NYC College of Technology, November 8, 2012 Eugene M. Chudnovsky 100 YEARS OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY.
-
Upload
antonia-rice -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
1
Transcript of NYC College of Technology, November 8, 2012 Eugene M. Chudnovsky 100 YEARS OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY.
NYC College of Technology, November 8, 2012
Eugene M. Chudnovsky
100 YEARS OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (Door meten tot weten – Knowledge through measurement)
Born September 21, 1853, Groningen, NetherlandsDied on February 21, 1926, Leiden, Netherlands
1871 – 1879: Education at Universities of Groningen and Heidelberg1871 – 1873: Undergraduate research with Gustav Kirchhoff 1871: Gold Medal in student competition from University of Utrecht1872: Silver medal in student competition from University of Groningen1878 - 1982: Assistant Professor at the Polytechnicum at Delft1881: Theory of liquids (inspired by work of Van der Waals and Lorentz)1882: Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Leiden1883: Member of Dutch Academy of Sciences 1887: Married to Maria Adriana Wilhelmina Elisabeth Bijleveld 1904: Kamerlingh Onnes lab becomes world’s largest cryogenics laboratory1908: Liquefaction of helium, cooling helium down to 0.9K 1911: Discovery of superconductivity of pure metals at low temperatures1913: Nobel Prize in physics “For his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led to the production of liquid helium”.
Discovery of superconductivity of mercuryLeiden, April 8, 1911
Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 122b, 1911
Helium liquefier with mercury sample Copy of original experimental figure
1911
Rutherford, atomic nucleus
1913
Bohr, atomic orbits
1913
Bragg, X-ray diffraction
1923
De Broglie,waves of matter Bose & Enstein,statistics Pauli,exclusion law
1925Fermi, statistics
1925
Heisenberg, transition amplitude
1926
Born & Jordan, matrix QM Schrodinger equation
1926
uncertainty
1928
Dirac equation
1927
Sommerfeld, metals(Students: Heisenberg,Pauli,Debye,Bethe,Brillouin,Rabi)
1923 1924
1915
Einstein, general relativity
1927
Heitler & Londonchemical bonds
Sommerfeld, atoms
1916
Goudsmit & Uhlenbeck,spin
1925 1925
1927
complementarity
Hartree & FockQM of many particles
19301927
Bloch, von Neumann, Landaudensity matrix
Element Symbol Tc (K) Tc (°C) Tc (°F)
Aluminium Al 1.75 -271 -457
Beryllium Be 0.03 -273 -460
Cadmium Cd 0.52 -273 -459
Gallium Ga 1.08 -272 -458
Hafnium Hf 0.13 -273 -459
Mercury Hg 4.15 -269 -452
Indium In 3.41 -270 -454
Iridium Ir 0.11 -273 -459
Lanthanum La 4.88 -268 -451
Molybdenum Mo 0.92 -272 -458
Niobium Nb 9.25 -264 -443
Osmium Os 0.66 -272 -458
Lead Pb 7.2 -266 -447
Rhenium Re 1.7 -271 -457
Ruthenium Ru 0.49 -273 -459
Tin Sn 3.72 -269 -453
Tantalum Ta 4.47 -269 -452
Technetium Tc 7.8 -265 -446
Thorium Th 1.38 -272 -457
Titanium Ti 0.4 -273 -459
Tellurium Tl 2.38 -271 -455
Vanadium V 5.4 -268 -450
Tungsten W 0.02 -273 -460
Zinc Zn 0.85 -272 -458
Zirconium Zr 0.61 -273 -459
Walther Meissner(Max Planck, Bavarian Academy of Sci)
Discovery of Meissner Effect in Superconductors, Berlin 1933
Naturwissenschaften 21, p. 787 (1933)
Robert Ochsenfeld
Fritz London and Heinz London (Max von Laue, U. of Berlin, England,Paris,Duke) (dilution refrigerator)
London equations 1935Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A149,71 (1935).
)/exp()(
m ,
1
1
0
20
s2
2
2
0
2
00
2
xBxB
nqBB
Anm
qB
Anm
qjB
Am
qAqP
mv
Anm
qvnqj
ss
ss
s
ss
ss
s
ss
ss
ss
sssss
Pyotr Kapitsa(Ernest Rutherford)
Nobel Prize 1978
Lev Landau (Niels Bohr)
(1908 – 1968, Kharkov - 1938) Density matrix – 1927 Landau levels – 1930 Fermi-liquid 1956
Superfluidity of liquid heliumExperiment: Kapitsa 1937 [Nature 141, 74 (1937)]
(John Allen, Don Misener)Theory: Landau 1941 [Phys. Rev. 60, 356 (1941)]
Nobel Prize 1962
Shubnikov-deHaas,Leiden,Kharkov,1937
Vitaly Ginzburg(Igor Tamm)
Lev Landau
Ginzburg-Landau Theoryof Superconductivity, 1950
Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 20, 1064 (1950)
2003 Nobel Prize in physics
0
2242
2|)(|
2
1||
2||
B
Aqim
FF ss
n
FFiqAAL
4
1|)(|) |(|),( 2222
Relativistic Higgs model 1964:
Abrikosov vortices 1957 Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 32, 1442 (1957)
Nobel Prize in physics 2003
Wbe
h 150 10067833636.2
2
Alexey Abrikosov (Lev Landau)
Quantum Theory of Many Body Systems
Classical 1D spin chain: jiij
ijJH
Quantum :
Hans Bethe, 1906-2005(Arnold Sommerfeld, Crystal Field 1929,
Review 1933: SC is a many-body quantum phenomenon, U. of Tubingen, Cornell, Manhattan Project)
Nobel Prize 1967
Bethe anzatz, 1931: Exact solution for 1D AFM chain of spins ½Zeitschrift fur Physik, v. 71, p. 205 (1931)
No exact solution is known in 1D for spins greater than ½
No exact solution is known for any spin in D > 1
Dirac, Heisenberg -1926
''
'
)',(pp
pppppp
pp ccccppVccH
BCS Microscopic Theory of Superconductivity 1957
Phys. Rev. 106, p. 162 (1957)
U. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Nobel Prize in Physics 1972
John Bardeen1908-1991
(Wisconsin - Van Vleck, Geophysics,Princeton - Wigner, Bell labs, Brattain, Shockley, transistor)
Leon Cooper(Bronx HS of Sci, Columbia U.)
Robert Schrieffer (MIT-Slater,Bardeen,NYC subway)
Cooperpairs
Herbert Fröhlich (Arnold Sommerfeld, U. of Freiburg,Yakov Frenkel,England)
Brian David Josephson (Brian Pippard, Philip Anderson)
Trinity College, Cambridge – England
Nobel Prize in Physics 1973
Josephson EffectTheory: Josephson 1962 [Phys. Lett. 1, 251 (1962)]
Experiment: Ivar Giaever 1960 [Phys. Rev. Lett. 5, 464 (1960)]
SQUID magnetometer: Sensitivity = 10-14 T
(September 2011, Giaever: "In the APS it is OK to discuss whether the mass of the proton changes over time and how a multi-universe behaves, but the evidence of global warming is incontrovertible?)
Johannes Bednorz
Karl AlexMuller
High Temperature Superconductivity, 1986Zeitschrift fur Physik B 64, 189 (1986)
IBM Research Lab, Zurich
Nobel Prize in Physics 1987
La2-xBaxCuO4 YBa2Cu3O7 LaFeAsO35K 93K 50K+
High-Temperature Superconductivity 1986 – 2012
Ivan Bozovic, BNL
Pinning Down Superconductivity to a Single Atomic Layer by THz Spectroscopy
Prediction (IB):
High-temperature superconductivity has a simple mechanism that will be explained in the next decade in a 4-page Physical Review Letter
K
Io 2
I : moment of inertia of the cellK: torsion constant of the rod
Change of rotational inertia, I, can be detected by increase (or decrease) of the resonant oscillation period, o.
Helium Supersolid 2004Nature 427, p. 225 (2004)
Penn State University
DriveDetection
Torsion rod
Torsion cell
Eun-SeongKim
MosesChan
"Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible."
Lord Kelvin, President of Royal Society, 1895.