NWS Central Region Overview and plans for 2013
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Transcript of NWS Central Region Overview and plans for 2013
NWS Central Region
Overview and plans for 2013
Intro to IBW Project2013
IBW Project 2013Rationale
What ? • IBW is a simple, but important change to the existing warning system.
• Part of a gradual evolutionary process to improve usefulness and effectiveness of our severe convective warnings (Yes – with a thumbs up);
• It should NOT be misrepresented as an evolutionary leap turning the warning system upside down (No – with a finger wag).
• At its core; IBW consists of one change (in 2 parts):
• addition of a “considerable damage threat” warning tier for significant tornadoes (~EF2 or greater)
• addition of concise wording on impacts and risk commensurate with those threats.
IBW Project 2013Rationale
Why ? Because the numbers say we should.
• 13% of all tornadoes in CR are EF2-5 262 fatalities (97% of all fatalities)
• 87% of all tornadoes in CR are EF0-1 7 fatalities (3% of all fatalities)
• All tornadoes are NOT the same ! By treating all tornadoes as one-size-fits-all, the existing system - by default - emphasizes warnings for weak tornadoes at the expense of warnings for life threatening tornadoes.
• This is a flaw in the current warning paradigm – and one that leaves the public more exposed to dangers of high-end tornadoes than they should be.
• Rationale 1: “Societal Needs” demand tornado warnings that emphasize high impact events – i.e. those most likely to do serious harm. If we are serious about reducing tornado deaths – this is where we should start.
IBW Project 2013Rationale
Why ? Because public and partners say we should.
Key findings from NWS Service Assessments (not just 2011):
• Most identify local siren systems as first source of warning; but, perceptions exist that “sirens go off all the time and nothing happens”.
• Most seek confirmation from additional sources before seeking shelter.
• Extraordinary risk signals prompt people to take action; but, there is currently no mechanism to elevate the threat in NWS tornado warnings.
• Existing dissemination systems not fully compatible with storm-based warning polygons; causes confusion when there are multiple polygons. Polygonology!
• Rationale 2: Clear and credible risk communication is necessary for people to take immediate protective action.
IBW Project 2013Rationale
Why ? Because Tornadoes are the only hazard whereby NWS does not include an expected magnitude as part of the warning message.
• What if we issued a flood warning for the Red River in Fargo, but refused to say how high the river stage would get ?
• What if we told ATC at O’Hare there would be fog, but refused to give them a predicted visibility ?
• What if we issued a Hurricane Warning for Mobile Bay but refused a prediction of wind speeds (CAT 1-5) or surge heights ?
• Rationale 3: Tornadoes are like any other hazard and require expressions of magnitude to elicit the most appropriate actions.
IBW Project 2013Rationale
Concerns…
IBW will result in a diluted public response for base (non-tagged) Tornado Warnings, would it not ?
• Unknown but unlikely; it will take years of study to find out. But…
• IBW now places emphasis on those tornadoes likely to do serious harm; correcting, in part, a critical gap in the existing tornado warning paradigm. If there is a trade-off, it is the correct one.
• If public response for base Tornado Warnings is diluted – it is extremely unlikely to be less than response levels for SVRs.
• As it turns out, mortality rates from EF0-1 tornadoes are roughly equivalent to that from severe thunderstorm winds.
IBW Project 2013Rationale
Concerns…
We don’t have the skill or tools to discern large tornadoes from small or no tornadoes, do we ?
• The 88D is designed for this task; It is not designed for detection of small tornadoes that can and often occur below the spatial and temporal resolution of the radar. • POD for EF0-1 tornadoes = 69% in CR• POD for EF2-5 tornadoes = 84% in CR• POD for EF3-5 tornadoes = 94% in CR
• While the ability to detect larger tornadoes with lead time has long been known, we are more interested in evaluating skill measures i.e. Hit Rate (1-FAR).
• In CR, Hit Rate since 2008 for all Tornado Warnings is 28%.
IBW Project 2013Rationale
Concerns…
We don’t have the skill or tools to discern large tornadoes from small or no tornadoes, do we ?
• Prior to 2012 very few studies (if any) have examined skill in discerning large tornadoes from small/no tornadoes; not easy to do this a lab setting as many warning inputs (e.g. spotter reports) are difficult to simulate.
• One of the primary benefits of the IBW project is ability to evaluate capacity for discerning hazard magnitude in TORs; and provide a baseline for future comparison.
• FY12 results in demo area produced promising inferences, but small sample size precludes definitive conclusions. Need a larger sample size.
IBW Project 2013Rationale
Concerns…
We don’t have the skill or tools to discern large tornadoes from small or no tornadoes, do we ?
Hit Rate (all CR tornadoes 2008-2012) = 28%Hit Rate (all tornadoes IBW 2012 demo) = 49% (CSI=0.51)
82 IBW defined Tornado Warnings issued (through December 2012).
EF0 EF561 IBW Tornado Events
IBW Project 2013Rationale
Concerns…
We don’t have the skill or tools to discern large tornadoes from small or no tornadoes, do we ?
Categorical Hit Rate (EF0-1 tornadoes IBW 2012 demo) = 49% (CCSI =0.39)Categorical Hit rate (EF2-5 tornadoes IBW 2012 demo) = 47% (CCSI = 0.39)
15 Tornado Warnings issued with “considerable” or higher tag and 7 verified with EF2+ events (47%).
EF0 EF5EF2EF151 IBW Tornado Events 10 IBW Tornado Events
IBW Project 2013Rationale
Concerns…
We don’t have the skill or tools to discern large tornadoes from small or no tornadoes, do we ?
Categorical Hit Rate (EF0-3 broadened category) = 54% (CCSI=0.45)Categorical Hit Rate (EF1-5 broadened category) = 73% (CCSI=0.58)
Of 15 tornado warnings with “considerable” or higher tags, 11 resulted in EF1 or greater intensity tornadoes. (73%).
EF5
EF3
EF1
EF0
IBW Project 2013Rationale
Note the overlap at the top of EF0-1 and bottom of EF2-5; similar to results from 2012 IBW
From Smith et al. 2012
Positive relationship between Mx Vrot and EF-Scale
Risk Paradigm
Risk = f Hazard Character ; Vulnerability
•IBW does allow opportunity to assess discernment between no event, low impact, and high impact events through descriptions of potential tornado intensity.
•IBW method of conveying predicted Tornado hazard magnitude/intensity is the use of Damage/Threat Indicator Tags at the bottom of TOR/SVS texts.
•These are CAP (Common Alert Protocol) compliant and follow a model using Wind/Hail Threat Indicator Tags in SVR/SVS texts established in 2008.
•End users needs to know their vulnerabilities and know their protective options.
Probability of OccurrenceTime of OccurrenceMagnitude/IntensityLocation of Occurrence
• Outcome 1 – Risk Characterization: Developing and encapsulating the knowledge about the severe weather hazard, its potential impact, and its risk to life and property.
• Outcome 2 – Risk Communications • Outcome 3 – Risk Management
Outcome 1Risk
Characterization
Outcome 2Risk
Communications
Outcome 3Risk
Management
Risk ManagementEvaluation
• Outcome 1 – Risk Characterization • Outcome 2 – Risk Communications: Packaging and
delivering storm warnings (communicating) to convey the understanding of risk.
• Outcome 3 – Risk Management
Outcome 1Risk
Characterization
Outcome 2Risk
Communications
Outcome 3Risk
Management
Risk ManagementEvaluation
Risk ManagementEvaluation
• Outcome 1 – Risk Characterization• Outcome 2 – Risk Communications• Outcome 3 – Risk Management: What knowledge of
risk influences decisions yielding desired actions (societal response).
Outcome 1Risk
Characterization
Outcome 2Risk
Communications
Outcome 3Risk
Management
IBW Project 2013Preliminary analysis
• Six key areas of information that Core Partners focus on in a warning situation:• Threat and magnitude• Timing• Location• Duration• History• Confidence
• WxEm developed independent validation and verification (matrix) against these areas
• Final report quantifying our success against these key areas is available at
IBW Project 2013
IBW Project 2013
Tornado Tag TORNADO...RADAR INDICATED Evidence on radar and near storm environment is
supportive, but no confirmation.
TORNADO...OBSERVED Tornado is confirmed by spotters, law enforcement, etc.
Tornado Damage Threat Tag No tag Use most of the time
Tornado damage possible within the warning polygon.Tornado damage of EF0-EF1 expected. Tornado duration short-lived
TORNADO DAMAGE THREAT...CONSIDERABLE
Rare use – outbreak daysTornado damage likely within the warning polygonTornado damage of EF2-EF5 expected.Tornado duration long-lived
TORNADO DAMAGE THREAT...CATASTROPHIC
Exceedingly rare use – major impact to population centerSubstantial, observed evidence of a violent tornado occurring. Tornado damage of EF4-EF5 expected in a population center (town, city)Tornado duration long-lived
Tornado Tag In Severe Thunderstorm Warnings TORNADO...POSSIBLE Severe thunderstorm has some potential for
producing a tornado; forecaster confidence is not high enough to issue a Tornado Warning.
IBW Project 2013
Catastrophic Damage Threat Indicator (Tornado Emergency)
• Restrictions on its use to address past misuse of the product.
• TOR emergencies should only be considered when there is substantial visual evidence that a violent tornado is occurring and will imminently impact (or nearly impact) a population center of any size.
• This should be exceedingly rare and should never be issued on radar evidence alone. These are reserved for extraordinary events.
• Most times, a “considerable” damage threat tag will suffice. There really is no “wrong” choice concerning considerable vs. catastrophic tags for observed, violent (EF4-5) tornadoes.
IBW Project 2013
Tornado Possible Tag in SVRs
• Previously mandated in SVRs when Tornado Watch in effect
• Now can be used at forecaster discretion regardless of whether watch is in effect.
• Intended to be used when weak brief spin-ups are somewhat possible, but not likely - based on evaluation of environment (i.e. not to the level of a tornado warning).
• Ex. warm season QLCS events whereby 0-6km shear vector is oriented near perpendicular to orientation of squall line.
IBW Project 2013
“Polygonology”• Re-emphasize awareness of county boundaries• Understanding storm motion and propagation (keep
storm in polygon)• Importance of editing the default polygon
Building confidence in using tags• Understanding definition and when to use• Guidelines for TOR vs. SVR (2 out of 3)• Storm environments • QLCS Mesovortex conceptual model• Data/tools available for warning process
IBW Project 2013
In summary, we are providing enhancements by:• Improving communication of critical information• Making it easier to quickly parse out the most valuable information• Enabling users to prioritize the key warnings• Providing different levels of risk within the same product• Enabling the NWS to express a confidence level of potential impacts and risks
1950ZEF1
1958ZEF3
2003ZEF4
2014ZEF4 (Henryville)2007Z
EF3-4
2023ZEF3
2028ZEF4
2039ZEF1
1933Z
1937Z
Vrot = 29 kts
Tornado Warning
Issued 1940Z
1942Z
Vrot= 44 kts
“considerable” damage threat tag possible
1947Z
Vrot = 41 kts
1951Z
Vrot = 53 kts
“considerable” damage threat tag definitely here.
1956Z
Vrot= 71 kts
2001Z
Vrot=80 kts
2005Z
Vrot= 75 kts
2010Z
Vrot= let’s just say this looks bad
“Tornado Emergency” was Issued at 1910z asTornado approachedHenryville
2014Z
Vrot= 70 kts
2019Z
Vrot= 78 kts
2024Z
Vrot = 71 kts
2029z
Vrot = 54 kts
2033z
Vrot = 46 kts
Questions?
IBW Project 2013
Contributors:
Dr. Greg Mann NWS DTXMike Hudson NWS CRHStacy Kraatz CMUWxEM