) Now expose (a) blood vessels carrying blood from organs located on the left half of the abdominal cavity back to the heart.(b) Structures used for the elimination of unwanted materials from the body

With the heart displaced interiorly, draw and label the blood vessels and structures displayed in (iv) (a) and (B) on one diagram (27 marks)




(v) Trace the blood vessels that drain the left fore limb and make well-labelled diagram of it

(vi) Expose the blood vessel that drain the stomach and associated organs. Draw and label




(vii) Expose the blood vessels that drain the right hind limb. Make well labelled diagram of these blood vessel

(viii) Expose the major muscle on the ventral side of the right hind leg and draw and label.




(ix) Turn the stomach to the left of the animal to expose blood vessels that supply the stomach and associated organs. Draw and label.

(X) Remove the organs associated with digestion to expose the urino-genital system. Draw and label (if possible another frog is required here)




(Xi) Turn to the chest; remove the great veins of the neck region to expose the blood vessels that supply the head, left lung and left fore limb. Draw and label these blood vessels including the right lung, and the heart.

(ix) Draw the structures of the buccal cavity. Do not label



Expt. Frog-1 page 1 of 1

You are provided with a freshly killed frog.Examine the head Classify the specimen from kingdom –order State your justification for the class into which you put the specimena) Measure the thickness, width, and length of the head in centimetresb) State the ratio of thickness: width and thickness: lengthc) State the significance of the shape and the proportions of the head in relation to its mode of life.d) Examine he limbs of the specimen, draw and label the fore and hind limb to the same

magnification.e) Explain the significance of the differences between the fore and the hind limb to the mode of life of

the animal.f) Describe the shape and the position of the eyes, ear, nostril and the mouth.

State the significances of the position and shapes above.g) Give the functions and adaptations of the skin and the hind leg.h) Compare the hind leg of the specimen with that of a grass hopper and name the evolutionary term

hat relates themi) Place the frog ventral side upper most and dissect to remove the skin

a. Describe the attachment of the skin on the body walls.b. What is the significance of attachment in (a.) abovec. Describe the blood circulation to the skind. (what is the significance of the blood circulation above

j) Dissect the animal, expose and draw all the systems.a. Expose the visceral organ posterior to the heart but anterior the cloak; draw clearly the organs

in their undisturbed position and label only the bladder, duodenum and rectum.b. Expose and draw and label the various muscles on the ventral side of the thigh of right hind. c. Trace the blood vessels that drain the left fore limb and make well-labelled diagram of itd. Expose the blood vessel that drain the stomach and associated organs. Draw and labele. Expose the blood vessels that drain the right hind limb. Make well labelled diagram of these

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f. Expose the major muscle on the ventral side of the right hind leg and draw and label.g. Turn the stomach to the left of the animal to expose blood vessels that supply the stomach and

associated organs. Draw and label.h. Remove the organs associated with digestion to expose the urinogenital system. Draw and labeli. Turn to the chest; remove the great veins of the neck region to expose the blood vessels that

supply the head, left lung and left fore limb. Draw and label these blood vessels including the right lung, and the heart.

j. Draw the structures of the buccal cavity. Do not label

Expt. Frog-O page 1 of 7

You are provided with a freshly killed frog.Examine the head

a) Classify the specimen from kingdom –ordera. Kingdom …………………………………………………………………………………b. Phylum ………………………………………………………………………………….c. Class …………………………………………………………………………………….d. What are the justifications for the class into which you placed the specimen

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Measure the thickness, width, and length of the head in centimetres

a. Width ……………………………………………………..b. Length ……………………………………………………c. Thickness ……………………………………………….d. Ratio width: thickness ………………………………….e. Ratio length: thickness…………………………………f. State the significance of the shape and the proportions of the head in relation to its mode

of life.………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) Examine he limbs of the specimen,

a. draw and label the fore and hind limb to the same magnification.




b. Explain the significance of the differences between the fore and the hind limb to the mode of life of the animal.………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

d) Describe the:a. shape and the position of the eyes,

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

b. Significance for the shape and position of the eye

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

c. shape and the position of the ear ………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

d. Significance for the shape and position of the ear

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

e. shape and the position of the nostrils,



………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

f. Significance for the shape and position of the nostrils

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

g. shape and the position of the mouth………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

h. Significance for the shape and position of the mouth

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………


e) Give the functions and adaptations of the skin Functions of the skin Adaptations of the skin

f) Compare the hind leg of the specimen with that of a grass hopper and name the evolutionary term

hat relates them………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

g) Place the frog ventral side upper most and dissect to remove the skina. Describe the attachment of the skin on the body walls.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

b. What is the significance of attachment in (a.) abovec. ……………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...



d. Describe the blood circulation to the skin

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

e. what is the significance of the blood circulation above……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...


h) Dissect the animal the normal way and;a. Expose the visceral organ posterior to the heart but anterior the cloak; draw clearly the

organs in their undisturbed position and label only the bladder, duodenum and rectum.

b. Expose and draw and label the various muscles on the ventral side of the thigh of right hind.




c. Trace the blood vessels that drain the left fore limb and make well-labelled diagram of it

d. Expose the blood vessel that drain the stomach and associated organs. Draw and label



e. Expose the blood vessels that drain the right hind limb. Make well labelled diagram of these blood vessel

Expt. Frog-O page 6 of 7f. Turn the stomach to the left of the animal to expose blood vessels that supply the stomach

and associated organs. Draw and label.



g. Remove the organs associated with digestion to expose the urino-genital system. Draw and label


h. Turn to the chest; remove the great veins of the neck region to expose the blood vessels that supply the head, left lung and left fore limb. Draw and label these blood vessels including the right lung, and the heart.



i. Draw the structures of the buccal cavity. Do not label

Thank you


You are provided with a freshly killed toad. Examine carefully.

(a) (i) Describe the shape of the head

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………..…………………………….

(iii) Briefly describe the position and structure of the

Nostrils

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………….…………………………….

Eyes,



……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Ears

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………..……………………………….

(iii) What is the significance of the position of the eyes?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………..………………………….

(d) Stretch the hind right limb fully and make a labelled drawing of it

(ii) How is the structure of the hind limb adapted for movement of the animal?


(c) Pin the animal ventral side uppermost and a dissecting dish or board. At the central point of the

mid-ventral line, lift the skin with forceps, and carefully cut through the skin along the median line

using scissors. Make lateral cuts to enable the skin to be pinned back to reveal the under lying body

wall. Observe the attachment of the skin to the underlying wall.

Describe briefly

(i) the attachment of the skin to the body wall.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………..………………………………….

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(e) Comment on the significance of the structure and appearance of the skin as you have

observed in c(i) and (ii) above

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………..…………………………….

(f) Dissect the animal to display the main vessel returning blood from the left hind limb

back to the heart.


You are provided with a freshly killed frog. Examine the animal fully and answer the following

questions.

(e) Classify the animal according to the following texa.

i. Phylum

ii. Class

iii. Order

(e) Note the skin of the animal identify three prominent feature of the skin



i. ………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………...……………………….

ii. ………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………..………………………….

iii. ………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………..…………………………….

© How are the features in (b) above related to the ecology of the animal

iv. ………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………..……………………….

v. ………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………..………………….

vi. ………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

(e) Not the eyes of the animal. Describe their position and not three prominent features of the eye.

i. Position of the eyes

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………..…………………………………….

ii. Prominent feature of the eyes

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………


(e) Open the mouth widely displaying all the parts of the wide gape. Draw and label the exposed

features



(g) Now display the animal on the dissection board in the usual way

Dissect to display the following

i. Blood vessels supplying the right fore limb of the animal.

ii. Blood vessels that carry blood and nutrients to the alimentary canal and associated glands

Draw and label the dissection showing the blood vessels exposed in in f(i) and (ii)

Expt. Frog-3 (72minutes) page 1 of 2

(a) You are provided with specimen R. classify it into the following groups (1 ½)

Kingdom ……………………………………………………………………….For more browse: digitalteachers.co.ugThe Science Foundation College is the best science secondary school. Register Now: +256 753 802709


Phylum ……………………………………………………………………….

Class …………………………………………………………………………

(b) Observe the head of the specimen and state how it is adapted to its habitat (3 ½ )

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………

(c) Dissect R to display the main superficial muscle of the left thigh of the specimen. Draw and label

the muscles (09)


(d) dissect the specimen to display,For more browse: digitalteachers.co.ugThe Science Foundation College is the best science secondary school. Register Now: +256 753 802709


(i) The blood vessel that drain blood from alimentary canal and its associated organs back to the heart,

with the alimentary canal displaced to your right and the heart turned up wards and pinned through the

ventricle.

(ii) The blood vessels that take blood from the heart to the thoracic region of the animal.

Draw and label your dissection showing (i) and (ii) on one diagram. (26)

Expt. Frog-4 (72 minutes) page 1 of 7



You are provided with specimen Q which is a freshly killed animal

(a) (i) Examine the head and describe its shape……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Measure the thickness, width and length of the head

Thickness ……………………………. cm

Width .…………………………… cm

Length …………………………… cm

(iii) State the ratio of

Thickness to width ………………………. cm

Thickness to length ………………………. cm

(iv) What is the significance of the shape and proportions of the head in relation to its mode of life?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(11 marks)




(b) (i) Examine the limbs of the specimen and draw the fore limb and hind limb to the same magnification, in the space below

Fore limb

Hind limb

(ii) Explain the significance of the differences between the fore limb and the hind limb to the mode of life of the animals.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………



(11 marks)

Expt. Frog-4 page 3 of 7(c) Dissect the animal to display the heart and associated blood vessels that drain blood from the fore limbs, head region and the skin in the thoracic region. Draw and label the heart and associated vessels on one side of your dissection.(Do not throw away your dissection; you will need it for question 2)



(20 marks)Expt. Frog-4 page 4 of 72. (59 minutes) ( For reference refer to (A) Enzyme- 6)

You are provided with solutions X and Y(a) Identify the food substances in solution X and Y using iodine solution, Benedict’s solution and million’s reagent only.Record your test, observation and deduction in the table below



( 6 marks)Expt. Frog-4 page 5 of 72. (Continued ………)

(b) Cut a piece of the stomach from the dissection in question 1, measuring 1 cm3. Wash and grind it in a mortar. Add 4cm3 of distilled water, leave to settle then decant. Label the extract, S.

Label four test tubes 1, 2, 3, and 4 and add contents to each test tube as shown in the table below

Test tube 1 2 cm3 of X and 1 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid solution

Test tube 2 2 cm3 of X and 1 cm3 of dilute sodium hydroxide solution

Test tube 3 2 cm3 of Y and 1 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid solution

Test tube 4 2 cm3 of Y and 1 cm3 of dilute sodium hydroxide solution

Divide extract S into four portions and add a portion to each of the test tubes1, test tube 2, test tube 3 and test tube 4 aboveIncubate the test tubes at 400C for 20 minutes.After 20 minutes.

(i) Observe test tubes 1 and 2 and record your observations and deductions in the table below.

Observations deductionsTest tube 1

Test tube 2




(ii) Identify the food substance in test tube 3 and 4 using the reagents provided. Record your test, observation and deductions in the table below.

Test tube Tests Observations Deduction

3

4



(iii) From you results, state two properties of the active substance in Solution S.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(12 marks)


(c) You have been provided with a fresh bean seed labelled E. Remove the testa and splint the seed into two

Cut another piece of the stomach, two pieces of the liver, a piece of the leg muscle and piece of the lung, from the dissection in of the frog.



Observations DeductionsTest tube 1 add un boiled half of bees seed

Test tube 2 add boiled half of bees seed







(12 marks)

() From your results state three conclusions from the experiment in (c)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(3 marks)Expt. Frog-5 page 1 of 1

You are provided with freshly killed toad. Examine it fully and answer the following questions(a) open the mouth cavity of the animal (the wide gape) and note four observable features of the oral mouth cavity. The each feature, state the inefficiency the organisms would have if the organ was missing.Organ Inefficiency

(b) Dissect the animal to display the blood vessels supply the fore limb and those draining the right hind limb. Draw and label.




You are provided with freshly killed amphibians

(a) With reason state weather the animal is a frog or a toad.

(b) Identify the sex of the animal you are provided with and give two external features which have helped you to determine the sex of the animal.

Sex

External features

(c) Classify the animal into the following taxa

Phylum: ………………………………………………………………….

Class. …………………………………………………………………….

Order. ……………………………………………………………………

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(e) Care fully examine the animal and give five adaptive features that enable the animal to survive in the habitat you have named

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………


(f) Dissect the animal to expose and display those main blood vessels that transport blood and nutrients to alimentary canal and its associated glands. Draw and label



Expt. microscopic work-1 page 1 of 2

You are provided with specimen R1 and R2 from two different habitats. Peel of a cortical from the upper and lower surface of each leaf.

a) Mount the upper cuticle of the specimen R1, add a drop of water, wait for 3 minutes and draw and label a stoma with a few a few adjacent cells. State your magnification.



b) Repeat (a) with solution S

c) Comment the tonicity of solution S and develop and hypothesis for the opening of the stomata.

Expt. microscopic work-1 (leaves) page 1 of 2

d) Mount the peel of the upper and lower cuticle of both specimen R1 and R2. apply a drop of water to each. Count the number of stomata per field of view on the cuticle under medium power objective.

Enter your results in the table below (enter average of 2 field of view)R1 R2

Surface 1 1 average 1 2 averageUpper cuticleLower cuticle

e) Comment on the result in the table in d) above



f) With reason suggest the habitat of the plant from where the leaves were obtained.

AnswerGiven that both leaves have fewer stomata on the upper surface than on the lower surfaces; they should be got fro a dry habitat. But R2 has very few stomata on he upper surface compared to R1 which implies that it was obtained from a drier place than R1

The fewer stomata on upper surface of the leaves is meant to reduce transpiration.



Expt. microscopic work-2 (root and stem) page 1 of 1

You are provided with specimen Q. Cut thin transverse section through the root and the stem.. Place the sections on separate glass slides and to each add a drop of phloroglucinol followed by a drop of concentrated Hydrochloric acid. Leave to stand for one minute. Drain excess liquid and place a cover slip. Examine under low power magnification of the microscope. A hand lens may be used.a) Draw a plan diagram to show the distribution of the coloured substance in the root and stem

tissues.



b) What substance in the tissue takes up the colour?

c) What is the role of the coloured substance in the plant?

d) Which tissue of the plant is the coloured substance likely to be found?Expt. microscopic work-3 (shoot) page 1 of 1

2. (1 hr) You are provided with specimen K which is a shoot.

(a) Cut a series of thick transverse sections through the stem and leaf petiole (at the 4th or 5th

node form the apex) with the aim of finding out the structure of the stem at levels N and G and of the leaf at level E as illustrated below for your guidance.

ILLUSTRATION FOR YOUR GUIDANCE AND SPACES BELOW FOR YOUR DRAWINGS.

E



N

G

E G N

40 mm 70 mm 70 mm

(b) Stain the sections with Phloroglucinol and concentrated Hydrochloric Acid (corrosive and fumes).

(c) Draw plans to show the distribution of lignified tissue at N, G and E. make your drawings in the spaces provided below the illustration.

(d) How does the structure of the stem at N differ from that at G? Suggest one reason to account for this difference (if any).

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………


You are provided with specimens S (spirogyra) and T. (mould)

(a) Observe the specimens and state the nutrition that occurs in each, giving a reason (2)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………

(b) Examine one filament of Specimen S using a microscope.For more browse: digitalteachers.co.ugThe Science Foundation College is the best science secondary school. Register Now: +256 753 802709


(i) Give two structural characteristics of the specimen (2)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………

(ii) State three structural feature which enable specimen S to survive in its habitat. (3)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………

(iii) Draw and label two of S that you can see clearly (6)

Expt. microscopic work-4 page 2 of 2 (c) Remove a small portion of specimen T and examine it under a microscope.

(i) Name and describe four major vegetative parts of specimen T in table 2 (06)

Table 2

Part Description



(ii) From the descriptive features in Table 2, state how any two parts are adapted to their functions (02)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………

(d) For survival in its habitat, state one advantage

(i) Specimen S has Over T.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Specimen T has over S

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

(e) Rom the structural characteristic of S and T, classify the specimens according to the groups in table

3 (02)

Table 3

Specimen Phylum Class

Expt. microscopic work-5 (25 minutes) page 1 of 2You are provided with specimens H, I, J, K and L(a) Mount a little of specimen H and I on two separate microscope slides, mount and observe in each case. Also observe the other specimens critically. State two characteristic features of each specimen

(10 marks)



H……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

I……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

J

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

K……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

L……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Suggest one ecological advantage of each of the following specimen(i) I over H……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) J over K……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) (i) Describe the structure of the leaves of specimens K and L (2marks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Expt. microscopic work-5 (25 minutes) page 2 of 2

(ii) Make an accurate drawing of lamina of specimen K half its sizeFor more browse: digitalteachers.co.ugThe Science Foundation College is the best science secondary school. Register Now: +256 753 802709


Do not label (4 marks)

(d) using only the features stated in (a) above construct a dichotomous Key to Identify the specimens starting with H, I, J, K and ending with L (7 marks)




Your are provided with specimen S. cut three thin cross-sections from it and immediately transfer them into a Petri dish of waterMount one section in a drop of acidified phloroglucinol on a slide and cover with a cove slip. Observe under the low power of a microscope.(a)(i) Draw and label the tissue plan section of specimen S (10 ½ marks)

(ii) Draw the structure of one cell from each tissue type found in the section (05 marks)




(b) Identify the stained tissue in the section of specimen S (01 mark)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(i) Give reasons, state the major group of plants to which specimen S belong (03 marks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Give Structural adaptations of the coloured tissue for its functions (02 marks)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………




You are provided with specimens P and Q.

(a) Observe the specimens and state the nutrition that occurs in each, giving a reason (2)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………

(b) Examine one filament of Specimen P using a microscope.

(i) Give two structural characteristics of the specimen (2)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………

(ii) State three structural feature which enable specimen P to survive in its habitat. (3)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(iii) Draw and label P (6)



Expt. microscopic work-7 page 2 of 2 (c) Remove a small portion of specimen P and Q and examine it under a microscope.

(i) Name and describe four major vegetative parts of specimen Q in table 2 (06)

Table 2

Part Description

(ii) From the descriptive features in Table 2, state how any two parts are adapted to their functions (02)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………

(d) For survival in its habitat, state one advantage

(i) Specimen P has Over Q.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Specimen Q has over P

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

(e) Rom the structural characteristic of P and Q, classify the specimens according to the groups in table

3 (02)

Table 3

Specimen Phylum Class



P

Q


You are provided with specimens H, I, J, K and L(a) Classify specimen Mount a little of specimen H and I on two separate microscope slides, mount and observe in each case. Also observe the other specimens critically. State two characteristic features of each specimen

(10 marks) H……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

I……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

J

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

K……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

L……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Suggest one ecological advantage of each of the following specimen(i) I over H……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) J over K……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) (i) Describe the structure of the leaves of specimens K and L (2marks)



……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………


(ii) Make an accurate drawing of lamina of specimen K half its sizeDo not label (4 marks)

(d) using only the features stated in (a) above construct a dichotomous Key to Identify the specimens starting with H, I, J, K and ending with L (7 marks)



Microscope 8

You are provided with specimen labelled Q and R.

(a) Obtain a thin section of Q using a razor blade and peel off epidermis from R. Place them on

a slide adjacent to each other. Stain them using Iodine solution and blot. Observe each under a

medium power of microscope.

(i) Give four differences between Q and R. (04 marks)

Q R

(i) How is specimen Q adapted for successful survival of the organism it was obtained

from?

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Microscopic referencePractical Reference materialMicroscope -1 R1 = Nanda leaf

R2 = Onion leaf/ timpa leaf

Microscope -2Jobyo

Microscope -3 BryophyllumMicroscope -4 S = Spirogyra

T = Rhizopus

Microscope 5 HIJKL

MouldSpirogyraMossWhole Bean seedling with at least two leavesWhole star grass with at least two leaves

Microscope -6 S Fresh herbaceous stem of a dicotyledonous plant of hypocotyls of germinating bean, or epicotyl of bean seedling

Microscope 7 PQ

Mossesmould

Microscope 8



Miscellaneous



Experiment M11. You are provided with a freshly killed toad. Examine carefully.

(a) (i) Describe the shape of the head

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(iv) Briefly describe the position and structure of the

Nostrils

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Eyes,

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Ears

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(iii) What is the significance of the position of the eyes?

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(h) Stretch the hind right limb fully and make a labelled drawing of it



(ii) How is the structure of the hind limb adapted for movement in water?

(b) Pin the animal ventral side uppermost in a dissecting dish or on board. At the central point of the

mid-ventral line, lift the skin with forceps, and carefully cut through the skin along the median line

using scissors. Make lateral cuts to enable the skin to be pinned back to reveal the under lying body

wall. Observe the attachment of the skin to the underlying wall.

Describe briefly

(i) the attachment of the skin to the body wall.

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(ii) the structure and appearance of the skin

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(i) Comment on the significance of the structure and appearance of the skin as you have

observed in c(i) and (ii) above

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(c) Dissect the animal to display the visceral organs of the thorax and abdomen. Draw and label.



(d) You have been provided with a fresh bean seed labelled E. Remove the testa and splint the seed into two



Cut a piece of the stomach, two pieces of the liver, a piece of the leg muscle and piece of the lung, from the dissection in of the frog.



Observations DeductionsTest tube 1 add un boiled half of beans seed

Test tube 2 add boiled half of bees seed





(12 marks)

(f) From your results state three conclusions from the experiment in (c)

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(3 marks)



g) Select 10 good seeds of E and remove the testa, crush them with a mortar and pestle and 10cm3 of water to make an extract E. (i) Use iodine solution, Benedict’s solution, DCPIP, sodium hydroxide and copper sulphate solution to identify the stored food of the plants from which E was removed. Record your test, observation and deduction in the space below.

MiscellaneousPractical Reference materialM -1 Toad

E, beans soaked for 24 hours

(ii) The food contents of E are……………………………………………………………………………



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End


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