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O-2002 Operate The Aircraft Radios · PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities 96 O-2002...
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96 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
O-2002 Operate The Aircraft Radios
• Overview of G1000 GMA1347 CAP Audio Panel – Four isolation modes:
• Pilot (MP), Co-pilot (MO), Crew (MP+MO), All (MP+MO+MS)
– Pilot mode isolates MP from all other crew
– Co-pilot mode isolates MO, and MP and MS share the other intercom loop
– Crew Isolation mode connects MP and MO via intercom, but excludes MS
– All allows every occupant to communicate with each other
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97 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
O-2002 Operate The Aircraft Radios
• Overview of G1000 GMA1347 Audio Panel
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98 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
O-2002 Operate The Aircraft Radios
• Overview of G1000 GMA1347 Audio Panel
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99 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
• Review Of Aircraft Radios, CAP Radios and Audio Panels – Set-up and use the aircraft comms radios (do this during
one of your training sorties) • Power, volume, squelch, frequency selections, flip-flops, call-
signs and prowords
– Set up and use the CAP VHF FM Radio (do this during one of your training sorties)
• Power, volume, squelch, select assigned frequencies (Main and Guard), keypad controls, deliver required MO radio reports
O-2002 Operate The Aircraft Radios
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100 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
• Review Of Aircraft Radios, CAP Radios and Audio Panels (continued) – Set-up and use the audio panels (do this during one of
your training sorties) • Power and volume controls • Microphone selector switches/knobs, receiver switches (describe
all positions) • Demonstrate use of split mode • Demonstrate intercom modes
O-2002 Operate The Aircraft Radios
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101 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Operate The VOR & DME
Derived from Mission Observer Task Guide, Task O-2011
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102 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
O-2011 Operate The VOR And DME
VOR ADF
• VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR-DME, VORTAC) – Indicates direction to/from ground transmitter relative to magnetic
North • Automatic Direction Finder (NDB)
– Direction toward ground transmitter relative to airplane nose
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103 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
O-2011 Operate The VOR And DME
• Automatic Direction Finder (Non-Directional Beacon) – Displays bearing to
station relative to the nose of the aircraft
– Since the ADF pointer always points to the tuned station, the pilot can simply fly so that the pointer is on the 0 (zero) degree or nose position when using a fixed card ADF. The station will be directly ahead of the airplane.
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104 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
O-2011 Operate The VOR And DME
• Using the VOR (VHF Omnidirectional Range) – Broadcast on each of 360
compass directions (“radials”)
– Step One: tune the receiver to the correct frequency (found on the sectional) and verify with the station’s Morse identifier
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105 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
O-2011 Operate The VOR And DME
• Using the VOR (VHF Omnidirectional Range) – Slowly turn the course
selector knob until the TO/FROM indicator show TO and the CDI needle is centered; that course will take you directly to the station
– MP turns to that heading and corrects for wind drift
– When you pass over the station, the TO/FROM indicator flips from TO to FROM
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106 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
O-2011 Operate The VOR And DME
• Quick Situational Awareness Check With VOR – Identify TO and FROM to
determine whether to look at the top or bottom of the instrument
– Identify whether the Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) needle is left or right to determine whether to look left or right
– This should leave you a quarter of the instrument; a 45-degree intercept should get you headed in the right direction
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107 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
O-2011 Operate The VOR And DME
• DME (Distance Measuring Equipment) – Usually co-located with a
VOR; interrogator on the aircraft pings transponder on the ground, which returns the signal. Time difference is converted to distance.
– This is straight-line distance, or “slant range,” so there is always an altitude component to this number!
– Report to ATC using “DME” rather than nautical miles, i.e., “Holly Springs 099-deg radial at 76 DME”
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108 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
• Review Of VOR/DME/ADF Operation – Use, or discuss using, ADF to determine approximate
position (do this during one of your training sorties) – Determine aircraft position with the VOR and discuss how
to use the VOR to fly TO/FROM a station; determine position by cross-radials (do this during one of your training sorties)
– Determine aircraft position with the DME, and discuss limitations of DME (do this during one of your training sorties)
– Discuss limitations of each navaid
O-2011 Operate The VOR And DME
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109 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Operate The Global Positioning System
Derived from Mission Observer Task Guide, Task O-2012
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110 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
O-2012 Operate The Global Positioning System
• GPS Units Come In Many ‘Flavors’ In CAP – ARNAV Star 5000, Apollo GX-50/55, Garmin G1000, GNS430w, plus “one-
offs” in some aircraft • GPS Units All Operate With The Same Basic Functions
– Display distance to waypoints (i.e., airports, VORs, intersections and user-defined waypoints)
– Most GPS units permit quick and easy display of bearing and distance to the nearest airports or VORs (the “Direct” button usually permits selection of a direct course to this point)
– GPS displays altitude, ground speed, estimated time to the waypoint (ETE) and ground track
– G1000 and other sophisticated units include data on airports such as runway length, lighting, approaches, frequencies, FBOs, etc.
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111 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
O-2012 Operate The Global Positioning System
• CAP GPS Units Have Pre-Loaded SAR Maps And Functions – SAR features usually allow you to select, define and fly directly to a CAP
grid – Also pre-loaded SAR patterns, such as parallel search, creeping-line search,
expanding square, etc.; lat/long entry and exit points are automatically calculated
• Electronic Flight Bags (EFBs) Also Have Much Of This Capability – ForeFlight application has a CAP Grid Mode which you can add in to your
flight-planning • REVIEW For Each GPS Unit Encountered In The Field
– Display: Altitude, Ground Speed, Heading to Waypoint, Current Heading, Track Over Ground, Estimated Time To Waypoint (ETE), ‘Nearest’
– Determine Current Position: Use Bearing and Distance to waypoints, Present lat/long position, moving map operation
– Enter: A Destination waypoint (Airport, VOR, user-defined lat/long)
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112 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Assist In ELT Searches
Derived from Mission Observer Task Guide, Task O-2108
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113 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
L-Tronics DF
• Normal: Alarm toggle in ‘up’ position
• DF: Toggle is ‘down’ Remote meter
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114 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Step 1: Acquire the Signal
• To hear the signal you can use your L-Tronics receiver or one of your comm radios
• To acquire with a comm radio, turn the squelch OFF (pull out the volume knob out or flip the appropriate switch)
– The static you hear may be annoying, but it will allow you to hear the signal at the earliest possible time; Allows for a weak or distant signal to be heard
• Proceed at a reasonable altitude to the SARSAT composite hit, or to the point designated by your incident commander
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115 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
NO SIGNAL
SIGNAL HEARD!
NO SIGNAL ELT
Beginning The Search: Altitude Selection
• Higher altitudes allow for reception of the ELT signal at greater distances • ELTs transmit on 121.5 MHz and 243.0 MHz, both of which limit
reception to “line of sight” • Terrain will block ELT signals • HIGHER is therefore usually BETTER to acquire a signal • Medium altitude is generally better for searching (after signal heard)
(3,000 – 5,000 AGL)
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116 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Altitude Selection
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117 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Step 2: Track (DF) the Signal
• There are many different ways to DF an ELT signal: – Left-Right DF Homing (L-Tronics DF) – Wing Shadow Method – Aural Search – Metered Search – Combinations of the above techniques
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118 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Wing Shadowing
• By flying in a circle, at some point the wing will block the ELT signal to the receiver antenna – This causes an audible decrease in volume, called a “null”
• Almost any VHF-AM aircraft communications radio may be used with this method
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119 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Wing Shadowing: Antennas
• To properly use the Wing Shadowing method, you MUST know where the antenna for the radio you are using is installed & located on the aircraft
• Communications radio antennas are usually, but not always, located above the wings
– Can be above the fuselage or in the tail – L-Tronics Aircraft DF antennas may be above or below
the aircraft – Below the aircraft is the preferred installation
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120 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities ©2000 Scott E. Lanis 120
Communications Antennas Above the Wing
N98987
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121 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities ©2000 Scott E. Lanis 121
DF Antennas Below the Wing
N98987
Antennas Below the Wing
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122 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
How To DF by Wing Shadowing (Wing-Null method)
• Fly a constant bank angle 360° turn
• The audio will “null,” or get significantly quieter, when your wing blocks the antenna’s reception of the ELT signal
N S
E W
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123 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
N
S
E
W
ELT
Wing Shadowing: Antennas Above the Wing
• Turn in a circle until you hear the null (significant decrease in volume)
• The ELT is 90º to your LEFT
• SUBTRACT 90º from your heading
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124 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities ©2000 Scott E. Lanis 124
Wing Shadowing: Signal Blocking
Antennas Above the Wings
SIGNAL
ELT
NULL
NULL
NULL
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125 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities N
S
E
W
ELT
Wing Shadowing: Antennas Below The Wing
• Turn in a circle until you hear the null (significant decrease in volume)
• The ELT is 90º to your RIGHT
• ADD 90º from your heading
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126 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities ©2000 Scott E. Lanis 126
Wing Shadowing: Signal Blocking
Antennas Below the Wings
SIGNAL
ELT
NULL
NULL
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127 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Aural (Hearing) Search Method
• This is based on the assumption that the area of equal beacon signal strength is circular: do NOT adjust volume during this search; you will need it to determine equal levels of signal
• Begin by plotting your position as soon as you receive the ELT signal • Fly that course for a short distance, then turn 90º left or right and proceed until
the signal fades • Turn around (180º) and mark where the signal fades on the other side of the
circle • Plot chord lines similar to that of the diagram • Bisect the chord lines at a perpendicular • Plot a course to the location where the perpendicular lines intersect: this should
be the location of the target!
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128 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Aural Search
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129 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Metered Search (Build & Fade) Method
• This search requires a signal strength meter (like that on the L-Tronics DF units-if the DF portion of the unit is inoperative you can still use this type of search as long as RECeive is OK
• Note your signal strength when beginning the search • Fly a straight line until the signal gets lower, then increases to your
original level • Turn 180º and return to the lowest level of signal, then turn 90º left or
right • You should now be headed directly towards or away from the
transmitter • If the signal increases in strength, you are headed directly for the ELT • If the signal decreases in strength, turn 180º
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130 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
• One: Fly a straight line until the signal gets lower, then increases (Two) to your original level
• Three: Turn 180º and return to the lowest level of signal, then turn 90º left or right
• You should now be headed directly towards or away from the transmitter (Four)
• If the signal increases in strength, you are headed directly for the ELT
• If the signal decreases in strength, turn 180º
Metered Search
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131 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Left-Right DF Homing
• Most CAP corporate aircraft have L-Tronics LA-Series Left-Right Homing DF units
• These units operate virtually the same, but there are two major varieties: – Single Meter Models – Dual Meter Models
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132 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
L-Tronics DF Types
L-Tronics
ALARM
OFF
243
121.6
121.775 AUX
121.5
m SENS ®VOL
VHF DF
DF STRENGTH
L-Tronics
ALARM
OFF
m SENS ®VOL
VHF-DF
243
121.6
121.775 AUX
121.5
DF
REC
• Single Meter Model
• Dual-Meter Model
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133 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Frequency Switch
• Selects frequency to be used • Use 121.5 MHz for actual ELTs/EPIRBs • 243.0 MHz may also be used for all actual
electronic searches • Use 121.775 MHz for training
L-Tronics
ALARM
OFF
m SENS ®VOL
VHF-DF
243
121.6
121.775 AUX
121.5
DF
REC
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134 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Mode Switch
• Only Single-meter units have this switch – Dual-meter units use two displays, so both REC and DF operate continuously
and simultaneously • REC is short for RECeive mode
– REC makes the unit’s dial work as a strength meter • DF is short for Direction Find
– DF gives left-right homing to the ELT/EPIRB signal • ALARM is for NON-MISSION flights only
– Use only during normal flying to alert the presence of an ELT or EPIRB
L-Tronics
ALARM
OFF
m SENS ®VOL
VHF-DF
243
121.6
121.775 AUX
121.5
DF
REC
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135 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities ©2000 Scott E. Lanis 135
Volume & Sensitivity
• Volume controls the audio level to the speaker or headsets • Sensitivity controls the amount of signal that enters into the DF unit
– It is critical that the proper amount of signal enters the DF: half-scale, or the middle, is an optimum starting place
• As the signal gets stronger, reduce SENSITIVITY, not volume – The DF will be unreliable as too much signal is received, so you must cut
out part of it by reducing the sensitivity – More than three-quarters scale is too much
L-Tronics
ALARM
OFF
243
121.6
121.775 AUX
121.5
m SENS ®VOL
VHF DF
DF STRENGTH
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136 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
DF Settings for Single-Meter Models
• MISSIONS – Select 121.5 (or 121.775 for training missions) – Select DF Mode – Turn Sensitivity to Maximum (Full Clockwise) – Turn Volume to About Mid-Scale – DF Needle Will Move Slightly Left and Right
• NON-MISSION FLIGHTS – Select 121.5 – Select Alarm Mode – Turn Sensitivity To Maximum
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137 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities 137
DF Settings for Dual-Meter Models
• MISSIONS – Select 121.5 (or 121.775 for training missions) – Ensure Alarm Toggle Off (down position) – Turn Sensitivity to Maximum (Full Clockwise) – Turn Volume to About Mid-Scale – DF Should Stay About Centered – Strength Meter Will Move Up-Scale to Right
• NON-MISSION FLIGHTS – Select 121.5 – Turn Alarm Toggle On – Turn Sensitivity To Maximum
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138 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
SAR-DF 517 Operation
• Power • Mode • Page • Tune • Squelch • DF • Locate
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139 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Power
• POWER: Press the ON/OFF button—unit should power up and illuminate
• Be prepared to execute the next steps…
• …If you’re not fast enough, you may need to recycle power (turn it off and back on)
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140 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Mode
• MODE: Using the PAGE knob (upper right knob), select: – EMERGENCY for an actual SAR or – TRAINING for a training mission
• This setting can only be changed on power up • Recycle power to change the Mode • After setting EMERGENCY or TRAINING,
just WAIT until the unit automatically goes to the next page – The “wait time” is about 15 seconds
• Don’t push any buttons or turn any knobs during this period
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141 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Page
• Use the PAGE knob to cycle to desired page • Page 1 is most like an ADF • Page 2 is good for forward quarter only • Page 3 is most easily read by the entire crew, but only in relative
bearing
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142 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Tune
• The lower-right +/- knob changes the frequency
• You want 121,500 for an actual SAR or 121,775 for training
• You can alternately use 243,000 or 243,550 respectively
• You will only be able to select training frequencies while in the training mode
• Similarly, you can only select actual SAR frequencies in the emergency mode
• 156,800 is for Marine Band Channel 16 EPIRBs
• Notice the commas: the Becker is made in Europe; the commas replace a decimal point
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143 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Squelch
• Adjust the Squelch knob on the upper left of the unit
• The Squelch knob may be marked SQL or DIM (depending when your Becker was made)
• Adjust the small triangle arrow until it is pointing barely above the solid bar
• The solid bar represents static or ambient noise, but you will want to listen and make sure that the “static” is not actually a signal
• When trying to acquire a signal, you may want the Squelch all the way down
• You may also want to do this to make sure you can hear audio from the Becker
• Turn the lower left knob to adjust the volume to a comfortable listening level
Squelch Knob
Squelch Setting Triangle
Ambient Noise Level
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144 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
DF (Direction Find)
• Follow the relative bearings to the ELT • Use homing procedures like an ADF • Correct for strong winds, if known • Remember that these are RELATIVE bearings with
the nose of the aircraft being 360°/ 000° !!! • If you are showing a >006> that means turn right
6° • If the unit shows <354<, then turn LEFT 6°
– This is similar to a fixed-card ADF • RB + TH = TB (“RuB THe TuB”) • Relative Bearing + True Heading = True Bearing • This is also true if we replace magnetic bearing and
heading instead of the trues: RB + MH = MB • Therefore, if the Becker DF indicates >010> and
you are flying a 270° heading, the magnetic bearing of the ELT is 280°. Add right, subtract left.
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145 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Becker Direction Finding Notes
• The clear marbles indicate when the Becker first and last receives the ELT signal in its circle
• Watching the clear marbles will give you an indication of how coherent your DF solution is: – The marbles will always jump around; if they
jump around a LOT you don’t have a good DF – You can test this by seeing what your
indications are when you reduce the squelch enough to “DF” static
– The clear marbles will jump all over the place – Static can sometimes look like a carrier-only
signal • The dark marble should be fairly stable on an
actual signal because of signal-averaging software
>020>
DARK MARBLE
CLEAR MARBLES
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146 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Locate
• After flying over the ELT, you should get a “station passage” indication
• Turn around and re-DF to locate the target – This is similar to locating with the L-Tronics DF
• If you keep the signal at 090 or 270, you can fly a “turn around a point” using the DF
• If the target isn’t visually significant, this will give your Scanner(s) the opportunity to put eyes on the target
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147 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Bearing On More Than One Transmitter
• If bearing from a long distance, the DF will point at the middle of the two transmitters (Becker averages the signals it gets)
• Exactly in the middle of the two transmitters, the DF will display an unusable bearing value
• The clear marbles will swing WIDE (180 degrees or more) when in the middle of 2 averaged signals
• Exactly over one transmitter the DF will be pointing to another (garbling cone)
• Tactic for this situation: don’t fly the approach exactly following the indicated averaged bearing: fly about 20 degrees left or right
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• Review Of ELT Searches – Assist in locating a practice beacon using one of the
following methods (do this during one of your training sorties)
• Homing to a non-reflected signal • Homing to a reflected signal • Wing shadow to a non-reflected signal
– Assist in locating a practice beacon using one of the following methods (do this during one of your training sorties)
• Aural • Metered
O-2108 Assist In ELT Searches
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149 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
• Review Of ELT Searches – Assist in locating a practice beacon using one of the
following methods (do this during one of your training sorties)
• Aural • Metered
– Discuss night and IFR searches, with particular emphasis on hazards and precautions
– Discuss signal reflection and interference
O-2108 Assist In ELT Searches
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Let’s Take A 10-Minute Break
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151 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
REFRESHER and REVIEW Locate A Point On A Map Using The
CAP Grid System
Derived from Mission Scanner Task Guide, Task MS O-0205
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153 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
CAP Standard Grid System
• Overlays standard sectional maps • Subdivides the map into distinct working areas • Each grid is 1/4° (15 minutes) of latitude by 1/4° of
longitude and is assigned a number • Grids are further divided into sub-grids labeled A, B,
C, and D • Each sectional has a standard for assigning grid
numbers — for areas of overlap the grid number of the most westerly chart is used
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154 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
CAP Grid System
• Each 15' x 15' grid on a sectional is assigned a number
• In this example, the grid depicted is STL 5 (STL = sectional)
• Grids are subdivided into four 7.5' x 7.5' quadrants
• Letters are used to define sub-grids
A B
C D
N 40° 00'
N 39° 45'
W 89° 45'W 90° 00'
STL 5
39° 52.5'
89° 52.5'
15' x 15' grid can be subdivided into four 7.5° x 7.5° quadrants
(STL 5A, 5B, 5C & 5D)
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155 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Standardized Grid System
• Can be used on any chart that has lat/long markings
• 1° blocks identified by the intersection of whole numbers of lat/long, such as N 36-00 and W 102-00
• Points are designated with the latitude first (36/102) and they identify the area north and west of the intersection of these two lines
• Grids can be subdivided into smaller sections (smallest is 7.5° x 7.5°, such as 36/102 AAA)
• Letters are used to define sub-grids
N 37° 00'
N 36° 00'
N 37° 00'
N 36° 00'
W 103° 00'
A B
C D
N 37° 00'
N 36° 00'
W 102° 00'W 103° 00'
30'
30'
W 103° 00' W 102° 00'
AAB
C D
W 102° 00'
30'
30'
BB
CC DD
45'
15° x 15° grid can be further subdivided into 7.5° x 7.5° girds
(AAA, AAB, AAC & AAD)
1° x 1° grid
30' x 30' grids
15' x 15' grids
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157 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Assist In Planning And Performing CAP Searches
Route, Parallel, Point-Based, Creeping Line
Derived from Mission Observer Task Guide, Tasks O-2109, O-2110, O-2112,
O-2115
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• One minute latitude = 1.0018 nm
– Fly one minute north or south, cover one nautical mile (a 1-nm leg width)
• One minute longitude = anywhere from 0.6572 to 0.9152 nm in CONUS
– Requires flight of anywhere from 1.1-1.4 minutes of longitude (east or west) to cover one nautical mile; for training purposes we’ll use one minute = one mile, even though we’ll be flying less than 1-nm leg widths
– To get the relationship in your area, go to http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~cvm/latlongdist.php
Basics: Latitude, Longitude and Distance and the GPS
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159 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Task O-2109: Route Search Pattern
Track of missing aircraft
1/2 S
1/2 S
Track of search aircraft
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160 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Task O-2109: Route Search Pattern
• Used When Aircraft Has “Disappeared” – Assumes a crash or forced landing along or near its
intended track, may be aided by survivor signals or electronic means; often used at night. “Most uncertain”
– Generally 1,000-2,000 AGL day; 2,000-3,000 AGL at night
– Lat/Longs along the track are entered into GPS as waypoints
– Rapid and reasonably thorough coverage near the expected/projected track
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161 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Task O-2109: Route Search Pattern
Example on Next Slide: • We are searching for an aircraft along Highway 46,
between Columbus and Greensburg, using the STL sectional. Entry Point is N 39 deg 13 mins/W 85 deg 52 mins; Exit Point is N 39 deg 20 mins/ W 85 deg 30 mins: – We will draw the route on the worksheet – Include significant turns in the highway and other
identifiers such as towns, airports and major intersections
– Search two miles either side of the highway
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Route Search
Worksheet Example
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Task O-2110 Parallel Track Search Pattern
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164 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Task O-2110 Parallel Track Search Pattern
• Used When: – Search area is large and fairly level; only an approximate
location for the target is known; IC desires uniform coverage of a search area. Standard pattern for searching a grid
• Aircraft enters at a corner of the search area, flying level while maintaining parallel tracks – First track should be = to ½ track spacing from the side
boundary of the search area; Track spacing may be ¼-mile, ½-mile, ¾-mile or any other as directed by Air Boss
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165 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Task O-2110 Parallel Track Search Pattern
Example Worksheet On Next Slide • AOBD has asked for a parallel search of grid
quadrant STL #104-D: – Quarter-grid, 7.5' x 7.5'
– Enter the northeast corner
– One nm track spacing
– North/South legs
– No aircraft assigned to adjacent grids
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❍ GPS Data ❍ Type Grid & Sectional: US , STL ❍ Pattern: Parallel Line ❍ Grid: 104D2 ❍ Spacing: 1 nm ❍ Direction of Travel: N/S
Parallel Search
Worksheet Example
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167 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Task O-2112 Point-Based (Expanding Square) Search
• Organized around a point on the ground:
– Used when search area is small, position of survivors is known within close limits
– Each successive search starts at the same point, but each first leg is flown 45 degrees diagonally from the previous search
– 1-nm track spacing
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168 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Task O-2112 Point-Based (Expanding Square) Search
Example On Next Slide • Missing Ultralight:
– Draw the route on a worksheet centered on a 483 AGL tower 8 nautical miles west of Seymour
– We will use cardinal headings, starting to the north
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169 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
❍ GX50/55 Data ❍ Type Grid & Sectional: US , STL ❍ Pattern: Expanding Square ❍ Starting Waypoint: N 38º 59´ W 86º 10´
❍ Spacing: 1 nm ❍ Direction of Travel: 000º
Expanding Square Search
Worksheet Example
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170 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Task O-2112 Point-Based (Sector) Search
S max
S mean
• The pattern and headings are planned in advance
• Sector search is easier to fly than Expanding Square
• This pattern is used when an electronic search has led the crew to a specific suspected target location
• The pattern provides concentrated coverage near the center of the area
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171 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Task O-2115 Creeping Line Search Pattern
s s s s s
Direction of Search
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172 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Task O-2115 Creeping Line Search Pattern
• A Succession of Search Legs along a line – Used when the search area is narrow, long and fairly level;
probable location of the target is thought to be on either side of the search track in a tightly bounded area; immediate need for a concentrated search at one end of the search area
– Think extended runway centerline, specific highway sections, Victor airways or MTRs
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173 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
Task O-2115 Creeping Line Search Pattern
Example On Next Slide • AOBD asked for a search along Highway 31:
– Draw the route on the worksheet
– Start at the intersection of Hwys 31/9 (southeast of Columbus)
– Stop at the intersection of Hwys 31/50 (east of Seymour)
– Search three miles either side of Hwy 31
– 1-nm track spacing
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Creeping Line
Search Worksheet Example
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175 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
G1000 Search Patterns
• Parallel Search • Expanding Square • Sector-Based • Start all searches by creating a SAR Flight Plan
– All of these patterns can be hand-flown OR coupled to the GFC 700 autopilot
– Step by step on following slides
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G1000 Search Patterns
• One: Press the FPL key to display the Active Flight Plan Menu
• Two: Press the MENU key to display the Page Menu
• Three: Use the FMS knob to scroll through the choices and select Search and Rescue
• Four: Press the ENT key to complete selection and view SAR flight plans
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177 PWCS REVISION APR 2016 Citizens Serving Communities
G1000 Search Patterns
• The Search and Rescue option brings up the next menu to allow you to configure your SAR flight plans
• All flight plans must start with a waypoint to anchor the search pattern
• Highlighting a flight plan waypoint before selecting the SAR menu inserts that waypoint into the SAR flight plan waypoint field
• Adjust parameters per Air Boss or IC direction
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Task O-2110 Parallel Track (G1000) Search Patterns
• From the SAR menu, turn the large and small FMS knobs to enter the starting waypoint. Press the ENT key to complete the selection and move on to Pattern Type
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Task O-2110 Parallel Track (G1000) Search Patterns
• With the FMS knob scroll through the options and change the fields as desired, or leave the defaults
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Task O-2110 Parallel Track (G1000) Search Patterns
• Press the ENT key with the “Activate SAR?” field highlighted to complete and activate the flight plan
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Task O-2110 Parallel Track (G1000) Search Patterns
• Hand-fly or engage the GFC 700
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Task O-2112 Point-Based Sector Search (G1000)
• Once again, use the FMS knob and the ENT key to select an initial waypoint and search pattern
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Task O-2112 Point-Based Sector Search (G1000)
• With the FMS knob scroll through the options and change the fields as desired, or leave the defaults
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Task O-2112 Point-Based Sector Search (G1000)
• Press the ENT key to activate the SAR Flight Plan
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Task O-2112 Point-Based Sector Search (G1000)
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Task O-2112 Expanding Square Search (G1000)
• Once again, use the FMS knob and the ENT key to select an initial waypoint and search pattern
• The search depicted here covers a wide area over the southern offshore portion of Lake Erie. We selected the CRIBS intersection to anchor the Expanding Square search.
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Task O-2112 Expanding Square Search (G1000)
• With the FMS knob scroll through the options and change the fields as desired, or leave the defaults
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Task O-2112 Expanding Square Search (G1000)
• Pressing the ENT key with the ‘Activate SAR?’ field highlighted activates the flight plan
• Here we have made some modifications…2 nautical mile spacing for an over-water search, and 12 legs instead of the default 10 in order to finish the pattern over land.
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Task O-2112 Expanding Square Search (G1000)
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Congratulations! Now all that’s left is to fly…
and practice!