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OO22 and CO and CO22 must dissolve must dissolve
in water before they can in water before they can
pass through a membrane pass through a membrane
so all respiratory so all respiratory
membranes must be kept membranes must be kept
moistmoist
Diffusion is a slow processDiffusion is a slow process
1 sec over 1 um but 10001 sec over 1 um but 1000
seconds (over 16 minutes) seconds (over 16 minutes)
over 1 mmover 1 mm
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Open circulatory system- Open circulatory system- hemolymphhemolymph-- sinusessinuses--arthropods respiratory pigment arthropods respiratory pigment hemocyaninhemocyanin is not is not
contain in cells and is very diffuse in the hemolymphcontain in cells and is very diffuse in the hemolymph
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Reptilian heart has a partial septum in the ventricle
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Tricuspid Valve
Pulmonary Aortic
Bicuspid or Mitral Valve
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Bundle of Bundle of HisHis
Purkinje Purkinje fibersfibers
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Diastole- atria contract and Diastole- atria contract and ventricles relax and fill with ventricles relax and fill with blood, blood washes back blood, blood washes back in the arteries and closes in the arteries and closes the semilunar valves and the semilunar valves and produces the lower diastolic produces the lower diastolic pressurepressure
Systole- ventricles contract Systole- ventricles contract forcing blood into arteries forcing blood into arteries and a pulse and higher and a pulse and higher pressure called systolic pressure called systolic pressure and slapping the pressure and slapping the atrioventricular valves shut atrioventricular valves shut
Heart murmur- a defect in a Heart murmur- a defect in a valve that allows backflow valve that allows backflow mitral valve prolapse mitral valve prolapse
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Slide # 32Slide # 32
Comparison of Comparison of vein and arteryvein and artery
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Muscular constriction of arterioles and Muscular constriction of arterioles and precapillary sphinctersprecapillary sphincters controls the flow of blood controls the flow of blood through capillariesthrough capillaries Figure
23.11
1 Sphincters relaxed
CapillariesArteriole
Venule
222 Sphincters contracted
Arteriole Venule
Thoroughfarechannel
Thoroughfarechannel
Precapillary sphincters
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High hydrostatic pressure due to blood High hydrostatic pressure due to blood pressure in the smaller diameter pressure in the smaller diameter capillaries on the arteriole end; low capillaries on the arteriole end; low osmotic pressure pulling water in osmotic pressure pulling water in because the blood still has all its waterbecause the blood still has all its water
Lower hydrostatic pressure due Lower hydrostatic pressure due larger dia. vessels and less larger dia. vessels and less blood volume; higher osmotic blood volume; higher osmotic pulling water in lower conc. of pulling water in lower conc. of water vs. dissolved substances water vs. dissolved substances
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Arteriole end Arteriole end of a of a capillarycapillary
Venous end Venous end of a of a capillarycapillary
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Slide # 31Slide # 31
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Slide # 28Slide # 28
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to cells that have tissue factor
->->thromboplastinthromboplastin
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Slide # 29Slide # 29Blood clotBlood clot
Crenated red blood Crenated red blood cellcell
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4-6 liters of whole blood in average adult; 45% is 4-6 liters of whole blood in average adult; 45% is cellular elementscellular elements
IschemiaIschemia-insufficient blood flow to portion of the heart -insufficient blood flow to portion of the heart that can result in that can result in angina pectoralisangina pectoralis and death of a and death of a section of heart tissuesection of heart tissue
StrokeStroke-death of nervous tissue in the brain due to -death of nervous tissue in the brain due to blockage of arteriesblockage of arteries
ThrombusThrombus-stationary clot; -stationary clot; embolusembolus-moving clot-moving clot Pulmonary embolismPulmonary embolism-most common place -most common place AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis-fatty plaques attach to the artery walls-fatty plaques attach to the artery walls ArteriosclerosisArteriosclerosis-plaques become hardened by calcium-plaques become hardened by calcium Aneurism-Aneurism-an enlarged weakened area of an arteryan enlarged weakened area of an artery StenosisStenosis-the partial blockage of an artery-the partial blockage of an artery
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NormalNormal stenosis with Plaquestenosis with Plaque
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Lymph is returned to Lymph is returned to the circulatory system the circulatory system through the through the subclavian veinssubclavian veins using pressure using pressure changes in the changes in the thoracic cavity to pull thoracic cavity to pull the lymph into the the lymph into the blood stream. blood stream.
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edemaedema-swelling caused by excess fluid loss from the -swelling caused by excess fluid loss from the capillaries can be caused by hypertension or capillaries can be caused by hypertension or capillary damagecapillary damage
pulmonary embolismpulmonary embolism-most common place for an -most common place for an embolism to lodgeembolism to lodge
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OO22 does not dissolve does not dissolve in water very wellin water very well Water has lower concentrations of OWater has lower concentrations of O22 and it is also more dense; and it is also more dense;
thus fish must use more energy in respiration but they do not thus fish must use more energy in respiration but they do not have a problem with their respiratory membranes remaining moist have a problem with their respiratory membranes remaining moist
so they can so they can have more have more surface surface area. area.
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Counter-current exchangeCounter-current exchange
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membranes around the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity are themembranes around the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity are the
pleural membranespleural membranes; an infection is called ; an infection is called pleurisy pleurisy
an infection of the larynx is called an infection of the larynx is called laryngitislaryngitis
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Slide 182Slide 182
Nasal SeptumNasal Septum
Capillaries underCapillaries under
the mucosa layerthe mucosa layer
Mucus membranes Mucus membranes
moisten and warm moisten and warm
the airthe air
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Slide # 185Slide # 185
TracheaTrachea
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Slide # 186Slide # 186
Trachea epithelial Trachea epithelial lininglining
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Slide # 189Slide # 189
Lung BronchioleLung Bronchiole
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Slide #191Slide #191
Lung AlveoliLung Alveoli
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Slide # 193Slide # 193
Alveolar Alveolar MacrophagesMacrophages
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Slide # 194Slide # 194
Lung Interalveolar Lung Interalveolar SeptumSeptum
Interalveolar septum Interalveolar septum
Type II cell secretes Type II cell secretes surfactantsurfactant
Note thickness of cells Note thickness of cells between the air and between the air and the blood vesselthe blood vessel
Air spacesAir spaces
inside alveoliinside alveoli
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The vagus nerve is a cranial nerve that has fibers connecting to both the diaphragm and the sinoatrial node to either slow or speed up both breathing and heart rate
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COCO22 Transport Transport7% in solution in blood 7% in solution in blood
plasmaplasma
23% binds to amino groups 23% binds to amino groups of hemoglobinof hemoglobin
70% transported in the blood 70% transported in the blood in the form of bicarbonate in the form of bicarbonate ions and Hions and H++
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Diving mammals can stay submerged so long because Diving mammals can stay submerged so long because they: have a higher blood volume they: have a higher blood volume have more hemoglobin and more erythrocytes/ml. of have more hemoglobin and more erythrocytes/ml. of blood blood have more myoglobin have more myoglobin in their muscle in their muscle tissues only circulate tissues only circulate blood to essential blood to essential tissues during dives tissues during dives