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Nutritional Status of Women and Children

December 2014

This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Monica T. Kothari (PATH), Noureddine Abderrahim (ICF International), Amanda Coile (PATH), and Yuan Cheng (ICF International).

A 2014 update on nutritional status by sociodemographic and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) indicators collected in Demographic and Health Surveys

Nutritional Status of Women and Children

A 2014 update on nutritional status by sociodemographic and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) indicators collected in Demographic and

Health Surveys

ICF International Rockville, Maryland, USA

December 2014

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Fred Arnold and Shea Rutstein for suggestions about the data tables and comments on the document text. Special thanks go to Chris Gramer for designing the document and Nancy Johnson for editing the text. Valuable comments received from the USAID Nutrition team and Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) team on the previous draft of the document are much appreciated. Our thanks also go to Lisa Maniscalco, USAID, and Sunita Kishor, ICF International, for their support and guidance during the production of this report. Finally, we would like to acknowledge all DHS survey managers who are responsible for the work that creates the data and makes the reports happen.

The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program assists countries worldwide in the collection and use of data to monitor and evaluate population, health, and nutrition programs. Funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) under the terms of Contract No. GPO-C-00-08-00008-00, The DHS Program is implemented by ICF International in Rockville, Maryland, USA. The opinions expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID.

The main objectives of The DHS Program are:

to provide decision makers in survey countries with information for making informed policy choices to expand the international population and health database to advance survey methodology to develop in participating countries the skills and resources necessary to conduct quality demographic and health surveys

Information about The DHS Program and the status of DHS surveys is available at http://www.dhsprogram.com or by contacting

ICF International 530 Gaither Road, Suite 500 Rockville, MD 20850-5771 USA Telephone: +1-301-407-6500 Fax: +1-301-407-6501 Email: [email protected]

Suggested citation:

Kothari, Monica T., Noureddine Abderrahim, Amanda Coile, and Yuan Cheng. 2014. Nutritional Status of Women and Children. Rockville, Maryland, USA: ICF International.

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Contents

ABOUT THIS REPORT ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Section 1: Nutritional status of women and children ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3 Section 2: Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices and women’s dietary diversity ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Section 3: Anemia, iron supplementation, deworming, and use of iodized salt ............................................................................................................................................................................... 4

Anemia among women and children ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Iron supplementation and deworming of pregnant women and children .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Household use of iodized salt ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5

Section 4: Diarrhea in children ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

SECTION 1 NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 Table 1.1 Nutritional status of children................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Table 1.2 Nutritional status of children by place of residence .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Table 1.3 Nutritional status of children by sex ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Table 1.4 Nutritional status of children by mother’s nutritional status ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Table 1.5 Nutritional status of children by mother’s level of education ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Table 1.6 Nutritional status of children by wealth quintile............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Table 1.7 Stunting among children by type of sanitation facility ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Table 1.8 Stunting among children by shared status of toilet facility .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 25 Table 1.9 Stunting among children by main source of drinking water ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 Table 1.10 Stunting among children by time to obtain drinking water (round trip) .................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Table 1.11 Stunting among children by presence of soap at hand washing station ........................................................................................................................................................................ 28 Table 1.12 Stunting among children by presence of water at hand washing station ...................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Table 1.13 Stunting among children by presence of soap and water at hand washing station ..................................................................................................................................................... 30 Table 1.14 Stunting among children by how child’s stools were disposed of ................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Table 1.15 Nutritional status of women .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 32 Table 1.16 Nutritional status of women by level of education ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 33 Table 1.17 Nutritional status of women by wealth quintile ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 35

SECTION 2 INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING (IYCF) PRACTICES AND WOMEN’S DIETARY DIVERSITY ............................................................... 39 Table 2.1 Early initiation of breastfeeding............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 41 Table 2.2 Exclusive breastfeeding ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 42 Table 2.3 Breastfeeding practices for last born children age 0-23 months living with their mother ........................................................................................................................................ 43 Table 2.4 Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 44 Table 2.5 Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices by place of residence ........................................................................................................................................................................ 45 Table 2.6 Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices by age of child in months ............................................................................................................................................................... 47

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Table 2.7 Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices by sex of the child ............................................................................................................................................................................ 49 Table 2.8 Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices by mother’s level of education ...................................................................................................................................................... 50 Table 2.9 Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices by wealth quintile ............................................................................................................................................................................ 52 Table 2.10 Women’s dietary diversity ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55 Table 2.11 Women’s dietary diversity by nutritional status ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 56 Table 2.12 Women's dietary diversity by level of education ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 57 Table 2.13 Women’s dietary diversity by wealth quintile .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 58

SECTION 3 ANEMIA, IRON SUPPLEMENTATION, DEWORMING, AND USE OF IODIZED SALT .............................................................................................. 59 Table 3.1 Anemia in children and women ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 61 Table 3.2 Anemia in children by place of residence............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 63 Table 3.3 Anemia in children by age of child in months .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 64 Table 3.4 Anemia in children by sex ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 67 Table 3.5 Anemia in children by mother’s nutritional status ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 68 Table 3.6 Anemia in children by wealth quintile ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 70 Table 3.7 Anemia in children by type of sanitation facility ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 72 Table 3.8 Anemia in children by shared status of toilet facility ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 74 Table 3.9 Anemia in children by main source of drinking water ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 76 Table 3.10 Anemia in children by time it takes to obtain drinking water (round trip) ................................................................................................................................................................. 78 Table 3.11 Anemia in children by presence of soap at the hand washing station ........................................................................................................................................................................... 80 Table 3.12 Anemia in children by presence of water at the hand washing station ......................................................................................................................................................................... 81 Table 3.13 Anemia in children by presence of soap and water at the hand washing station ........................................................................................................................................................ 82 Table 3.14 Anemia in children by how youngest child’s stools were disposed of ............................................................................................................................................................................ 83 Table 3.15 Iron supplementation and deworming of children ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 86 Table 3.16 Anemia in women by place of residence .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 87 Table 3.17 Anemia in women by age of women ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 88 Table 3.18 Anemia in women by their nutritional status ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 91 Table 3.19 Anemia in women by breastfeeding and pregnancy status ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 93 Table 3.20 Anemia in women by wealth quintile ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 95 Table 3.21 Anemia in women by type of sanitation facility ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 97 Table 3.22 Anemia in women by shared status of toilet facility .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 99 Table 3.23 Anemia in women by main source of drinking water .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 101 Table 3.24 Anemia in women by time it takes to obtain drinking water (round trip) ............................................................................................................................................................... 103 Table 3.25 Anemia in women by presence of soap at the hand washing station .......................................................................................................................................................................... 105 Table 3.26 Anemia in women by presence of water at the hand washing station ........................................................................................................................................................................ 106 Table 3.27 Anemia in women by presence of soap and water at the hand washing station ....................................................................................................................................................... 107 Table 3.28 Anemia in women by how youngest child’s stools were disposed of .......................................................................................................................................................................... 108 Table 3.29 Iron supplementation and deworming of pregnant women ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 111 Table 3.30 Household use of iodized salt .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 112

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SECTION 4 DIARRHEA IN CHILDREN ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 113 Table 4.1 Prevalence of diarrhea ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 115 Table 4.2 Prevalence of diarrhea by place of residence ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 116 Table 4.3 Prevalence of diarrhea by age of child in months ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 118 Table 4.4 Prevalence of diarrhea by sex ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 122 Table 4.5 Prevalence of diarrhea by mother’s nutritional status .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 124 Table 4.6 Prevalence of diarrhea by wealth quintile ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 127 Table 4.7 Prevalence of diarrhea by type of sanitation facility ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 130 Table 4.8 Prevalence of diarrhea by shared status of toilet facility ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 133 Table 4.9 Prevalence of diarrhea by main source of drinking water .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 135 Table 4.10 Prevalence of diarrhea by time it takes to obtain drinking water (round trip) ......................................................................................................................................................... 137 Table 4.11 Prevalence of diarrhea by presence of soap at the hand washing station .................................................................................................................................................................... 140 Table 4.12 Prevalence of diarrhea by presence of water at the hand washing station .................................................................................................................................................................. 142 Table 4.13 Prevalence of diarrhea by presence of soap and water at the hand washing station................................................................................................................................................. 143 Table 4.14 Prevalence of diarrhea by how youngest child’s stools were disposed of .................................................................................................................................................................... 145

APPENDIX JMP REPORT TABLES FOR THE USAID PRIORITY COUNTRIES ................................................................................................................................... 149 Table A.1 Use of sanitation facilities (percentage of population) .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 151 Table A.2 Use of drinking water sources (percentage of population) ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 155

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About this report

In the past few years, new evidence has shown that investments in nutrition encourage healthy growth of children, nations, and economies. Optimal nutrition from the start of a woman’s pregnancy to her child’s second birthday 1,000 days later, provides an optimal opportunity to influence cognitive development and growth and improve chances for a successful future. Furthermore, through the global Scaling Up Nutrition movement, support for a twin-track approach has grown: (1) to continue scaling up of proven nutrition-specific inter-ventions, and (2) to ensure that nutrition-sensitive interventions have the maximum impact on nutrition outcomes.1,2

The June 2013 series of articles on maternal and child nutrition in the British journal Lancet documents interventions that can accelerate good nutrition. The conceptual framework in Figure 1 illustrates the nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive inter-ventions and approaches con-sidered most effective in im-proving nutritional status during various stages of the life cycle in high-burden countries.3

1 Bhutta, Z.A., J.K. Das, A. Rizvi, M.F. Gaffey, N. Walker, S. Horton, P. Webb, A. Lartey, R.E. Black, The Lancet Nutrition Interventions Review Group, The Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. 2013. “Evidence-based Interventions for Improvement of Maternal and Child Nutrition: What Can be Done and at What Cost? Lancet 382:452. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60996-4. 2 Black, R.E., C.G. Victora, S.P. Walker, Z.A. Bhutta, P. Christian, M. de Onis, M. Ezzati, S. Grantham-McGregor, J. Katz, R. Martorell, R. Uauy, the Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. 2013. “Maternal and Child Undernutrition and Overweight in Low-income and Middle-income Countries.” Lancet 382:427. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X. 3 High-burden countries: 34 countries listed in the June 2013 series of Lancet account for 90 percent of the global burden of malnutrition.

The links between nutrition and water, sanitation, and hygiene have been increasingly promoted; however, population-level data are still limited. As shown in the framework, water and sanitation are key nutrition-sensitive areas of intervention recommended to improve child nutrition. It is well known that poor water, sanitation, and hygiene contribute to diarrheal disease as well as parasitic infections. These direct effects in turn may limit nutrient absorption and contribute to undernutrition. An estimated 50 percent of the underweight or malnutrition in children under age 5 can be attributed to recurrent diarrhea or nematode infections that result from poor-quality water, sanitation, and hygiene.4 Furthermore, according to a World Bank

working paper, an estimated 54 percent of variation in children’s height can be attributed to poor sanitation (specifically open defe-cation).5 These linkages demon-strate the need for effective, nutrition-sensitive programming in the WASH arena and neces-sitate the evaluation of nutrition indicators in the context of WASH indicators. To provide current context, this report looks at stunting in the framework of common WASH indicators.

The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program provides quality population-level estimates of key nutrition

indicators. These indicators inform national strategies and action plans designed to improve nutrition in women and children.

4 Prüss-Üstün A., R. Bos, F. Gore, J. Bartram. 2008. Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits, and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health. World Health Organization, Geneva. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/safer_water/en/. 5 Spears, D. 2013. How Much International Variation in Child Height Can Sanitation Explain? World Bank policy research working paper No. 6351. http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=469382&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000158349_20130205082533.

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This report provides a descriptive analysis of the status of women and children in the context of nutrition, breastfeeding, complementary feeding, anemia, dietary diversity, and micronutrient supplementation. The report also provides information on the nutritional status of women and children, with data disaggregated by selected WASH indicators.

Four sections summarize information from surveys that collected DHS data between 2005 and 2013. The first section reviews data on the nutritional status of women and children. Section 2 presents information on feeding practices of women, infants, and young children. Data on anemia, micronutrient supplementation, and deworming are given in section 3, and nutritional status and diarrhea are covered in section 4. The data in sections 1, 3, and 4 are disaggregated by selected sociodemographic characteristics, as well as by WASH indicators.

This report provides nationally representative estimates of nutrition indicators from 37 low- and middle-income countries (see Figure 2). Estimates for all indicators in this report have been re-run to facilitate comparison across countries. Tables 1.1 through 1.5 and table 3.1 present data on all of the most recent USAID priority and nonpriority countries; other tables present data on only the Maternal and Child Health (MCH), WASH, and Feed the Future (FtF) USAID priority countries. For certain indicators, data are only available for a limited number of countries.

In sections 1, 3, and 4, data are reported by selected WASH indicators for which DHS data are available. The definitions recommended by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) were used to classify drinking water and sanitation into improved and unimproved categories.6 The “no access” category (i.e., open defecation and surface water) data are separated out from the “unimproved” categories (see Table 1).

6 UNICEF, WHO. 2014. Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation 2014 Update. UNICEF, New York, USA/WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. [ISBN: 978-92-4-1507240.]

Table 1 Definition of Improved and Unimproved categories for water and sanitation

Improved Unimproved Open defecation

Sanitation Flush or pour-flush to:– Piped sewer system – Septic tank – Pit latrine

Ventilation improved pit (VIP) latrine

Pit latrine with slab Composting toilet Latrine with manual flush Ecosan

Flush or pour-flush to elsewhere (that is, not to piped sewer system, septic tank, or pit latrine)

Pit latrine without slab, or open pit

Bucket/pan toilet Hanging toilet or hanging

latrine Shared or public facilities of

any type Dry toilet

No facilitiesYard Bush Field or forest

Improved Unimproved Surface water

Drinking water Piped water into dwelling, yard, or plot

Public tap or standpipe Tube well or borehole Protected spring Protected dug well Rainwater collection

Unprotected dug wellUnprotected spring Cart with small tank or drumTanker truck Bottled water

RiverDam Lake Pond Stream Canal Irrigation channel

The appendix presents JMP data on population sanitation and drinking water estimates, respectively, by country, area, and territory. Specifically, the sanitation table presents the percentage of population use of sanitation facilities by total improved, shared, other unimproved, and open defecation categories. The drinking water table presents the percentage of the population use of drinking water sources by total improved, piped on premises, other improved, other unimproved, and surface water categories. The data for these tables were taken directly from the JMP report.

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Section 1: Nutritional status of women and children

The first section of the report presents data on the nutritional status of women and children from DHS surveys conducted between 2005 and 2013.

In DHS surveys, anthropometric data are collected for all children under age 5 who stayed in the household the night before the interview. Both height (length) and weight measurements are obtained for each child. From these measurements, the following standard indices are used to describe the nutritional status of children:

• Height/length-for-age (low height/length-for-age, also referred to as stunting, is an indicator of linear growth retardation caused by chronic undernutrition)

• Weight-for-height (low weight-for-height, also referred to as wasting, is an indicator of acute undernutrition)

• Weight-for-age (low weight-for-age, also referred to as underweight, is an indicator of acute and/or chronic undernutrition)

The nutritional status of children in the report is presented in terms of Z-scores of less than -2 and -3 standard deviations (SD) compared with the WHO Child Growth Standards.7 All children below -2 SD for height/length-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age are considered to be stunted, wasted, and underweight, respectively.

Tables 1.1-1.14 in section 1 provide estimates of the nutritional status of all children disaggregated by place of residence, sex, mother’s nutritional status, mother’s level of education, wealth quintile, and selected WASH indicators.

Tables 1.15-1.17 present data on short stature (less than 145 cm) among women age 15-49 who had their height measured, and aggregate data on body mass index (BMI) [weight (in kg)/height (in m2)] among nonpregnant and nonpostpartum women who did not have a delivery in the two months preceding the DHS survey. Data on the

7 WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. 2006. WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length, Weight-for-Height and Body Mass Index-for-Age: Methods and Development. Geneva: World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/Technical_report.pdf.

short stature and BMI of women, disaggregated by their level of education and wealth quintile, are also presented in the tables.

Section 2: Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices and women’s dietary diversity

Adequate infant and young child feeding practices are essential for child survival, growth, and development. The global public health recommendation is to exclusively breastfeed infants for the first 6 months of life; thereafter, the goal is to meet the additional nutritional needs of growth by providing adequate quality and quantity of foods to children while continuing to breastfeed up to age 2 and beyond. Special attention and practical support should be provided to caregivers feeding children with exceptional circumstances, such as infants born to HIV-positive mothers, low-birth-weight infants, and orphans and vulnerable children in emergency situations.

Tables 2.1-2.9 provide data on the status of breastfeeding; introduction of solid, semi-solid, or soft foods; minimum dietary diversity; minimum meal frequency; and minimum acceptable diet, calculated according to the new indicators and definitions of acceptable IYCF practices for infants and young children.8,9,10 Data on IYCF practices are also disaggregated by place of residence, age, sex, mother’s level of education, and wealth quintile. Based on the guidelines for feeding breastfed and nonbreastfed children, the indicators of IYCF practices presented in this document are comprised of the following components:

8 World Health Organization (WHO). 2008. Indicators for Assessing Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices. Part I: Definitions. Conclusions of a consensus meeting held 6-8 November 2007 in Washington, DC, USA. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241596664_eng.pdf. 9 World Health Organization (WHO). 2010. Indicators for Assessing Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices. Part II: Measurement. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599290_eng.pdf. 10 World Health Organization (WHO). 2010. Indicators for Assessing Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices. Part III: Country Profiles. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599757_eng.pdf.

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Breastfeeding practices

Children ever breastfed Children born in the last 24 months who were ever breastfed —————————————————————————

Children born in the last 24 months

Early initiation of breastfeeding Children born in the last 24 months who were put to the breast within one hour of birth

—————————————————————————Children born in the last 24 months

Exclusive breastfeeding Infants age 0-5 months who received only breast milk during the previous day

—————————————————————————Infants age 0-5 months

Exclusive breastfeeding at age 4-5 months

Infants age 4-5 months who received only breast milk during the previous day

—————————————————————————Infants age 4-5 months

Age appropriate breastfeeding at age 1

Continued breastfeeding

at age 2

Children age 12-15 months of age who received breast milk during the previous day

—————————————————————————Children age 12-15 months

Children age 20-23 months who received breast milk during

the previous day —————————————————————————

Children age 20-23 months

Adequate maternal nutrition is important for the survival of both mother and child. In addition, good nutrition promotes women’s overall health, productivity, and well-being.

Table 2.10 presents the food groups consumed by mothers who gave birth in the last three years, which serves as a proxy for the micronutrient adequacy of the mother’s diet. This important information on maternal diet quality can help to inform policy and programmatic actions to improve maternal nutrition. Women’s dietary data, disaggregated by their nutritional status, level of education, and wealth quintile, are also included (see Tables 2.11-2.13).

Section 3: Anemia, iron supplementation, deworming, and use of iodized salt

Anemia among women and children

Anemia—the condition of a low level of hemoglobin in the blood—is a widespread public health problem associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Young children and pregnant and postpartum women are the most severely affected by iron deficiency because their demands for iron are high. The factors that contribute to the onset of anemia include malaria, hookworm or other helminth infections, nutritional deficiencies, chronic infections, genetic conditions, which vary by region (such as sickle cell and thalassemia), HIV/AIDS, and high fertility. See the table below for anemia status by hemoglobin level.

Anemia cut-offs:

Anemia status by hemoglobin level

Any Anemia Mild Moderate Severe

Non-pregnant women < 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Pregnant women and children < 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Table 3.1 presents data on the prevalence of anemia among children age 6-59 months and among women age 15-49. In a DHS survey, the blood of women and children is tested for hemoglobin concentration. Given that hemoglobin requirements differ substantially, depending on altitude of residence and smoking status, an appropriate adjustment for altitude and smoking (for women) in the raw hemoglobin values is made before women and children are classified by level of anemia.

Tables 3.2-3.14 present data on children’s anemia status, and Tables 3.16-3.28 present data on women’s anemia status, disaggregated by selected sociodemographic characteristics and WASH indicators.

Iron supplementation and deworming of pregnant women and children

Iron deficiency, with or without anemia, has important consequences for maternal and child health. Iron supplementation is the most common strategy currently used to control iron deficiency in developing countries. Traditionally, target groups for

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supplementation programs have been pregnant women and infants or young children. These populations are chosen primarily because of the short- and long-term benefits of the supplementation programs for both groups.

Worms, by competing for nutrients in the bodies of young children, aggravate undernutrition, anemia, and stunting levels and retard both physical and cognitive development. Moreover, if pregnant women are infected, worms contribute to their already compromised iron status and to the birth of children with low birth weights. Deworming is an often overlooked intervention for improving nutritional status.

Table 3.15 provides data on iron supplementation and deworming of children age 6-59 months. Table 3.29 provides data on iron supplementation and deworming during the most recent pregnancy of women age 15-49 with a birth in the past five years.

Household use of iodized salt

The most common clinical symptom of iodine deficiency is goiter. However, iodine deficiency is also the most common cause of preventable brain damage among fetuses, infants, and young children. In women, iodine deficiency can lead to spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and perinatal mortality. The negative impacts of iodine deficiency can be prevented by delivery of sufficient iodine in the diet. Although iodine does not occur naturally in specific foods, the most common vehicle for delivery of iodine is fortified common table salt. However, there are inevitable losses in quality

because of iodine’s volatility between the time of its production and its consumption. In DHS surveys, salt is tested at the household level to monitor the level of iodine in the salt being consumed. Table 3.30 presents the information on the percentage of households that were found to be using salt with the desired level of iodine (i.e., ≥15 ppm).

Section 4: Diarrhea in children

Nutritional status and diarrhea share a bi-directional relationship. Evidence indicates that diarrhea leads to undernutrition, but undernutrition also aggravates the occurrence of diarrhea. Dehydration from watery diarrhea is a major cause of death in infancy and childhood. DHS data are used to obtain the period-prevalence estimate for diarrhea for children under age 5. The mother of the child is asked to report, based on her recall, whether the child had diarrhea in the two weeks before the interview.

This section presents data on the prevelance of diarrhea in children under age 5, disaggregated by selected sociodemographic characteristics and WASH indicators, for the most recent USAID priority countries in Tables 4.1-4.14.

Some surveys included in the report do not have information on all indicators. Specifically, certain WASH indicators are only available for more recent surveys. Therefore, older surveys have been excluded from the table.

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Figure 2 DHS surveys included in this report

Armenia 2010 Bangladesh 2011 A, B, C Bolivia 2008 Burkina Faso 2010 A Burundi 2010 Cambodia 2010 A, C Cameroon 2011 Congo Brazzaville 2011-12 Congo (DRC) 2007 A, B Ethiopia 2011 A, B, C Ghana 2008 A, B, C Haiti 2012 A, B, C Honduras 2011-12 C India 2005-06 A, B Indonesia 2012 A, B Jordan 2012 Kenya 2008-09 A, B, C Lesotho 2009 Liberia 2007 A, B, C Madagascar 2008-09 A, B Malawi 2010 B, C Mali 2006 A, B, C Mozambique 2011 A, B, C Nepal 2011 A, B, C Niger 2012 Nigeria 2013 A, B Pakistan 2012-13 A, B Rwanda 2010 A, B, C Sao Tome and Principe 2008-09 Senegal 2010-11 A, B, C Tajikistan 2012 C Tanzania 2010 A, B, C Timor-Leste 2009-10 Uganda 2011 A, B, C Zambia 2007 A, B, C Zimbabwe 2010-11

A WASH Priority B MCH Priority C USAID Feed the Future (FtF) Priority

Note: USAID priority countries are in red in the list and on the map

SECTION 1

Nutritional status of women and children

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Table 1.1 Nutritional status of children

Percentage of children under age 5 years who stayed in the household the night before the interview classified as malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age, DHS Surveys 2005-2013

Country Year of DHS

Height-for-age (Stunting) Weight-for-height (Wasting and Overweight) Weight-for-age (Underweight)

Number of children

Percentage below -3 SD

Percentagebelow -2 SD

Percentageabove +2 SD




Percentage above +2 SD






Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 14.5 34.6 2.4 0.8 5.7 15.5 2.4 0.8 7.6 25.7 0.5 0.1 6,994Congo (DRC) 2007 24.2 45.5 4.3 2.2 4.3 10.0 5.7 2.5 8.4 25.1 1.7 0.3 3,631Ethiopia 2011 20.6 44.4 2.3 1.0 2.8 9.7 1.7 0.6 8.8 28.7 0.7 0.1 10,883Ghana 2008 9.8 28.0 3.9 1.8 2.2 8.5 5.3 1.9 3.1 13.9 1.9 0.3 2,525Kenya 2008-09 14.2 35.3 2.5 1.1 1.9 6.7 4.7 1.3 3.6 16.1 1.2 0.1 5,470Liberia 2007 20.4 39.4 3.1 1.5 2.8 7.5 3.9 1.0 5.8 19.2 0.9 0.1 5,166Madagascar 2008-09 26.4 50.1 3.8 2.1 na na na na na na na na 5,436Malawi 2010 19.6 47.1 2.3 1.0 1.5 4.0 8.3 2.5 3.0 12.8 1.1 0.2 4,849Mali 2006 19.3 37.7 4.3 1.8 5.9 15.2 4.0 1.5 9.7 26.7 1.2 0.3 11,877Mozambique 2011 19.7 42.6 2.3 1.0 2.1 5.9 7.4 2.0 4.1 14.9 0.7 0.1 10,313Niger 2012 21.6 43.9 2.4 1.0 6.2 18.0 2.4 0.9 13.3 36.4 0.4 0.1 5,481Nigeria 2013 21.1 36.8 5.0 2.2 8.7 18.0 4.0 1.3 11.6 28.7 1.1 0.2 26,190Rwanda 2010 17.0 44.2 1.0 0.4 0.8 2.8 6.7 1.4 2.3 11.4 0.7 0.1 4,356Senegal 2010-11 10.6 26.5 3.2 1.4 2.3 10.1 2.5 0.8 4.5 17.7 0.8 0.1 3,761Tanzania 2010 16.5 42.0 1.1 0.4 1.2 4.8 5.0 1.3 3.8 15.8 0.7 0.1 7,491Uganda 2011 13.7 33.4 2.3 0.9 1.5 4.7 3.4 0.4 3.4 13.8 0.7 0.3 2,350Zambia 2007 21.0 45.4 3.0 1.6 2.0 5.2 7.9 2.3 2.9 14.6 1.0 0.1 5,602

Asia Bangladesh 2011 15.3 41.3 1.1 0.4 4.0 15.6 1.5 0.5 10.4 36.4 0.3 0.2 7,861Cambodia 2010 13.6 39.9 1.4 0.6 2.5 10.9 1.6 0.3 6.7 28.3 0.2 0.0 3,975India 2005-06 23.7 48.0 1.9 0.8 6.4 19.8 1.5 0.5 15.8 42.5 0.4 0.1 46,655Indonesia 2012 na na na na na na na na na na na na naNepal 2011 16.2 40.5 0.9 0.2 2.6 10.9 1.4 0.3 7.7 28.8 0.3 0.0 2,485Pakistan 2012-13 23.7 44.8 2.0 0.8 3.3 10.8 3.2 1.1 9.7 30.0 0.5 0.1 3,466Tajikistan 2012 9.7 26.2 3.0 1.5 3.9 9.9 5.9 2.0 3.7 12.1 0.9 0.3 5,080

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 7.8 21.9 2.1 0.6 1.2 5.1 3.6 0.9 3.1 11.4 1.2 0.1 4,529Honduras 2011-12 6.0 22.6 0.6 0.2 0.3 1.4 5.1 1.2 1.1 7.0 1.9 0.4 10,167

Non-USAID priority countries Armenia 2010 8.2 19.3 4.2 1.9 1.8 4.0 15.3 5.1 1.2 4.7 2.9 0.2 1,333Bolivia 2008 7.8 27.1 1.2 0.4 0.4 1.4 8.5 1.8 0.8 4.3 1.7 0.3 8,422Burundi 2010 27.1 57.7 0.4 0.2 1.4 5.8 2.7 0.7 7.8 28.8 0.2 0.0 3,590Cameroon 2011 14.1 32.5 3.4 1.7 1.9 5.6 6.2 1.3 4.5 14.6 2.0 0.4 5,860Congo Brazzaville 2011-12 8.0 24.4 2.8 1.2 1.5 5.9 3.3 0.7 2.4 11.6 1.2 0.1 4,591Lesotho 2009 14.8 39.2 2.4 1.0 1.4 3.8 7.2 2.3 2.3 13.2 1.8 0.2 2,086Sao Tome and Principe 2008-09 11.9 29.3 3.8 2.0 4.0 10.5 10.5 3.9 3.1 13.1 1.6 0.1 1,544Timor-Leste 2009-10 32.9 58.1 3.0 1.6 7.0 18.6 4.7 2.1 15.4 44.7 0.7 0.1 8,171Zimbabwe 2010-11 10.7 32.0 1.4 0.5 0.7 3.0 5.5 1.4 1.9 9.7 1.1 0.2 5,260

Note: Each of the indices is expressed in standard deviation units (SD) from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards adopted in 2006. The +2 SD columns include the children who are above +3 SD. Table is based on children with valid dates of birth (month and year) and valid measurement of both height and weight. The -2 SD columns include the children who are below -3 SD. na = Data not available

10

Table 1.2 Nutritional status of children by place of residence

Percentage of children under age 5 years who stayed in the household the night before the interview classified as malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age, by place of residence, DHS Surveys 2005-2013

Country Year of DHS Place of residence


Number of children













Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Urban 6.7 21.3 2.5 0.8 5.9 14.5 3.0 0.7 4.7 18.2 0.2 0.0 1,181

Rural 16.1 37.3 2.4 0.8 5.7 15.7 2.2 0.8 8.2 27.2 0.5 0.1 5,813

Congo (DRC) 2007 Urban 17.5 36.7 5.9 2.9 4.9 10.3 7.3 3.8 6.5 18.9 2.2 0.3 1,470 Rural 28.7 51.5 3.2 1.8 3.9 9.9 4.5 1.6 9.7 29.3 1.3 0.3 2,161

Ethiopia 2011 Urban 12.4 31.5 2.8 1.0 2.1 5.7 3.3 0.8 4.8 16.3 1.6 0.0 1,342 Rural 21.7 46.2 2.2 1.0 2.9 10.2 1.5 0.5 9.4 30.4 0.6 0.1 9,541

Ghana 2008 Urban 6.8 21.1 4.3 1.8 1.5 7.6 6.7 2.4 1.6 10.6 2.6 0.4 975 Rural 11.7 32.3 3.6 1.7 2.6 9.1 4.3 1.5 4.1 16.0 1.5 0.2 1,550

Kenya 2008-09 Urban 8.7 26.4 4.0 1.4 1.3 5.3 5.4 1.3 1.2 10.3 2.3 0.0 912 Rural 15.3 37.1 2.2 1.1 2.0 7.0 4.5 1.3 4.1 17.3 1.0 0.1 4,557

Liberia 2007 Urban 14.1 30.6 3.7 1.7 4.0 8.7 4.6 1.6 5.5 17.2 1.3 0.2 1,559 Rural 23.2 43.2 2.9 1.3 2.2 6.9 3.6 0.8 6.0 20.0 0.7 0.1 3,607

Madagascar 2008-09 Urban 20.8 43.4 3.9 2.6 na na na na na na na na 581 Rural 27.1 50.9 3.8 2.1 na na na na na na na na 4,855

Malawi 2010 Urban 15.5 40.7 1.3 0.3 0.6 2.4 8.9 2.3 1.9 10.1 1.1 0.5 721 Rural 20.3 48.2 2.5 1.1 1.6 4.3 8.2 2.5 3.2 13.3 1.1 0.2 4,128

Mali 2006 Urban 11.7 26.1 4.7 2.3 5.1 14.0 3.5 1.3 6.8 20.1 1.3 0.3 3,271 Rural 22.1 42.1 4.1 1.6 6.2 15.7 4.2 1.6 10.9 29.3 1.1 0.3 8,606

Mozambique 2011 Urban 15.4 35.0 2.6 1.3 1.4 3.8 8.2 2.8 2.7 9.8 1.5 0.2 2,859 Rural 21.3 45.5 2.2 1.0 2.4 6.7 7.1 1.8 4.6 16.9 0.4 0.0 7,455

Niger 2012 Urban 11.4 29.6 1.5 0.4 5.7 14.2 2.6 0.7 7.4 22.8 0.4 0.1 677 Rural 23.0 45.9 2.5 1.1 6.2 18.6 2.3 1.0 14.1 38.3 0.5 0.1 4,804

Nigeria 2013 Urban 13.0 26.0 5.8 2.4 8.4 17.6 3.2 1.2 8.8 22.9 1.3 0.3 9,725 Rural 25.9 43.2 4.6 2.0 8.8 18.3 4.4 1.4 13.3 32.2 1.0 0.2 16,465

Rwanda 2010 Urban 7.7 27.3 2.7 0.7 1.7 3.5 7.0 1.1 0.8 6.3 1.1 0.0 517 Rural 18.3 46.5 0.8 0.3 0.7 2.7 6.7 1.4 2.5 12.1 0.6 0.1 3,839

Senegal 2010-11 Urban 6.7 19.0 3.7 1.9 1.6 9.5 2.8 0.9 2.4 11.8 1.1 0.2 1,461 Rural 13.0 31.3 2.9 1.1 2.7 10.5 2.3 0.8 5.8 21.3 0.7 0.1 2,301

Tanzania 2010 Urban 11.6 31.5 1.6 0.7 1.0 4.7 5.8 1.4 2.1 11.3 1.0 0.2 1,451 Rural 17.7 44.5 1.0 0.3 1.3 4.8 4.9 1.2 4.1 16.9 0.6 0.1 6,040

Uganda 2011 Urban 5.6 18.6 4.1 1.5 2.3 4.2 4.1 0.4 1.1 6.6 2.6 1.0 307 Rural 15.0 35.6 2.0 0.9 1.4 4.8 3.3 0.4 3.8 14.9 0.4 0.2 2,043

Zambia 2007 Urban 16.6 39.0 3.0 1.6 1.6 4.4 6.7 2.1 2.5 12.8 1.4 0.1 1,598 Rural 22.7 47.9 3.0 1.6 2.1 5.5 8.4 2.3 3.0 15.3 0.9 0.2 4,004

Asia Bangladesh 2011 Urban 13.0 36.2 2.3 0.7 3.5 14.0 2.2 0.8 7.4 28.0 0.8 0.5 1,709

Rural 15.9 42.7 0.8 0.4 4.1 16.0 1.4 0.4 11.2 38.7 0.2 0.1 6,152

Cambodia 2010 Urban 9.5 27.5 2.6 1.2 3.3 11.6 2.9 0.4 3.5 18.8 0.5 0.0 600 Rural 14.3 42.2 1.2 0.5 2.3 10.8 1.4 0.3 7.2 30.0 0.1 0.0 3,375

Continued…

11

Table 1.2—Continued



Number of children













India 2005-06 Urban 17.6 39.6 2.6 1.0 5.7 16.9 2.5 0.8 10.8 32.7 0.6 0.2 11,337 Rural 25.6 50.7 1.7 0.7 6.7 20.7 1.2 0.4 17.5 45.6 0.3 0.1 35,318

Indonesia 2012 Urban na na na na na na na na na na na na na Rural na na na na na na na na na na na na na

Nepal 2011 Urban 6.2 26.7 1.2 0.0 2.7 8.2 1.8 0.7 4.0 16.5 0.6 0.0 217 Rural 17.2 41.8 0.8 0.3 2.6 11.2 1.4 0.3 8.1 30.0 0.3 0.0 2,268

Pakistan 2012-13 Urban 18.7 37.1 2.2 0.6 2.9 9.9 3.8 1.6 7.3 24.1 0.6 0.2 1,053 Rural 26.0 48.2 1.9 0.9 3.4 11.2 3.0 0.9 10.7 32.5 0.5 0.0 2,413

Tajikistan 2012 Urban 7.8 21.4 4.3 2.1 3.8 9.9 5.5 2.3 2.7 10.7 1.3 0.4 1,092 Rural 10.2 27.4 2.7 1.3 3.9 9.9 6.0 1.9 3.9 12.5 0.8 0.3 3,988

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Urban 5.5 15.8 2.3 0.8 0.8 4.7 3.1 0.5 2.5 8.3 1.0 0.1 1,468

Rural 8.9 24.7 2.1 0.5 1.4 5.3 3.8 1.1 3.4 12.9 1.3 0.1 3,061

Honduras 2011-12 Urban 2.5 14.6 0.7 0.2 0.1 1.1 6.7 1.9 0.5 4.6 2.8 0.7 4,419 Rural 8.7 28.8 0.6 0.1 0.4 1.5 3.9 0.7 1.6 9.0 1.2 0.2 5,748

Non-USAID priority countries Albania 2008-09 Urban 10.6 19.8 10.9 5.8 6.1 10.6 22.1 8.2 1.9 4.6 6.2 1.0 522

Rural 10.5 18.9 11.0 5.8 5.1 8.2 21.4 8.9 1.5 5.7 6.0 1.7 766

Armenia 2010 Urban 6.9 17.3 3.4 1.3 1.6 3.2 15.0 5.2 0.8 2.8 2.3 0.0 777 Rural 10.0 22.0 5.4 2.6 2.2 5.1 15.9 4.9 1.8 7.4 3.6 0.4 556

Bolivia 2008 Urban 3.8 17.2 1.6 0.5 0.3 1.0 8.8 1.9 0.3 2.7 2.3 0.4 4,557 Rural 12.4 38.6 0.7 0.2 0.6 1.8 8.2 1.6 1.4 6.1 1.1 0.1 3,865

Burundi 2010 Urban 16.2 37.8 1.6 0.8 1.6 4.8 2.6 1.1 5.8 18.0 1.0 0.2 301 Rural 28.0 59.5 0.3 0.2 1.3 5.9 2.7 0.6 7.9 29.7 0.1 0.0 3,290

Cameroon 2011 Urban 7.6 21.9 3.1 1.1 0.9 3.0 7.0 1.5 1.4 7.2 2.6 0.5 2,521 Rural 19.1 40.5 3.7 2.1 2.6 7.6 5.5 1.1 6.9 20.2 1.5 0.3 3,339

Congo Brazzaville 2011-12 Urban 5.9 20.3 3.3 1.3 1.5 6.0 3.6 0.7 1.7 8.9 1.4 0.1 2,726 Rural 11.0 30.4 2.2 1.0 1.6 5.8 2.9 0.8 3.4 15.5 1.0 0.0 1,865

Lesotho 2009 Urban 12.6 30.2 2.2 1.0 1.6 4.0 8.8 3.3 1.7 12.2 5.0 0.4 353 Rural 15.2 41.0 2.4 1.0 1.4 3.7 6.9 2.1 2.4 13.4 1.2 0.2 1,733

Sao Tome and Principe 2008-09 Urban 10.1 29.3 2.8 1.1 3.4 9.2 9.5 3.8 2.8 12.3 1.7 0.0 843 Rural 14.0 29.3 5.1 3.0 4.7 12.0 11.7 4.0 3.5 14.1 1.4 0.3 702

Timor-Leste 2009-10 Urban 21.5 49.2 2.8 1.2 4.5 14.9 4.3 1.6 9.7 34.9 0.9 0.2 1,794 Rural 36.1 60.6 3.0 1.8 7.7 19.7 4.8 2.2 17.0 47.4 0.6 0.1 6,377

Zimbabwe 2010-11 Urban 8.0 27.5 1.2 0.4 0.6 2.1 5.4 1.6 1.3 8.1 1.6 0.2 1,304 Rural 11.7 33.4 1.5 0.6 0.7 3.2 5.5 1.4 2.0 10.2 0.9 0.1 3,956


12

Table 1.3 Nutritional status of children by sex

Percentage of children under age 5 years who stayed in the household the night before the interview classified as malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age, by sex, DHS Surveys 2005-2013

Country Year of DHS Sex


Number of children













Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Male 16.4 36.8 2.3 0.7 6.2 16.5 2.4 0.7 8.3 27.2 0.5 0.1 3,562

Female 12.6 32.3 2.4 0.8 5.2 14.4 2.3 0.8 6.8 24.1 0.5 0.1 3,432

Congo (DRC) 2007 Male 25.3 48.1 4.6 2.0 5.3 11.4 5.1 2.4 9.9 27.5 1.6 0.2 1,772Female 23.1 43.1 4.1 2.5 3.4 8.7 6.2 2.5 7.0 22.7 1.7 0.4 1,859

Ethiopia 2011 Male 21.7 46.2 2.3 1.0 3.6 11.1 1.5 0.6 8.9 30.5 0.6 0.1 5,584Female 19.4 42.5 2.3 0.9 1.9 8.2 1.9 0.6 8.8 26.8 0.8 0.1 5,299

Ghana 2008 Male 11.0 29.6 3.8 1.9 2.2 9.2 5.0 1.3 3.7 15.4 1.5 0.1 1,282Female 8.6 26.2 3.9 1.7 2.2 7.7 5.5 2.4 2.6 12.4 2.4 0.5 1,243

Kenya 2008-09 Male 16.0 37.4 2.6 1.5 2.1 7.8 4.3 1.1 4.2 16.8 1.4 0.1 2,787Female 12.3 33.1 2.4 0.7 1.6 5.6 5.0 1.6 3.0 15.4 0.9 0.1 2,682

Liberia 2007 Male 22.2 42.2 2.9 1.3 2.7 7.5 4.3 1.1 6.2 20.5 1.1 0.2 2,680Female 18.5 36.5 3.4 1.6 2.9 7.4 3.5 1.0 5.5 17.8 0.6 0.1 2,486

Madagascar 2008-09 Male 29.3 52.9 4.1 2.2 na na na na na na na na 2,696Female 23.6 47.3 3.4 2.1 na na na na na na na na 2,740

Malawi 2010 Male 23.0 51.1 2.0 0.8 1.7 4.2 9.1 2.7 3.2 14.0 1.3 0.4 2,364Female 16.3 43.3 2.6 1.2 1.3 3.8 7.5 2.2 2.8 11.7 0.9 0.0 2,485

Mali 2006 Male 20.9 40.2 4.1 1.7 6.2 16.0 3.9 1.5 10.5 28.4 1.2 0.4 5,992Female 17.6 35.2 4.5 1.9 5.6 14.4 4.0 1.5 9.0 25.0 1.1 0.2 5,885

Mozambique 2011 Male 21.5 44.7 2.0 0.8 2.5 6.4 7.5 1.9 5.0 16.6 0.7 0.1 5,140Female 17.9 40.5 2.7 1.3 1.8 5.4 7.2 2.2 3.2 13.3 0.6 0.1 5,173

Niger 2012 Male 22.8 45.8 2.2 0.5 6.9 19.2 2.6 1.1 13.8 37.2 0.5 0.0 2,751Female 20.3 41.9 2.7 1.4 5.4 16.9 2.1 0.8 12.7 35.6 0.4 0.1 2,731

Nigeria 2013 Male 22.6 38.6 4.7 1.9 9.3 18.9 3.7 1.2 12.4 30.2 0.9 0.2 13,045Female 19.6 35.0 5.3 2.4 8.0 17.2 4.2 1.4 10.8 27.3 1.2 0.3 13,144

Rwanda 2010 Male 19.5 47.4 1.0 0.5 1.0 3.3 6.6 1.2 2.6 12.7 0.7 0.1 2,187Female 14.5 41.1 1.1 0.2 0.6 2.4 6.8 1.6 2.0 10.2 0.7 0.1 2,169

Senegal 2010-11 Male 11.1 28.1 3.3 1.3 2.0 10.2 2.2 0.6 4.8 18.6 0.9 0.1 1,930Female 10.1 24.9 3.1 1.5 2.5 10.0 2.7 1.0 4.2 16.7 0.8 0.2 1,832

Tanzania 2010 Male 18.7 45.6 1.3 0.5 1.7 5.6 5.5 1.5 4.2 17.3 0.8 0.1 3,709Female 14.4 38.5 1.0 0.3 0.8 4.0 4.6 1.1 3.3 14.3 0.5 0.1 3,782

Uganda 2011 Male 15.6 37.0 2.4 0.9 1.0 4.9 3.9 0.4 3.0 14.9 0.7 0.3 1,163Female 11.9 29.9 2.2 1.0 1.9 4.6 3.0 0.5 3.8 12.7 0.7 0.2 1,188

Zambia 2007 Male 23.6 48.4 2.2 1.1 1.9 5.6 7.8 2.2 3.2 16.7 0.9 0.1 2,765Female 18.4 42.4 3.8 2.0 2.1 4.8 8.0 2.3 2.6 12.6 1.1 0.2 2,836

Continued…

13




Number of children













Asia Bangladesh 2011 Male 14.7 40.6 1.0 0.4 4.1 16.0 1.4 0.5 9.4 34.3 0.4 0.2 3,974

Female 15.9 42.0 1.3 0.5 3.8 15.2 1.7 0.5 11.4 38.5 0.3 0.1 3,887

Cambodia 2010 Male 13.8 41.6 1.8 0.6 2.3 11.4 1.5 0.3 6.4 28.0 0.2 0.0 2,048Female 13.4 38.2 1.1 0.6 2.7 10.4 1.8 0.2 6.9 28.6 0.1 0.0 1,927

India 2005-06 Male 23.9 48.1 1.9 0.6 6.8 20.5 1.7 0.6 15.3 41.9 0.4 0.1 24,346Female 23.4 48.0 2.0 0.9 6.1 19.1 1.4 0.4 16.4 43.1 0.3 0.1 22,309

Indonesia 2012 Male na na na na na na na na na na na na naFemale na na na na na na na na na na na na na

Nepal 2011 Male 16.7 41.4 1.1 0.3 3.4 12.0 1.3 0.2 8.2 29.6 0.3 0.0 1,273Female 15.7 39.5 0.7 0.2 1.8 9.7 1.5 0.5 7.3 28.0 0.3 0.0 1,212

Pakistan 2012-13 Male 26.2 47.9 1.7 0.7 3.8 11.7 3.1 0.8 10.7 32.8 0.4 0.0 1,728Female 21.4 41.7 2.3 0.9 2.8 9.9 3.4 1.3 8.7 27.1 0.7 0.1 1,739

Tajikistan 2012 Male 9.8 25.5 2.9 1.4 4.1 9.9 6.1 2.2 3.3 12.3 1.0 0.3 2,575Female 9.6 26.8 3.2 1.6 3.7 10.0 5.6 1.8 4.0 11.9 0.9 0.3 2,505

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Male 8.2 23.3 2.5 0.9 1.1 5.5 4.0 1.1 3.1 12.2 1.6 0.1 2,337

Female 7.4 20.3 1.7 0.4 1.3 4.7 3.1 0.6 3.2 10.5 0.9 0.1 2,192

Honduras 2011-12 Male 6.7 24.3 0.7 0.2 0.3 1.7 5.4 1.2 1.2 7.7 1.8 0.4 5,317Female 5.3 20.8 0.6 0.2 0.2 1.0 4.8 1.2 1.0 6.4 2.0 0.4 4,850

Non-USAID priority countries Armenia 2010 Male 7.9 20.2 4.7 1.6 2.1 4.7 16.8 5.4 1.4 4.3 3.3 0.2 694

Female 8.5 18.3 3.6 2.2 1.5 3.3 13.7 4.7 1.0 5.1 2.4 0.2 639

Bolivia 2008 Male 8.2 27.9 1.3 0.4 0.5 1.9 9.1 1.8 1.0 4.7 1.7 0.2 4,259Female 7.3 26.2 1.1 0.4 0.4 0.8 8.0 1.7 0.6 3.9 1.8 0.4 4,162

Burundi 2010 Male 32.1 62.1 0.4 0.2 1.3 6.2 2.9 0.7 9.0 31.5 0.2 0.0 1,837Female 21.8 53.1 0.4 0.3 1.4 5.5 2.4 0.6 6.4 25.9 0.2 0.1 1,753

Cameroon 2011 Male 16.4 35.1 3.5 1.9 2.5 6.5 7.3 1.3 5.0 15.1 2.3 0.5 2,862Female 11.9 30.0 3.3 1.6 1.3 4.8 5.1 1.3 4.1 14.2 1.7 0.3 2,998

Congo Brazzaville 2011-12 Male 8.1 25.1 3.3 1.5 1.5 6.2 3.4 0.4 2.5 13.2 1.2 0.1 2,284Female 7.9 23.7 2.4 0.8 1.6 5.6 3.3 1.0 2.3 9.9 1.2 0.0 2,307

Lesotho 2009 Male 18.4 43.4 1.8 0.7 1.7 4.1 7.4 2.0 3.3 15.7 1.4 0.3 1,034Female 11.2 35.0 3.0 1.4 1.1 3.5 7.0 2.7 1.4 10.7 2.2 0.1 1,052

Sao Tome and Principe 2008-09 Male 12.6 29.1 2.7 1.8 5.1 10.9 9.6 3.9 3.6 15.7 1.9 0.1 772Female 11.2 29.5 5.0 2.1 2.9 10.1 11.5 3.9 2.7 10.5 1.2 0.2 772

Timor-Leste 2009-10 Male 34.5 60.3 2.6 1.3 7.8 20.3 4.5 2.1 16.3 45.5 0.7 0.1 4,106Female 31.2 56.0 3.3 2.0 6.2 17.0 4.9 2.1 14.5 43.8 0.6 0.1 4,065

Zimbabwe 2010-11 Male 12.5 35.7 1.6 0.6 0.8 3.6 6.3 1.6 1.8 11.1 1.4 0.3 2,604 Female 9.0 28.3 1.3 0.4 0.5 2.4 4.7 1.3 1.9 8.4 0.8 0.0 2,656


14

Table 1.4 Nutritional status of children by mother’s nutritional status

Percentage of children under age 5 years who stayed in the household the night before the interview classified as malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age, by mother’s nutritional status (body mass index), DHS Surveys 2005-2013

Country Year of DHS

Mother’s nutritional status (BMI)


Number of children













Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Thin 21.0 44.4 1.7 0.7 7.8 21.8 2.2 0.7 13.8 40.9 0.4 0.1 873

Normal 14.0 34.4 2.5 0.7 5.8 15.4 2.2 0.8 7.1 24.4 0.5 0.1 5,221Overweight 8.2 22.6 1.3 0.4 2.8 10.4 4.5 0.9 4.0 15.5 0.2 0.0 445Obese 3.9 11.1 4.8 3.0 3.2 7.2 3.5 0.0 0.8 7.6 0.4 0.0 125

Congo (DRC) 2007 Thin 24.1 47.8 4.4 2.1 6.2 18.3 2.3 1.4 15.0 36.2 0.5 0.1 466Normal 23.6 45.0 4.4 2.2 3.8 9.1 6.1 2.6 6.9 22.7 1.9 0.2 2,334Overweight 22.1 38.4 5.2 3.6 3.5 5.6 8.8 3.3 4.2 17.4 1.7 0.4 336Obese 11.0 29.6 4.3 3.0 9.1 12.5 5.2 2.7 1.5 13.0 0.0 0.0 77

Ethiopia 2011 Thin 22.1 47.0 2.5 1.4 4.0 14.7 1.0 0.6 12.3 39.1 0.4 0.0 2121Normal 20.5 44.7 2.3 0.8 2.6 8.6 1.8 0.5 8.2 27.0 0.7 0.0 7,527Overweight 10.9 29.2 2.2 1.4 1.2 5.6 4.0 0.9 2.2 11.6 2.0 0.1 374Obese 5.9 19.7 7.2 5.6 1.6 11.5 2.8 1.7 0.4 16.8 7.4 5.5 89

Ghana 2008 Thin 8.6 32.1 3.9 2.2 3.5 17.1 6.2 2.1 3.2 21.2 1.4 0.6 156Normal 10.7 30.5 2.8 1.3 2.3 9.3 4.3 1.5 3.5 15.3 1.3 0.2 1,458Overweight 6.9 22.2 4.6 1.4 1.9 6.3 6.8 2.5 2.2 8.6 3.0 0.6 480Obese 3.1 11.0 11.9 7.7 2.4 5.4 8.5 2.1 0.6 5.6 5.4 0.7 159

Kenya 2008-09 Thin 17.1 44.9 2.0 1.1 3.8 12.4 1.0 0.1 8.5 28.6 0.2 0.0 594Normal 14.6 35.9 2.2 1.0 1.5 6.3 4.8 1.4 3.3 16.2 0.9 0.0 3,402Overweight 9.9 27.1 2.6 1.3 2.1 4.2 6.2 1.2 1.1 8.2 2.2 0.4 728Obese 9.8 27.0 4.7 3.4 0.8 3.5 7.2 1.1 0.3 7.2 2.7 0.0 272

Liberia 2007 Thin 26.4 43.6 4.2 2.9 3.8 9.6 1.9 0.6 12.0 24.2 0.8 0.0 338Normal 19.3 38.3 2.7 1.2 2.8 7.6 4.3 1.2 5.0 18.4 0.9 0.2 3,204Overweight 14.7 33.1 4.4 1.9 2.2 6.7 4.4 0.9 5.1 14.2 1.5 0.4 518Obese 16.5 34.0 3.3 1.7 2.1 5.3 2.9 1.2 3.3 14.9 0.8 0.0 192

Madagascar 2008-09 Thin 28.9 55.2 2.9 1.9 na na na na na na na na 1,344Normal 26.2 49.1 4.1 2.3 na na na na na na na na 3,323Overweight 13.8 37.5 4.3 2.6 na na na na na na na na 178Obese 30.6 57.4 0.0 0.0 na na na na na na na na 43

Malawi 2010 Thin 21.7 52.1 2.4 1.2 3.7 7.6 4.5 2.2 6.5 22.0 2.1 0.4 260Normal 19.9 48.9 2.0 0.9 1.6 4.3 8.2 2.1 2.9 13.5 0.9 0.3 3,480Overweight 17.9 38.8 3.0 0.3 0.7 1.6 8.6 3.8 2.2 6.1 1.0 0.1 592Obese 11.2 34.1 3.9 3.9 1.1 3.4 11.2 4.7 1.8 7.2 2.7 0.0 217

Mali 2006 Thin 22.3 43.9 3.3 1.3 10.2 23.4 2.5 0.5 15.9 41.3 0.9 0.2 1,038Normal 19.8 38.4 4.3 1.7 5.9 15.2 4.1 1.6 10.1 27.0 1.2 0.3 8,184Overweight 16.3 32.4 4.7 2.1 4.2 11.7 5.5 1.8 5.6 19.8 1.8 0.3 1,339Obese 10.7 28.1 5.2 2.1 4.8 13.8 2.9 0.7 6.4 15.2 1.2 0.2 411

Mozambique 2011 Thin 26.9 54.0 1.4 0.8 3.4 11.0 4.7 1.0 10.8 31.7 0.0 0.0 565Normal 20.2 43.6 2.2 1.1 2.1 6.0 7.0 2.1 4.0 15.1 0.6 0.1 7,537Overweight 14.7 36.3 2.9 1.2 1.6 4.4 10.6 2.6 2.3 8.1 1.3 0.0 1,052Obese 5.8 19.1 3.5 1.7 1.0 1.2 12.8 2.9 1.0 2.5 4.1 0.4 209

Niger 2012 Thin 25.7 47.9 1.9 1.0 11.8 28.5 1.2 0.5 22.3 53.2 0.1 0.0 546Normal 21.5 44.8 2.3 1.0 5.5 17.5 2.4 1.0 12.9 36.1 0.5 0.1 3,580 Overweight 15.7 36.3 1.6 0.6 5.6 14.9 3.3 1.4 8.5 27.9 0.5 0.1 689Obese 12.8 25.4 4.7 1.2 5.7 12.3 3.6 1.4 6.1 18.9 0.3 0.0 176

Nigeria 2013 Thin 29.7 47.4 4.4 1.8 9.9 23.5 3.2 1.5 18.0 42.1 0.9 0.3 1,975Normal 22.8 39.5 4.7 2.1 9.4 19.3 3.9 1.3 12.6 30.8 0.9 0.2 16,208Overweight 14.7 27.6 6.0 2.7 8.3 16.3 4.2 1.2 8.2 21.3 1.2 0.2 4,429 Obese 10.6 22.2 6.9 2.0 4.2 10.1 4.8 1.4 5.6 15.2 2.4 0.8 1,722

Continued…

15


Country Year of DHS



Number of children













Rwanda 2010 Thin 14.0 47.9 0.7 0.7 2.3 6.5 2.6 1.6 4.4 24.4 0.0 0.0 184Normal 18.0 45.8 1.0 0.3 0.9 2.8 6.4 1.3 2.3 11.7 0.5 0.1 3,127Overweight 13.3 37.4 1.2 0.3 0.7 2.4 10.3 2.3 1.4 7.5 1.5 0.1 626Obese 11.4 28.9 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.9 9.3 0.0 0.5 7.1 3.4 0.0 128

Senegal 2010-11 Thin 13.8 33.3 2.0 0.9 3.2 14.4 3.4 1.4 6.2 24.9 0.8 0.0 583Normal 11.2 27.0 3.7 1.5 2.0 9.6 2.6 0.8 4.2 17.2 0.9 0.1 2,059Overweight 5.0 19.9 2.2 0.7 3.2 7.3 1.8 0.5 3.3 10.9 0.2 0.0 521Obese 7.4 22.8 4.5 3.3 0.6 8.9 2.2 1.5 4.2 16.7 2.3 1.4 255

Tanzania 2010 Thin 23.3 50.0 0.7 0.4 2.2 8.5 2.9 0.8 7.6 27.7 0.2 0.0 619Normal 16.5 42.4 1.0 0.4 1.4 4.8 5.1 1.2 3.9 15.8 0.4 0.1 4,860Overweight 11.8 36.6 1.5 0.2 0.9 3.7 5.9 2.0 1.7 9.0 1.7 0.4 888Obese 7.0 26.9 2.5 1.4 0.6 1.9 7.5 2.5 0.2 9.1 3.1 0.0 300

Uganda 2011 Thin 12.8 30.4 1.5 0.6 1.8 13.4 2.0 0.0 6.1 22.5 0.0 0.0 194Normal 14.7 35.6 2.3 1.1 1.7 4.2 3.8 0.5 3.4 14.0 0.6 0.3 1,508Overweight 10.6 26.2 3.1 1.1 0.4 2.0 4.8 0.7 1.7 6.9 1.2 0.9 265Obese 7.5 17.4 3.0 0.0 4.6 7.8 4.4 1.1 4.1 6.2 1.1 0.0 76

Zambia 2007 Thin 31.2 52.9 2.5 1.9 2.0 8.5 5.3 1.3 5.6 22.6 0.7 0.2 399Normal 21.2 45.8 3.1 1.6 2.2 5.4 8.3 2.5 3.0 14.6 0.9 0.1 3,842Overweight 19.3 42.5 4.0 2.3 1.4 4.0 8.6 2.2 1.6 10.3 2.1 0.5 677Obese 9.5 32.6 3.3 1.9 1.5 2.8 9.0 2.5 0.8 5.0 1.4 0.2 216

Asia Bangladesh# 2011 Thin 19.3 51.1 1.0 0.3 4.5 21.0 0.7 0.3 16.7 49.9 0.2 0.1 2,128


Cambodia 2010 Thin 14.1 43.3 1.5 0.7 3.7 16.4 0.8 0.0 10.6 34.4 0.2 0.0 641Normal 12.9 38.7 1.3 0.6 2.4 10.6 1.7 0.4 6.0 26.9 0.1 0.0 2,597Overweight 12.7 33.7 1.1 0.4 0.9 5.7 3.1 0.1 2.3 20.9 0.4 0.1 319Obese 16.8 42.3 0.0 0.0 8.8 23.0 3.4 0.0 9.2 35.2 3.4 0.0 38

India 2005-06 Thin 27.3 53.6 0.6 7.9 25.2 1.1 0.3 21.0 52.0 0.2 0.1 17,557Normal 22.5 46.3 2.1 0.8 5.9 17.4 1.7 0.6 13.7 38.8 0.4 0.1 24,296Overweight 12.7 32.2 2.7 0.7 2.9 9.6 2.9 0.6 4.9 21.3 0.9 0.2 2,553Obese 10.5 28.1 1.7 0.8 2.7 9.7 3.5 0.9 4.3 16.6 1.4 0.0 667

Indonesia 2012 Thin na na na na na na na na na na na na naNormal na na na na na na na na na na na na naOverweight na na na na na na na na na na na na naObese na na na na na na na na na na na na na

Nepal 2011 Thin 18.6 47.0 0.2 0.2 4.7 18.9 0.5 0.0 12.7 40.1 0.0 0.0 467Normal 16.2 40.2 0.9 0.1 2.0 9.2 1.2 0.3 6.9 27.3 0.2 0.0 1,681Overweight 8.2 26.2 1.9 1.2 2.3 7.7 4.6 1.2 1.7 12.9 0.8 0.0 205Obese 13.9 38.5 4.6 0.0 0.0 7.3 6.9 0.0 8.6 29.6 6.9 0.0 34

Pakistan 2012-13 Thin 32.9 55.4 0.1 0.0 5.0 16.8 0.7 0.4 18.3 45.0 0.4 0.4 483Normal 24.8 46.7 2.2 1.0 3.2 11.4 3.0 0.9 10.2 32.2 0.4 0.0 1,832Overweight 18.3 37.9 2.6 0.8 1.6 6.9 5.6 2.2 4.0 17.6 0.9 0.0 669Obese 14.7 34.3 2.9 0.7 3.1 6.6 3.7 1.0 5.2 19.5 0.9 0.0 381

Tajikistan 2012 Thin 7.8 25.4 3.5 1.7 5.2 15.2 3.4 1.6 3.1 14.7 1.3 0.5 424Normal 10.4 26.8 2.8 1.4 3.9 9.4 5.8 1.8 4.0 12.5 0.9 0.3 3,127Overweight 9.3 25.2 4.0 1.6 3.3 9.6 6.0 2.2 3.5 10.5 1.0 0.4 1,095Obese 4.7 23.2 2.7 1.7 5.2 9.0 7.9 3.4 1.2 9.2 1.3 0.0 303

Continued…

16


Country Year of DHS



Number of children













Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Thin 15.5 31.6 2.2 0.6 4.5 13.2 1.5 0.0 8.4 26.6 0.3 0.0 369


Honduras 2011-12 Thin 9.8 32.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 3.9 2.2 0.0 3.2 16.2 1.0 0.0 267Normal 7.9 27.0 0.5 0.1 0.3 1.5 3.8 0.7 1.5 9.1 1.2 0.3 4,218Overweight 4.7 20.6 0.6 0.3 0.4 1.2 5.2 1.2 0.9 5.2 1.9 0.4 2,956Obese 3.1 14.5 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.9 9.0 2.4 0.4 3.7 3.5 0.6 1,794

Note: Each of the indices is expressed in standard deviation units (SD) from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards adopted in 2006. The +2 SD columns include the children who are above +3 SD. Table is based on children with valid dates of birth (month and year) and valid measurement of both height and weight. The -2 SD columns include the children who are below -3 SD. The body mass index (BMI) is expressed as the ratio of weight in kilograms and the square of height in meters (kg/m2). The BMI cutoff values are expressed as: Thin (<18.5), Normal (18.5 – 24.9), Overweight (25.0-29.9), and Obese (≥ 30.0). The tables excludes children whose mothers were not weighed and measured, children whose mothers were not interviewed, and children whose mothers are pregnant or gave birth within the preceding 2 months (postpartum) at the time of the survey. na = Data not available # For Bangladesh data are collected for only ever-married women.

17

Table 1.5 Nutritional status of children by mother’s level of education

Percentage of children under age 5 years who stayed in the household the night before the interview classified as malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age, by mother’s level of education, DHS Surveys 2005-2013

Country Year of DHS Mother’s level of education


Number of children













Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 No education 15.6 37.0 2.4 0.8 6.1 16.2 2.2 0.7 8.4 27.2 0.4 0.1 5,685

Primary 9.1 25.8 2.2 0.5 5.0 14.5 3.5 0.8 5.0 19.9 0.9 0.1 753 Secondary+ 3.8 10.9 2.9 0.6 3.1 10.4 3.3 1.5 0.8 12.0 0.8 0.2 335

Congo (DRC) 2007 No education 29.9 50.8 5.8 4.2 4.8 10.1 6.5 2.2 10.6 27.8 1.5 0.2 835 Primary 24.9 48.8 3.9 1.9 5.6 11.8 5.3 2.6 8.8 29.0 1.5 0.2 1409 Secondary+ 16.7 34.7 4.2 1.2 2.4 7.8 6.0 2.6 4.3 15.6 2.0 0.3 1,130

Ethiopia 2011 No education 22.5 46.7 2.2 0.9 2.9 10.9 1.5 0.5 10.1 31.5 0.6 0.1 7212 Primary 17.0 41.7 2.7 1.3 2.8 7.8 1.8 0.6 6.9 25.2 0.9 0.0 2,797 Secondary+ 5.8 19.5 4.4 0.1 1.2 3.7 5.4 1.4 1.5 8.8 2.8 0.1 376

Ghana 2008 No education 12.2 30.0 3.8 1.2 3.6 11.5 4.6 1.3 3.8 17.3 1.4 0.1 753 Primary 10.2 31.6 3.2 1.7 2.1 7.6 5.0 1.6 3.4 13.5 1.9 0.0 553 Secondary+ 7.0 23.4 4.3 2.4 1.5 7.7 5.9 2.2 2.3 11.2 2.4 0.6 1000

Kenya 2008-09 No education 17.3 38.6 3.1 1.7 5.2 14.9 3.2 1.4 7.5 28.0 0.9 0.3 639 Primary 15.1 38.2 2.1 1.1 1.5 5.9 4.2 1.3 3.2 16.6 0.8 0.0 3198 Secondary+ 8.7 26.8 2.4 1.3 1.0 3.8 6.4 1.0 1.7 7.9 0.9 0.1 958

Liberia 2007 No education 21.2 40.5 2.5 1.1 2.2 7.0 4.0 1.1 5.4 18.3 1.0 0.2 2225 Primary 19.3 38.8 3.3 1.7 3.0 8.4 4.3 0.8 6.2 20.5 0.7 0.1 1,493 Secondary+ 12.6 28.0 4.6 2.1 3.8 7.5 3.7 1.5 3.8 13.4 1.1 0.3 710

Madagascar 2008-09 No education 26.5 49.1 3.7 1.7 na na na na na na na na 1,290 Primary 28.0 52.4 3.8 2.2 na na na na na na na na 2,783 Secondary+ 22.2 46.3 3.9 2.8 na na na na na na na na 971

Malawi 2010 No education 24.5 53.4 3.4 1.8 2.3 4.9 7.7 2.8 3.4 15.8 1.6 0.4 793 Primary 19.6 47.6 2.2 1.0 1.6 4.1 8.1 2.5 3.2 13.4 1.0 0.1 3137 Secondary+ 13.7 38.0 1.5 0.3 0.4 2.7 8.8 1.9 1.7 7.6 1.2 0.6 699

Mali 2006 No education 20.2 39.6 4.2 1.7 6.2 15.5 4.0 1.5 10.4 28.0 1.2 0.3 9672 Primary 14.5 30.0 5.1 2.2 5.1 15.9 3.3 1.1 7.5 22.7 1.5 0.1 1,153 Secondary+ 9.6 19.9 6.2 3.1 5.3 13.8 5.2 1.9 5.5 16.5 1.7 0.7 509

Mozambique 2011 No education 23.4 47.0 2.2 1.1 2.6 7.2 6.8 2.0 5.9 18.7 0.5 0.0 3,600 Primary 19.2 43.0 2.4 1.0 2.2 5.8 7.4 2.1 3.5 14.2 0.5 0.0 4884 Secondary+ 8.8 26.9 2.3 1.2 0.8 3.5 9.8 2.6 1.1 6.2 2.1 0.3 1,049

Niger 2012 No education 21.7 45.0 2.5 1.0 6.2 18.1 2.3 1.0 13.3 37.5 0.4 0.1 4,476 Primary 21.2 40.0 1.4 0.5 4.8 17.2 2.0 0.6 14.6 33.3 0.8 0.1 496 Secondary+ 7.9 22.5 2.7 0.2 9.3 16.3 5.4 1.6 7.1 20.4 0.5 0.0 207

Nigeria 2013 No education 31.1 49.7 4.3 2.1 11.9 22.7 5.0 1.7 17.3 39.7 0.9 0.2 11,537 Primary 17.1 33.1 4.4 1.7 6.7 16.0 3.3 0.9 9.4 24.4 1.0 0.1 4,971 Secondary+ 9.4 20.9 6.6 2.6 5.9 13.7 2.9 1.0 5.4 16.3 1.4 0.4 8,251

Rwanda 2010 No education 22.2 52.0 0.4 0.1 0.5 2.3 6.3 1.3 3.0 14.7 0.4 0.3 806 Primary 16.7 44.5 0.9 0.3 0.9 2.9 7.0 1.4 2.1 11.6 0.6 0.1 2,947 Secondary+ 7.3 22.9 3.5 1.4 1.7 3.8 7.5 1.4 1.4 2.8 1.8 0.0 351

Senegal 2010-11 No education 12.6 29.7 2.7 1.3 2.7 10.4 2.7 0.8 5.4 20.5 0.8 0.1 2,478 Primary 6.6 22.4 4.8 1.9 1.9 9.7 1.9 0.8 3.1 12.1 0.4 0.0 745 Secondary+ 3.6 12.2 3.8 1.2 0.4 9.2 2.7 1.3 0.6 7.3 2.7 1.0 297

Tanzania 2010 No education 20.1 45.3 1.2 0.2 1.5 6.1 4.6 1.2 6.1 18.8 0.5 0.1 1,767 Primary 15.7 42.0 1.0 0.4 1.2 4.4 5.4 1.3 3.1 15.3 0.6 0.1 4,668 Secondary+ 4.9 21.9 1.4 0.5 2.2 4.6 5.3 1.9 1.4 7.2 2.8 0.4 420

Continued…

18




Number of children













Uganda 2011 No education 19.1 41.8 1.8 0.3 2.7 6.9 3.1 0.9 6.1 20.3 0.0 0.0 275 Primary 14.5 34.3 2.4 1.2 1.5 4.7 3.7 0.5 3.2 13.6 0.6 0.4 1,406 Secondary+ 8.0 24.7 2.6 0.9 1.2 4.7 3.5 0.2 2.3 11.1 1.3 0.3 457

Zambia 2007 No education 20.8 44.6 4.4 2.6 2.9 6.7 7.0 2.3 4.5 17.3 1.3 0.0 724 Primary 23.7 48.6 2.8 1.5 2.0 5.2 8.7 2.5 3.1 15.4 0.9 0.2 3,353 Secondary+ 14.2 36.8 3.2 1.6 1.5 4.9 6.9 1.6 1.5 9.9 1.1 0.1 1,190

Asia Bangladesh 2011 No education 22.1 51.1 1.0 0.3 4.7 17.7 0.8 0.1 14.5 48.8 0.1 0.0 1,532

Primary 18.0 46.9 0.6 0.2 4.2 18.2 1.0 0.3 13.5 42.3 0.0 0.0 2,343 Secondary+ 10.5 33.6 1.5 0.6 3.3 13.0 2.2 0.9 6.6 27.4 0.7 0.3 3,757

Cambodia 2010 No education 20.8 47.6 0.9 0.4 2.7 11.3 1.4 0.2 9.5 34.2 0.1 0.0 711 Primary 13.0 40.4 1.3 0.4 2.7 11.7 1.6 0.3 6.6 28.7 0.1 0.0 2,072 Secondary+ 7.4 30.7 2.0 1.3 1.9 9.7 2.2 0.3 4.0 20.7 0.3 0.0 897

India 2005-06 No education 31.6 57.2 1.6 0.6 8.0 22.7 1.1 0.4 22.1 52.0 0.2 0.1 22,730 Primary 22.8 48.5 1.4 0.7 5.7 19.8 1.3 0.5 14.6 42.5 0.2 0.1 6,499 Secondary+ 13.3 35.5 2.5 1.0 4.7 16.0 2.1 0.6 8.0 29.8 0.6 0.1 16,649

Indonesia 2012 No education na na na na na na na na na na na na na Primary na na na na na na na na na na na na na Secondary+ na na na na na na na na na na na na na

Nepal 2011 No education 22.2 47.6 0.7 0.2 3.1 13.3 0.6 0.2 11.6 38.4 0.0 0.0 1,153 Primary 13.3 40.6 0.0 0.0 3.1 11.3 1.1 0.2 6.3 26.1 0.0 0.0 480 Secondary+ 8.9 29.4 1.7 0.4 1.5 7.2 2.8 0.6 2.6 16.5 0.8 0.0 790

Pakistan 2012-13 No education 31.2 55.3 2.3 1.0 4.1 13.5 2.5 1.0 13.6 38.7 0.7 0.1 1,875 Primary 22.5 45.8 1.1 0.3 2.9 8.5 4.6 1.4 5.2 27.5 0.0 0.0 597 Secondary+ 9.9 23.8 1.9 0.6 1.6 7.0 4.0 1.2 4.4 14.0 0.7 0.0 953

Tajikistan 2012 No education 13.8 34.5 1.6 0.7 8.5 20.9 1.9 1.0 11.6 30.3 0.0 0.0 118 Primary 10.0 24.8 2.0 1.0 4.0 10.6 4.3 2.6 5.2 14.6 0.3 0.0 298 Secondary+ 9.4 25.9 3.2 1.5 3.8 9.5 6.1 2.0 3.3 11.4 1.0 0.3 4,603

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 No education 13.2 33.6 1.4 0.3 1.5 5.2 2.4 0.5 4.4 18.4 1.0 0.0 828

Primary 8.3 22.4 2.0 0.4 1.4 5.6 4.2 1.1 3.7 12.6 1.0 0.1 1695 Secondary+ 3.2 11.5 2.8 1.0 1.1 4.8 4.2 1.0 1.7 5.5 1.8 0.2 1,371

Honduras 2011-12 No education 17.5 48.1 0.2 0.0 0.5 1.9 3.1 0.7 3.4 15.5 1.3 0.1 478 Primary 7.5 27.3 0.4 0.1 0.3 1.6 4.0 0.8 1.4 8.5 1.1 0.3 5,870 Secondary+ 1.4 9.8 1.1 0.3 0.2 0.9 7.8 2.0 0.5 3.0 3.5 0.7 3,180

Non-USAID priority countries Albania 2008-09 No education 11.2 21.4 17.0 17.0 0.0 24.8 26.1 2.4 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 13

Primary 11.7 20.3 10.2 5.2 5.4 8.7 21.4 8.3 1.4 5.6 4.8 1.5 833 Secondary+ 7.9 17.1 12.6 6.8 6.0 9.8 21.7 8.6 2.3 4.8 8.5 1.4 431

Armenia 2010 No education na na na na na na na na na na na na na Primary 9.6 22.0 3.9 2.0 3.2 6.6 14.2 4.9 2.4 8.7 3.1 0.2 593 Secondary+ 6.9 16.9 4.5 1.8 0.7 2.0 16.2 5.1 0.3 1.5 2.7 0.2 733

Continued…

19




Number of children













Bolivia 2008 No education 18.1 50.9 0.3 0.3 0.0 2.9 4.4 1.5 1.3 9.9 0.6 0.0 469 Primary 10.0 33.8 1.0 0.2 0.4 1.4 8.5 1.6 1.1 4.9 1.0 0.2 4,334 Secondary+ 3.3 14.3 1.6 0.7 0.5 1.1 9.2 2.1 0.4 2.6 3.0 0.5 3,220

Burundi 2010 No education 29.2 61.1 0.4 0.2 1.0 6.2 2.3 0.6 9.2 31.7 0.1 0.1 1,836 Primary 26.3 57.6 0.3 0.2 1.7 5.4 2.9 0.5 6.4 27.2 0.2 0.0 1,419 Secondary+ 10.1 30.6 1.7 1.4 2.3 6.0 4.6 1.7 2.5 12.5 1.6 0.3 233

Cameroon 2011 No education 24.7 45.5 3.3 1.9 4.2 11.6 2.4 0.7 11.6 31.2 1.0 0.2 1,383 Primary 12.7 33.5 3.0 1.5 1.2 4.7 6.6 1.2 3.0 11.4 1.9 0.2 2,200 Secondary+ 5.4 18.6 3.9 1.6 0.9 3.0 8.8 2.0 1.0 5.0 2.6 0.5 1,657

Congo Brazzaville 2011-12 No education 11.7 26.8 2.7 1.6 2.6 6.0 2.6 0.6 3.6 13.2 0.4 0.0 311 Primary 10.7 29.7 2.2 0.6 1.8 5.7 3.1 0.8 3.6 15.1 0.5 0.0 1,389 Secondary+ 5.5 19.9 3.2 1.4 1.3 6.0 3.5 0.7 1.3 9.1 1.7 0.1 2,589

Lesotho 2009 No education 17.6 41.4 2.3 2.3 1.3 2.7 8.4 4.9 0.0 13.3 0.0 0.0 42 Primary 18.1 42.2 2.7 1.4 2.4 5.8 6.9 2.3 4.1 16.9 1.5 0.2 492 Secondary+ 12.5 36.1 2.3 1.0 1.0 3.4 7.5 2.4 1.8 10.8 1.8 0.2 1,156

Sao Tome and Principe 2008-09 No education 9.5 28.6 4.2 3.2 1.6 13.4 12.8 3.1 2.1 10.2 1.9 0.5 72 Primary 13.7 31.1 3.5 2.1 3.8 10.1 10.1 4.2 3.3 14.4 1.2 0.1 1,007 Secondary+ 8.2 24.5 4.2 1.7 4.3 10.6 12.9 3.4 3.0 10.9 2.8 0.1 350

Timor-Leste 2009-10 No education 38.6 62.6 3.1 2.0 8.0 20.9 5.0 2.5 18.8 48.8 0.8 0.1 2,734 Primary 33.9 59.7 3.2 1.7 6.8 18.7 4.4 1.8 15.9 46.5 0.6 0.0 2,175 Secondary+ 25.7 52.1 2.7 1.3 6.0 16.4 4.7 2.0 11.5 38.5 0.7 0.2 2,896

Zimbabwe 2010-11 No education 11.9 40.5 3.2 1.3 1.2 2.8 4.4 2.6 2.6 10.8 2.2 0.0 95 Primary 11.9 33.6 1.8 0.5 0.9 3.6 4.3 1.4 2.0 11.3 0.8 0.3 1,493

Secondary+ 9.9 29.4 1.3 0.6 0.6 2.9 6.0 1.6 1.5 8.5 1.3 0.1 2,906

Note: Each of the indices is expressed in standard deviation units (SD) from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards adopted in 2006. The +2 SD columns include the children who are above +3 SD. Table is based on children with valid dates of birth (month and year) and valid measurement of both height and weight. The -2 SD columns include the children who are below -3 SD. The table excludes children whose mothers are not listed in the Household Questionnaire. For women who are not interviewed, information is taken from the Household Questionnaire. The table excludes cases with missing information on mother’s education. na = Data not available

20

Table 1.6 Nutritional status of children by wealth quintile

Percentage of children under age 5 years who stayed in the household the night before the interview classified as malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age, by wealth quintile, DHS Surveys 2005-2013

Country Year of DHS Wealth quintile


Number of children













Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Lowest 19.0 41.9 2.8 1.1 6.7 17.3 2.0 0.7 11.1 31.7 0.6 0.0 1,477

Second 17.5 37.0 2.7 0.6 5.7 16.2 2.7 0.7 8.3 28.5 0.7 0.1 1,472 Middle 16.5 37.6 2.4 1.0 6.1 15.3 1.7 0.7 7.4 26.0 0.2 0.1 1,533 Fourth 11.5 33.2 1.9 0.5 5.1 15.5 2.5 0.7 6.2 23.8 0.2 0.0 1,463

Highest 5.4 18.6 2.0 0.6 4.8 11.9 3.2 1.1 3.7 15.5 0.9 0.1 1,049

Congo (DRC) 2007 Lowest 26.0 46.6 5.5 3.6 4.1 10.3 5.2 2.9 9.1 26.6 2.9 0.4 805 Second 25.6 48.7 3.8 1.3 7.2 12.1 4.9 1.7 10.0 29.4 1.7 0.2 691 Middle 28.6 53.1 3.0 1.2 2.8 9.2 4.4 2.2 9.6 27.6 1.0 0.1 787 Fourth 26.9 48.2 4.7 2.9 4.3 9.8 8.5 3.5 8.9 24.5 0.8 0.3 785 Highest 10.1 25.8 4.6 1.8 3.3 8.7 5.1 1.9 3.4 14.9 2.0 0.7 564

Ethiopia 2011 Lowest 25.5 49.2 2.6 1.4 3.3 12.1 1.7 0.4 12.0 35.6 0.9 0.1 2,452 Second 23.1 47.7 2.1 1.0 4.1 12.3 1.8 0.7 11.1 33.2 0.3 0.1 2,386 Middle 21.8 45.6 2.5 0.7 2.5 9.4 0.8 0.5 8.7 28.8 0.6 0.0 2,289 Fourth 17.4 45.0 1.7 0.6 2.1 7.7 1.5 0.5 5.9 25.8 0.4 0.0 2,163 Highest 12.0 29.7 2.7 1.0 1.6 5.1 2.8 0.7 4.9 15.1 1.5 0.0 1,593

Ghana 2008 Lowest 13.9 35.1 3.4 1.3 2.8 9.4 3.2 1.2 4.1 19.2 0.7 0.0 623 Second 12.4 34.1 3.7 2.1 2.3 10.1 3.9 1.4 4.2 17.4 1.4 0.3 573 Middle 8.8 28.3 3.1 1.4 2.7 9.4 6.0 1.8 3.6 12.5 1.9 0.0 468 Fourth 6.0 21.4 4.1 1.7 1.6 6.1 7.9 2.8 2.0 8.4 3.3 0.3 504 Highest 5.3 14.4 5.7 2.7 1.0 6.6 6.3 2.4 0.8 8.6 3.3 1.0 356

Kenya 2008-09 Lowest 18.8 44.4 2.4 1.1 3.8 11.3 4.2 1.8 7.0 24.9 0.4 0.0 1,359 Second 18.6 39.2 1.7 1.1 1.1 6.0 4.3 1.2 4.4 17.3 0.7 0.0 1,146 Middle 12.4 34.4 2.6 1.4 1.4 5.7 4.0 1.2 2.3 15.5 1.4 0.1 1,056 Fourth 10.0 29.1 2.7 1.0 1.4 5.0 5.7 1.0 2.1 10.1 1.7 0.3 985 Highest 8.3 24.5 3.3 1.2 1.0 3.8 5.5 1.1 0.7 8.8 2.2 0.0 924

Liberia 2007 Lowest 25.9 44.5 3.0 1.2 1.9 7.3 3.7 0.7 6.9 21.1 0.9 0.0 1,145 Second 24.6 45.1 3.1 1.9 2.2 7.5 3.1 0.9 6.3 20.5 0.5 0.0 1,256 Middle 20.3 39.8 2.6 1.0 4.0 9.5 4.0 1.0 6.7 22.1 0.8 0.4 1,091 Fourth 15.4 34.6 2.6 1.4 2.2 5.1 5.0 1.7 5.1 16.1 1.5 0.2 1,013 Highest 11.0 26.4 5.0 2.0 4.1 7.9 4.0 1.0 3.0 13.2 0.8 0.0 660

Madagascar 2008-09 Lowest 26.2 47.6 3.2 1.9 na na na na na na na na 1,395 Second 31.9 54.0 4.7 2.4 na na na na na na na na 1,232 Middle 26.6 52.5 3.9 2.0 na na na na na na na na 1,058 Fourth 25.3 51.0 2.8 1.3 na na na na na na na na 998 Highest 19.0 43.6 4.4 3.4 na na na na na na na na 753

Malawi 2010 Lowest 24.1 55.5 3.5 1.8 2.8 5.0 8.6 2.7 4.5 16.5 1.9 0.3 862 Second 22.3 50.8 2.5 1.0 1.8 4.5 7.4 2.0 4.5 14.3 0.7 0.2 1,085 Middle 19.8 46.5 2.6 0.9 1.9 4.6 7.8 2.3 3.0 12.3 0.7 0.1 1,063 Fourth 18.0 46.8 1.5 1.0 0.4 3.8 7.8 1.9 1.9 13.7 1.0 0.0 913 Highest 13.5 36.0 1.4 0.4 0.5 1.9 10.0 3.4 1.0 7.4 1.2 0.6 926

Mali 2006 Lowest 23.3 44.2 3.6 1.4 5.7 15.7 3.9 1.7 11.4 30.8 1.2 0.4 2,409 Second 23.1 42.6 4.4 1.8 6.3 15.2 4.9 1.3 11.4 28.8 1.0 0.2 2,424 Middle 20.9 42.6 3.7 1.7 6.3 16.1 4.0 1.8 10.4 29.6 1.4 0.3 2,495 Fourth 18.1 35.0 4.5 1.6 6.2 15.3 3.5 1.3 10.1 26.2 0.9 0.3 2,432 Highest 9.7 22.1 5.4 2.6 4.7 13.4 3.4 1.4 4.8 17.0 1.6 0.3 2,119

Continued…

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Number of children













Mozambique 2011 Lowest 25.7 51.1 2.0 0.9 3.7 9.6 5.6 1.7 7.5 23.0 0.2 0.0 2,365 Second 24.5 48.0 2.4 0.9 2.1 6.1 7.3 1.7 4.4 17.2 0.3 0.0 2,217 Middle 21.8 46.4 2.5 1.2 2.1 5.3 7.9 2.6 4.1 15.2 0.6 0.0 2,076 Fourth 14.9 37.4 1.7 0.9 1.2 4.0 8.5 2.6 1.7 9.7 0.9 0.1 2,088 Highest 7.4 24.1 3.2 1.4 1.2 3.2 8.0 1.5 1.6 6.4 1.9 0.2 1,568

Niger 2012 Lowest 23.9 46.9 3.2 0.7 8.3 22.2 2.3 1.1 15.4 40.7 0.4 0.0 1,088 Second 24.5 48.0 2.7 1.2 5.6 18.7 2.4 1.1 15.4 40.1 0.1 0.0 1,124 Middle 19.6 41.8 2.4 1.2 5.9 16.3 1.7 0.8 13.0 34.9 0.5 0.1 1,179 Fourth 23.3 46.7 1.9 1.3 6.1 19.2 2.5 1.0 13.8 38.9 0.9 0.2 1,160 Highest 15.6 34.5 1.9 0.4 4.8 13.1 3.0 0.6 7.7 25.7 0.4 0.1 931

Nigeria 2013 Lowest 33.8 53.8 4.1 2.1 10.5 21.9 4.9 1.6 17.3 41.9 0.7 0.2 5,684 Second 28.5 46.1 4.4 2.1 10.2 19.7 4.7 1.2 15.6 34.8 1.0 0.2 5,758 Middle 19.3 35.1 4.8 2.1 8.5 16.8 3.9 1.3 10.3 25.7 1.0 0.2 5,073 Fourth 12.2 26.3 4.9 2.0 7.6 16.7 2.8 1.2 7.9 22.1 0.9 0.2 4,970 Highest 7.9 18.0 7.3 2.7 5.9 13.9 3.2 1.2 5.4 15.6 1.9 0.5 4,704

Rwanda 2010 Lowest 23.5 54.0 0.7 0.1 0.9 3.5 7.3 1.5 3.2 15.5 0.4 0.1 960 Second 20.4 51.1 0.8 0.3 1.0 3.2 6.2 1.2 2.5 13.8 0.6 0.1 965 Middle 17.9 45.7 0.6 0.2 0.3 2.0 6.9 1.5 2.6 11.4 0.5 0.1 878 Fourth 12.8 39.2 0.9 0.1 0.9 2.4 6.0 1.2 2.0 9.2 0.9 0.1 845 Highest 7.8 25.8 2.5 1.1 1.0 2.8 7.3 1.4 0.8 5.2 1.3 0.0 707

Senegal 2010-11 Lowest 15.0 35.4 3.0 1.7 2.6 9.5 2.5 1.0 6.6 23.6 0.5 0.2 850 Second 12.9 33.3 3.6 1.1 3.0 11.5 1.9 0.5 6.0 22.3 0.8 0.1 828 Middle 9.8 23.7 1.7 0.7 1.9 9.3 2.4 0.3 3.4 16.1 0.8 0.0 752 Fourth 8.2 22.6 3.1 1.4 2.3 8.9 3.3 1.3 3.5 13.5 0.8 0.0 717 Highest 5.1 13.3 4.9 2.3 1.2 11.6 2.4 0.9 1.7 9.9 1.4 0.5 614

Tanzania 2010 Lowest 20.4 48.4 1.5 0.6 1.7 6.6 5.1 1.2 6.4 21.5 0.4 0.0 1,591 Second 19.5 45.1 0.8 0.2 0.9 3.8 4.7 1.3 4.8 17.9 0.4 0.2 1,786 Middle 16.5 44.3 1.0 0.1 1.3 4.4 5.3 0.9 2.9 14.4 0.5 0.0 1,698 Fourth 13.7 39.2 0.8 0.3 0.9 4.4 4.4 1.4 2.2 12.8 0.9 0.2 1,417 Highest 8.9 26.3 1.8 1.1 1.4 4.7 6.0 1.8 1.2 9.3 1.6 0.2 1,000

Uganda 2011 Lowest 18.9 37.3 2.9 1.3 1.3 4.1 2.5 0.4 5.8 18.1 0.6 0.3 505 Second 12.5 30.9 2.7 1.2 2.0 6.2 3.4 0.1 3.2 14.3 0.3 0.3 509 Middle 18.4 45.0 0.8 0.7 1.0 5.7 3.2 1.0 4.4 17.3 0.2 0.0 487 Fourth 11.7 30.5 2.2 0.4 2.0 4.5 5.1 0.4 2.0 9.5 0.2 0.0 445 Highest 5.5 20.8 2.7 1.0 1.0 2.8 3.1 0.3 1.3 8.4 2.1 0.9 405

Zambia 2007 Lowest 21.9 48.0 2.7 1.8 2.7 6.4 9.6 2.9 2.4 15.7 0.6 0.0 1,340 Second 25.2 50.9 3.3 1.4 2.2 5.5 7.3 2.0 3.6 15.5 0.7 0.2 1,266 Middle 23.1 47.4 3.1 1.6 1.7 4.9 9.1 1.9 3.3 16.1 1.5 0.2 1,204 Fourth 17.2 42.1 2.6 1.5 1.9 4.4 6.1 2.9 3.4 13.2 0.9 0.2 1,009 Highest 14.0 33.2 3.6 1.8 1.1 4.0 6.3 1.3 1.2 10.7 1.7 0.0 784

Asia Bangladesh 2011 Lowest 24.5 53.7 0.5 0.1 4.5 17.5 0.9 0.1 16.6 50.3 0.1 0.0 1,883

Second 16.9 45.4 0.9 0.4 4.1 16.2 1.0 0.3 11.3 41.6 0.1 0.0 1,616 Middle 14.1 40.7 0.8 0.4 3.9 17.7 1.6 0.3 11.5 36.0 0.3 0.1 1,531 Fourth 11.2 35.9 1.0 0.3 3.4 13.6 1.7 0.6 6.3 27.5 0.1 0.1 1,478 Highest 6.4 25.7 2.9 1.0 3.7 12.1 2.9 1.5 3.9 20.9 1.2 0.7 1,352

Cambodia 2010 Lowest 20.6 51.1 1.0 0.4 2.7 11.9 1.5 0.1 9.4 35.4 0.2 0.0 1,041 Second 14.7 44.4 1.7 0.6 3.0 9.6 1.6 0.3 7.0 32.6 0.0 0.0 811 Middle 12.2 39.3 1.0 0.5 1.7 11.5 0.4 0.1 6.9 27.8 0.0 0.0 744 Fourth 10.2 34.2 0.8 0.4 2.5 11.1 2.0 0.6 5.8 24.6 0.2 0.0 754 Highest 6.2 23.1 2.8 1.4 2.5 10.1 2.9 0.3 2.4 15.9 0.5 0.0 625

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Number of children













India 2005-06 Lowest 34.2 59.9 1.7 0.6 8.7 25.0 1.0 0.4 24.9 56.6 0.2 0.1 11,689 Second 27.9 54.3 1.7 0.6 6.7 22.0 1.1 0.5 19.4 49.2 0.2 0.1 10,398 Middle 23.1 48.9 1.8 0.9 6.2 18.8 1.3 0.4 14.1 41.4 0.3 0.0 9,449 Fourth 16.5 40.8 1.9 0.7 5.0 16.6 2.1 0.6 9.5 33.6 0.5 0.1 8,543 Highest 8.2 25.3 2.9 1.1 4.2 12.7 2.7 0.8 4.9 19.7 0.8 0.1 6,577

Indonesia 2012 Lowest na na na na na na na na na na na na na Second na na na na na na na na na na na na na Middle na na na na na na na na na na na na na Fourth na na na na na na na na na na na na na Highest na na na na na na na na na na na na na

Nepal 2011 Lowest 25.2 56.0 0.4 0.0 2.3 12.5 1.6 0.5 10.5 40.3 0.0 0.0 640 Second 20.0 45.7 0.7 0.0 2.3 10.7 0.4 0.0 8.7 31.6 0.0 0.0 510 Middle 12.9 34.5 1.2 0.8 3.0 12.9 1.6 0.0 8.2 28.8 0.1 0.1 582 Fourth 10.2 30.5 1.1 0.2 3.5 8.8 1.5 0.6 6.1 22.9 0.4 0.0 421 Highest 6.5 25.8 1.4 0.0 2.0 7.4 2.2 0.9 2.0 10.1 1.6 0.0 332

Pakistan 2012-13 Lowest 38.4 61.6 1.4 1.0 4.5 17.3 2.9 1.1 19.4 47.8 0.4 0.0 762 Second 30.7 55.7 2.7 1.4 3.2 10.5 3.3 0.9 12.0 34.2 0.7 0.0 707 Middle 19.6 40.6 2.3 0.7 4.0 9.4 2.6 0.8 6.0 26.1 0.5 0.1 642 Fourth 16.6 37.8 1.9 0.3 1.8 7.8 2.9 0.7 5.9 22.4 0.7 0.2 793 Highest 10.0 23.0 1.8 0.5 2.9 8.2 4.9 2.0 3.0 15.6 0.4 0.0 562

Tajikistan 2012 Lowest 12.0 32.1 3.3 2.0 5.2 9.5 4.3 1.3 4.5 15.8 0.7 0.5 997.9Second 10.1 29.0 2.5 0.8 3.4 10.9 3.3 1.0 4.8 13.7 0.5 0.0 1,084.5Middle 7.3 23.4 2.3 0.9 3.0 9.6 7.4 2.8 2.3 10.2 0.6 0.1 1,059.6Fourth 9.9 24.9 3.3 1.8 4.3 10.5 8.1 3.1 3.9 11.5 1.5 0.7 1,031.6Highest 9.2 20.9 3.9 2.0 3.4 9.0 6.4 1.7 2.7 9.3 1.4 0.2 906.4

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Lowest 12.9 31.0 1.5 0.4 1.0 5.6 3.5 0.7 4.3 17.8 1.3 0.1 1,138

Second 9.3 26.5 2.3 0.5 1.4 4.5 4.0 1.3 3.2 11.4 1.1 0.1 1,052 Middle 5.9 20.6 1.9 0.9 1.1 5.4 3.3 0.7 3.0 11.5 0.6 0.0 875 Fourth 5.1 16.1 2.2 0.7 1.9 6.3 3.8 1.1 2.8 7.9 1.5 0.3 858 Highest 2.1 6.6 3.4 0.8 0.4 3.2 3.1 0.5 1.3 3.8 1.9 0.1 607

Honduras 2011-12 Lowest 14.5 42.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 1.8 3.5 0.4 2.6 12.8 0.6 0.0 2,577 Second 5.6 25.1 0.6 0.1 0.2 1.4 3.9 0.8 1.1 7.6 1.4 0.2 2,179 Middle 3.1 16.4 0.6 0.1 0.5 1.4 4.4 0.9 0.6 5.3 1.7 0.5 2,052 Fourth 1.7 11.5 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.8 6.6 1.5 0.3 3.6 2.4 0.3 1,966 Highest 1.0 8.0 1.2 0.6 0.2 1.3 9.1 3.2 0.4 3.1 4.8 1.4 1,393

Non-USAID priority countries Albania 2008-09 Lowest 15.8 27.0 7.2 4.0 3.7 6.4 28.2 10.5 2.0 7.9 6.8 2.4 270

Second 9.2 15.4 12.7 6.8 6.3 11.7 16.1 6.5 1.9 3.5 4.5 1.0 247 Middle 8.9 18.9 11.6 4.8 5.5 9.3 21.7 9.6 1.2 5.9 3.5 1.1 302 Fourth 10.0 20.6 8.7 5.0 4.6 6.9 19.2 9.9 1.4 4.7 7.4 0.8 247 Highest 8.6 13.3 15.3 9.3 7.7 11.9 22.8 6.1 1.8 3.6 9.1 1.9 223

Armenia 2010 Lowest 11.0 26.2 4.8 2.9 3.3 7.8 16.3 6.4 2.0 7.9 3.1 0.4 270 Second 7.5 16.0 6.0 0.9 2.0 3.8 16.4 3.7 2.0 5.2 4.7 0.0 274 Middle 8.8 19.3 3.4 1.5 1.5 3.5 16.5 5.4 1.6 5.5 4.7 0.0 273 Fourth 5.3 16.3 4.5 2.6 2.2 3.7 12.1 4.5 0.2 2.9 1.2 0.4 262 Highest 8.3 18.6 2.3 1.4 0.1 1.2 15.3 5.4 0.1 1.5 0.4 0.1 254

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Number of children













Bolivia 2008 Lowest 15.8 45.9 0.4 0.1 0.6 2.2 7.3 1.1 1.9 7.5 0.4 0.0 2,083 Second 9.1 34.2 1.0 0.4 0.5 1.4 8.2 2.0 0.9 5.3 1.6 0.3 1,859 Middle 5.2 21.6 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.5 8.0 1.7 0.3 2.9 1.5 0.2 1,863 Fourth 2.8 14.0 1.6 0.4 0.3 1.1 9.2 2.3 0.2 2.2 2.4 0.4 1,523 Highest 1.7 6.5 2.6 1.0 0.6 1.6 11.3 2.1 0.3 2.0 3.9 0.9 1,095

Burundi 2010 Lowest 36.3 70.0 0.2 0.0 1.1 7.2 2.1 0.6 13.3 40.7 0.0 0.0 720 Second 28.6 59.1 0.6 0.4 1.1 6.0 2.2 0.7 8.4 30.1 0.0 0.0 773 Middle 27.2 59.8 0.0 0.0 1.6 5.2 2.9 0.8 7.8 29.5 0.3 0.1 723 Fourth 24.8 56.5 0.3 0.1 1.4 5.4 3.1 0.3 6.0 25.2 0.2 0.0 730 Highest 17.1 41.4 1.2 0.8 1.6 5.4 3.1 0.9 2.7 17.0 0.6 0.1 643

Cameroon 2011 Lowest 26.1 48.6 3.8 2.1 4.0 10.7 2.7 0.4 10.9 29.8 0.9 0.3 1,256 Second 18.0 42.0 3.2 2.0 2.1 6.9 6.3 1.6 6.5 19.9 1.7 0.2 1,300 Middle 11.6 31.0 3.0 1.4 1.4 4.8 7.6 1.6 1.8 9.4 1.6 0.4 1,183 Fourth 8.8 22.8 3.5 1.5 0.9 2.6 6.6 1.5 1.6 6.5 3.3 0.4 1,153 Highest 2.8 12.3 3.7 1.4 0.5 2.1 8.1 1.5 0.4 3.9 2.7 0.8 968

Congo Brazzaville 2011-12 Lowest 13.1 34.5 2.0 0.7 2.0 6.1 2.7 0.6 4.0 17.6 0.5 0.1 1,088 Second 8.6 27.6 2.5 1.5 2.2 5.7 3.2 1.2 3.5 13.0 1.2 0.0 1,075 Middle 7.8 26.9 4.2 1.2 1.3 5.2 4.2 0.4 1.9 10.7 1.1 0.0 885 Fourth 5.6 17.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 6.7 3.0 0.6 0.9 8.3 1.3 0.0 841 Highest 2.1 9.3 2.7 0.5 0.9 6.1 3.8 0.7 0.7 4.8 2.6 0.4 702

Lesotho 2009 Lowest 18.9 45.6 3.6 1.0 2.3 5.6 4.8 1.9 4.4 17.8 1.1 0.7 481 Second 17.4 46.9 1.6 0.4 1.4 3.0 6.0 2.2 2.3 13.5 0.7 0.0 461 Middle 14.5 40.3 2.1 1.2 0.9 3.1 8.4 1.6 1.3 11.9 0.8 0.0 472 Fourth 11.7 28.7 2.3 1.4 0.7 3.1 8.4 3.4 1.7 11.5 3.6 0.1 393 Highest 8.5 28.3 2.2 1.2 2.0 3.8 9.7 3.2 1.4 9.2 4.2 0.6 280

Sao Tome and Principe 2008-09 Lowest 13.1 38.2 3.2 1.9 3.5 8.8 9.5 3.6 4.9 17.8 1.5 0.2 311 Second 16.4 34.9 3.5 1.4 3.8 11.1 12.8 4.8 3.6 13.3 1.2 0.1 319 Middle 14.5 32.2 4.7 2.7 4.5 11.3 10.2 4.4 3.3 14.9 1.0 0.0 364 Fourth 8.7 20.5 3.4 2.1 4.6 12.4 8.3 3.1 2.7 11.2 1.2 0.1 291 Highest 5.0 17.6 4.2 1.4 3.5 8.3 11.8 3.4 0.7 6.8 3.3 0.3 260

Timor-Leste 2009-10 Lowest 37.3 63.0 3.2 2.0 8.8 20.8 4.8 2.1 18.9 49.4 0.5 0.1 1,762 Second 40.8 63.5 3.1 1.7 6.7 18.7 6.7 2.8 17.3 48.0 0.9 0.3 1,629 Middle 36.1 60.5 2.7 1.9 7.6 19.6 4.0 1.9 17.3 48.1 0.6 0.0 1,663 Fourth 28.6 55.4 3.0 1.6 6.5 17.6 3.3 1.5 13.1 41.4 0.3 0.1 1,599 Highest 20.2 47.1 2.8 1.0 5.1 16.2 4.8 2.0 9.6 35.3 1.1 0.2 1,518

Zimbabwe 2010-11 Lowest 12.8 36.8 1.4 0.5 0.9 3.2 4.4 1.4 2.2 12.0 0.8 0.1 1,249 Second 11.3 32.0 1.9 0.7 0.8 3.3 4.2 1.4 2.4 11.1 1.0 0.1 1,173 Middle 12.9 35.0 1.5 0.4 0.3 2.9 5.8 0.9 2.3 9.0 0.5 0.1 1,087 Fourth 8.6 28.6 1.1 0.5 0.8 3.7 6.8 1.6 1.2 8.8 1.5 0.2 1,028

Highest 6.1 23.8 1.0 0.5 0.3 1.1 7.1 2.1 0.6 5.7 2.0 0.4 723

Note: Each of the indices is expressed in standard deviation units (SD) from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards adopted in 2006. The -2 SD columns include the children who are below -3 SD. The +2 SD columns include the children who are above +3 SD. Table is based on children with valid dates of birth (month and year) and valid measurement of both height and weight. na = Data not available

24

Table 1.7 Stunting among children by type of sanitation facility

Percentage of children under age 5 years who are stunted, by type of sanitation facility, DHS surveys 2005-2013

Type of sanitation facility

Country and year of DHS

Improved sanitation facilities

Number of children

Shared sanitation facilities

Number of children

Unimproved sanitation facilities

Number of children

No access/open defecation

Number of children

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -2 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -2 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -2 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -2 SD)

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 5.7 23.1 855 9.1 25.0 860 12.1 31.5 470 17.3 38.7 4,809Congo (DRC) 2007 7.4 24.5 77 7.5 19.0 158 25.2 47.2 2,981 26.8 47.5 407Ethiopia 2011 14.5 37.1 795 11.0 31.1 544 20.1 44.3 4,873 23.3 47.3 4,663Ghana 2008 6.0 21.0 179 8.8 25.4 1,387 8.8 32.3 301 13.4 33.0 654Kenya 2008-09 9.9 25.7 1,014 10.4 30.2 1,146 15.8 39.1 2,308 19.0 41.9 1,002Liberia 2007 13.0 28.7 345 16.6 34.4 879 20.0 35.4 823 22.5 43.1 3,101Madagascar 2008-09 26.2 39.8 93 25.8 50.7 166 27.5 52.6 2,428 25.5 48.2 2,746Malawi 2010 16.2 39.6 477 20.9 49.8 385 19.2 47.2 3,509 24.7 51.5 478Mali 2006 14.1 28.9 1,003 10.7 24.1 1,337 19.6 39.5 7,240 25.5 44.0 2,269Mozambique 2011 13.1 31.1 2,070 16.1 39.0 389 20.1 44.5 3,416 22.8 46.9 4,439Niger 2012 17.1 36.1 467 13.0 33.6 422 18.4 40.1 488 23.3 46.3 4,104Nigeria 2013 22.2 36.7 8,174 13.5 26.7 5,113 28.2 47.6 5,091 20.3 36.5 7,786Rwanda 2010 15.7 41.8 2,585 12.9 38.8 622 22.1 53.1 1,081 25.1 45.1 65Senegal 2010-11 8.1 19.8 1,614 8.7 27.6 476 13.2 32.1 945 13.8 33.5 726Tanzania 2010 12.1 31.9 788 10.7 31.0 391 17.3 44.3 4,906 17.7 42.8 1,407Uganda 2011 14.5 35.7 949 11.7 27.2 731 14.1 35.2 416 16.3 39.6 253Zambia 2007 16.0 36.6 1,019 19.8 43.7 736 22.6 49.4 2,325 22.3 45.9 1,518

Asia Bangladesh 2011 9.5 32.4 2,686 14.6 42.3 1,515 19.4 46.8 3,281 24.0 52.6 379Cambodia 2010 8.4 29.0 1,157 13.0 43.9 279 8.6 44.0 81 16.2 44.5 2,458India 2005-06 12.8 33.1 10,901 18.0 42.2 4,730 27.4 52.9 1,424 28.4 54.3 29,539Nepal 2011 12.2 35.1 762 10.1 33.3 308 16.3 43.0 204 20.3 45.3 1,211Pakistan 2012-13 19.8 39.2 2,065 23.2 48.4 484 30.7 45.4 135 33.3 57.3 782

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 5.1 16.7 958 4.3 15.8 1,115 9.6 23.0 1,037 11.0 29.2 1,420Honduras 2011-12 3.7 17.1 6,165 5.0 20.1 1,181 7.4 29.0 1,411 15.6 42.8 1,411

Note: The -2 SD columns include the children who are below -3 SD. Children with z-scores between -2 SD and -3 SD are considered moderately stunted and with z-scores below -3 SD are considered severely stunted.‘Number of children’ refers to the total number of children included in the respective category (not the number of stunted children). Definitions of types of sanitation facilities according to the JMP method as presented in the Progress on sanitation and drinking-water - 2014 update (http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP_report_2014_webEng.pdf, P40) Improved sanitation facilities: are likely to ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact. They include the following facilities: Flush/pour flush to piped sewer system, septic tank or pit latrine; Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine; Pit latrine with slab; Composting toilet Shared sanitation facilities: Sanitation facilities of an otherwise acceptable type shared between two or more households. Only facilities that are not shared or not public are considered improved. Other unimproved sanitation facilities: do not ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact. Unimproved facilities include pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines and bucket latrines. Open defecation: when human feces are disposed of in fields, forests, bushes, open bodies of water, beaches or other open spaces or disposed of with solid waste. Other categories of the observations have not been included in the table. Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table.

25

Table 1.8 Stunting among children by shared status of toilet facility

Percentage of children under age 5 years who are stunted, by shared status of toilet facility, DHS Surveys 2005-2013


Type of toilet facility

Not shared facility

Number of children

Shared facility

Number of children

No facility/bush/field

Number of children

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -2 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -2 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -2 SD)

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 6.9 25.4 1,089 9.9 25.9 1,090 17.3 38.7 4,809Congo (DRC) 2007 26.3 48.3 1,440 22.1 43.1 1,704 26.8 47.5 407Ethiopia 2011 19.0 43.1 4,518 17.4 40.3 1,693 23.3 47.3 4,663Ghana 2008 6.2 19.6 223 8.8 27.0 1,643 13.4 33.0 654Kenya 2008-09 13.3 32.9 2,302 12.9 34.8 2,165 19.0 41.9 1,002Liberia 2007 16.3 32.3 494 17.9 34.3 1,519 22.5 43.1 3,101Madagascar 2008-09 25.2 49.0 1,000 28.8 53.8 1,681 25.5 48.2 2,746Malawi 2010 18.8 45.6 2,478 19.3 47.7 1,881 24.7 51.5 478Mali 2006 18.7 37.5 5,380 16.6 34.6 4,219 25.5 44.0 2,269Mozambique 2011 17.1 39.0 4,988 18.8 41.8 887 22.8 46.9 4,439Niger 2012 17.9 37.5 823 14.0 35.7 545 23.3 46.3 4,104Nigeria 2013 25.0 41.4 11,982 14.7 28.5 6,366 20.3 36.5 7,786Rwanda 2010 17.2 44.5 3,458 15.8 43.0 834 25.1 45.1 65Senegal 2010-11 9.7 24.0 2,359 10.1 28.1 676 13.8 33.5 726Tanzania 2010 15.8 41.6 4,312 17.2 42.3 1,771 17.7 42.8 1,407Uganda 2011 14.2 35.8 1,256 12.3 27.8 840 16.3 39.6 253Zambia 2007 19.9 44.7 2,486 21.3 45.9 1,594 22.3 45.9 1,518

Asia Bangladesh 2011 13.8 38.1 4,608 16.5 45.0 2,874 24.0 52.6 379Cambodia 2010 8.5 29.9 1,221 12.2 43.4 296 16.2 44.5 2,458India 2005-06 13.9 34.4 11,847 19.1 43.6 5,249 28.4 54.3 29,539Nepal 2011 12.7 36.9 913 11.5 33.4 360 20.3 45.3 1,211Pakistan 2012-13 20.1 39.2 2,173 25.2 50.7 500 33.3 57.3 782

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 7.7 20.0 1,572 4.9 16.9 1,538 11.0 29.2 1,420Honduras 2011-12 4.4 18.9 7,237 4.8 21.6 1,519 15.6 42.8 1,411

Note: Stunting among children with missing/don’t know data are not shown in the table.The -2 SD columns include the children who are below -3 SD. Children with z-scores between -2 SD and -3 SD are considered moderately stunted and with z-scores below -3 SD are considered severely stunted. ‘Number of children’ refers to the total number of children included in the respective category (not the number of stunted children).

26

Table 1.9 Stunting among children by main source of drinking water

Percentage of children under age 5 years who are stunted, by main source of drinking water, DHS Surveys 2005-2013


Main source of drinking water

Improved source Unimproved source Surface water

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -2 SD) Number of

children

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted


children

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted


children

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 10.0 28.9 2,002 15.5 36.0 4,435 23.5 43.7 554Congo (DRC) 2007 19.9 40.9 1,586 28.3 51.2 1,564 25.1 42.5 481Ethiopia 2011 19.1 41.9 4,643 21.2 46.5 4,172 22.6 45.9 2,065Ghana 2008 6.9 23.4 1,220 12.9 31.6 985 11.2 34.3 318Kenya 2008-09 12.1 31.4 2,656 15.5 40.3 1,236 16.6 37.9 1,578Liberia 2007 18.2 36.9 3,149 23.3 41.6 1,322 24.9 47.0 690Madagascar 2008-09 25.1 49.7 1,584 23.1 46.6 1,052 28.4 51.6 2,800Malawi 2010 18.3 45.2 1,395 20.1 47.5 3,202 19.3 52.7 251Mali 2006 17.5 34.5 6,480 21.0 41.4 4,903 24.6 42.8 492Mozambique 2011 15.8 36.8 5,112 24.8 49.3 3,500 21.0 46.2 1,702Niger 2012 19.5 41.9 2,749 23.9 45.8 2,665 12.9 51.0 68Nigeria 2013 20.1 35.8 5,689 22.4 38.2 15,871 20.6 36.7 3,709Rwanda 2010 14.2 38.2 1,434 16.8 45.9 250 18.6 47.4 2,669Senegal 2010-11 9.8 24.3 2,675 12.8 32.4 1,025 8.7 24.9 61Tanzania 2010 13.4 37.1 3,292 17.0 43.0 2,153 20.7 48.4 2,047Uganda 2011 11.8 29.7 620 13.5 33.3 1,476 19.8 43.1 255Zambia 2007 18.8 41.6 2,003 20.2 45.3 2,306 25.7 51.5 1,293

Asia Bangladesh 2011 10.1 31.6 856 15.8 42.5 6,917 24.2 43.9 88India 2005-06 17.6 40.7 15,859 26.8 51.9 30,049 25.4 48.6 741Nepal 2011 16.3 42.0 1,031 15.1 37.5 1,168 20.6 47.7 286Pakistan 2012-13 24.0 45.5 2,504 20.8 42.2 830 40.2 52.8 122

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 7.5 21.4 1,662 7.9 21.7 2,799 9.6 39.6 65Honduras 2011-12 5.1 20.8 8,459 6.5 25.8 604 12.3 35.2 1,104

Note: Stunting among children with missing data on source of drinking water is not shown in the table.The -2 SD columns include the children who are below -3 SD. Children with z-scores between -2 SD and -3 SD are considered moderately stunted and with z-scores below -3 SD are considered severely stunted. The surface water category data are separated out from the unimproved category data. ‘Number of children’ refers to the total number of children included in the respective category (not the number of stunted children).

27

Table 1.10 Stunting among children by time to obtain drinking water (round trip)

Percentage of children under age 5 years who are stunted, by how long it takes to obtain drinking water (round trip), DHS Surveys 2005-2013


Time to obtain drinking water (round trip)

Water on premises

Number of children

Less than 30 minutes

Number of children

30-59 minutes

Number of children

60-89 minutes

Number of children

90 minutes or longer

Number of children

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -2 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -2 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -2 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -2 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -2 SD)

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 5.3 18.6 560 14.6 35.4 4,407 16.7 37.0 1,582 18.1 38.1 357 16.4 42.7 76Congo (DRC) 2007 14.8 26.4 319 24.0 45.0 1,583 27.9 51.8 1,036 22.3 46.0 515 27.5 46.4 174Ethiopia 2011 11.3 29.4 625 22.0 45.3 3,844 19.4 44.4 2,790 21.9 45.8 1,867 21.2 46.1 1,740Ghana 2008 6.7 20.1 410 10.4 30.0 1,638 10.4 28.3 333 13.1 29.8 107 5.9 12.4 28Kenya 2008-09 10.4 28.6 1,413 14.7 38.4 1,945 15.8 35.2 1,171 17.0 40.5 559 16.7 38.1 343Liberia 2007 17.4 36.0 540 21.3 40.5 4,207 14.9 32.3 325 17.1 28.4 32 8.7 33.8 18Madagascar 2008-09 26.7 49.4 602 26.3 49.8 4,102 27.2 53.0 567 25.7 46.4 71 28.4 50.1 73Malawi 2010 12.8 41.3 498 20.0 46.8 2,415 21.9 49.8 1,194 19.2 47.2 527 17.5 46.6 189Mali 2006 17.7 35.3 5,418 20.4 39.8 5,708 23.0 41.5 512 19.5 30.4 113 17.7 34.2 61Mozambique 2011 9.2 24.8 1,329 21.0 44.1 4,539 21.9 46.6 2,552 19.5 45.6 827 22.5 47.7 860Niger 2012 17.0 31.9 473 19.3 41.9 2,332 23.1 45.2 1,141 25.3 48.6 777 25.0 51.1 695Nigeria 2013 23.5 38.6 5,223 20.6 36.5 13,750 21.3 36.8 4,359 20.6 36.8 1,632 16.4 32.5 945Rwanda 2010 8.2 22.4 175 17.5 44.4 1,873 15.9 43.5 1,249 19.9 49.8 738 17.6 45.9 317Senegal 2010-11 8.5 23.0 2,212 13.7 30.9 1,101 13.9 31.1 246 16.7 36.7 106 7.8 35.5 80Tanzania 2010 10.6 30.3 598 16.5 41.3 3,197 16.3 44.6 1,990 17.1 43.2 1,003 21.3 45.7 691Uganda 2011 12.6 32.7 799 14.9 32.8 547 13.0 33.0 397 15.5 32.4 364 13.2 39.6 237Zambia 2007 17.2 38.5 993 21.3 46.5 3,179 20.5 44.9 903 26.7 53.1 387 30.7 47.8 91

Asia Bangladesh 2011 13.0 38.8 5,586 20.1 46.4 1,981 27.5 54.4 235 29.9 54.3 39 9.1 41.8 13India 2005-06 23.4 47.7 36,202 23.8 49.2 7,252 26.2 49.5 2,110 26.9 48.2 843 26.7 50.2 214Nepal 2011 12.1 33.6 1,285 20.4 47.9 990 18.2 43.9 156 27.7 57.8 42 40.7 66.5 12Pakistan 2012-13 21.1 42.0 2,653 29.0 52.6 505 37.4 55.8 182 38.7 53.8 73 45.0 84.2 22

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 4.1 17.5 357 6.5 19.7 2,396 7.6 22.2 901 13.6 31.0 523 12.4 26.7 337Honduras 2011-12 5.2 20.9 8,628 10.1 32.0 1,292 10.6 32.5 175 16.8 38.6 46 10.8 39.5 10

Note: Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table. The -2 SD columns include the children who are below -3 SD. Children with z-scores between -2 SD and -3 SD are considered moderately stunted and with z-scores below -3 SD are considered severely stunted. ‘Number of children’ refers to the total number of children included in the respective category (not the number of stunted children).

28

Table 1.11 Stunting among children by presence of soap at hand washing station

Percentage of children under age 5 years who are stunted, by the presence of soap at hand washing station, DHS Surveys 2005-2013

Presence of soap at hand washing station

Soap or detergent available

Number of children

Cleansing agent other than soap only

Number of children

None

Number of children

Not observed, missing

Number of children


Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -2 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -2 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -2 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -2 SD)

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 10.0 27.3 676 24.8 33.2 25 14.4 35.0 4,465 16.3 36.3 1,828Ethiopia 2011 6.6 12.0 50 5.5 28.6 4 9.2 39.9 104 20.8 44.6 10,725Mozambique 2011 15.1 33.5 1,238 20.1 45.8 467 19.3 42.9 2,911 20.9 44.2 5,698Nigeria 2013 12.8 23.4 2,259 28.1 46.1 1,019 22.7 38.8 6,625 21.1 37.3 16,287Rwanda 2010 12.6 37.8 75 na na na 18.1 44.2 393 17.0 44.4 3,888Senegal 2010-11 4.9 17.8 696 19.7 33.1 60 13.1 28.1 796 11.2 28.6 2,209Uganda 2011 8.9 26.9 229 2.7 38.6 17 13.6 34.5 590 14.7 33.8 1,515

Asia Bangladesh 2011 7.6 29.3 1,506 14.2 33.5 364 16.0 43.8 4,822 22.5 48.9 1,169Nepal 2011 11.1 31.6 952 19.6 43.6 617 19.2 47.7 915 0.0 0.0 1Pakistan 2012-13 16.4 35.6 1,889 34.1 68.2 62 35.6 59.7 1,022 26.1 46.3 493

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 7.8 20.7 984 7.3 16.1 13 7.6 22.6 1,902 8.0 21.7 1,631Honduras 2011-12 5.3 21.2 8,408 15.8 39.8 12 11.6 34.2 1,068 5.6 22.4 679

Note: Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table.The -2 SD columns include the children who are below -3 SD. Children with z-scores between -2 SD and -3 SD are considered moderately stunted and with z-scores below -3 SD are considered severely stunted. ‘Number of children’ refers to the total number of children included in the respective category (not the number of stunted children). The soap or detergent category includes bar, liquid, powder or paste; the cleansing agent other than soap category includes ash, mud or sand; the none category refers to no hand washing station, soap or cleansing agent; the not observed category includes cases for whom the response were: water source is not in the dwelling/yard/plot; interviewer did not get the permission to observe; or there were other reasons for not observing the presence of soap at the hand washing station.

29

Table 1.12 Stunting among children by presence of water at hand washing station

Percentage of children under age 5 years who are stunted, by presence of water at hand washing station, DHS Surveys 2005-2013


Presence of water at hand washing station

Water available

Number of children

Water is not available

Number of children

Not observed

Number of children

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -2 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -2 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -2 SD)

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 13.7 33.6 2,394 14.1 34.4 2,770 16.3 36.4 1,806Ethiopia 2011 5.0 23.8 110 14.2 41.5 54 20.8 44.7 10,712Mozambique 2011 16.1 36.4 2,200 20.2 44.6 2,416 20.9 44.2 5,698Nigeria 2013 17.9 31.6 3,930 23.0 38.9 5,968 37.3 21.1 16,198Rwanda 2010 13.3 37.3 170 19.4 46.4 299 17.1 44.4 3,878Senegal 2010-11 7.8 21.3 1,282 18.8 34.8 271 11.2 28.6 2,209Uganda 2011 9.3 30.5 345 14.0 33.9 491 14.7 33.9 1,514

Asia Bangladesh 2011 14.0 39.8 6,488 16.6 45.3 204 22.5 48.9 1,162Nepal 2011 14.3 37.8 1,955 23.4 50.4 529 0.0 0.0 1Pakistan 2012-13 22.0 43.1 2,761 40.4 63.9 212 26.2 46.4 490

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 6.9 19.4 1,525 8.5 24.7 1,371 8.0 21.7 1,631Honduras 2011-12 5.9 22.4 9,140 10.4 30.9 342 5.7 22.5 671

Note: Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table.The -2 SD columns include the children who are below -3 SD. Children with z-scores between -2 SD and -3 SD are considered moderately stunted and with z-scores below -3 SD are considered severely stunted. ‘Number of children’ refers to the total number of children included in the respective category (not the number of stunted children). The not observed category includes cases for whom the response was: water source is not in the dwelling/yard/plot; interviewer did not get the permission to observe; or there were other reasons for not observing the presence of water at the hand washing station.

30

Table 1.13 Stunting among children by presence of soap and water at hand washing station

Percentage of children under age 5 years who are stunted, by presence of water and soap at hand washing station, DHS surveys 2005-2013


Presence of soap or detergent and water at hand washing station

Water and soap or detergent (bar, liquid, powder, paste)

Number of children

Water, but no soap or detergent

Number of children

None

Number of children

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -2 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -2 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -3 SD)

Percentage stunted

(below -2 SD)

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 11.2 29.3 582 14.5 35.0 1,813 14.5 35.1 2,672Ethiopia 2011 6.6 12.0 50 3.6 33.8 60 14.6 42.7 52Mozambique 2011 14.9 32.9 1,062 17.3 39.7 1,138 20.4 44.6 2,090Nigeria 2013 12.9 23.4 2,066 23.5 40.7 1,864 22.8 38.7 5,126Rwanda 2010 12.0 33.9 62 14.0 39.2 108 19.6 46.0 286Senegal 2010-11 4.3 17.0 671 11.6 26.1 611 16.8 34.0 199Uganda 2011 9.8 26.5 198 8.7 35.9 147 15.0 34.7 449

Asia Bangladesh 2011 7.6 29.4 1,500 15.9 42.9 4,989 17.1 46.6 195Nepal 2011 10.9 30.9 900 17.2 43.7 1,055 23.0 52.0 365Pakistan 2012-13 16.4 35.7 1,882 34.1 58.9 878 41.9 65.5 200

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 7.7 20.0 896 5.7 18.6 629 8.5 24.5 1,277Honduras 2011-12 5.3 21.2 8,282 11.1 34.1 858 13.8 35.2 224

Note: The -2 SD columns include the children who are below -3 SD. Children with z-scores between -2 SD and -3 SD are considered moderately stunted and with z-scores below -3 SD are considered severely stunted. ‘Number of children’ refers to the total number of children included in the respective category (not the number of stunted children). Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table. ‘Stunting among children in the categories; soap but no water, and using only cleansing agent other than soap (ash, mud, sand) but no water has not been shown in the table due to the small number of cases for the majority of the countries Soap or detergent includes bar, liquid, powder or paste; the none category refers to no hand washing station, soap or cleansing agent; the not observed category includes cases for which the responses were: water source is not in the dwelling/yard/plot; interviewer did not get the permission to observe; or there were other reasons for not observing the presence of soap at the hand washing station.

31

Table 1.14 Stunting among children by how child’s stools were disposed of

Percentage of youngest children under age 5 years living with their mothers who are stunted, by how child’s stools were disposed of, DHS Surveys 2005-2013


How child’s stools were disposed of

Child used toilet or latrine

Number of children

Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine

Number of children

Put/rinsed into drain or ditch

Number of children

Thrown into garbage

Number of children

Buried

Number of children

Left in the open

Number of children

Percentage stunted (below -3 SD)












Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 0.0 13.6 33 6.9 22.6 1,080 4.7 15.6 17 17.3 38.7 3,707 10.9 33.2 121 15.1 36.4 923 Congo (DRC) 2007 20.2 42.6 92 25.3 46.8 1,670 31.4 51.4 184 24.6 47.0 303 21.8 41.1 43 18.5 39.3 222 Ethiopia 2011 17.2 49.5 376 20.2 42.6 2,422 23.9 44.3 290 23.7 47.3 1,227 30.5 52.3 106 22.1 47.9 3,762 Ghana 2008 6.2 21.6 94 8.1 26.9 720 8.2 22.1 239 12.4 31.7 779 9.3 33.1 105 15.6 28.8 82 Kenya 2008-09 8.1 28.2 500 13.9 34.9 2,579 14.8 38.7 255 22.3 44.5 302 14.5 35.9 233 15.5 37.2 522 Liberia 2007 15.2 24.9 106 16.1 36.3 691 22.9 37.6 653 18.7 38.1 923 25.5 47.3 440 21.8 42.8 998 Madagascar 2008-09 26.4 52.8 428 29.9 54.2 1,172 24.7 46.0 841 25.6 47.9 399 22.6 52.5 253 27.8 51.7 1,513 Mali 2006 15.8 34.4 886 16.1 34.2 3,306 24.4 43.1 1,864 24.4 44.8 2,303 16.0 33.1 71 19.9 38.2 119 Mozambique 2011 16.9 40.4 1,093 19.7 44.4 2,979 21.5 42.5 455 23.2 43.9 1,002 22.0 45.7 2,584 15.7 41.2 190 Niger 2012 4.1 27.6 16 13.3 35.3 775 19.1 31.9 41 23.8 46.4 3,390 16.0 44.1 110 20.3 42.0 456 Nigeria 2013 23.7 40.8 905 24.0 40.3 11,032 16.3 30.5 1,006 16.8 31.6 5,535 16.0 34.2 468 23.9 40.7 2,322 Rwanda 2010 13.0 47.9 542 19.2 45.9 2,247 11.7 28.9 137 13.2 33.0 98 25.0 53.5 49 18.8 38.8 84 Senegal 2010-11 9.4 21.8 83 10.2 25.8 1,451 12.3 27.2 110 11.3 30.2 614 19.0 35.9 59 15.6 36.1 132 Tanzania 2010 10.0 39.8 680 16.9 43.8 3,033 12.4 34.2 104 20.3 43.8 448 21.8 48.6 320 19.5 43.9 325 Uganda 2011 12.3 30.1 187 12.9 34.3 1,250 10.6 32.5 92 13.9 26.5 86 25.9 36.4 78 11.6 55.0 39 Zambia 2007 16.5 43.2 432 23.1 47.6 2,328 22.6 46.7 408 23.7 45.4 379 19.2 49.8 426 22.8 45.9 225

Asia Cambodia 2010 7.1 35.2 269 8.3 27.7 465 13.7 33.1 152 6.5 21.5 62 15.0 46.4 1,322 16.2 42.4 841 India 2005-06 13.0 34.9 3,606 14.4 34.9 3,157 19.9 42.5 3,052 27.3 52.2 10,688 19.9 47.9 313 26.3 51.7 17,652 Nepal 2011 9.2 39.2 309 11.8 33.6 385 13.7 39.0 206 19.6 40.7 629 26.5 43.8 50 26.2 54.4 318

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 5.9 20.9 224 6.0 17.4 1,587 14.1 27.2 301 7.7 22.1 319 20.0 41.8 77 10.3 29.6 548 Honduras 2011-12 3.4 19.5 2,016 5.0 21.6 1,126 7.6 27.3 2,175 4.1 14.5 1,961 17.4 36.6 187 13.8 41.1 847

Note: The categories rinsed away, used disposable diaper, used washable diaper, and other categories have not been included in the table due to limited data. The -2 SD columns include the children who are below -3 SD. Children with z-scores between -2 SD and -3 SD are considered moderately stunted and with z-scores below -3 SD are considered severely stunted. ‘Number of children’ refers to the total number of children included in the respective category (not the number of stunted children).

32

Table 1.15 Nutritional status of women

Among women age 15-49, the percentage with height under 145 cm, the mean body mass index (BMI), and the percentage with specific BMI levels among nonpregnant and nonpostpartum women (who did not have a delivery in the two months preceding the survey), DHS Surveys 2005-2013

Country Year of DHS

Height

Number of women

Body mass index

Number of women

Mean height in centimeters

Percentage under 145 cm

Mean body mass index

(BMI) Percentage thin

(<18.5)

Percentage normal

(18.5-24.9)

Percentage overweight (25.0-29.9)

Percentage obese (≥30.0)

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 161.3 0.6 8,503 21.4 15.7 72.7 8.1 3.6 7,449Congo (DRC) 2007 157.0 4.0 4,751 21.3 18.5 70.1 8.8 2.7 4,097Ethiopia 2011 156.1 3.4 16,062 20.2 26.9 67.3 4.6 1.1 14,505Ghana 2008 158.8 1.4 4,821 23.6 8.6 60.9 20.6 9.9 4,382Kenya 2008-09 159.2 1.2 8,269 22.9 12.3 62.1 17.7 8.0 7,548Liberia 2007 157.0 2.5 6,955 22.5 10.0 69.1 14.8 6.1 6,057Madagascar 2008-09 153.2 7.2 8,391 20.3 26.7 66.8 5.1 1.4 7,520Malawi 2010 156.2 2.4 7,552 22.4 8.8 73.6 13.1 4.5 6,684Mali 2006 161.0 0.8 14,322 22.1 13.5 68.5 12.3 5.7 12,010Mozambique 2011 155.1 4.2 13,613 22.4 8.6 74.6 12.2 4.7 11,749Niger 2012 160.2 0.8 5,147 21.9 15.5 66.1 13.8 4.6 4,170Nigeria 2013 158.3 1.9 38,319 23.0 11.4 63.3 17.0 8.2 32,815Rwanda 2010 156.3 3.4 6,944 22.3 7.3 75.8 14.1 2.9 6,367Senegal 2010-11 163.5 0.2 5,778 22.0 22.0 56.2 15.2 6.6 5,187Tanzania 2010 156.0 3.4 10,015 22.6 11.4 66.6 15.2 6.8 8,789Uganda 2011 158.8 1.6 2,667 22.3 11.7 69.0 14.6 4.6 2,316Zambia 2007 157.6 2.6 7,026 22.5 9.6 70.8 13.7 5.9 6,085

Asia Bangladesh# 2011 150.8 13.3 17,312 21.4 24.2 58.9 13.5 3.4 16,024Cambodia 2010 152.8 6.3 9,313 21.1 19.1 69.5 9.6 1.8 8,757India 2005-06 151.9 11.4 119,219 20.5 35.6 51.5 9.7 3.2 111,781Indonesia 2012 na na na na na na na na naNepal 2011 151.5 11.6 6,145 21.4 18.2 67.9 11.1 2.8 5,800Pakistan 2012-13 154.6 4.7 4,798 24.3 13.9 45.4 25.0 15.8 4,170Tajikistan 2012 158.1 1.3 9,630 23.4 10.6 59.1 19.9 10.4 8,800

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 159.4 0.9 9,402 22.8 12.5 61.8 17.3 8.4 8,769Honduras 2011-12 153.4 8.2 22,276 26.0 4.8 43.2 28.9 23.1 20,803

Note: The body mass index (BMI) is expressed as the ratio of weight in kilograms to the square of height in meters (kg/m2). The data in the table exclude pregnant women and women with a birth in preceding 2 months from the date of the interview. # For Bangladesh nutritional status is only measured for ever-married women. na = Data not available

33

Table 1.16 Nutritional status of women by level of education

Among women age 15-49, the percentage with height under 145 cm, the mean body mass index (BMI), and the percentage with specific BMI levels, by level of education, DHS Surveys 2005-2013

Country Years of DHS Level of education

Height

Number of women

Body mass index

Number of women




(BMI)

Percentage thin

(<18.5)

Percentage normal

(18.5-24.9)



Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 No education 161.2 0.6 6,288 21.0 17.3 74.5 6.3 1.9 5,433

Primary 161.0 0.5 1,178 22.1 11.5 72.5 11.4 4.6 1,049Secondary+ 162.7 0.5 1,033 22.9 11.0 66.6 14.4 8.0 963

Congo (DRC) 2007 No education 154.9 7.1 1,052 20.8 19.3 72.9 6.7 1.1 903Primary 155.9 4.4 1,873 20.9 20.0 71.3 7.1 1.7 1,585Secondary+ 159.2 1.8 1,826 21.9 16.5 67.8 11.9 3.9 1,609

Ethiopia 2011 No education 155.9 3.4 8,193 20.1 26.5 69.7 3.0 0.7 7,194Primary 156.0 4.0 6,107 20.1 30.1 64.5 4.7 0.7 5,621Secondary+ 157.8 1.4 1,762 21.5 17.9 67.5 11.7 2.9 1,690

Ghana 2008 No education 158.9 1.4 1,018 22.7 9.8 68.9 16.1 5.2 897Primary 158.1 2.2 972 23.5 9.9 60.0 20.9 9.2 878Secondary+ 159.1 1.2 2,831 23.9 7.8 59.4 22.2 10.7 2,607

Kenya 2008-09 No education 158.9 3.1 728 21.2 26.4 58.2 13.0 2.5 640Primary 158.8 1.4 4,720 22.5 13.2 65.9 14.6 6.3 4,264Secondary+ 160.0 0.4 2,821 24.0 7.5 58.4 24.2 9.9 2,644

Liberia 2007 No education 156.7 2.7 2,965 22.5 9.7 70.4 14.6 5.4 2,556Primary 156.4 3.0 2,278 22.0 12.2 71.9 11.7 4.2 1,946Secondary+ 158.3 1.6 1,704 23.3 8.0 64.6 19.2 8.2 1,547

Madagascar 2008-09 No education 152.8 8.4 1,605 19.7 33.1 63.9 2.6 0.5 1,387Primary 152.8 7.8 4,155 20.1 27.4 68.1 3.7 0.8 3,669Secondary+ 154.0 5.5 2,630 21.0 22.1 67.2 8.6 2.1 2,464

Malawi 2010 No education 155.9 2.7 1,150 22.1 8.4 78.1 10.9 2.6 1,014Primary 155.9 2.8 4,890 22.2 9.6 73.9 13.3 3.2 4,292Secondary+ 157.5 0.8 1,512 23.1 6.2 71.7 14.4 7.6 1,377

Mali 2006 No education 160.8 0.8 11,227 21.9 13.3 71.4 11.2 4.1 9,257Primary 161.4 1.1 1,632 22.5 15.2 64.2 13.9 6.6 1,392Secondary+ 162.5 0.4 1,463 23.1 13.4 56.9 18.7 11.0 1,361

Mozambique 2011 No education 154.4 4.6 4,260 21.8 9.3 80.2 8.8 1.7 3,612Primary 154.6 5.1 6,837 22.3 9.0 74.9 12.3 3.8 5,838Secondary+ 157.7 1.2 2,515 23.5 6.2 67.1 17.6 9.2 2,298

Niger 2012 No education 160.0 0.8 4,154 21.8 15.4 68.5 13.1 3.0 3,340Primary 160.5 1.0 587 22.6 13.8 62.1 16.1 7.9 471Secondary+ 161.5 0.3 403 22.6 18.1 56.0 18.9 7.0 356

Nigeria 2013 No education 157.4 1.9 14,458 21.9 14.6 69.8 12.0 3.6 11,781Primary 158.0 2.4 6,634 23.3 10.4 60.5 20.3 8.9 5,653Secondary+ 159.2 1.8 17,227 23.6 9.4 60.6 20.0 10.0 15,381

Rwanda 2010 No education 155.9 3.9 1,059 22.3 7.5 77.9 13.0 1.6 958Primary 155.9 3.6 4,761 22.2 7.7 77.3 13.3 1.7 4,338Secondary+ 158.2 2.0 1,124 23.0 5.7 71.4 18.4 4.5 1,071

Senegal 2010-11 No education 163.0 0.3 3,315 21.9 22.5 57.3 14.6 5.6 2,904Primary 163.9 0.2 1,255 22.4 19.6 54.8 18.3 7.4 1,124Secondary+ 164.2 0.0 1,208 21.8 22.9 57.1 15.2 4.8 1,160

Tanzania 2010 No education 155.7 4.2 1,901 21.9 12.9 71.6 13.3 2.3 1,586Primary 155.9 3.4 6,502 22.6 11.3 67.2 14.7 6.8 5,669Secondary+ 156.6 2.3 1,613 23.2 10.3 62.0 19.3 8.3 1,534

Continued…

34


Country Years of DHS Level of education

Height

Number of women

Body mass index

Number of women




(BMI)

Percentage thin

(<18.5)

Percentage normal

(18.5-24.9)


Percentage obese(≥30.0)

Uganda 2011 No education 159.7 1.9 327 21.8 19.7 62.8 12.4 5.1 274 Primary 158.5 1.8 1,591 22.0 12.7 71.5 12.4 3.4 1,381Secondary+ 158.9 1.0 750 23.1 6.3 67.9 20.2 5.5 661

Zambia 2007 No education 156.4 3.2 732 21.6 11.6 78.2 7.9 2.2 628Primary 156.9 3.3 3,813 22.2 10.7 72.7 12.2 4.5 3,221Secondary+ 159.0 1.3 2,481 23.3 7.4 67.1 17.7 7.8 2,236

Asia Bangladesh# 2011 No education 150.0 16.8 4,808 20.7 29.8 59.1 9.3 1.8 4,611

Primary 150.3 15.8 5,206 21.0 26.6 59.8 11.5 2.1 4,818Secondary+ 151.7 9.3 7,298 22.2 18.5 59.1 18.1 4.2 6,596

Cambodia 2010 No education 152.0 9.5 1,450 21.3 18.6 68.3 11.9 1.2 1,359Primary 152.7 6.8 4,641 21.3 17.6 70.5 10.3 1.6 4,329Secondary+ 153.5 3.9 3,222 20.8 21.3 70.0 7.6 1.1 3,069

India 2005-06 No education 151.1 14.1 48,381 19.7 41.7 51.1 5.9 1.4 44,926Primary 151.4 12.8 17,722 20.5 34.9 52.9 9.6 2.6 16,640Secondary+ 152.8 8.4 53,109 21.2 30.3 52.1 13.4 4.2 50,208

Indonesia 2012 No education na na na na na na na na naPrimary na na na na na na na na naSecondary+ na na na na na na na na na

Nepal 2011 No education 150.7 15.0 2,424 21.0 22.6 66.6 9.1 1.7 2,281Primary 150.8 12.7 1,075 21.7 15.5 68.9 12.4 3.1 1,026Secondary+ 152.4 8.0 2,646 21.6 15.2 69.7 12.7 2.4 2,492

Pakistan 2012-13 No education 154.1 5.6 2,719 23.6 16.8 49.0 22.5 11.6 2,392Primary 154.0 6.3 800 24.8 13.1 41.7 25.0 20.2 689Secondary+ 155.9 1.9 1,279 25.6 7.9 41.8 31.3 19.0 1,090

Tajikistan 2012 No education 155.7 3.7 195 23.0 11.3 66.2 12.1 10.4 174Primary 157.0 3.1 371 22.8 11.5 64.2 17.9 6.5 321Secondary+ 158.2 1.1 9,064 23.4 10.6 59.4 20.4 9.6 8,305

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 No education 158.0 1.4 1,393 22.8 11.6 64.3 17.6 6.5 1,279

Primary 158.9 1.5 3,453 22.3 14.5 64.6 14.7 6.1 3,175Secondary+ 160.3 0.3 4,555 23.2 11.3 59.9 19.4 9.4 4,315

Honduras 2011-12 No education 149.3 22.8 877 26.2 2.7 44.2 32.0 21.1 821Primary 152.2 10.9 11,219 26.5 3.5 41.3 30.7 24.5 10,393Secondary+ 155.2 3.9 10,180 25.5 6.5 46.6 27.2 19.7 9,589

Note: The body mass index (BMI) is expressed as the ratio of weight in kilograms to the square of height in meters (kg/m2). The data in the table exclude pregnant women and women with a birth in preceding 2 months from the date of the interview. Women with missing data on education are not included in this table. na = Data not available # For Bangladesh nutritional status is only measured for ever-married women.

35

Table 1.17 Nutritional status of women by wealth quintile

Among women age 15-49, the percentage with height under 145 cm, the mean body mass index (BMI), and the percentage with specific BMI levels, by wealth quintile, DHS Surveys 2005-2013


Height

Number of women

Body mass index

Number of women

Mean height in

centimeters Percentage

under 145 cm

Mean body mass index (BMI)

Percentage thin

(<18.5)

Percentage normal

(18.5-24.9)



Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Lowest 160.7 0.8 1,548 20.2 24.3 72.2 3.3 0.2 1,350

Second 160.8 0.8 1,616 20.5 19.9 75.0 4.4 0.7 1,368Middle 161.2 0.4 1,599 20.8 16.8 77.5 4.7 0.9 1,368Fourth 161.7 0.4 1,661 21.3 13.4 77.6 7.4 1.6 1,457Highest 162.0 0.4 2,079 23.4 7.5 65.9 17.1 9.5 1,905

Congo (DRC) 2007 Lowest 154.7 6.7 887 20.5 22.7 71.3 5.2 0.9 756Second 156.2 3.4 918 20.6 19.9 74.4 4.7 1.0 777Middle 155.7 4.4 1,010 20.9 20.5 72.7 5.7 1.1 860Fourth 157.7 4.6 892 21.5 14.8 72.6 10.4 2.2 746Highest 160.2 1.4 1,044 22.6 15.0 62.1 16.8 6.0 958

Ethiopia 2011 Lowest 155.4 4.1 2,922 19.6 32.4 65.8 1.4 0.4 2,531Second 155.9 4.0 2,985 19.7 31.0 66.8 1.9 0.4 2,658Middle 156.0 3.5 2,975 19.8 26.8 71.2 1.8 0.2 2,649Fourth 156.3 3.5 3,148 20.0 28.8 68.7 2.3 0.2 2,853Highest 156.8 2.4 4,031 21.5 19.0 65.5 12.6 3.0 3,815

Ghana 2008 Lowest 158.6 1.5 758 21.6 12.6 75.7 9.7 2.1 669Second 158.2 1.9 877 22.0 14.3 69.9 12.6 3.2 776Middle 158.4 2.2 961 23.0 9.0 67.8 18.5 4.8 875Fourth 159.0 1.1 1,111 24.6 5.2 53.6 29.5 11.7 1,031Highest 159.8 0.7 1,114 25.7 4.9 48.3 27.0 19.8 1,030

Kenya 2008-09 Lowest 158.6 2.6 1,362 20.8 21.2 69.4 7.9 1.5 1,185Second 159.2 1.0 1,442 21.6 17.5 69.8 10.1 2.7 1,312Middle 159.3 1.8 1,593 22.4 12.6 67.2 14.0 6.2 1,468Fourth 159.5 0.5 1,704 23.6 9.2 59.7 22.5 8.6 1,590Highest 159.2 0.7 2,167 24.8 5.9 52.8 28.0 13.3 1,993

Liberia 2007 Lowest 156.3 2.4 1,228 21.4 13.7 76.2 8.1 2.0 1,016Second 156.4 3.2 1,308 21.6 11.6 76.8 9.5 2.1 1,115Middle 156.9 2.6 1,327 22.1 9.4 72.7 14.2 3.6 1,141Fourth 157.5 1.6 1,563 23.2 8.5 66.3 17.2 8.0 1,400Highest 157.8 2.9 1,528 23.8 8.1 59.0 22.2 10.7 1,384

Madagascar 2008-09 Lowest 153.4 8.0 1,503 19.6 33.2 65.0 1.5 0.3 1,290Second 152.4 8.7 1,579 19.6 33.9 63.8 2.2 0.1 1,368Middle 152.8 6.7 1,558 19.9 27.8 69.4 2.5 0.3 1,375Fourth 153.2 7.4 1,722 20.4 23.6 70.9 4.9 0.6 1,587Highest 154.0 5.6 2,030 21.6 19.0 65.8 11.6 3.6 1,900

Malawi 2010 Lowest 155.9 2.8 1,280 21.6 10.0 80.8 7.7 1.5 1,083Second 155.6 2.7 1,485 21.9 9.9 77.5 9.9 2.8 1,312Middle 156.1 2.7 1,468 21.9 9.4 77.4 12.2 1.0 1,260Fourth 156.1 2.4 1,475 22.4 8.4 75.3 13.7 2.6 1,318Highest 157.2 1.8 1,843 23.7 6.9 64.0 19.3 9.8 1,711

Mali 2006 Lowest 160.5 0.6 2,636 21.0 16.3 75.8 7.1 0.8 2,141Second 160.6 1.1 2,763 21.2 15.2 75.4 7.6 1.8 2,267Middle 160.6 0.9 2,732 21.5 15.6 71.8 9.7 2.9 2,252Fourth 161.0 0.6 2,813 22.4 12.0 66.3 16.5 5.2 2,342Highest 162.0 0.9 3,379 23.8 9.8 58.9 18.6 12.7 3,008

Mozambique 2011 Lowest 153.0 6.5 2,576 21.1 12.8 82.1 4.7 0.3 2,116Second 153.5 6.5 2,538 21.3 11.7 82.2 5.8 0.3 2,106Middle 154.6 4.5 2,552 21.8 7.7 81.7 9.4 1.2 2,195Fourth 155.8 2.8 2,759 22.4 6.7 76.5 13.9 3.0 2,396Highest 158.0 1.4 3,188 24.5 5.5 58.5 23.2 12.9 2,936

Continued…

36



Height

Number of women

Body mass index

Number of women

Mean height in


under 145 cm


Percentage thin

(<18.5)

Percentage normal

(18.5-24.9)



Niger 2012 Lowest 160.0 1.4 912 21.1 19.6 69.9 8.8 1.8 740Second 159.8 0.7 982 21.1 17.8 70.9 9.6 1.7 797Middle 159.8 0.3 1,064 21.2 17.5 71.5 9.3 1.7 826Fourth 160.1 0.5 1,094 21.7 13.8 70.5 14.2 1.5 883Highest 161.0 0.9 1,095 24.1 10.0 52.8 25.5 11.6 924

Nigeria 2013 Lowest 157.1 2.1 7,008 21.3 17.5 72.3 8.3 1.9 5,654Second 157.1 2.8 7,297 21.8 13.8 71.8 11.5 2.9 6,013Middle 157.9 2.2 7,358 22.5 11.7 67.3 15.8 5.1 6,356Fourth 158.9 1.6 7,905 23.5 10.0 60.2 21.0 8.8 6,927Highest 160.2 1.2 8,751 24.9 6.3 52.2 25.6 15.9 7,865

Rwanda 2010 Lowest 155.1 4.4 1,255 21.8 10.0 79.0 10.4 0.6 1,148Second 155.5 3.6 1,398 21.7 8.6 81.7 9.4 0.4 1,274Middle 155.9 3.9 1,382 22.1 6.6 79.9 12.5 1.1 1,267Fourth 156.5 2.8 1,389 22.4 7.0 75.3 15.4 2.3 1,259Highest 158.0 2.5 1,520 23.5 4.9 67.4 21.8 6.0 1,418

Senegal 2010-11 Lowest 161.8 0.7 942 21.0 25.8 61.6 10.0 2.5 795Second 162.8 0.2 991 21.2 23.9 63.1 9.9 3.2 870Middle 163.2 0.2 1,173 21.9 21.8 58.6 13.4 6.2 1,066Fourth 163.8 0.1 1,275 22.1 24.9 50.3 19.0 5.9 1,168Highest 164.9 0.1 1,397 23.1 15.9 53.5 21.3 9.3 1,288

Tanzania 2010 Lowest 155.6 3.6 1,669 21.0 18.2 73.5 7.5 0.8 1,445Second 155.9 4.0 1,924 21.4 13.4 76.1 8.8 1.7 1,603Middle 155.8 3.7 1,974 21.8 12.7 73.4 11.4 2.6 1,676Fourth 155.7 3.3 2,086 22.9 9.1 66.2 18.6 6.2 1,866Highest 156.6 2.5 2,361 24.8 6.5 52.3 25.2 16.0 2,198

Uganda 2011 Lowest 159.9 2.3 461 20.3 22.8 71.7 4.3 1.3 379Second 159.3 1.9 476 21.3 18.3 72.9 7.2 1.6 389Middle 158.4 2.2 484 22.0 9.0 78.1 10.3 2.7 422Fourth 157.9 1.6 560 22.7 7.9 69.1 18.9 4.1 504Highest 158.6 0.5 686 23.9 5.9 60.4 25.1 8.7 622

Zambia 2007 Lowest 156.6 4.1 1,229 21.3 10.6 81.7 6.8 0.9 1,022Second 156.4 3.2 1,253 21.4 12.7 78.2 8.4 0.7 1,058Middle 156.8 3.0 1,258 21.7 11.5 77.1 9.0 2.4 1,043Fourth 158.0 1.9 1,534 22.9 8.3 68.9 16.9 5.9 1,349Highest 159.3 1.4 1,752 24.3 6.7 58.1 22.2 13.0 1,613

Asia Bangladesh# 2011 Lowest 150.1 17.2 3,185 19.6 40.1 54.9 4.6 0.3 2,929


Cambodia 2010 Lowest 151.8 9.9 1,690 20.4 22.9 71.9 4.9 0.3 1,548Second 152.3 7.4 1,771 20.8 20.8 70.8 7.7 0.7 1,663Middle 152.7 5.8 1,749 21.0 18.4 72.7 8.3 0.7 1,614Fourth 153.1 5.5 1,867 21.4 17.7 68.8 11.6 1.9 1,781Highest 154.0 3.6 2,236 21.7 16.6 66.9 13.9 2.6 2,151

India 2005-06 Lowest 150.5 15.9 20,863 18.7 51.5 46.7 1.6 0.2 18,995Second 150.9 14.6 22,803 19.2 46.3 49.8 3.4 0.5 21,106Middle 151.6 11.7 24,342 19.9 38.3 54.3 6.5 0.9 22,867Fourth 152.3 9.5 25,141 21.0 28.9 55.7 12.5 2.9 23,756Highest 153.8 6.5 26,070 22.9 18.2 51.3 22.0 8.4 25,058

Continued…

37



Height

Number of women

Body mass index

Number of women

Mean height in


under 145 cm


Percentage thin

(<18.5)

Percentage normal

(18.5-24.9)



Indonesia 2012 Lowest na na na na na na na na na Second na na na na na na na na naMiddle na na na na na na na na naFourth na na na na na na na na naHighest na na na na na na na na na

Nepal 2011 Lowest 150.3 15.3 1,022 20.4 21.5 75.4 2.4 0.7 945Second 150.7 15.3 1,161 20.6 21.2 73.2 5.2 0.4 1,098Middle 151.4 11.8 1,271 20.8 21.5 69.5 7.7 1.3 1,186Fourth 152.1 7.8 1,311 21.6 16.6 68.0 13.3 2.1 1,240Highest 152.5 9.3 1,379 23.2 11.9 58.6 23.6 5.9 1,331

Pakistan 2012-13 Lowest 153.3 6.8 894 21.3 27.0 56.2 12.7 4.0 755Second 154.4 6.5 922 22.7 18.0 56.5 18.2 7.3 786Middle 154.2 4.3 930 24.3 13.8 46.1 25.9 14.2 823Fourth 154.9 4.1 1,067 25.6 8.7 38.8 32.0 20.5 930Highest 155.8 2.3 985 27.1 4.4 35.0 34.4 26.2 876

Tajikistan 2012 Lowest 157.1 2.2 1,874 22.5 12.0 66.1 16.7 5.3 1,737Second 157.6 1.1 1,909 23.2 10.2 62.6 18.3 8.9 1,703Middle 158.0 1.0 1,900 23.4 10.1 59.8 21.1 9.0 1,726Fourth 158.4 1.1 1,966 23.7 11.3 56.6 20.6 11.5 1,781Highest 159.2 0.9 1,980 24.0 9.7 53.9 23.8 12.6 1,852

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Lowest 158.1 1.3 1,457 21.2 16.6 72.9 9.4 1.2 1,327


Honduras 2011-12 Lowest 150.3 18.9 3,557 24.3 4.5 58.6 26.4 10.6 3,242Second 152.4 10.8 3,991 25.3 4.6 47.9 30.7 16.7 3,686Middle 153.4 6.3 4,674 26.4 4.9 40.9 29.4 24.8 4,367Fourth 154.4 4.9 5,104 26.8 5.4 38.4 29.1 27.1 4,787

Highest 155.5 3.4 4,950 26.8 4.6 38.8 29.7 26.8 4,721

Note: The body mass index (BMI) is expressed as the ratio of weight in kilograms to the square of height in meters (kg/m2). The data in the table exclude pregnant women and women with a birth in preceding 2 months from the date of the interview. na = Data not available # For Bangladesh nutritional status is only measured for ever-married women.

SECTION 2

Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices and women’s dietary diversity

41

Table 2.1 Early initiation of breastfeeding

Percentage of children born in the two years preceding the survey who were ever breastfed, and the percentage of last born children, born in the two years preceding the survey, who were breastfed within 1 hour of birth, DHS Surveys2005-2013

Country Year of DHS Percentage of children

ever breastfed

Percentage of last born children who started breastfeeding within

1 hour of birth Number of children

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 99.0 41.0 6,162Congo (DRC) 2007 97.5 48.2 3,670Ethiopia 2011 96.6 49.7 4,611Ghana 2008 98.6 49.8 1,228Kenya 2008-09 na na naLiberia 2007 na na naMadagascar 2008-09 98.4 67.9 5,005Malawi 2010 98.2 90.8 8,036Mali 2006 97.1 44.1 5,903Mozambique 2011 97.2 74.1 5,085Niger 2012 98.4 51.0 5,335Nigeria 2013 97.9 31.9 12,982Rwanda 2010 98.5 68.7 3,331Senegal 2010-11 97.3 46.1 4,696Tanzania 2010 96.9 43.4 3,392Uganda 2011 98.0 49.5 3,280Zambia 2007 97.9 53.4 2,742

Asia Bangladesh 2011 98.3 45.9 3,344Cambodia 2010 95.8 63.9 3,281India 2005-06 96.8 22.2 21,948Indonesia 2012 95.8 49.3 6,830Nepal 2011 97.8 43.0 2,101Pakistan 2012-13 94.1 16.7 4,582Tajikistan 2012 98.5 46.7 2,173

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 96.5 45.0 2,890Honduras 2011-12 96.1 62.1 4,275

Note: Table is based on last-born children born in the two years preceding the survey regardless of whether the children are living or dead at the time of the interview. na = Data not available or not comparable

42

Table 2.2 Exclusive breastfeeding

Percentage of last born children under age 6 months living with their mother who were exclusively breastfed, DHS Surveys 2005-2013

Country Year of DHS

Percentage of children exclusively breastfed under age 6 months

Number of children under age 6 months

Percentage of children exclusively breastfed at age 4-5 months

Number of children age 4-5 months

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 24.8 1,506 12.5 546Congo (DRC) 2007 36.1 927 17.1 313Ethiopia 2011 52.3 1,248 31.8 406Ghana 2008 62.8 308 49.4 109Kenya 2008-09 31.9 527 13.2 195Liberia 2007 29.1 486 18.8 180Madagascar 2008-09 50.7 1,210 29.8 446Malawi 2010 71.4 1,656 40.5 542Mali 2006 37.8 1,458 24.3 524Mozambique 2011 42.8 1,156 26.6 419Niger 2012 23.3 1,480 13.3 491Nigeria 2013 17.4 2,930 10.0 1,125Rwanda 2010 84.9 718 75.7 281Senegal 2010-11 39.0 1,181 19.0 389Tanzania 2010 49.9 837 22.9 293Uganda 2011 62.4 784 39.9 267Zambia 2007 60.9 632 35.0 226

Asia Bangladesh 2011 64.1 810 36.3 264Cambodia 2010 73.5 704 59.6 260India 2005-06 46.4 5,081 27.6 1,966Indonesia 2012 41.5 1,593 27.1 583Nepal 2011 69.9 530 53.3 195Pakistan 2012-13 37.7 1,151 24.1 401Tajikistan 2012 34.3 440 20.6 160

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 39.7 696 23.9 303Honduras 2011-12 31.2 1,016 18.6 362

43

Table 2.3 Breastfeeding practices for last born children age 0-23 months living with their mother

Percentage of last born children living with their mother: 12-15 months and 20-23 months who are currently being breastfed; children 6-8 months who were given solid, semi-solid, or soft foods during the day or night preceding the survey; and children 0-5 months and 6-23 months who are being age appropriately breastfed, DHS Surveys 2005-2013

Country Year of DHS

Continued breastfeeding Introduction of complementary foods Age appropriate breastfeeding

Percentage children 12-15 months

currently breastfeeding

Number of children 12-15 months

Percentage children 20-23 months

currently breastfeeding

Number of children 20-23 months

Children 6-8 months who received any

solid, semi-solid, or soft foods

Number of children 6-8 months living with their mother

Percentage of children 0-5 months exclusively breastfed

and 6-23 months receiving breastmilk and complementary

foods

Number of children 0-23 months of age

living with their mother

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 96.8 989 80.1 836 47.1 775 61.6 5,719Congo (DRC) 2007 90.8 630 63.5 388 85.6 421 64.7 3,199Ethiopia 2011 96.4 682 82.2 521 48.7 608 66.0 4,197Ghana 2008 94.5 191 43.9 138 74.9 147 71.9 1,134Kenya 2008-09 86.0 333 53.6 320 85.1 324 64.6 2,139Liberia 2007 86.7 289 47.5 310 59.6 289 56.7 1,950Madagascar 2008-09 92.1 788 60.5 680 88.0 650 74.4 4,617Malawi 2010 96.1 1,154 76.8 1,246 87.6 1,075 83.3 7,282Mali 2006 94.1 1,042 56.1 645 26.0 679 49.8 5,269Mozambique 2011 90.6 823 51.5 618 82.7 599 64.9 4,618Niger 2012 92.6 987 50.1 565 61.9 695 57.3 4,933Nigeria 2013 84.0 2,378 35.3 1,465 66.9 1,657 52.0 11,748Rwanda 2010 95.0 515 83.5 519 62.4 417 84.6 3,090Senegal 2010-11 97.1 872 50.8 568 67.2 478 64.9 4,337Tanzania 2010 94.0 524 51.0 420 92.9 387 72.9 3,119Uganda 2011 86.9 465 45.8 438 76.3 408 69.5 2,920Zambia 2007 93.8 422 41.7 395 94.2 315 75.1 2,473

Asia Bangladesh 2011 95.0 552 89.6 451 62.2 416 77.4 3,167Cambodia 2010 83.3 552 43.4 496 87.7 411 73.1 3,076India 2005-06 89.2 3,343 72.7 2,897 55.6 2,918 65.7 20,147Indonesia 2012 79.9 1,090 50.3 915 91.1 904 59.9 6,276Nepal 2011 92.5 325 92.5 272 65.6 267 82.5 1,969Pakistan 2012-13 80.6 831 56.1 396 66.3 455 56.4 4,006Tajikistan 2012 76.7 367 49.5 296 48.9 295 51.9 1,991

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 82.9 392 34.9 283 87.2 288 62.3 2,157Honduras 2011-12 72.4 671 47.5 516 86.3 547 56.5 3,747

44

Table 2.4 Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices

Percentage of the youngest children age 6-23 months living with their mother who are fed according to three IYCF feeding practices based on breastfeeding status, number of food groups, and times they are fed during the day or night preceding the survey, DHS Surveys 2005-2013

Country Year of DHS

Among breastfed children 6-23 months, percentage fed:

Number of breastfed children

6-23 months

Among non-breastfed children 6-23 months, percentage fed:

Number of non-

breastfed children

6-23 months

Among all children 6-23 months, percentage fed:

Number of all children

6-23 months4+ food groups

Minimum meal

frequency

Both 4+ food groups

and minimum

meal frequency

2+ servings of milk or

milk product

4+ food groups

Minimum meal

frequency

With 3 IYCF

practices

Breast milk, or 2+

servings of milk or milk

products 4+ food groups

Minimum meal

frequency

With 3 IYCF

practices

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 5.0 36.6 3.1 3,925 18.3 18.2 40.3 3.1 289 94.4 5.9 36.8 3.1 4,214Congo (DRC) 2007 15.0 30.4 4.9 1,954 na 22.6 na na 318 na 16.1 na na 2,272Ethiopia 2011 4.3 47.9 4.0 2,733 42.1 11.1 55.4 5.3 216 95.8 4.8 48.5 4.1 2,949Ghana 2008 43.5 50.4 27.2 691 na 64.4 na na 135 na 46.9 na na 826Kenya 2008-09 29.8 67.4 23.3 1,304 na 34.8 na na 308 na 30.7 na na 1,612Liberia 2007 21.0 50.7 13.9 1,153 na 29.8 na na 312 na 22.9 na na 1,465Madagascar 2008-09 23.0 4.3 1.6 2,943 na 31.4 na na 464 na 24.1 na na 3,407Malawi 2010 27.0 55.9 19.4 5,121 na 44.8 na na 505 na 28.6 na na 5,627Mali 2006 3.7 25.1 2.0 3,323 na 9.1 na na 489 na 4.4 na na 3,811Mozambique 2011 27.8 43.4 14.5 2,854 12.3 40.8 30.8 5.8 609 84.6 30.1 41.2 13.0 3,462Niger 2012 8.7 52.4 5.8 2,963 14.4 17.0 44.5 4.3 490 87.9 9.8 51.3 5.6 3,453Nigeria 2013 14.6 61.2 11.4 6,556 16.4 33.1 48.8 6.9 2,262 78.6 19.3 58.0 10.2 8,818Rwanda 2011 25.1 51.2 17.3 2,200 24.4 33.6 44.8 10.4 172 94.5 25.8 50.8 16.8 2,372Senegal 2010 24.5 31.7 10.3 2,738 33.4 46.5 49.2 8.9 417 91.2 27.4 34.0 10.1 3,155Tanzania 2010 12.6 38.6 5.6 1,905 na 12.3 na na 377 na 12.6 na na 2,282Uganda 2011 10.5 43.8 5.7 1,681 35.0 21.5 48.8 6.1 455 86.2 12.8 44.8 5.8 2,136Zambia 2007 29.7 55.5 20.7 1,508 na 35.4 na na 333 na 30.7 na na 1,840

Asia Bangladesh 2011 24.2 64.2 21.2 2,223 55.3 41.3 68.5 14.8 135 97.4 25.2 64.5 20.9 2,358Cambodia 2010 33.3 78.6 28.0 1,794 na 47.5 na na 578 na 36.8 na na 2,372India 2005-06 12.9 43.7 8.7 13,069 na 25.5 na na 1,997 na 14.6 na na 15,066Indonesia 2012 51.8 61.4 34.2 3,657 72.7 75.5 78.7 43.1 1,342 92.7 58.2 66.1 36.6 4,999Nepal 2011 27.5 77.7 24.6 1372 68.6 44.4 94.5 19.7 67 98.5 28.5 82.0 24.4 1,439Pakistan 2012-13 19.7 55.3 16.4 2,135 74.7 29.5 84.6 9.9 720 93.6 22.2 62.7 14.8 2,855Tajikistan 2012 32.6 35.2 16.8 1,129 58.3 59.7 70.2 27.3 422 88.6 40.0 44.7 19.6 1,551

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 22.8 45.5 15.1 1,353 26.2 45.6 40.7 9.6 527 79.3 29.2 44.2 13.6 1,881Honduras 2011-12 63.1 83.3 58.7 1,990 79.6 78.0 91.4 47.2 1,033 93.0 68.2 86.1 54.8 3,023

Note: Food groups: a. infant formula, milk other than breast milk, cheese or yogurt or other milk products; b. foods made from grains, roots, and tubers, including porridge and fortified baby food from grains; c. vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables; d. other fruits and vegetables; e. eggs; f. meat, poultry, fish, and shellfish (and organ meats); g. legumes and nuts. Minimum meal frequency: For breastfed children, minimum meal frequency is receiving solid or semi-solid food at least twice a day for infants 6-8 months and at least three times a day for children 9-23 months. For nonbreastfed children age 6-23 months, minimum meal frequency is receiving solid or semi-solid food or milk feeds at least four times a day. Nonbreastfed children age 6-23 months are considered to be fed with a minimum standard of three infant and young child feeding practices if they receive other milk or milk products at least twice a day, receive the minimum meal frequency, and receive solid or semi-solid foods from at least four food groups, not including the milk/milk products group. na = Data not available or not comparable

45

Table 2.5 Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices by place of residence

Percentage of the youngest children age 6-23 months living with their mother who are fed according to three IYCF feeding practices based on breastfeeding status, number of food groups, and times they are fed during the day or night preceding the survey, by place of residence, DHS Surveys 2005-2013

Place of residence




Country Year of DHS 4+ food groups

Minimum meal frequency

Both 4+ food groups and

minimum meal frequency

2+ servings of milk or milk



With 3 IYCF practices

Breast milk, or 2+ servings of milk or milk




Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Urban 11.4 35.7 6.1 33.7 34.8 53.9 8.1 90.2 14.9 38.3 6.4

Rural 3.7 36.8 2.5 8.8 7.9 31.9 0.0 95.3 3.9 36.5 2.4

Congo (DRC) 2007 Urban 17.7 31.9 7.2 na 23.0 na na na 18.8 na naRural 13.4 29.5 3.6 na 22.2 na na na 14.3 na na

Ethiopia 2011 Urban 8.7 49.4 7.9 67.3 38.3 74.9 19.8 96.4 12.0 52.2 9.2Rural 3.6 47.7 3.4 35.6 4.1 50.4 1.6 95.7 3.6 47.9 3.2

Ghana 2008 Urban 49.2 52.3 29.7 na 68.2 na na na 53.8 na naRural 40.6 49.3 25.9 na 59.5 na na na 42.8 na na

Kenya 2008-09 Urban 51.3 68.3 36.5 na 47.0 na na na 50.1 na naRural 24.9 67.2 20.3 na 29.1 na na na 25.6 na na

Liberia 2007 Urban 24.8 53.7 17.7 na 40.2 na na na 28.8 na naRural 19.4 49.4 12.2 na 22.8 na na na 20.0 na na

Madagascar 2008-09 Urban 43.5 11.6 5.0 na 60.4 na na na 46.0 na naRural 20.6 3.4 1.2 na 27.6 na na na 21.5 na na

Malawi 2010 Urban 33.8 67.4 26.3 na 50.7 na na na 36.1 na naRural 25.9 54.0 18.3 na 43.1 na na na 27.3 na na

Mali 2006 Urban 8.0 26.3 3.4 na 13.3 na na na 8.9 na naRural 2.2 24.7 1.5 na 6.9 na na na 2.8 na na

Mozambique 2011 Urban 25.4 48.9 13.0 22.1 43.7 39.5 10.3 77.7 30.6 46.2 12.3Rural 28.5 41.7 15.0 4.8 38.5 24.0 2.3 87.1 29.9 39.3 13.3

Niger 2012 Urban 27.9 50.0 16.8 27.9 39.1 51.7 11.6 84.2 30.4 50.3 15.6Rural 5.8 52.8 4.1 10.5 10.7 42.4 2.2 88.5 6.4 51.4 3.9

Nigeria 2013 Urban 21.2 58.8 15.9 22.1 42.4 53.1 9.6 73.5 28.4 56.8 13.8Rural 11.4 62.3 9.2 11.3 24.7 44.9 4.5 81.4 14.2 58.6 8.2

Rwanda 2010 Urban 46.5 57.3 34.0 36.2 53.7 58.5 17.3 92.7 47.4 57.4 32.1Rural 22.6 50.5 15.4 21.9 29.3 41.9 8.9 94.7 23.1 50.0 15.0

Senegal 2010-11 Urban 33.8 30.3 13.1 49.3 63.7 54.4 15.6 92.2 38.4 34.0 13.5Rural 18.7 32.5 8.6 20.1 32.2 44.9 3.3 90.5 20.3 33.9 8.0

Tanzania 2010 Urban 21.1 42.4 9.8 na 24.0 13.4 na na 21.6 na naRural 10.4 37.6 4.6 na 9.0 10.6 na na 10.2 na na

Uganda 2011 Urban 17.2 42.8 8.1 56.1 30.7 65.0 14.5 86.7 21.3 49.5 10.1Rural 9.6 43.9 5.4 30.0 19.4 45.0 4.1 86.1 11.6 44.1 5.1

Zambia 2007 Urban 45.0 65.8 32.4 na 54.9 na na na 47.4 na naRural 24.3 51.8 16.6 na 24.0 na na na 24.3 na na

Asia Bangladesh 2011 Urban 33.1 66.9 28.3 63.8 49.6 75.7 24.5 96.1 34.9 67.8 27.9

Rural 21.8 63.5 19.3 49.1 35.2 63.2 7.7 97.8 22.3 63.5 18.8

Cambodia 2010 Urban 33.9 81.0 28.9 na 47.4 na na na 39.6 na naRural 33.2 78.2 27.9 na 47.5 na na na 36.2 na na

Continued…

46


Place of residence
















India 2005-06 Urban 18.7 48.4 13.3 na 29.4 na na na 21.0 na na Rural 11.2 42.3 7.3 na 22.7 na na na 12.4 na na

Indonesia 2012 Urban 58.4 64.2 39.1 79.7 80.1 85.2 50.7 93.8 65.1 70.6 42.6Rural 46.1 59.0 29.9 63.9 69.6 70.3 33.2 91.6 51.5 61.6 30.7

Nepal 2011 Urban 45.6 75.5 37.8 * * * * 98.3 45.5 84.0 36.9Rural 25.8 77.9 23.2 (68.0) (44.3) (96.0) (19.2) 98.6 26.6 81.7 23.1

Pakistan 2012-13 Urban 26.5 61.0 23.3 85.1 38.6 90.6 13.6 95.1 30.5 70.6 20.2Rural 17.2 53.2 13.8 67.9 23.6 80.7 7.5 92.9 18.6 59.2 12.4

Tajikistan 2012 Urban 33.1 35.3 18.4 64.6 55.1 72.0 30.5 87.6 40.8 48.1 22.7 Rural 32.5 35.2 16.4 55.9 61.4 69.6 26.0 88.9 39.7 43.8 18.8

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Urban 26.1 48.2 17.2 39.7 53.1 52.8 11.9 79.8 35.1 49.7 13.5

Rural 21.4 44.4 14.2 17.5 40.8 32.8 8.1 79.1 26.3 41.4 13.6

Honduras 2011-12 Urban 70.0 81.4 62.9 84.8 79.1 93.3 49.7 93.4 73.9 86.5 57.2Rural 58.5 84.5 55.9 72.5 76.3 88.9 43.8 92.7 63.2 85.7 52.7

na = Data not available or not comparable Numbers in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed.

47

Table 2.6 Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices by age of child in months

Percentage of the youngest children age 6-23 months living with their mother who are fed according to three IYCF feeding practices based on breastfeeding status, number of food groups, and times they are fed during the day or night preceding the survey, by age of the child in months, DHS Surveys 2005-2013

Age of child in months




Country Year of DHS 4+ food groupsMinimum meal

frequency




products 4+ food groupsMinimum meal

frequency With 3 IYCF

practices




practices

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 6-11 2.6 28.9 1.6 34.5 9.9 34.1 0.0 98.8 2.7 29.0 1.6

12-23 6.4 41.1 3.9 16.5 19.0 41.0 3.4 92.1 7.6 41.1 3.9

Congo (DRC) 2007 6-11 11.0 36.6 5.1 na 23.3 na na na 11.3 na na12-23 17.7 26.3 4.8 na 22.6 na na na 18.7 na na

Ethiopia 2011 6-11 1.5 37.0 1.4 43.4 0.0 39.3 0.0 98.4 1.4 37.1 1.412-23 6.1 55.0 5.6 41.9 13.0 58.1 6.2 94.1 6.8 55.4 5.7

Ghana 2008 6-11 27.9 49.5 19.7 na 88.0 na na na 29.8 na na12-23 54.6 51.0 32.4 na 62.6 na na na 56.5 na na

Kenya 2008-09 6-11 21.6 70.0 17.7 na 22.5 na na na 21.7 na na12-23 36.2 65.4 27.8 na 35.7 na na na 36.1 na na

Liberia 2007 6-11 14.0 46.6 9.3 na 23.2 na na na 14.4 na na12-23 27.5 54.6 18.1 na 30.3 na na na 28.4 na na

Madagascar 2008-09 6-11 15.2 6.8 2.0 na 7.8 na na na 15.1 na na12-23 28.6 2.5 1.4 na 32.3 na na na 29.3 na na

Malawi 2010 6-11 18.2 56.6 13.7 na 31.1 na na na 18.4 na na12-23 32.5 55.5 23.0 na 45.9 na na na 34.2 na na

Mali 2006 6-11 2.2 18.2 1.5 na 5.3 na na na 2.3 na na12-23 4.7 29.5 2.3 na 9.3 na na na 5.5 na na

Mozambique 2011 6-11 20.4 47.5 11.3 25.2 27.7 35.3 6.9 96.4 20.7 46.9 11.012-23 33.0 40.4 16.9 10.9 42.2 30.3 5.7 78.0 35.3 37.9 14.1

Niger 2012 6-11 5.0 47.0 3.4 25.3 4.5 30.4 1.5 98.8 5.0 46.8 3.312-23 11.3 56.3 7.6 13.9 17.6 45.1 4.4 81.4 12.7 53.9 6.9

Nigeria 2013 6-11 11.1 56.5 8.7 20.6 17.8 39.1 4.7 94.6 11.6 55.4 8.412-23 17.4 65.0 13.6 16.0 34.7 49.8 7.2 69.4 23.7 59.5 11.3

Rwanda 2010 6-11 17.3 41.9 11.0 46.1 31.2 54.1 14.6 98.8 17.7 42.1 11.112-23 29.7 56.8 21.0 21.7 33.8 43.7 9.8 92.2 30.1 55.5 19.9

Senegal 2010-11 6-11 16.2 29.7 7.3 59.3 51.0 43.0 0.0 99.5 16.6 29.9 7.212-23 29.7 32.9 12.2 32.6 46.3 49.4 9.1 86.9 32.9 36.1 11.6

Tanzania 2010 6-11 9.5 44.3 4.4 na 9.4 na na na 9.5 na na12-23 14.7 34.8 6.4 na 12.5 na na na 14.2 na na

Uganda 2011 6-11 7.9 45.7 4.0 54.0 7.9 56.6 3.6 97.6 7.9 46.2 4.012-23 12.7 42.2 7.1 33.0 22.9 48.0 6.3 79.1 15.9 44.0 6.9

Zambia 2007 6-11 23.5 58.1 17.1 na 41.6 na na na 23.9 na na12-23 34.1 53.6 23.2 na 35.1 na na na 34.3 na na

Continued…

48


Age of child in months





frequency






practices




practices

Asia Bangladesh 2011 6-11 12.0 54.8 10.2 73.0 30.9 66.6 10.8 99.0 12.7 55.2 10.3

12-23 31.3 69.8 27.7 50.0 44.4 69.0 16.0 96.6 32.2 69.7 26.9

Cambodia 2010 6-11 21.0 76.5 17.4 na 53.8 na na na 23.0 na na12-23 42.6 80.2 36.0 na 46.9 na na na 44.1 na na

India 2005-06 6-11 5.1 35.5 3.7 na 12.5 na na na 5.4 na na12-23 17.7 48.8 11.8 na 27.5 na na na 19.5 na na

Indonesia 2012 6-11 34.2 66.1 23.5 81.3 58.5 82.6 36.4 96.9 38.2 68.8 25.712-23 64.2 58.2 41.7 70.3 80.4 77.6 45.0 90.3 69.5 64.5 42.7

Nepal 2011 6-11 15.3 64.9 13.6 * * * * 100.0 16.5 65.4 14.012-23 34.1 84.6 30.3 (64.8) (38.6) (93.8) (17.2) 97.8 34.3 85.2 29.4

Pakistan 2012-13 6-11 10.9 46.8 9.8 79.5 17.5 83.9 7.0 96.6 12.0 53.0 9.4 12-23 25.5 60.8 20.7 73.2 33.2 84.8 10.8 92.0 27.8 68.0 17.7

Tajikistan 2012 6-11 12.9 26.5 5.6 70.4 37.6 69.1 12.2 96.0 16.3 32.2 6.5 12-23 48.5 42.3 25.8 55.5 64.7 70.5 30.7 84.2 54.2 52.3 27.6

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 6-11 18.7 54.7 13.8 60.9 41.8 64.6 18.8 97.2 20.4 55.4 14.1

12-23 26.9 36.3 16.4 22.5 46.1 38.1 8.6 68.0 34.8 37.0 13.2

Honduras 2011-12 6-11 51.6 76.2 47.6 88.5 55.0 91.6 22.0 97.6 52.3 79.3 42.412-23 70.9 88.1 66.2 77.5 83.7 91.4 53.5 90.7 76.1 89.4 61.0

na = Data not available or not comparable Numbers in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed.

49

Table 2.7 Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices by sex of the child

Percentage of the youngest children 6-23 months living with their mother who are fed according to three IYCF feeding practices based on breastfeeding status, number of food groups, and times they are fed during the day or night preceding the survey, by sex of the child, DHS Surveys 2005-2013

Sex of the child


Among non-breastfed children 6-23 months, percentage fed: Among all children 6-23 months, percentage fed:


frequency






practices




practices

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Male 4.7 35.5 3.4 21.2 23.2 36.9 1.8 94.4 6.1 35.6 3.3

Female 5.2 37.7 2.8 15.0 12.5 44.1 4.5 94.4 5.7 38.1 2.9

Congo (DRC) 2007 Male 12.4 30.1 3.7 na 25.7 9.1 na 87.2 14.1 27.4 3.3Female 18.0 30.8 6.3 na 19.8 9.1 na 84.7 18.2 27.4 5.4

Ethiopia 2011 Male 3.7 48.3 3.3 42.4 13.4 59.3 7.5 95.4 4.5 49.2 3.6Female 4.9 47.5 4.7 41.8 8.3 50.7 2.7 96.1 5.1 47.7 4.6

Ghana 2008 Male 44.6 48.8 27.7 na 80.7 na na na 50.5 na naFemale 42.4 51.9 26.6 na 48.8 na na na 43.5 na na

Kenya 2008-09 Male 26.0 68.4 18.6 na 29.4 na na na 26.6 na naFemale 33.7 66.4 28.2 na 41.0 na na na 35.0 na na

Liberia 2007 Male 21.2 50.2 14.3 na 30.8 na na na 23.4 na naFemale 20.9 51.3 13.4 na 28.6 na na na 22.4 na na

Madagascar 2008-09 Male 22.4 4.0 1.8 na 31.6 na na na 23.8 na naFemale 23.5 4.6 1.4 na 31.2 na na na 24.5 na na

Malawi 2010 Male 26.9 56.7 20.0 na 46.4 na na na 28.6 na naFemale 27.1 55.1 18.9 na 43.3 na na na 28.6 na na

Mali 2006 Male 4.3 28.0 2.3 na 8.8 na na na 4.9 na naFemale 3.1 22.2 1.7 na 9.5 na na na 3.9 na na

Mozambique 2011 Male 26.3 43.7 12.8 11.3 40.2 30.3 4.4 84.2 28.8 41.3 11.3Female 29.1 43.1 16.2 13.4 41.3 31.3 7.2 85.0 31.3 41.0 14.6

Niger 2012 Male 8.2 52.9 5.5 14.0 16.1 43.1 3.2 87.6 9.3 51.5 5.1Female 9.1 51.9 6.1 14.7 18.0 45.9 5.3 88.1 10.3 51.1 6.0

Nigeria 2013 Male 13.2 62.0 10.2 16.6 32.3 49.6 7.3 77.6 18.3 58.6 9.4Female 15.9 60.4 12.6 16.2 34.0 47.9 6.5 79.5 20.4 57.3 11.1

Rwanda 2010 Male 24.4 50.2 17.5 17.8 29.1 44.9 10.9 94.3 24.7 49.9 17.1Female 25.9 52.2 17.1 30.1 37.5 44.7 9.9 94.7 26.8 51.7 16.6

Senegal 2010-11 Male 24.8 31.8 10.5 31.6 47.9 51.9 9.9 90.7 27.9 34.6 10.4Female 24.2 31.5 10.2 35.4 44.8 46.0 7.7 91.8 26.8 33.3 9.9

Tanzania 2010 Male 13.9 42.5 6.7 na 11.1 na na na 13.4 na naFemale 11.4 34.9 4.7 na 13.6 na na na 11.7 na na

Uganda 2011 Male 11.0 43.3 5.9 36.3 18.6 48.9 6.4 87.4 12.5 44.4 6.0Female 10.0 44.2 5.5 33.8 24.0 48.7 5.8 85.0 13.2 45.2 5.5

Zambia 2007 Male 30.4 55.7 21.0 na 34.2 na na na 31.1 na naFemale 29.0 55.2 20.4 na 36.6 na na na 30.4 na na

Asia Bangladesh 2011 Male 23.8 65.1 20.9 52.0 41.7 64.3 20.8 97.8 24.6 65.1 20.9

Female 24.6 63.3 21.6 57.6 41.0 71.4 10.6 97.1 25.7 63.9 20.8

Cambodia 2010 Male 33.4 76.8 27.8 na 52.1 na na na 37.4 na naFemale 33.3 80.7 28.3 na 43.6 na na na 36.1 na na

India 2005-06 Male 12.9 43.2 8.9 na 27.4 na na na 14.8 na naFemale 12.9 44.3 8.5 na 23.5 na na na 14.4 na na

Indonesia 2012 Male 50.9 60.9 33.0 73.5 73.3 79.2 40.7 92.9 56.9 65.8 35.1

Female 52.8 62.0 35.4 72.0 77.8 78.2 45.5 92.4 59.6 66.4 38.2

Nepal 2011 Male 28.0 78.4 24.3 (70.6) (40.8) (95.8) (29.0) 98.5 28.6 83.2 24.5Female 27.4 77.0 25.0 (66.4) (48.4) (92.9) (9.3) 98.5 28.3 80.7 24.3

Pakistan 2012-13 Male 20.7 54.5 16.4 73.4 35.4 84.0 9.9 93.6 24.2 61.5 14.9Female 18.8 56.2 16.4 75.8 23.9 85.2 9.9 93.6 20.1 63.9 14.7

Tajikistan 2012 Male 32.0 35.6 17.3 56.2 56.0 72.0 24.0 88.2 38.5 45.4 19.1 Female 33.3 34.8 16.2 60.4 63.5 68.4 30.7 89.1 41.6 44.0 20.2

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Male 23.1 46.9 15.5 26.7 44.0 41.3 8.9 78.1 29.3 45.2 13.5

Female 22.5 44.2 14.7 25.7 47.5 40.0 10.5 80.6 29.1 43.1 13.6

Honduras 2011-12 Male 63.2 83.9 59.0 80.4 78.3 91.0 48.8 92.7 68.9 86.6 55.2Female 62.9 82.7 58.4 78.6 77.5 92.0 45.1 93.5 67.4 85.5 54.3

na = Data not available or not comparable. Numbers in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

50

Table 2.8 Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices by mother’s level of education

Percentage of the youngest children 6-23 months living with their mother who are fed according to three IYCF feeding practices based on breastfeeding status, number of food groups, and times they are fed during the day or night preceding the survey, by mothers level of education, DHS Surveys 2005-2013

Mothers level of education





Minimum meal

frequency

Both 4+ food groups and minimum

meal frequency



Minimum meal


practices

Breast milk, or 2+



Minimum meal


practices

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 No education 4.1 36.3 2.7 9.9 8.0 33.4 0.0 95.3 4.3 36.2 2.5

Primary 6.6 36.9 3.9 9.0 22.5 36.9 0.0 90.2 8.3 36.9 3.5Secondary+ 16.4 40.2 8.4 54.2 47.8 66.0 16.0 89.9 23.3 45.9 10.1

Congo (DRC) 2007 No education 13.1 28.6 3.3 na 20.4 na na na 13.8 na naPrimary 13.5 28.2 3.3 na 19.3 na na na 14.1 na naSecondary+ 18.4 34.4 8.3 na 25.6 na na na 19.8 na na

Ethiopia 2011 No education 2.3 43.8 2.1 35.8 1.6 45.0 0.6 96.4 2.2 43.9 2.0Primary 7.3 55.9 6.9 45.0 16.4 62.7 7.5 94.2 8.3 56.6 7.0Secondary+ 17.6 63.3 16.2 70.8 50.3 89.6 26.8 96.4 21.7 66.5 17.5

Ghana 2008 No education 34.9 44.0 21.9 na 55.4 na na na 36.8 na naPrimary 39.0 53.0 27.6 na 51.1 na na na 41.8 na naSecondary+ 52.6 54.0 31.0 na 76.6 na na na 56.9 na na

Kenya 2008-09 No education 13.4 47.4 11.1 na 5.4 na na na 12.2 na naPrimary 28.1 69.8 21.8 na 30.8 na na na 28.6 na naSecondary+ 43.7 71.5 34.7 na 50.4 na na na 45.4 na na

Liberia 2007 No education 18.4 43.8 10.4 na 23.7 na na na 19.4 na naPrimary 20.6 54.3 12.6 na 28.6 na na na 22.3 na naSecondary+ 29.2 62.3 26.2 na 40.6 na na na 32.5 na na

Madagascar 2008-09 No education 12.9 2.0 0.9 na 22.0 na na na 14.3 na naPrimary 21.0 3.5 1.1 na 25.2 na na na 21.5 na naSecondary+ 41.4 9.5 3.9 na 55.4 na na na 43.6 na na

Malawi 2010 No education 17.9 47.9 12.7 na 33.1 na na na 19.1 na naPrimary 27.2 55.8 19.4 na 40.5 na na na 28.3 na naSecondary+ 35.9 65.3 27.0 na 63.3 na na na 39.6 na na

Mali 2006 No education 3.2 24.9 1.9 na 6.8 na na na 3.7 na naPrimary 4.4 23.9 1.7 na 12.9 na na na 5.4 na naSecondary+ 11.7 33.0 4.2 na 23.9 na na na 14.8 na na

Mozambique 2011 No education 26.0 39.8 11.8 5.7 32.1 22.8 4.0 87.7 26.8 37.6 10.8Primary 29.7 45.4 17.0 7.4 41.7 26.5 1.5 83.9 31.8 42.1 14.3Secondary+ 25.1 47.1 13.0 31.6 49.3 50.4 17.8 78.0 32.9 48.2 14.5

Niger 2012 No education 7.1 51.3 4.8 11.1 13.1 41.6 2.2 87.8 7.9 50.0 4.4Primary 13.4 60.1 9.4 18.6 23.5 52.2 2.6 87.2 15.0 58.9 8.3Secondary+ 26.1 55.5 15.9 42.4 48.7 63.9 27.4 89.0 30.4 57.1 18.1

Nigeria 2013 No education 9.8 62.7 7.9 7.7 18.6 46.3 1.3 85.1 11.2 60.0 6.9Primary 18.3 63.1 14.4 8.0 27.7 41.8 2.8 75.0 20.8 57.3 11.3Secondary+ 21.0 57.2 15.8 24.5 43.4 52.8 11.7 71.5 29.5 55.6 14.3

Rwanda 2010 No education 15.0 42.4 10.4 28.1 27.9 46.2 2.8 95.0 15.9 42.7 9.9Primary 24.8 51.6 16.9 17.1 25.8 37.7 8.3 94.4 24.9 50.7 16.3Secondary+ 49.5 66.4 36.2 53.9 76.0 76.0 28.7 94.4 52.7 67.6 35.3

Senegal 2010-11 No education 20.9 33.0 9.3 25.8 33.4 43.7 6.0 91.8 22.3 34.2 8.9Primary 30.2 27.2 12.2 39.5 65.4 52.8 12.7 89.5 36.3 31.7 12.3Secondary+ 42.4 31.8 14.8 55.0 63.9 66.8 13.4 91.2 46.6 38.7 14.6

Continued…

51


Mothers level of education





Minimum meal

frequency

Both 4+ food groups and minimum

meal frequency



Minimum meal


practices

Breast milk, or 2+



Minimum meal


practices

Tanzania 2010 No education 8.3 34.6 3.0 na 6.8 na na na 8.1 na na Primary 13.1 38.9 6.0 na 10.5 na na na 12.7 na naSecondary+ 22.1 48.9 11.2 na 40.6 na na na 25.5 na na

Uganda 2011 No education 6.1 31.8 2.1 26.0 8.1 37.1 3.2 89.7 6.4 32.5 2.3Primary 9.9 44.9 6.2 28.0 19.3 39.2 3.6 85.1 11.8 43.7 5.7Secondary+ 15.4 48.4 6.5 52.6 30.1 72.7 12.2 87.0 19.5 55.0 8.1

Zambia 2007 No education 19.1 48.3 12.6 na 33.4 na na na 20.7 na naPrimary 28.2 52.4 18.6 na 28.1 na na na 28.2 na naSecondary+ 41.9 69.9 32.8 na 52.0 na na na 44.3 na na

Asia Bangladesh 2011 No education 11.8 52.9 10.3 16.8 22.8 31.9 0.0 96.1 12.3 51.9 9.8


Cambodia 2010 No education 21.7 72.0 16.0 na 42.5 na na na 24.9 na naPrimary 32.7 77.6 27.3 na 41.0 na na na 34.6 na naSecondary+ 44.0 86.3 39.5 na 58.0 na na na 48.7 na na

India 2005-06 No education 7.1 40.3 4.8 na 15.1 na na na 7.9 na naPrimary 14.0 42.1 9.8 na 26.1 na na na 15.4 na naSecondary+ 20.2 48.9 13.5 na 31.8 na na na 22.4 na na

Indonesia 2012 No education 19.6 64.7 11.4 27.3 30.5 50.2 6.2 87.1 21.6 62.1 10.5Primary 42.4 58.0 28.1 58.6 68.8 69.3 30.6 91.9 47.5 60.2 28.6Secondary+ 57.7 63.1 38.0 77.5 78.1 81.8 47.2 93.2 63.9 68.7 40.8

Nepal 2011 No education 12.1 72.9 11.3 * * * * 97.1 12.2 76.0 11.0Primary 25.5 78.4 21.8 * * * * 99.2 26.8 81.0 21.7Secondary+ 44.5 82.4 39.4 * * * * 99.7 46.0 82.9 39.4

Pakistan 2012-13 No education 14.7 54.0 12.2 62.3 20.1 76.2 5.3 91.9 15.9 58.7 10.7Primary 19.5 51.9 16.0 79.0 28.9 91.3 9.6 94.7 21.9 61.9 14.4Secondary+ 31.0 60.5 26.0 88.3 41.8 92.1 15.9 96.2 34.5 70.7 22.7

Tajikistan 2012 No education 39.6 28.7 15.5 71.8 21.8 71.8 21.8 96.4 37.3 34.2 16.3 Primary 41.5 29.5 20.3 75.3 48.1 63.5 15.8 94.3 43.0 37.4 19.3 Secondary+ 31.8 35.8 16.6 57.2 60.7 70.6 27.9 88.1 39.8 45.5 19.8

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 No education 11.0 36.0 7.9 15.7 29.4 23.0 10.1 82.2 14.9 33.2 8.4


Honduras 2011-12 No education 46.2 78.6 43.6 66.6 52.9 81.9 32.5 92.3 47.8 79.3 41.1Primary 58.9 82.5 54.5 73.2 74.8 88.4 40.1 92.7 63.2 84.1 50.6Secondary+ 73.9 85.6 69.4 85.9 82.1 94.6 54.2 93.5 77.6 89.7 62.4

na = Data not available or not comparable An asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed.

52

Table 2.9 Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices by wealth quintile

Percentage of the youngest children 6-23 months living with their mother who are fed according to three IYCF feeding practices based on breastfeeding status, number of food groups, and times they are fed during the day or night preceding the survey, by wealth quintile of the households, DHS Surveys 2005-2013

Wealth quintile of the household
















Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Lowest 3.4 35.9 2.6 11.5 5.6 38.0 0.0 95.6 3.5 36.0 2.5

Second 3.1 36.8 1.9 2.9 5.7 27.7 0.0 95.5 3.2 36.4 1.8Middle 4.0 34.7 2.2 3.1 2.9 10.2 0.0 95.1 3.9 33.5 2.1Fourth 4.1 37.1 2.8 15.8 15.6 46.0 0.0 94.9 4.8 37.6 2.6Highest 13.1 39.4 7.5 35.0 36.1 56.6 8.5 89.5 16.8 42.2 7.7

Congo (DRC) 2007 Lowest 13.5 32.1 4.1 na 12.0 na na na 13.4 na naSecond 10.3 25.6 2.2 na 22.0 na na na 11.4 na naMiddle 13.1 29.8 3.7 na 18.1 na na na 13.7 na naFourth 18.6 32.2 6.5 na 24.5 na na na 19.5 na naHighest 23.5 33.4 10.8 na 28.5 na na na 25.0 na na

Ethiopia 2011 Lowest 1.4 42.2 1.2 38.7 1.4 38.4 0.0 97.1 1.4 42.0 1.2Second 4.7 47.1 4.0 29.6 3.6 47.1 0.0 95.1 4.6 47.1 3.8Middle 2.9 50.9 2.9 35.6 0.2 56.1 0.0 94.9 2.7 51.3 2.7Fourth 3.9 50.6 3.9 37.6 6.2 54.7 0.0 95.5 4.1 50.9 3.6Highest 10.2 51.0 9.6 64.1 37.1 73.0 21.8 96.1 13.2 53.4 10.9

Ghana 2008 Lowest 39.1 47.0 26.8 na 45.2 na na na 39.3 na naSecond 35.8 51.1 23.3 na 51.1 na na na 37.9 na naMiddle 44.3 52.2 27.6 na 62.8 na na na 46.9 na naFourth 47.8 49.9 30.3 na 67.0 na na na 52.4 na naHighest 62.7 55.1 30.4 na 74.9 na na na 66.8 na na

Kenya 2008-09 Lowest 13.6 60.9 11.0 na 17.1 na na na 14.1 na naSecond 24.2 73.4 18.1 na 19.3 na na na 23.2 na naMiddle 27.5 68.1 23.2 na 42.4 na na na 29.7 na naFourth 42.4 68.8 33.2 na 25.5 na na na 39.5 na naHighest 46.7 67.2 35.4 na 57.4 na na na 49.8 na na

Liberia 2007 Lowest 20.2 41.3 12.6 na 13.4 na na na 18.6 na naSecond 17.3 46.7 9.4 na 20.9 na na na 18.0 na naMiddle 18.9 54.5 13.8 na 28.9 na na na 20.4 na naFourth 24.0 52.5 15.0 na 38.1 na na na 27.0 na naHighest 29.8 65.5 23.8 na 47.0 na na na 36.0 na na

Madagascar 2008-09 Lowest 14.8 2.1 0.5 na 19.1 na na na 15.4 na naSecond 14.0 2.9 1.1 na 24.5 na na na 15.7 na naMiddle 16.9 2.8 0.3 na 18.0 na na na 17.0 na naFourth 28.8 5.3 2.6 na 38.3 na na na 30.0 na naHighest 54.4 11.7 5.4 na 66.8 na na na 56.4 na na

Malawi 2010 Lowest 20.8 51.0 14.7 na 30.5 na na na 21.4 na naSecond 22.7 50.5 14.7 na 30.5 na na na 23.3 na naMiddle 28.3 52.5 20.9 na 40.9 na na na 29.1 na naFourth 28.9 63.3 21.9 na 58.4 na na na 32.4 na naHighest 37.8 66.7 27.6 na 53.8 na na na 39.9 na na

Mali 2006 Lowest 3.1 26.2 2.6 na 10.7 na na na 3.9 na naSecond 2.2 25.4 1.3 na 2.4 na na na 2.2 na naMiddle 2.4 22.8 1.3 na 5.5 na na na 2.8 na naFourth 2.0 23.1 1.0 na 6.7 na na na 2.6 na naHighest 10.1 28.9 4.4 na 17.4 na na na 11.5 na na

Continued…

53


















Mozambique 2011 Lowest 31.3 46.1 19.4 0.0 34.5 23.0 0.0 86.9 31.7 43.1 16.9 Second 26.1 37.5 13.7 1.4 44.1 19.5 0.0 88.6 28.2 35.4 12.1Middle 31.9 42.0 15.5 5.1 37.3 15.4 3.7 86.2 32.6 38.1 13.8Fourth 21.6 43.3 8.0 10.4 37.8 30.0 6.3 82.2 24.8 40.6 7.7Highest 26.3 53.0 14.4 30.9 46.9 50.7 13.0 75.2 33.7 52.2 13.9

Niger 2012 Lowest 3.9 46.2 3.0 13.5 8.1 32.9 0.0 91.6 4.3 44.9 2.7Second 4.6 53.4 3.4 6.3 2.4 24.9 0.7 89.7 4.4 50.3 3.1Middle 4.3 52.5 3.4 8.3 10.6 47.7 4.1 86.2 5.2 51.7 3.5Fourth 9.0 58.1 6.2 11.3 17.0 49.3 1.9 85.8 10.3 56.6 5.5Highest 22.4 51.0 13.4 27.9 35.7 54.7 10.8 86.6 24.9 51.7 12.9

Nigeria 2013 Lowest 7.9 62.2 6.6 10.2 18.5 48.6 2.7 87.2 9.4 60.2 6.0Second 11.0 64.5 9.2 4.8 20.4 40.8 1.2 82.7 12.7 60.2 7.8Middle 16.9 63.2 12.7 8.7 26.2 42.2 4.8 74.4 19.5 57.3 10.5Fourth 21.5 58.5 17.1 17.6 38.0 51.5 5.9 74.5 26.6 56.3 13.7Highest 22.1 53.8 15.6 30.1 47.7 56.0 14.3 70.8 32.8 54.7 15.0

Rwanda 2010 Lowest 17.1 46.8 11.5 5.3 14.8 17.9 5.3 96.5 17.1 45.7 11.3Second 20.6 47.9 12.4 17.0 20.7 35.2 8.2 95.9 20.6 47.3 12.2Middle 23.3 48.1 14.2 14.6 27.0 29.6 11.7 92.6 23.6 46.5 14.0Fourth 24.9 57.4 18.7 19.6 25.1 45.8 3.8 93.6 24.9 56.5 17.5Highest 49.1 60.6 37.6 46.5 58.6 71.5 17.0 92.6 50.5 62.1 34.8

Senegal 2010-11 Lowest 13.2 34.1 6.5 24.7 21.8 42.6 1.6 91.5 14.2 35.1 6.0Second 16.8 34.2 8.6 22.9 32.9 45.3 4.2 91.8 18.5 35.4 8.1Middle 28.5 31.4 11.8 25.0 43.1 51.8 7.9 89.2 30.6 34.3 11.3Fourth 24.0 26.7 10.0 36.1 63.4 50.2 17.7 89.6 30.4 30.5 11.2Highest 48.3 30.9 17.3 61.0 68.3 56.0 10.3 94.5 51.1 34.4 16.3

Tanzania 2010 Lowest 6.0 33.9 1.7 na 0.0 na na na 5.3 na naSecond 8.5 36.7 2.8 na 6.2 na na na 8.1 na naMiddle 13.8 40.7 7.6 na 13.9 na na na 13.8 na naFourth 11.3 37.1 4.0 na 7.4 na na na 10.7 na naHighest 29.8 48.1 15.8 na 31.1 na na na 30.0 na na

Uganda 2011 Lowest 4.3 36.3 2.8 18.4 9.3 27.8 0.5 87.5 5.1 35.0 2.4Second 6.2 44.3 4.2 24.2 17.0 38.8 3.6 86.1 8.2 43.3 4.1Middle 12.6 48.3 8.4 35.3 28.7 50.8 5.5 86.5 16.0 48.8 7.8Fourth 15.6 44.7 5.5 27.7 20.6 46.3 3.0 83.2 16.8 45.0 4.9Highest 18.7 48.5 9.5 58.9 28.2 70.2 14.4 87.0 21.7 55.4 11.1

Zambia 2007 Lowest 22.9 53.6 15.6 na 28.8 na na na 23.7 na naSecond 24.5 46.7 15.8 na 14.7 na na na 23.1 na na Middle 23.4 54.3 16.5 na 25.2 na na na 23.7 na naFourth 42.1 62.9 29.9 na 43.3 na na na 42.3 na naHighest 48.2 68.8 35.7 na 61.5 na na na 52.3 na na

Continued…

54


















Asia Bangladesh 2011 Lowest 13.0 54.0 11.5 21.1 10.6 34.3 0.0 97.8 12.9 53.5 11.2


Cambodia 2010 Lowest 28.3 75.7 22.1 na 41.6 na na na 7.1 na naSecond 31.1 78.1 27.3 na 41.8 na na na 11.3 na naMiddle 31.0 84.1 28.8 na 42.2 na na na 14.2 na naFourth 43.4 75.6 34.7 na 46.6 na na na 19.5 na naHighest 36.8 81.9 31.5 na 57.0 na na na 26.0 na na

India 2005-06 Lowest 6.2 41.4 3.9 na 18.3 na na na 7.1 na naSecond 10.6 41.7 7.2 na 18.0 na na na 11.3 na naMiddle 12.7 41.3 8.0 na 24.8 na na na 14.2 na naFourth 17.8 45.1 12.3 na 28.4 na na na 19.5 na naHighest 24.4 53.7 17.5 na 30.6 na na na 26.0 na na

Indonesia 2012 Lowest 36.4 60.4 24.6 47.6 55.5 55.8 18.0 88.8 40.5 59.4 23.2Second 44.8 62.5 30.6 65.9 81.1 77.1 38.3 91.8 53.5 66.0 32.5Middle 54.9 61.0 35.9 73.6 74.8 81.2 42.9 93.5 59.8 65.9 37.6Fourth 58.9 59.7 37.6 78.4 77.9 81.2 43.7 93.7 64.4 66.0 39.4Highest 70.1 63.8 45.6 88.8 82.3 90.7 62.6 96.0 74.5 73.5 51.7

Nepal 2011 Lowest 14.5 76.1 13.9 * * * * 99.1 14.2 79.1 13.7Second 21.6 78.4 19.9 * * * * 98.3 21.9 81.2 19.7Middle 25.9 74.5 22.1 * * * * 97.1 24.6 78.2 21.1Fourth 41.0 80.1 36.3 * * * * 99.1 43.3 84.7 35.3Highest 47.1 81.7 40.7 * * * * 99.4 49.7 90.2 41.0

Pakistan 2012-13 Lowest 11.6 54.6 9.8 50.7 13.5 69.0 2.8 91.8 11.9 57.0 8.6Second 15.7 49.5 11.5 71.3 17.8 83.5 3.3 93.8 16.2 56.8 9.7Middle 18.1 53.2 14.5 73.8 30.2 82.7 11.4 93.6 21.0 60.4 13.7Fourth 25.1 55.8 21.5 78.6 33.9 89.4 13.0 93.7 27.7 65.8 19.0Highest 35.8 69.1 32.3 88.4 43.7 91.4 15.2 91.8 11.9 57.0 8.6

Tajikistan 2012 Lowest 29.4 43.0 19.8 51.5 47.1 72.2 13.6 90.6 32.9 48.7 18.6 Second 28.9 34.1 13.9 43.5 58.6 73.0 21.0 85.7 36.4 43.9 15.7 Middle 40.1 31.9 19.8 67.7 65.0 79.1 37.8 92.1 46.2 43.4 24.2 Fourth 30.2 30.0 11.8 61.3 68.3 61.1 28.1 88.1 41.9 39.5 16.8 Highest 34.6 37.9 18.9 64.0 54.6 68.6 31.1 86.3 42.2 49.6 23.6

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Lowest 18.6 39.4 10.7 6.0 26.5 19.9 2.1 80.6 20.2 35.4 8.9


Honduras 2011-12 Lowest 51.0 84.4 47.8 59.8 64.6 81.8 26.8 92.5 53.6 83.9 43.9Second 63.4 82.3 59.1 72.4 81.3 89.7 39.9 92.4 68.3 84.3 53.8Middle 61.7 79.0 57.2 76.8 76.5 91.1 44.4 91.1 67.3 83.6 52.3Fourth 76.8 88.1 72.1 90.9 81.4 96.1 58.6 96.0 78.8 91.6 66.2Highest 77.3 82.4 70.2 87.7 81.1 93.9 55.6 93.8 79.2 88.2 62.8

na = Data not available or not comparable An asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed.

55

Table 2.10 Women’s dietary diversity

Percentage of women age 15-49 who gave birth in the last 3 years who consumed various food groups in the day or night preceding the survey, DHS Surveys 2007-2010

Country Year of DHS

Percentage of women consuming the food group Mean number of food groups consumed

(0-9) Number of

women Starchy staples Legumes and

nuts Dairy Organ meat Meat other than

organs Eggs Dark green leafy

vegetables

Vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables

Other fruits and vegetables

Sub-Saharan Africa Ghana 2008 96.7 26.4 21.1 10.9 82.9 21.6 51.7 24.4 64.8 4.0 1,492Liberia 2007 94.6 22.1 13.5 16.4 74.4 19.6 51.2 31.5 22.9 3.5 2,701Madagascar 2008-09 95.4 22.7 19.8 3.7 45.4 6.0 51.6 34.1 30.7 3.1 6,282Nigeria 2008^ 87.6 41.3 37.1 14.6 63.5 17.7 56.9 30.1 33.2 3.8 13,477Tanzania 2010 79.0 37.2 18.5 na 32.0 5.6 54.4 28.4 16.4 2.7 4,113Zambia 2007 55.3 43.0 15.4 10.0 62.7 14.0 73.6 32.0 32.0 3.4 3,229

Note: These data are only available for these select countries, as they were only collected in surveys conducted between 2006 and 2010.na = Data not available or not comparable ^ Given that women’s dietary diversity data were not collected in the 2013 Nigeria DHS, the 2008 Nigeria DHS numbers are used in this table.

56

Table 2.11 Women’s dietary diversity by nutritional status

Percentage of women age 15-49 who gave birth in the last 3 years who consumed various food groups in the day or night preceding the survey by their nutritional status, DHS Surveys 2007-2010

Country Year of DHS Nutritional status

Percentage of women consuming the food group Mean number of food groups

consumed (0-9)

Number of women Starchy staples

Legumes and nuts Dairy Organ meat

Meat other than organs Eggs

Dark green leafy

vegetables



Sub-Saharan Africa Ghana 2011 Thin 95.3 27.5 8.5 3.8 77.3 18.0 43.2 17.8 60.6 3.5 100

Normal 96.7 27.3 18.2 10.3 82.2 19.6 54.6 23.7 64.0 4.0 834Overweight 96.9 23.4 28.9 11.3 84.2 27.4 43.0 25.2 66.5 4.1 266Obese 94.5 26.9 36.4 17.3 88.3 25.9 49.7 38.4 76.4 4.5 86

Liberia 2012-13 Thin 95.0 23.4 10.2 13.9 71.4 21.2 53.2 24.5 17.8 3.3 205Normal 95.2 23.0 12.9 17.0 73.7 19.9 51.9 32.7 24.0 3.5 1,697Overweight 92.7 20.0 17.0 11.9 78.0 22.5 47.0 31.7 18.8 3.4 269Obese 94.9 19.3 27.2 21.9 82.3 23.0 54.3 36.7 34.1 3.9 79

Madagascar 2008-09 Thin 95.2 24.8 14.2 3.4 37.8 5.3 54.7 30.6 30.0 3.0 789Normal 95.4 21.5 21.5 4.7 45.1 6.0 51.0 34.0 30.0 3.1 1,762Overweight 99.4 35.9 26.5 5.7 69.9 9.3 60.7 39.3 28.6 3.8 87Obese * * * * * * * * * * 14

Nigeria 2008^ Thin 86.9 40.8 37.3 11.3 51.0 14.3 53.2 26.9 26.1 3.5 1,424Normal 88.0 42.1 34.8 13.3 62.6 16.2 57.7 28.9 31.9 3.8 7,333Overweight 87.1 38.3 40.7 18.6 72.5 22.0 57.4 33.8 37.6 4.1 1,626Obese 87.2 43.0 47.3 23.1 79.3 25.9 61.2 37.7 41.7 4.5 587

Tanzania 2010 Thin 84.8 32.3 20.2 na 23.7 4.7 61.5 23.6 13.1 2.6 358Normal 80.9 39.8 18.2 na 31.1 5.0 55.9 28.6 16.2 2.8 2,482Overweight 74.4 37.2 18.5 na 40.4 8.4 54.4 34.8 23.4 2.9 445Obese 84.8 32.3 20.2 na 45.2 7.3 49.3 40.2 30.7 2.6 140

Zambia 2007 Thin 50.7 49.8 9.7 7.6 59.6 11.9 67.4 25.2 27.7 3.1 233Normal 53.8 43.4 13.4 9.9 61.4 12.7 73.4 32.5 31.2 3.3 2,011Overweight 64.1 40.3 25.0 14.0 69.8 23.6 81.4 36.7 42.3 4.0 304Obese 72.1 35.5 31.1 21.8 78.9 33.1 76.2 25.6 38.3 4.1 82

Note: These data are only available for these select countries, as they were only collected in surveys conducted between 2006 and 2010.na = Data not available or not comparable An asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed. ^ Given that women’s dietary diversity data were not collected in the 2013 Nigeria DHS, the 2008 Nigeria DHS numbers are used in this table.

57

Table 2.12 Women's dietary diversity by level of education

Percentage of women age 15-49 who gave birth in the last 3 years who consumed various food groups in the day or night preceding the survey by their level of education, DHS Surveys 2007-2010

Country Year of DHS Level of education

Percentage of women consuming the food group Mean number

of food groups

consumed(0-9)

Number of women

Starchy staples



Dark green leafy

vegetables

Vitamin A-rich fruits and

vegetables

Other fruits and

vegetables

Sub-Saharan Africa Ghana 2008 No education 95.8 33.0 14.8 8.9 78.5 13.3 56.8 22.4 60.9 3.8 466

Primary 98.6 21.9 12.3 9.1 85.5 20.3 48.9 22.3 61.4 3.8 370Secondary+ 96.3 24.2 30.6 13.3 84.5 28.2 49.7 27.1 69.6 4.2 656

Liberia 2007 No education 93.6 20.4 12.3 15.4 72.8 18.4 50.9 30.6 23.6 3.4 1,240Primary 95.4 23.6 12.1 15.6 74.3 17.3 52.3 31.3 21.3 3.4 980Secondary+ 95.8 23.3 19.5 20.7 78.5 27.3 49.7 33.9 24.7 3.7 481

Madagascar 2008-09 No education 91.3 14.3 19.5 2.9 33.5 3.6 51.3 25.1 24.2 2.7 1,562Primary 96.5 24.9 14.0 3.1 42.2 4.1 50.9 36.6 29.0 3.0 3,434Secondary+ 97.5 27.3 35.4 6.3 68.2 13.8 53.5 38.6 43.2 3.8 1,287

Nigeria 2008^ No education 87.1 41.6 36.7 9.4 45.3 11.9 54.1 27.9 24.7 3.4 6,170Primary 89.1 41.7 30.3 15.0 74.1 17.0 59.8 31.7 35.8 3.9 3,045Secondary+ 87.2 40.4 42.5 21.7 82.4 26.6 58.9 32.3 43.6 4.4 4,262

Tanzania 2010 No education 81.1 33.5 22.2 na 24.5 4.3 57.5 23.9 9.9 2.6 1,026Primary 78.2 38.3 17.3 na 32.3 5.6 53.8 28.0 17.4 2.7 2,792Secondary+ 79.8 39.6 17.2 na 55.8 10.2 49.9 47.8 29.3 3.3 295

Zambia 2007 No education 39.9 44.3 7.3 8.9 52.0 9.4 68.7 30.8 27.7 2.9 436Primary 53.2 43.9 11.3 8.9 61.2 12.7 73.4 33.2 30.7 3.3 2,025Secondary+ 69.6 39.8 30.7 13.7 72.8 20.3 76.6 29.4 37.9 3.9 768

Note: These data are only available for these select countries, as they were only collected in surveys conducted between 2006 and 2010. na = Data not available or not comparable. ^ Given that women’s dietary diversity data were not collected in the 2013 Nigeria DHS, the 2008 Nigeria DHS numbers are used in this table.

58

Table 2.13 Women’s dietary diversity by wealth quintile

Percentage of women age 15-49 who gave birth in the last 3 years who consumed various food groups in the day or night preceding the survey by household wealth quintile, DHS Surveys 2007-2010


Percentage of women consuming the food group

Mean number of food groups consumed (0-9)

Number of women Starchy staples



Dark green leafy vegetables



Sub-Saharan Africa Ghana 2008 Lowest 96.8 28.5 9.2 9.7 76.5 13.8 61.0 27.2 59.1 3.8 362

Second 95.7 25.5 10.2 5.5 78.7 16.4 52.3 20.4 62.2 3.7 333Middle 98.9 24.3 20.0 12.1 86.0 24.5 40.8 20.3 63.5 3.9 277Fourth 97.4 26.4 28.0 14.3 87.2 26.7 53.6 24.4 66.7 4.2 303Highest 94.4 26.8 49.7 14.8 90.1 31.8 46.6 31.4 77.7 4.6 217

Liberia 2007 Lowest 95.8 21.5 10.9 17.7 72.2 17.7 48.4 33.0 24.2 3.4 585Second 93.5 20.3 9.2 13.0 69.0 13.1 46.6 26.8 21.7 3.1 609Middle 94.4 18.9 9.6 15.0 70.1 14.6 50.6 28.3 18.5 3.2 591Fourth 94.7 23.4 16.4 15.6 81.6 24.1 52.4 34.1 22.8 3.7 571Highest 94.6 29.6 27.4 23.7 83.0 35.4 63.1 38.4 30.8 4.3 345

Madagascar 2008-09 Lowest 92.8 14.1 15.9 2.1 36.8 2.6 51.5 26.0 23.5 2.7 1,599Second 94.6 19.6 14.7 2.0 35.7 3.7 55.7 30.3 28.1 2.8 1,373Middle 96.6 24.1 14.0 2.5 39.5 4.9 50.3 38.3 29.6 3.0 1,251Fourth 98.2 32.5 19.1 4.5 52.4 4.8 49.0 39.5 29.4 3.3 1,153Highest 95.9 28.4 42.9 10.0 74.5 18.1 50.6 41.6 50.3 4.1 906

Nigeria 2008^ Lowest 85.7 38.5 38.0 8.5 42.1 11.0 54.5 26.4 21.3 3.3 3,155Second 87.6 41.1 30.6 9.4 52.3 12.0 55.8 28.3 28.3 3.5 3,041Middle 88.0 39.1 29.0 13.5 67.8 14.3 56.3 32.5 35.4 3.8 2,509Fourth 90.3 44.9 39.0 19.5 80.5 23.4 61.6 32.8 40.8 4.3 2,423Highest 86.9 43.7 50.9 25.4 84.8 31.9 57.4 32.4 45.4 4.6 2,349

Tanzania 2010 Lowest 81.5 30.2 19.3 na 20.8 3.1 60.1 19.1 8.4 2.4 847Second 81.9 37.8 23.8 na 29.3 4.4 58.4 23.1 13.3 2.7 968Middle 76.2 41.4 16.0 na 29.3 5.5 51.6 25.4 13.6 2.6 908Fourth 77.7 35.8 15.1 na 35.7 6.8 46.6 35.1 19.6 2.7 777Highest 76.9 41.5 17.2 na 51.4 9.4 54.6 45.5 32.3 3.3 613

Zambia 2007 Lowest 42.5 49.9 10.1 8.8 52.9 9.3 72.8 31.2 30.9 3.1 762Second 47.8 45.6 4.7 7.4 59.0 10.0 71.1 34.7 26.8 3.1 716Middle 49.6 44.6 10.4 6.0 62.1 10.5 69.1 33.6 29.5 3.2 684Fourth 66.6 37.2 23.4 12.5 70.2 21.6 77.2 30.3 35.4 3.7 606Highest 82.0 32.5 37.5 19.0 76.0 23.5 80.4 28.7 41.4 4.2 460

Note: These data are only available for these select countries, as they were only collected in surveys conducted between 2006 and 2010.na = Data not available or not comparable ^ Given that women’s dietary diversity data were not collected in the 2013 Nigeria DHS, the 2008 Nigeria DHS numbers are used in this table.

SECTION 3

Anemia, iron supplementation, deworming, and use of iodized salt

61

Table 3.1 Anemia in children and women

Percentage of children age 6-59 months and percentage of women age 15-49 with anemia, DHS Surveys 2005-2013

Country Year of DHS

Anemia cut-offs:


Number of children/women


Non-pregnant women < 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl Pregnant women and

children < 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Children 87.8 18.2 58.5 11.1 6,380

Women 48.8 33.8 14.0 1.1 8,424

Congo (DRC) 2007 Children 71.4 23.4 43.7 4.2 3,656Women 52.9 35.4 16.4 1.1 4,690

Ethiopia 2011 Children 44.2 21.4 20.4 2.5 9,800Women 16.6 13.1 2.9 0.6 15,782

Ghana 2008 Children 78.3 23.0 47.8 7.5 2,342Women 58.7 38.8 18.0 2.0 4,758

Kenya 2008-09 Children na na na na naWomen na na na na na

Liberia 2007 Children na na na na naWomen na na na na na

Madagascar 2008-09 Children 50.3 30.2 19.4 0.7 5,330Women 35.3 29.2 5.7 0.4 8,308

Malawi 2010 Children 62.5 23.4 36.0 3.1 4,515Women 28.9 21.5 6.9 0.5 7,322

Mali 2006 Children 82.1 21.6 50.3 10.2 3,689Women 60.7 41.2 17.5 2.0 4,742

Mozambique 2011 Children 68.7 26.1 38.6 4.0 4,888Women 54.0 38.6 14.0 1.4 13,571

Niger 2012 Children 73.4 27.3 43.2 2.9 4,962Women 45.8 32.7 12.2 0.9 5,060

Nigeria 2013 Children na na na na naWomen na na na na na

Rwanda 2010 Children 38.1 24.2 13.5 0.5 4,037Women 17.3 14.2 2.9 0.2 6,945

Senegal 2010-11 Children 76.4 23.3 48.3 4.9 3,761Women 54.3 38.6 14.0 1.8 5,622

Tanzania 2010 Children 58.6 27.3 29.4 1.9 6,689Women 40.1 29.0 10.1 1.0 9,875

Uganda 2011 Children 49.3 22.3 25.5 1.5 2,142Women 23.0 17.7 4.8 0.6 2,610

Zambia 2007 Children na na na na naWomen na na na na na

Asia Bangladesh# 2011 Children 51.3 29.2 21.4 0.7 2,353

Women 42.4 35.8 6.5 0.2 5,676

Cambodia 2010 Children 55.1 28.1 26.1 0.9 3,677Women 44.4 36.7 7.3 0.4 9,229

India 2005-06 Children 69.5 26.3 40.2 2.9 42,388Women 55.3 38.6 15.0 1.8 116,855

Continued…

62


Country Year of DHS

Anemia cut-offs:


Number of children/women


Non-pregnant women < 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Pregnant women and children < 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Indonesia 2012 Children na na na na na Women na na na na na

Nepal 2011 Children 46.2 27.4 18.3 0.5 2,207Women 35.0 28.9 5.7 0.3 6,088

Pakistan 2012-13 Children na na na na naWomen na na na na na

Tajikistan 2012 Children na na na na naWomen na na na na na

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Children 65.0 30.5 33.6 0.9 4,049

Women 49.3 37.1 11.2 1.0 9,336

Honduras 2011-12 Children 29.1 19.2 9.6 0.2 8,729Women 15.1 13.1 1.9 0.1 21,546

Non-USAID priority countries Albania 2008-09 Children 17.4 11.2 6.1 0.1 1,322

Women 19.0 16.3 2.6 0.1 7,443

Armenia 2010 Children na na na na naWomen na na na na na

Bolivia 2008 Children 61.3 24.9 33.2 3.2 2,552Women 38.3 29.6 8.2 0.5 5,704

Burundi 2010 Children 44.5 23.1 20.5 1.0 3,241Women 18.5 15.0 3.2 0.3 4,548

Cameroon 2011 Children 60.3 27.4 31.1 1.7 5,432Women 39.5 30.2 8.7 0.6 7,803

Congo Brazzaville 2011-12 Children 66.7 32.3 33.5 1.0 4,089Women 54.2 42.6 11.3 0.3 5,364

Jordan 2012 Children 32.4 19.7 12.4 0.2 5,119Women 33.5 26.1 7.0 0.3 10,734

Lesotho 2009 Children 47.1 25.0 20.8 1.3 1,897Women 26.3 19.0 6.6 0.7 3,839

Sao Tome and Principe 2008-09 Children 62.2 32.7 28.2 1.3 1,700Women 43.1 34.0 8.5 0.5 2,502

Timor-Leste 2009-10 Children 38.2 24.8 13.0 0.4 2,567Women 21.3 17.4 3.6 0.3 4,059

Zimbabwe 2010-11 Children 56.3 26.9 28.5 0.9 4,221Women 28.2 20.4 7.2 0.7 8,169

Note: Table is based on children and women who stayed in the household on the night before the interview and who were tested for anemia. Prevalence of anemia for children, based on hemoglobin levels, is adjusted for altitude where applicable. Prevalence of anemia among women is adjusted for altitude and for smoking status, if known. na = Data not available # For Bangladesh anemia is only measured for ever-married women.

63

Table 3.2 Anemia in children by place of residence

Percentage of children age 6-59 months with anemia, by place of residence, DHS Surveys 2005-2012



Number of children


< 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Urban 77.6 23.4 49.2 4.9 1,078

Rural 89.9 17.1 60.4 12.4 5,301

Congo (DRC) 2007 Urban 69.4 23.9 42.9 2.6 1,477Rural 72.7 23.1 44.3 5.3 2,178

Ethiopia 2011 Urban 35.2 15.7 18.0 1.5 1,139Rural 45.4 22.1 20.7 2.6 8,661

Ghana 2008 Urban 68.3 25.1 37.8 5.4 894Rural 84.5 21.7 54.0 8.8 1,448

Madagascar 2008-09 Urban 47.6 31.3 15.2 1.1 536Rural 50.6 30.1 19.9 0.7 4,793

Malawi 2010 Urban 53.2 20.8 30.0 2.4 636Rural 64.0 23.8 37.0 3.2 3,879

Mali 2006 Urban 71.8 28.1 39.0 4.7 997Rural 85.9 19.1 54.5 12.2 2,691

Mozambique 2011 Urban 59.7 27.2 30.4 2.2 1,334Rural 72.0 25.7 41.6 4.6 3,555

Niger 2012 Urban 69.8 25.3 40.4 4.0 635Rural 73.9 27.6 43.6 2.7 4,327

Rwanda 2010 Urban 35.7 22.3 12.3 1.2 475Rural 38.4 24.5 13.6 0.4 3,562

Senegal 2010-11 Urban 72.0 24.0 45.9 2.1 1,434Rural 79.2 22.9 49.7 6.6 2,327

Tanzania 2010 Urban 60.9 28.6 30.5 1.9 1,247Rural 58.1 27.0 29.1 1.9 5,442

Uganda 2011 Urban 38.0 19.3 18.3 0.4 265Rural 50.9 22.7 26.5 1.6 1,877

Asia Bangladesh 2011 Urban 46.3 26.7 18.5 1.1 498

Rural 52.7 29.9 22.2 0.6 1,855

Cambodia 2010 Urban 44.7 26.4 17.8 0.5 548Rural 56.9 28.4 27.5 0.9 3,129

India 2005-06 Urban 63.0 25.6 34.2 3.1 10,133Rural 71.5 26.5 42.1 2.9 32,255

Nepal 2011 Urban 41.2 22.9 17.9 0.4 189Rural 46.7 27.9 18.3 0.5 2,018

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Urban 66.0 29.2 35.8 1.1 1,274

Rural 64.5 31.1 32.6 0.8 2,775

Honduras 2011-12 Urban 28.3 19.5 8.5 0.3 3,731Rural 29.7 19.0 10.5 0.2 4,997

Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household on the night before the interview and who were tested for anemia. Prevalence of anemia, based on hemoglobin levels, is adjusted for altitude where applicable. Don't know and missing data are not included in the table.

64

Table 3.3 Anemia in children by age of child in months

Percentage of children age 6-59 months with anemia, by age of child in months, DHS Surveys 2005-2012

Country Year of DHS Age of child in months


Number of children


< 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 6-8 93.1 13.2 68.9 11.0 373

9-11 93.4 8.1 62.8 22.5 36012-17 94.3 11.3 63.7 19.2 70818-23 95.1 14.7 61.2 19.2 67424-35 90.8 16.4 61.6 12.7 1,42436-47 84.7 20.0 58.4 6.3 1,42848-59 78.4 27.0 47.8 3.6 1,413

Congo (DRC) 2007 6-8 81.3 19.2 57.5 4.7 1899-11 89.0 29.8 48.8 10.4 19112-17 81.1 25.1 48.4 7.5 45018-23 73.2 17.4 51.5 4.2 33724-35 71.2 19.1 49.2 2.9 86236-47 68.0 26.6 37.1 4.3 81048-59 62.3 25.8 34.3 2.2 816

Ethiopia 2011 6-8 61.3 24.2 35.7 1.5 5729-11 72.7 26.3 40.7 5.7 50012-17 62.6 25.3 33.7 3.6 99718-23 52.2 22.1 27.9 2.2 90124-35 45.4 22.9 18.0 4.5 2,06236-47 35.8 19.3 15.1 1.4 2,43448-59 30.8 18.5 11.3 1.0 2,334

Ghana 2008 6-8 79.7 17.3 56.4 5.9 1059-11 87.9 18.7 57.5 11.7 14012-17 88.8 19.2 58.3 11.3 29418-23 80.9 22.7 48.9 9.2 22824-35 80.0 22.4 48.9 8.7 49236-47 75.7 26.6 43.2 5.9 51748-59 70.1 24.5 41.2 4.5 566

Madagascar 2008-09 6-8 67.4 39.9 26.7 0.8 2579-11 66.9 28.8 36.0 2.2 27212-17 63.5 29.6 32.0 1.8 58118-23 56.7 33.3 21.9 1.6 57624-35 51.1 32.3 18.3 0.5 1,21136-47 43.7 28.0 15.4 0.3 1,16148-59 39.7 27.4 12.2 0.2 1,272

Malawi 2010 6-8 80.2 24.0 48.9 7.3 2539-11 85.0 23.3 56.9 4.9 24912-17 75.0 23.7 47.9 3.4 49718-23 70.8 24.4 42.6 3.8 58524-35 64.8 23.5 36.8 4.4 97036-47 53.9 22.9 28.9 2.1 1,01048-59 47.0 22.7 23.5 0.8 950

Mali 2006 6-8 87.0 20.3 63.3 3.4 2319-11 89.7 16.4 61.1 12.1 21212-17 89.5 16.8 55.2 17.4 48918-23 90.8 16.4 54.9 19.6 31724-35 82.5 19.9 49.2 13.3 81536-47 78.5 21.5 49.8 7.2 79448-59 74.1 29.7 41.0 3.5 831

Continued…

65




Number of children


< 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Mozambique 2011 6-8 81.1 28.3 43.8 9.0 2679-11 80.6 26.6 47.0 7.0 31012-17 81.1 23.2 50.1 7.8 64818-23 73.8 25.1 44.1 4.6 49824-35 67.2 26.8 37.0 3.3 1,03536-47 63.8 24.9 35.8 3.1 1,10648-59 58.2 28.3 29.3 0.6 1,024

Niger 2012 6-8 82.1 27.3 50.5 4.4 3119-11 85.5 22.4 57.4 5.7 23012-17 89.8 21.5 65.2 3.1 56518-23 84.0 23.4 56.4 4.2 41824-35 77.8 28.8 45.2 3.8 1,18136-47 66.3 30.0 34.2 2.2 1,18148-59 58.4 28.4 29.0 1.0 1,076

Rwanda 2010 6-8 70.2 26.2 41.4 2.6 1889-11 69.2 36.7 30.8 1.7 21912-17 56.7 32.3 23.9 0.5 39118-23 44.6 29.1 15.3 0.2 42324-35 36.1 24.0 11.7 0.4 94436-47 29.0 21.0 7.8 0.2 94348-59 24.8 18.8 5.9 0.1 929

Senegal 2010-11 6-8 80.5 35.4 42.4 2.7 1689-11 84.8 24.0 59.6 1.2 23212-17 85.5 20.3 60.4 4.8 49518-23 85.4 13.2 66.3 6.0 32624-35 81.4 20.6 54.5 6.3 84836-47 71.3 24.6 40.6 6.2 86648-59 64.6 27.8 33.5 3.3 826

Tanzania 2010 6-8 77.9 36.1 40.1 1.7 3349-11 81.1 31.3 44.2 5.5 38812-17 72.0 25.9 43.1 3.1 77018-23 68.7 26.5 40.1 2.1 75824-35 59.8 30.3 28.3 1.2 1,43136-47 51.8 25.5 25.0 1.3 1,57848-59 41.7 24.4 15.7 1.5 1,431

Uganda 2011 6-8 67.0 22.3 41.3 3.4 1249-11 68.5 24.6 41.6 2.3 12012-17 65.2 32.1 29.6 3.5 25018-23 54.6 20.4 32.3 2.0 26524-35 49.4 21.6 26.7 1.2 44436-47 40.5 21.3 19.0 0.1 48048-59 36.8 19.3 16.5 1.0 459

Asia Bangladesh 2011 6-8 67.6 27.4 38.3 1.9 136

9-11 78.7 29.1 48.1 1.5 13212-17 76.4 32.4 42.6 1.4 25918-23 62.5 35.4 25.8 1.3 23824-35 46.9 32.0 14.4 0.5 45836-47 41.8 27.2 14.0 0.6 56248-59 38.0 25.2 12.7 0.1 568

Cambodia 2010 6-8 80.7 29.7 51.0 0.0 2219-11 86.2 24.6 59.0 2.5 19012-17 81.8 28.0 50.0 3.8 41818-23 69.9 34.8 34.9 0.2 41524-35 46.4 26.9 19.1 0.4 83536-47 41.7 27.9 13.5 0.3 77148-59 41.2 26.6 14.1 0.5 827

Continued…

66




Number of children


< 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

India 2005-06 6-8 79.7 27.5 50.5 1.6 2,2049-11 81.7 27.6 51.7 2.4 2,06612-17 84.5 24.0 56.0 4.6 4,59918-23 81.6 23.8 53.4 4.4 4,67924-35 74.6 26.6 44.1 3.9 9,35536-47 63.0 27.3 33.1 2.7 9,79748-59 53.0 26.9 24.9 1.2 9,688

Nepal 2011 6-8 78.3 37.1 40.4 0.7 1189-11 73.5 37.3 35.4 0.8 10912-17 72.2 38.5 32.0 1.7 26218-23 56.6 29.3 26.7 0.7 21824-35 43.6 27.6 15.9 0.2 49736-47 38.1 26.0 12.1 0.0 51448-59 25.0 17.5 7.0 0.5 488

Latin America and the CaribbeanHaiti 2012 6-8 86.0 30.6 53.0 2.4 234

9-11 87.3 25.8 59.4 2.1 25812-17 78.1 30.3 46.7 1.2 48418-23 76.8 32.8 42.3 1.7 42324-35 63.9 30.9 32.6 0.4 94336-47 57.0 32.3 24.4 0.3 83748-59 48.4 28.6 19.2 0.7 870

Honduras 2011-12 6-8 59.5 33.9 25.5 0.0 4539-11 52.4 29.6 22.6 0.3 47312-17 46.7 27.4 18.7 0.6 1,09718-23 34.8 23.3 11.0 0.5 95924-35 25.0 17.2 7.6 0.2 1,94436-47 20.6 15.3 5.2 0.1 1,87848-59 15.7 12.5 3.1 0.0 1,925

Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household on the night before the interview and who were tested for anemia. Prevalence of anemia, based on hemoglobin levels, is adjusted for altitude where applicable. Missing data are not included in the table.

67

Table 3.4 Anemia in children by sex

Percentage of children age 6-59 months with anemia, by sex, DHS Surveys 2005-2012



Number of children


< 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Male 88.6 17.4 58.9 12.3 3,255

Female 87.0 18.9 58.2 9.9 3,125

Congo (DRC) 2007 Male 73.5 24.4 44.8 4.3 1,835Female 69.2 22.4 42.7 4.1 1,820

Ethiopia 2011 Male 44.3 20.9 20.7 2.7 5,032Female 44.2 21.9 20.0 2.3 4,768

Ghana 2008 Male 79.6 23.3 48.4 7.9 1,206Female 76.9 22.7 47.1 7.1 1,136

Kenya 2008-09 Male na na na na naFemale na na na na na

Liberia 2007 Male na na na na naFemale na na na na na

Madagascar 2008-09 Male 51.7 30.8 20.3 0.7 2,646Female 48.9 29.6 18.5 0.8 2,683

Malawi 2010 Male 63.2 23.9 36.2 3.1 2,224Female 61.8 22.8 35.8 3.2 2,291

Mali 2006 Male 80.8 17.9 52.0 11.0 1,862Female 83.3 25.4 48.6 9.4 1,827

Mozambique 2011 Male 69.0 24.4 40.5 4.1 2,409Female 68.3 27.8 36.7 3.9 2,479

Niger 2012 Male 74.5 28.0 43.2 3.3 2,480Female 72.3 26.6 43.2 2.4 2,482

Rwanda 2010 Male 41.2 25.3 15.3 0.6 2,037Female 35.0 23.1 11.6 0.3 1,999

Senegal 2010-11 Male 80.3 24.2 51.1 5.1 1,941Female 72.3 22.3 45.3 4.7 1,820

Tanzania 2010 Male 60.9 27.0 32.0 1.8 3,294Female 56.4 27.6 26.8 1.9 3,396

Uganda 2011 Male 50.2 22.1 27.0 1.0 1,064Female 48.4 22.5 24.0 1.9 1,078

Asia Bangladesh 2011 Male 52.8 28.8 23.3 0.7 1,197

Female 49.8 29.5 19.5 0.8 1,155

Cambodia 2010 Male 57.4 28.3 28.1 1.1 1,909Female 52.5 28.0 23.8 0.6 1,768

India 2005-06 Male 69.0 25.7 40.2 3.2 22,400Female 69.9 27.1 40.2 2.7 19,989

Nepal 2011 Male 43.4 26.6 16.3 0.6 1,123Female 49.1 28.3 20.4 0.4 1,083

Latin America and the CaribbeanHaiti 2012 Male 65.2 30.6 33.6 0.9 2,098

Female 64.8 30.3 33.7 0.8 1,951

Honduras 2011-12 Male 29.9 18.8 10.9 0.2 4,578Female 28.1 19.7 8.2 0.2 4,150

Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household on the night before the interview and who were tested for anemia. Prevalence of anemia, based on hemoglobin levels, is adjusted for altitude where applicable. Missing data are not included in the table.

68

Table 3.5 Anemia in children by mother’s nutritional status

Percentage of children age 6-59 months with anemia, by mother’s nutritional status, DHS Surveys 2005-2012

Country Year of DHS Mother’s nutritional status


Number of children


< 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Thin 90.7 14.9 61.0 14.8 758

Normal 88.6 17.9 59.4 11.4 4,126Overweight 78.8 21.0 49.9 7.9 346Obese 58.0 19.5 38.5 0.0 108

Congo (DRC) 2007 Thin 74.6 23.3 45.6 5.8 414Normal 73.8 26.4 43.1 4.3 1,848Overweight 64.5 17.2 41.5 5.8 265Obese 66.7 24.3 38.7 3.7 65

Ethiopia 2011 Thin 49.7 23.8 22.7 3.2 1,894Normal 43.8 20.6 20.8 2.3 5,833Overweight 35.6 18.0 16.9 0.6 237Obese 48.7 31.1 16.3 1.3 58

Ghana 2008 Thin 81.7 15.2 55.7 10.7 142Normal 83.1 23.4 51.1 8.6 1,169Overweight 67.1 20.5 42.2 4.4 378Obese 57.3 26.5 27.4 3.4 127

Madagascar 2008-09 Thin 54.5 30.1 22.9 1.5 1,240Normal 48.5 29.1 18.9 0.5 2,844Overweight 51.5 37.6 12.4 1.5 160Obese (45.5) (32.8) (11.0) (1.8) 24

Malawi 2010 Thin 71.3 26.2 40.9 4.3 252Normal 63.2 22.9 36.7 3.6 2,920Overweight 59.5 23.5 33.4 2.6 458Obese 54.3 23.3 30.9 0.0 168

Mali 2006 Thin 87.5 17.9 52.0 17.5 271Normal 84.1 21.3 52.1 10.7 2,049Overweight 77.3 24.3 46.6 6.4 355Obese 52.5 18.4 29.7 4.4 107

Mozambique 2011 Thin 77.6 17.7 50.0 9.9 263Normal 70.6 26.2 40.4 4.0 3,074Overweight 60.8 28.1 31.1 1.6 422Obese 52.2 34.2 17.4 0.6 86

Niger 2012 Thin 71.6 25.5 44.3 1.8 463Normal 75.3 28.2 44.4 2.7 2,559Overweight 75.0 25.8 44.5 4.8 543Obese 65.2 27.0 37.5 0.7 150

Rwanda 2010 Thin 34.9 19.5 14.0 1.4 174Normal 40.1 25.0 14.6 0.5 2,658Overweight 39.9 25.0 14.5 0.5 457Obese 31.4 22.3 9.1 0.0 78

Senegal 2010-11 Thin 79.0 23.9 48.9 6.2 538Normal 78.7 23.7 50.0 5.0 1,695Overweight 71.4 22.1 46.6 2.7 467Obese 70.1 21.2 47.0 2.0 219

Tanzania 2010 Thin 64.3 25.3 37.1 1.9 539Normal 60.7 28.2 30.6 1.9 3,727Overweight 57.1 28.8 26.5 1.8 659Obese 61.2 25.9 33.3 2.0 215

Continued…

69




Number of children


< 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Uganda 2011 Thin 61.1 28.6 31.9 0.6 167Normal 51.1 21.1 28.3 1.8 1,120Overweight 39.7 23.0 15.0 1.7 179Obese 38.8 24.0 13.6 1.2 46

Asia Bangladesh 2011 Thin 58.3 29.2 28.4 0.7 637

Normal 50.2 29.9 19.7 0.6 1,250Overweight 38.0 26.2 10.3 1.5 187Obese (40.2) (28.4) (11.7) (0.0) 35

Cambodia 2010 Thin 61.5 26.9 32.5 2.1 574Normal 56.5 29.0 26.9 0.6 2,205Overweight 47.4 23.8 23.1 0.5 257Obese (50.6) (36.3) (12.8) (1.6) 24

India 2005-06 Thin 72.9 26.6 43.0 3.2 15,353Normal 68.0 26.1 39.2 2.7 18,827Overweight 57.6 26.4 29.4 1.8 2,114Obese 53.2 24.3 26.9 2.0 471

Nepal 2011 Thin 54.1 29.4 23.2 1.5 405Normal 44.9 26.5 18.1 0.3 1,386Overweight 36.7 23.0 13.7 0.0 158Obese * * * * 20

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Thin 71.6 29.4 40.8 1.4 324


Honduras 2011-12 Thin 33.6 23.9 9.7 0.0 220Normal 31.2 20.4 10.6 0.3 3,387Overweight 28.3 18.6 9.5 0.3 2,330Obese 27.2 18.0 9.1 0.2 1,500

Note: Table is based on children and women who stayed in the household on the night before the interview and who were tested for anemia. Prevalence of anemia, based on hemoglobin levels, is adjusted for altitude where applicable. Missing data are not included in the table. Children whose mothers were either not in the household or for whom information on height and/or weight of their mothers were unavailable for BMI calculation have been excluded from the table. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed.

70

Table 3.6 Anemia in children by wealth quintile

Percentage of children age 6-59 months with anemia, by wealth quintile, DHS Surveys 2005-2012



Number of children


< 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan AfricaBurkina Faso 2010 Lowest 89.1 15.6 58.3 15.2 1,365

Second 91.0 17.6 61.1 12.3 1,329Middle 91.5 19.2 59.7 12.7 1,400Fourth 87.9 17.3 61.4 9.2 1,321Highest 76.0 22.2 49.6 4.2 965

Congo (DRC) 2007 Lowest 71.4 20.4 45.0 6.0 818Second 78.4 26.5 46.4 5.5 692Middle 72.8 21.7 47.7 3.4 810Fourth 67.4 24.2 39.2 3.9 774Highest 66.1 25.5 39.1 1.5 563

Ethiopia 2011 Lowest 47.9 20.5 24.2 3.2 2,216Second 47.6 23.0 21.2 3.3 2,180Middle 43.3 21.9 18.9 2.5 2,066Fourth 43.1 21.6 19.5 2.0 1,985Highest 35.9 18.9 16.3 0.7 1,353

Ghana 2008 Lowest 87.6 21.1 55.2 11.3 585Second 84.0 22.0 52.3 9.7 543Middle 81.6 21.4 54.1 6.0 425Fourth 69.1 22.1 41.6 5.4 463Highest 61.2 31.6 27.8 1.8 326

Madagascar 2008-09 Lowest 57.1 32.2 23.8 1.0 1,368Second 51.9 32.3 18.7 0.8 1,234Middle 49.3 29.1 19.4 0.7 1,048Fourth 47.2 29.5 17.2 0.5 1,003Highest 40.1 24.8 14.8 0.5 676

Malawi 2010 Lowest 68.4 22.8 40.8 4.8 819Second 64.5 23.2 38.3 3.0 1,038Middle 65.4 23.9 37.1 4.4 997Fourth 61.5 23.2 36.2 2.1 833Highest 51.5 23.6 26.8 1.1 828

Mali 2006 Lowest 90.8 19.1 56.5 15.2 740Second 87.4 19.5 55.5 12.4 781Middle 84.9 16.4 57.3 11.3 717Fourth 79.0 24.6 46.2 8.1 788Highest 66.7 28.8 34.6 3.2 663

Mozambique 2011 Lowest 77.8 21.9 48.4 7.5 1,127Second 76.3 26.6 44.5 5.3 1,083Middle 68.3 26.2 39.2 2.9 952Fourth 62.7 29.5 31.4 1.8 1,006Highest 51.5 27.1 23.5 0.9 720

Niger 2012 Lowest 76.3 25.2 48.1 3.1 999Second 70.4 25.8 42.4 2.3 1,005Middle 75.9 31.3 42.5 2.1 1,066Fourth 74.3 29.3 41.6 3.4 1,035Highest 69.1 24.3 41.2 3.6 857

Rwanda 2010 Lowest 43.2 28.1 14.7 0.4 901Second 38.3 24.7 13.3 0.2 881Middle 36.2 23.5 12.6 0.1 812Fourth 35.8 22.3 12.9 0.7 788Highest 36.0 21.3 13.7 1.0 655

Continued…

71




Number of children


< 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Senegal 2010-11 Lowest 82.1 21.5 51.8 8.8 852Second 81.0 20.6 53.4 7.1 815Middle 74.3 27.0 44.2 3.2 752Fourth 72.1 22.4 46.8 3.0 749Highest 70.1 26.0 43.2 0.9 593

Tanzania 2010 Lowest 60.9 27.2 30.6 3.1 1,453Second 61.8 28.9 31.4 1.5 1,581Middle 55.4 26.6 27.3 1.4 1,538Fourth 55.3 26.9 26.7 1.7 1,243Highest 59.4 26.6 31.1 1.7 876

Uganda 2011 Lowest 59.0 23.6 33.1 2.4 477Second 51.7 21.4 28.3 2.1 453Middle 51.0 25.6 24.4 1.0 460Fourth 42.8 19.2 22.5 1.1 394Highest 38.2 21.0 16.6 0.5 357

Asia Bangladesh 2011 Lowest 56.1 31.2 24.2 0.7 591

Second 58.7 30.6 26.9 1.2 487Middle 51.1 31.4 19.2 0.5 431Fourth 44.2 26.7 17.4 0.2 444Highest 43.5 25.0 17.4 1.2 400

Cambodia 2010 Lowest 59.6 28.2 30.2 1.2 960Second 58.8 27.1 30.7 1.0 756Middle 57.4 29.2 27.8 0.4 681Fourth 52.2 29.3 21.7 1.2 693Highest 43.4 26.7 16.5 0.2 587

India 2005-06 Lowest 76.4 27.7 45.8 3.0 10,832Second 73.6 26.9 43.4 3.3 9,570Middle 69.3 26.2 39.7 3.4 8,469Fourth 64.8 24.9 37.3 2.6 7,663Highest 56.2 25.0 29.2 2.1 5,855

Nepal 2011 Lowest 45.3 26.9 18.1 0.3 586Second 49.6 28.4 20.3 0.9 459Middle 51.4 31.2 19.4 0.7 505Fourth 43.2 23.3 19.9 0.1 368Highest 37.5 25.6 11.5 0.4 289

Latin America and the CaribbeanHaiti 2012 Lowest 62.8 31.4 30.8 0.7 1,037

Second 64.9 29.3 34.8 0.8 953Middle 73.1 30.2 42.0 0.8 785Fourth 66.8 32.4 33.3 1.1 766Highest 54.3 28.4 24.8 1.1 508

Honduras 2011-12 Lowest 30.9 19.3 11.2 0.3 2,261Second 29.3 19.6 9.4 0.3 1,898Middle 32.6 21.2 11.2 0.2 1,777Fourth 27.5 17.9 9.5 0.1 1,676Highest 21.7 17.3 4.3 0.1 1,116

Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household on the night before the interview and who were tested for anemia. Prevalence of anemia for children, based on hemoglobin levels, is adjusted for altitude where applicable. Missing data are not included in the table.

72

Table 3.7 Anemia in children by type of sanitation facility

Percentage of children age 6-59 months with anemia, by type of sanitation facility, DHS Surveys 2005-2012

Country Year of DHS Type of sanitation facility


Number of children


< 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Improved 80.8 20.6 53.6 6.5 786 Shared 82.4 21.8 55.6 5.0 777

Unimproved 87.4 15.7 60.9 10.8 407No access/open defecation 90.1 17.3 59.7 13.1 4,409

Congo (DRC) 2007 Improved 60.6 16.9 43.2 0.6 87 Shared 70.0 33.0 35.6 1.4 154

Unimproved 72.0 23.3 44.4 4.2 2,997No access/open defecation 70.4 22.0 42.3 6.2 403

Ethiopia 2011 Improved 36.0 17.5 17.6 0.8 684 Shared 42.9 21.3 19.9 1.7 451

Unimproved 41.3 22.3 17.5 1.6 4,424No access/open defecation 48.7 21.0 23.9 3.8 4,234

Ghana 2008 Improved 66.3 28.1 35.7 2.6 186 Shared 75.4 25.0 43.7 6.7 1,270

Unimproved 82.8 18.6 56.1 8.1 271No access/open defecation 85.9 19.3 56.5 10.1 610

Madagascar 2008-09 Improved 39.9 23.4 14.8 1.7 87 Shared 54.2 30.8 22.3 1.1 142


Malawi 2010 Improved 57.3 23.8 31.1 2.4 427 Shared 58.1 19.0 36.5 2.7 353


Mali 2006 Improved 73.6 23.2 45.7 4.7 360 Shared 69.6 29.2 34.6 5.9 446


Mozambique 2011 Improved 59.5 28.2 29.2 2.1 984 Shared 59.7 27.1 31.4 1.1 185


Niger 2012 Improved 67.7 23.6 41.6 2.5 408 Shared 67.4 22.0 42.4 2.9 393


Rwanda 2010 Improved 36.5 23.3 12.7 0.4 2,404 Shared 41.5 25.7 15.0 0.8 563


Senegal 2010-11 Improved 71.2 24.7 44.3 2.2 1,645 Shared 77.2 23.7 49.6 3.9 472


Tanzania 2010 Improved 55.8 29.9 24.8 1.1 695 Shared 64.5 24.8 36.1 3.6 350 Unimproved 56.9 26.8 28.6 1.6 4,362 No access/open defecation 64.1 28.6 32.7 2.9 1,282

Continued…

73




Number of children


< 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Uganda 2011 Improved 43.5 21.9 20.3 1.3 860 Shared 48.7 22.3 25.3 1.1 640


Asia Bangladesh 2011 Improved 48.5 28.9 19.3 0.4 816 Shared 49.2 28.5 19.7 1.0 464


Cambodia 2010 Improved 48.0 26.5 20.5 1.0 1,058 Shared 58.2 30.5 27.0 0.7 267


India 2005-06 Improved 59.5 24.8 32.4 2.3 9,712 Shared 64.9 26.6 35.9 2.5 4,279


Nepal 2011 Improved 38.8 24.4 14.1 0.2 681 Shared 35.6 21.0 14.4 0.2 276


Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Improved 63.0 31.4 30.9 0.7 848 Shared 65.6 29.8 34.9 0.9 983


Honduras 2011-12 Improved 27.4 18.5 8.7 0.2 5,230 Shared 30.2 19.6 10.2 0.3 1,015


Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household on the night before the interview and who were tested for anemia. Prevalence of anemia, based on hemoglobin levels, is adjusted for altitude where applicable. Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table. Definitions of types of sanitation facilities according to the JMP method as presented in the Progress on sanitation and drinking-water - 2014 update (http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP_report_2014_webEng.pdf) Improved sanitation facilities: are likely to ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact. They include the following facilities: Flush/pour flush to piped sewer system, septic tank or pit latrine; Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine; Pit latrine with slab; Composting toilet Shared sanitation facilities: Sanitation facilities of an otherwise acceptable type shared between two or more households. Only facilities that are not shared or not public are considered improved. Other unimproved sanitation facilities: do not ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact. Unimproved facilities include pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines and bucket latrines. Open defecation: when human feces are disposed of in fields, forests, bushes, open bodies of water, beaches or other open spaces or disposed of with solid waste.

74

Table 3.8 Anemia in children by shared status of toilet facility

Percentage of children age 6-59 months with anemia, by shared status of toilet facility, DHS Surveys 2005-2012

Country Year of DHS Type of toilet facility


Number of children


< 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Shared facility 83.5 21.4 55.9 6.2 977

Not shared facility 82.1 18.8 55.8 7.4 988No facility/bush/field 90.1 17.3 59.7 13.1 4,409

Congo (DRC) 2007 Shared facility 69.9 23.1 42.9 4.0 1,710Not shared facility 73.1 24.2 44.8 4.1 1,469No facility/bush/field 70.4 22.0 42.3 6.2 403

Ethiopia 2011 Shared facility 40.9 22.5 17.4 0.9 1,477Not shared facility 40.8 21.4 17.7 1.7 4,079No facility/bush/field 48.7 21.0 23.9 3.8 4,234

Ghana 2008 Shared facility 76.4 24.0 45.4 7.1 1,503Not shared facility 70.0 26.9 39.8 3.3 226No facility/bush/field 85.9 19.3 56.5 10.1 610

Madagascar 2008-09 Shared facility 45.5 26.7 18.1 0.8 1,663Not shared facility 43.0 28.0 14.5 0.5 980No facility/bush/field 56.0 33.2 22.0 0.8 2,680

Malawi 2010 Shared facility 62.0 22.8 36.1 3.2 1,739Not shared facility 61.9 24.3 34.9 2.7 2,310No facility/bush/field 67.1 21.1 40.5 5.4 456

Mali 2006 Shared facility 80.5 23.3 46.1 11.1 1,322Not shared facility 82.0 21.0 51.8 9.2 1,609No facility/bush/field 85.0 19.8 54.8 10.5 754

Mozambique 2011 Shared facility 64.5 30.2 32.3 2.0 398Not shared facility 62.7 26.3 33.7 2.7 2,327No facility/bush/field 75.8 25.1 45.0 5.7 2,163

Niger 2012 Shared facility 70.0 23.3 42.1 4.5 514Not shared facility 74.4 27.2 43.9 3.2 739No facility/bush/field 73.6 27.8 43.2 2.6 3,700

Rwanda 2010 Shared facility 41.2 25.3 14.9 1.1 765Not shared facility 37.4 24.0 13.1 0.3 3,210No facility/bush/field 39.6 24.7 14.9 0.0 62

Senegal 2010-11 Shared facility 77.6 22.4 50.2 5.0 672Not shared facility 74.2 24.0 47.0 3.2 2,370No facility/bush/field 82.8 21.9 50.5 10.4 720

Tanzania 2010 Shared facility 56.9 24.7 30.2 2.0 1,574Not shared facility 57.4 28.0 27.9 1.5 3,832No facility/bush/field 64.1 28.6 32.7 2.9 1,282

Uganda 2011 Shared facility 50.3 21.9 27.1 1.3 744Not shared facility 46.3 22.0 22.9 1.4 1,156No facility/bush/field 60.5 25.1 33.2 2.3 242

Asia Bangladesh 2011 Shared facility 51.4 29.0 21.5 0.9 901

Not shared facility 51.4 29.8 21.1 0.5 1,343No facility/bush/field 50.3 23.2 24.6 2.4 108

Continued…

75




Number of children


< 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Cambodia 2010 Shared facility 56.6 29.7 26.1 0.7 284 Not shared facility 48.1 26.2 20.9 0.9 1,122No facility/bush/field 58.3 28.9 28.6 0.8 2,271

India 2005-06 Shared facility 65.6 26.5 36.5 2.6 4,751Not shared facility 59.9 24.8 32.8 2.4 10,526No facility/bush/field 73.9 26.9 43.8 3.2 27,092

Nepal 2011 Shared facility 37.9 21.7 15.8 0.4 321Not shared facility 40.0 24.9 14.8 0.2 808No facility/bush/field 53.4 31.0 21.6 0.7 1,078

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Shared facility 66.4 29.8 35.6 1.0 1,349

Not shared facility 62.4 29.7 32.0 0.8 1,402No facility/bush/field 66.2 32.0 33.4 0.8 1,298

Honduras 2011-12 Shared facility 30.3 20.1 9.9 0.2 1,302Not shared facility 28.5 19.0 9.3 0.2 6,172No facility/bush/field 30.9 19.4 11.1 0.4 1,255

Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household on the night before the interview and who were tested for anemia. Prevalence of anemia, based on hemoglobin levels, is adjusted for altitude where applicable. Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table.

76

Table 3.9 Anemia in children by main source of drinking water

Percentage of children age 6-59 months with anemia, by main source of drinking water, DHS Surveys 2005-2012

Country Year of DHS Main source of drinking water


Number of children


< 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Improved source 82.6 20.2 54.5 7.9 1,829

Unimproved source 89.9 17.7 60.3 11.9 4,047Surface water 89.5 14.6 58.4 16.4 500

Congo (DRC) 2007 Improved source 67.9 24.7 40.4 2.8 1,632Unimproved source 73.3 23.7 45.3 4.4 1,568Surface water 76.8 17.7 50.2 9.0 455

Ethiopia 2011 Improved source 42.4 20.0 20.3 2.1 4,166Unimproved source 45.3 21.9 20.7 2.6 3,766Surface water 46.4 23.4 20.0 3.0 1,864

Ghana 2008 Improved source 71.3 25.1 41.4 4.8 1,096Unimproved source 84.6 22.0 52.0 10.6 944Surface water 84.2 18.8 57.8 7.7 301

Madagascar 2008-09 Improved source 45.8 28.8 16.6 0.4 1,566Unimproved source 54.8 31.0 22.6 1.2 1,013Surface water 51.2 30.7 19.8 0.7 2,751

Malawi 2010 Improved source 57.4 24.6 30.3 2.6 1,255Unimproved source 64.2 23.0 37.8 3.3 3,013Surface water 67.6 21.6 42.3 3.7 246

Mali 2006 Improved source 79.1 22.2 46.9 10.1 2,075Unimproved source 86.4 20.7 55.4 10.2 1,460Surface water 82.2 21.9 48.6 11.7 153

Mozambique 2011 Improved source 62.0 26.8 32.9 2.2 2,384Unimproved source 75.3 24.8 44.7 5.8 1,681Surface water 74.4 26.7 42.4 5.3 823

Niger 2012 Improved source 70.2 27.3 40.8 2.1 2,482Unimproved source 76.8 27.6 45.6 3.6 2,407Surface water 66.8 18.6 44.2 4.0 66

Rwanda 2010 Improved source 37.9 22.4 15.0 0.5 1,331Unimproved source 43.8 28.6 15.0 0.2 232Surface water 37.7 24.7 12.5 0.4 2,471

Senegal 2010-11 Improved source 74.7 24.3 46.6 3.8 2,702Unimproved source 80.5 20.5 52.3 7.7 999Surface water 87.4 25.7 54.3 7.4 60

Tanzania 2010 Improved source 57.0 26.6 28.8 1.6 2,916Unimproved source 61.9 28.5 31.7 1.7 1,906Surface water 57.7 27.3 27.9 2.5 1,867

Uganda 2011 Improved source 38.5 21.6 16.5 0.4 537Unimproved source 53.4 22.6 28.9 2.0 1,376Surface water 49.7 22.3 26.4 0.9 229

Asia Bangladesh 2011 Improved source 46.0 27.1 17.1 1.8 249


India 2005-06 Improved source 64.3 25.3 35.9 3.1 14,411Unimproved source 72.1 26.9 42.4 2.8 27,292Surface water 72.4 27.1 41.8 3.4 680

Continued…

77




Number of children


< 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Nepal 2011 Improved source 39.3 23.7 15.0 0.6 933 Unimproved source 52.5 30.9 21.0 0.5 1,012Surface water 46.7 27.2 19.5 0.0 262

Latin America and the CaribbeanHaiti 2012 Improved source 64.2 28.7 34.7 0.8 1,412

Unimproved source 69.7 32.7 36.0 1.0 1177Surface water 61.9 30.5 30.7 0.7 1,456

Honduras 2011-12 Improved source 28.8 19.2 9.4 0.2 7,232Unimproved source 32.8 19.3 13.0 0.6 596Surface water 29.0 19.3 9.5 0.1 901

Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household on the night before the interview and who were tested for anemia. Prevalence of anemia, based on hemoglobin levels, is adjusted for altitude where applicable. The surface water category data are separated out from the unimproved category data. Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table.

78

Table 3.10 Anemia in children by time it takes to obtain drinking water (round trip)

Percentage of children age 6-59 months with anemia, by how long it takes to obtain drinking water (round trip), DHS Surveys 2005-2012

Country Year of DHS Time to obtain drinking water (round trip)


Number of children


< 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Water on premises 76.5 20.0 50.5 6.0 513

Less than 30 minutes 88.7 18.2 59.7 10.8 4,02830-59 minutes 88.3 18.1 57.6 12.6 1,43360-89 minutes 92.1 14.8 62.0 15.3 32490 minutes or longer 90.9 21.9 53.2 15.8 72

Congo (DRC) 2007 Water on premises 61.1 24.1 36.4 0.6 325Less than 30 minutes 70.5 22.8 43.0 4.7 1,59330-59 minutes 75.0 25.9 45.5 3.7 1,04360-89 minutes 73.6 20.7 46.0 6.8 51290 minutes or longer 69.1 19.5 47.4 2.2 178

Ethiopia 2011 Water on premises 36.0 18.1 16.7 1.1 509Less than 30 minutes 42.4 21.3 19.4 1.7 3,50530-59 minutes 45.3 23.4 19.7 2.3 2,50960-89 minutes 44.8 20.2 21.7 2.8 1,69890 minutes or longer 48.6 20.6 23.6 4.5 1,561

Ghana 2008 Water on premises 66.4 24.5 36.9 5.0 363Less than 30 minutes 78.8 23.1 48.4 7.3 1,54030-59 minutes 87.1 19.9 57.5 9.6 30760-89 minutes 85.1 25.0 47.3 12.8 9790 minutes or longer 93.3 22.3 65.5 5.6 25

Madagascar 2008-09 Water on premises 42.6 26.0 16.0 0.6 565Less than 30 minutes 50.8 30.5 19.5 0.8 4,04130-59 minutes 52.5 30.1 22.2 0.3 55860-89 minutes 55.7 40.9 14.8 0.0 7190 minutes or longer 62.1 37.7 24.4 0.0 75

Malawi 2010 Water on premises 59.4 23.9 33.0 2.5 426Less than 30 minutes 62.7 22.6 36.9 3.2 2,27130-59 minutes 64.5 24.2 36.3 3.9 1,12160-89 minutes 59.6 25.2 32.6 1.8 49490 minutes or longer 62.0 23.1 36.5 2.4 185

Mali 2006 Water on premises 79.7 24.3 46.7 8.7 1,658Less than 30 minutes 85.8 20.1 54.1 11.5 1,79630-59 minutes 75.2 13.8 48.6 12.8 17360-89 minutes 43.9 5.4 29.6 8.9 2590 minutes or longer 45.5 4.5 41.0 0.0 21

Mozambique 2011 Water on premises 54.5 28.1 25.6 0.8 620Less than 30 minutes 69.3 25.7 39.1 4.5 2,18030-59 minutes 71.8 24.9 42.4 4.5 1,21060-89 minutes 78.6 27.0 47.1 4.5 40590 minutes or longer 68.3 28.1 36.3 3.9 382

Niger 2012 Water on premises 69.1 23.6 41.3 4.2 450Less than 30 minutes 74.2 27.7 43.5 3.0 2,09430-59 minutes 73.8 27.8 42.9 3.0 1,01460-89 minutes 71.1 27.3 41.0 2.9 70290 minutes or longer 74.8 28.4 45.5 1.0 637

Rwanda 2010 Water on premises 33.5 18.9 12.9 1.7 157Less than 30 minutes 39.5 25.5 13.8 0.3 1,73430-59 minutes 34.0 21.5 11.9 0.6 1,15360-89 minutes 42.4 28.0 13.7 0.7 68890 minutes or longer 37.8 21.1 16.6 0.0 300

Continued…

79




Number of children


< 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Senegal 2010-11 Water on premises 73.5 24.1 46.3 3.1 2,238 Less than 30 minutes 80.6 22.7 50.6 7.4 1,08630-59 minutes 83.4 20.5 52.5 10.4 24060-89 minutes 85.7 20.2 58.9 6.6 9390 minutes or longer 70.1 22.6 43.5 4.0 86

Tanzania 2010 Water on premises 56.9 25.2 30.2 1.5 549Less than 30 minutes 59.0 28.2 29.0 1.8 2,81930-59 minutes 59.1 25.8 31.3 2.0 1,79060-89 minutes 56.5 29.0 25.5 2.1 89390 minutes or longer 59.0 27.5 29.6 1.9 628

Uganda 2011 Water on premises 44.3 22.9 21.0 0.3 716Less than 30 minutes 48.7 20.0 26.7 1.9 50930-59 minutes 55.2 23.9 31.0 0.3 36960-89 minutes 51.4 20.0 28.4 3.0 33690 minutes or longer 52.4 26.6 22.6 3.3 205

Asia Bangladesh 2011 Water on premises 49.7 28.7 20.5 0.5 1,669

Less than 30 minutes 54.5 29.9 23.3 1.2 59630-59 minutes 57.3 31.2 26.1 0.0 7260-89 minutes * * * * 1290 minutes or longer * * * * 1

India 2005-06 Water on premises 69.2 26.3 40.1 2.8 32,665Less than 30 minutes 69.5 26.2 39.8 3.4 6,72830-59 minutes 71.7 27.4 41.7 2.5 1,97460-89 minutes 73.2 24.2 44.4 4.6 78090 minutes or longer 69.0 26.2 38.7 4.1 209

Nepal 2011 Water on premises 46.0 26.8 18.6 0.6 1,126Less than 30 minutes 45.5 28.7 16.3 0.5 89230-59 minutes 51.6 24.5 27.1 0.0 14060-89 minutes 46.1 26.1 20.0 0.0 3990 minutes or longer * * * * 11

Latin America and the CaribbeanHaiti 2012 Water on premises 62.0 27.7 34.0 0.3 318

Less than 30 minutes 65.1 32.1 32.1 0.9 2,13630-59 minutes 65.3 26.6 37.9 0.8 80860-89 minutes 63.5 28.4 33.8 1.3 46790 minutes or longer 68.0 35.5 31.8 0.8 307

Honduras 2011-12 Water on premises 29.1 19.3 9.5 0.2 7,379Less than 30 minutes 30.1 19.9 9.9 0.3 1,13630-59 minutes 20.8 12.4 8.4 0.0 15560-89 minutes 35.5 14.9 20.7 0.0 39

90 minutes or longer * * * * 7

Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household on the night before the interview and who were tested for anemia. Prevalence of anemia, based on hemoglobin levels, is adjusted for altitude where applicable. Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table. An asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed.

80

Table 3.11 Anemia in children by presence of soap at the hand washing station

Percentage of children age 6-59 months with anemia, by presence of soap at the hand washing station, DHS Surveys 2010-2012

Country Year of DHS Presence of soap at the hand washing station


Number of children


< 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Soap or detergent available 81.4 21.1 51.3 9.1 608

Cleansing agent other than soap only (84.2) (16.7) (65.8) (1.7) 23None 88.2 16.7 60.1 11.5 4,083Not observed 89.1 20.7 57.2 11.2 1,666

Ethiopia 2011 Soap or detergent available 37.3 14.7 19.3 3.2 29Cleansing agent other than soap only * * * * 4None 40.6 19.7 20.2 0.7 93Not observed 44.3 21.4 20.4 2.5 9,674

Mozambique 2011 Soap or detergent available 56.8 25.0 29.8 2.0 565Cleansing agent other than soap only 75.1 25.8 44.9 4.4 227None 72.8 25.9 41.4 5.6 1,399Not observed 68.4 26.5 38.5 3.5 2,698

Rwanda 2010 Soap or detergent available 36.8 21.3 13.6 1.9 73Cleansing agent other than soap only na na na na naNone 39.3 25.5 13.2 0.6 371Not observed 38.0 24.1 13.5 0.4 3,592

Senegal 2010-11 Soap or detergent available 66.8 23.1 41.1 2.7 680Cleansing agent other than soap only 77.2 23.7 48.5 5.0 50None 75.6 24.5 45.8 5.3 845Not observed 79.8 22.9 51.4 5.4 2,185

Uganda 2011 Soap or detergent available 51.4 28.8 22.3 0.4 213Cleansing agent other than soap only * * * * 13None 48.9 19.5 27.9 1.5 515Not observed 49.0 22.4 24.9 1.6 1,401

Asia Bangladesh 2011 Soap or detergent available 45.3 28.0 16.9 0.4 440

Cleansing agent other than soap only 52.2 25.7 26.3 0.2 103None 53.0 31.1 21.3 0.7 1,455Not observed, missing 51.9 24.0 26.2 1.6 354

Nepal 2011 Soap or detergent available 44.2 23.9 19.8 0.5 841Cleansing agent other than soap only 47.0 29.2 16.7 1.0 545None 47.8 29.8 17.8 0.2 820Not observed * * * * 1

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Soap or detergent available 65.4 28.9 35.1 1.4 870

Cleansing agent other than soap only * * * * 12None 65.7 30.0 34.8 0.9 1,709Not observed 63.9 32.1 31.3 0.5 1,458

Honduras 2011-12 Soap or detergent available 29.0 19.5 9.3 0.2 7,237Cleansing agent other than soap only * * * * 11None 30.7 18.7 11.6 0.3 940Not observed 27.8 17.5 10.1 0.2 541

Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household on the night before the interview and who were tested for anemia. Prevalence of anemia, based on hemoglobin levels, is adjusted for altitude where applicable. Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table. The soap or detergent category includes bar, liquid, powder or paste; The cleansing agent other than soap category includes ash, mud or sand; The none category refers to no hand washing station, soap or cleansing agent; The not observed category includes cases for which the response was: water source is not in the dwelling/yard/plot; interviewer did not get the permission to observe; or there were other reasons for not observing the presence of soap at the hand washing station. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed.

81

Table 3.12 Anemia in children by presence of water at the hand washing station

Percentage of children age 6-59 months with anemia, by presence of water at hand washing station, DHS Surveys 2010-2012

Country Year of DHS Presence of water at the hand washing station


Number of children


< 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Water available 88.2 18.2 58.6 11.4 2,194

Water is not available 86.7 16.4 59.4 10.9 2,518Not observed 89.1 20.9 57.1 11.1 1,649

Ethiopia 2011 Water available 34.0 13.8 19.1 1.2 81Water is not available (50.0) (25.1) (23.5) (1.3) 51Not observed 44.3 21.4 20.4 2.5 9,663

Mozambique 2011 Water available 63.5 26.3 33.8 3.4 1,027Water is not available 73.7 25.1 43.1 5.6 1,164Not observed 68.4 26.5 38.5 3.5 2,698

Rwanda 2010 Water available 32.5 19.0 12.3 1.2 162Water is not available 42.5 28.1 13.9 0.6 283Not observed 38.0 24.1 13.5 0.4 3,583

Senegal 2010-11 Water available 71.6 24.6 43.4 3.6 1,297Water is not available 73.2 20.6 46.1 6.6 279Not observed 79.8 22.9 51.4 5.4 2,185

Uganda 2011 Water available 51.6 27.6 23.8 0.3 312Water is not available 48.6 18.2 28.6 1.9 429Not observed 49.0 22.4 25.0 1.6 1,400

Asia Bangladesh 2011 Water available 50.9 30.2 20.1 0.6 1,932

Water is not available 61.8 29.3 32.5 0.0 68Not observed 51.7 23.6 26.4 1.7 352

Nepal 2011 Water available 45.6 26.7 18.2 0.6 1,730Water is not available 48.5 30.0 18.6 0.0 476Not observed * * * * 1

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Water available 63.9 28.3 34.3 1.3 1,365


Honduras 2011-12 Water available 29.0 19.3 9.5 0.2 7,894Water is not available 33.1 20.1 12.8 0.1 289Not observed 27.9 17.6 10.2 0.2 538

Note: Table is based on children and women who stayed in the household on the night before the interview and who were tested for anemia. Prevalence of anemia for children, based on hemoglobin levels, is adjusted for altitude where applicable. Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table. Not observed category includes cases for which the response was: water source is not in the dwelling/yard/plot; interviewer did not get the permission to observe; or there were other reasons for not observing the presence of water at the hand washing station. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed.

82

Table 3.13 Anemia in children by presence of soap and water at the hand washing station

Percentage of children age 6-59 months with anemia, by presence of soap and water at the hand washing station, DHS Surveys 2010-2012

Country Year of DHS Presence of soap or detergent and water at the hand washing station


Number of children


< 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Water and soap or detergent 82.7 21.0 51.9 9.8 518

Water, but no soap or detergent 89.9 17.3 60.7 11.9 1,676None 87.0 16.2 59.8 11.1 2,425Not observed 89.1 20.8 57.2 11.1 1,670

Ethiopia 2011 Water and soap or detergent (37.2) (14.7) (19.3) (3.2) 29Water, but no soap or detergent (32.2) (13.3) (18.9) (0.0) 52None (48.5) (22.9) (24.2) (1.4) 49Not observed 44.3 21.4 20.4 2.5 9,668

Mozambique 2011 Water and soap or detergent 56.6 26.0 28.3 2.3 479Water, but no soap or detergent 69.5 26.5 38.7 4.3 548None 75.1 25.6 43.8 5.7 986Not observed 68.4 26.5 38.5 3.5 2,698

Rwanda 2010 Water and soap or detergent 38.5 20.0 16.3 2.3 61Water, but no soap or detergent 28.9 18.4 9.9 0.6 101None 43.1 28.1 14.5 0.6 271Not observed 38.0 24.1 13.5 0.4 3,592

Senegal 2010-11 Water and soap or detergent 66.9 23.3 40.8 2.7 661Water, but no soap or detergent 76.4 25.9 46.0 4.5 636None 73.2 20.5 45.5 7.2 220Not observed 79.8 22.9 51.4 5.4 2,185

Uganda 2011 Water and soap or detergent 52.0 30.9 20.6 0.4 184Water, but no soap or detergent 51.1 22.8 28.3 0.0 128None 48.1 18.7 27.5 1.9 391Not observed 49.0 22.4 24.9 1.6 1,401

Asia Bangladesh 2011 Water and soap or detergent 45.3 28.0 16.9 0.4 439

Water, but no soap or detergent 52.6 30.8 21.1 0.7 1,493None 61.5 28.6 32.8 0.0 67Not observed 51.6 23.6 26.4 1.6 353

Nepal 2011 Water and soap or detergent 43.7 23.9 19.3 0.5 794Water, but no soap or detergent 47.2 29.2 17.3 0.7 936None 50.7 31.5 19.2 0.0 332Not observed * * * * 1

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Water and soap or detergent 65.8 28.8 35.5 1.5 794

Water, but no soap or detergent 61.3 27.7 32.7 1.0 571None 68.1 31.2 36.0 0.8 1,143Not observed 63.9 32.1 31.3 0.5 1,458

Honduras 2011-12 Water and soap or detergent 29.0 19.5 9.3 0.2 7,134Water, but no soap or detergent 29.2 18.1 10.7 0.4 759None 34.8 20.2 14.4 0.2 194

Not observed 28.0 17.6 10.2 0.2 546

Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household on the night before the interview and who were tested for anemia. Prevalence of anemia, based on hemoglobin levels, is adjusted for altitude where applicable. Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table. The soap or detergent category includes bar, liquid, powder, or paste; The none category refers to no hand washing station, soap or cleansing agent or water; The not observed category includes cases for which the response was: water source is not in the dwelling/yard/plot; interviewer did not get the permission to observe; or there were other reasons for not observing the presence of soap and water at the hand washing station. Categories soap but no water, and using only cleansing agent other than soap (ash, mud, sand) but no water have not been shown in the table due to the small number of cases in the category for the majority of the countries Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed.

83

Table 3.14 Anemia in children by how youngest child’s stools were disposed of

Percentage of youngest children age 6-59 months with anemia, by how child’s stools were disposed of, DHS Surveys 2005-2012

Country Year of DHS How child’s stools were disposed of


Number of children


< 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Child used toilet or latrine (70.6) (19.6) (51.0) (0.0) 45

Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 80.9 20.2 53.5 7.3 907Put/rinsed into drain or ditch * * * * 11Thrown into garbage 93.5 12.9 63.2 17.5 2,256Buried 88.1 17.6 52.9 17.6 82Left in the open 90.8 18.3 60.4 12.1 707Other 93.6 15.9 68.4 9.3 75

Congo (DRC) 2007 Child used toilet or latrine 67.8 28.6 38.1 1.1 65Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 73.1 19.9 49.0 4.1 1,284Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 77.7 27.3 43.8 6.6 109Thrown into garbage (82.4) (22.3) (50.6) (9.6) 214Buried 84.2 28.9 44.0 11.3 36Use washable diapers * * * * 99Left in the open 69.6 18.6 49.9 1.1 114Other * * * * 10

Ethiopia 2011 Child used toilet or latrine 36.0 20.1 15.3 0.7 389Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 42.0 20.1 20.1 1.8 1,797Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 51.4 22.9 23.7 4.8 138Thrown into garbage 54.9 23.5 27.3 4.1 859Buried 62.3 32.9 25.9 3.5 60Left in the open 48.2 20.6 24.1 3.5 2,399Other 65.6 28.4 35.4 1.8 155

Ghana 2008 Child used toilet or latrine 72.9 31.5 34.9 6.5 108Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 72.7 23.8 42.1 6.8 582Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 87.6 28.6 52.1 6.8 102Thrown into garbage 84.4 18.6 56.5 9.3 576Buried 87.7 23.5 55.2 9.0 81Left in the open 87.8 18.9 58.5 10.3 60Other * * * * 3

Madagascar 2008-09 Child used toilet or latrine 44.8 27.3 17.1 0.4 460Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 45.5 26.9 17.6 1.0 881Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 61.9 28.4 31.8 1.7 341Thrown into garbage 67.6 33.3 33.5 0.8 248Buried 60.2 41.3 18.2 0.7 194Left in the open 58.0 33.4 23.6 1.0 1,094Other * * * * 4

Mali 2006 Child used toilet or latrine 83.5 22.6 51.6 9.4 254Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 80.9 19.6 47.9 13.4 784Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 88.1 14.9 59.7 13.5 406Thrown into garbage 88.8 20.9 52.6 15.2 468Buried * * * * 13Use disposable diapers * * * * 4Left in the open * * * * 1Other * * * * 19

Mozambique 2011 Child used toilet or latrine 56.7 25.1 29.2 2.3 491Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 70.2 28.8 37.7 3.7 1,072Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 77.2 29.6 44.3 3.3 160Thrown into garbage 80.4 22.9 48.4 9.1 289Buried 77.3 24.4 45.1 7.8 866Left in the open 74.9 13.5 58.4 3.0 61Other 74.0 30.9 39.7 3.3 107

Continued…

84




Number of children


< 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Niger 2012 Child used toilet or latrine (56.5) (28.2) (28.3) (0.0) 20 Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 78.7 21.7 51.7 5.3 482Put/rinsed into drain or ditch * * * * 10Thrown into garbage 82.6 25.9 53.9 2.9 1,738Buried (74.9) (26.6) (45.2) (3.1) 46Left in the open 75.0 26.7 43.6 4.7 250Other (59.0) (25.4) (33.6) (0.0) 26

Rwanda 2010 Child used toilet or latrine 26.1 20.1 6.0 0.0 619Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine (45.7) (27.4) (17.7) (0.6) 1,827Put/rinsed into drain or ditch (53.7) (29.7) (24.0) (0.0) 41Thrown into garbage (67.1) (41.2) (25.9) (0.0) 31Buried (68.4) (39.7) (25.4) (3.2) 35Left in the open (49.1) (32.7) (16.4) (0.0) 50Other 63.2 31.8 26.7 4.7 70

Senegal 2010-11 Child used toilet or latrine 66.1 27.0 37.2 1.9 118Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 78.5 22.3 53.3 2.9 1,308Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 71.1 19.9 48.0 3.2 110Thrown into garbage 83.5 21.0 54.8 7.8 371Buried 86.4 21.4 55.8 9.2 50Left in the open 84.2 19.4 56.0 8.8 85Other (84.2) (16.8) (58.4) (8.9) 40

Tanzania 2010 Child used toilet or latrine 48.1 25.7 21.7 0.6 685Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 64.5 28.0 34.0 2.4 2,368Put/rinsed into drain or ditch * * * * 12Thrown into garbage 72.9 23.0 45.0 5.0 244Buried 75.8 31.6 41.6 2.5 232Left in the open 63.7 27.5 32.6 3.5 174Other 67.6 26.9 39.1 1.7 207

Uganda 2011 Child used toilet or latrine 37.7 14.0 22.4 1.3 163Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 54.3 23.4 29.7 1.1 744Put/rinsed into drain or ditch * * * * 16Thrown into garbage (79.0) (24.8) (48.2) (6.1) 31Buried 60.9 19.8 40.3 0.9 49Left in the open (69.2) (28.2) (27.8) (13.2) 24Other (75.2) (28.2) (40.8) (6.2) 42

Asia Cambodia 2010 Child used toilet or latrine 39.6 26.7 12.8 0.0 306

Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 59.8 32.2 27.0 0.6 437Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 65.4 23.9 39.6 1.9 92Thrown into garbage 55.0 16.9 35.6 2.4 33Buried 63.7 27.6 34.7 1.4 1,103Left in the open 57.3 27.0 29.9 0.4 672Other (80.5) (25.1) (50.3) (5.1) 32

India 2005-06 Child used toilet or latrine 53.4 25.1 26.6 1.7 3,541Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 62.0 23.9 35.5 2.6 2,368Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 74.9 25.9 45.9 3.1 1,519Thrown into garbage 79.7 25.8 50.8 3.2 6,962Buried 78.6 31.6 39.9 7.1 193Left in the open 73.8 26.4 44.1 3.3 13,566Other 73.9 27.8 42.4 3.7 174

Continued…

85




Number of children


< 11.0 g/dl 10.0 - 10.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Nepal 2011 Child used toilet or latrine 29.2 22.1 6.9 0.1 342 Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 46.4 26.6 19.8 0.0 320Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 62.5 32.6 29.9 0.0 126Thrown into garbage 58.0 31.7 25.9 0.4 436Buried 73.4 37.9 30.0 5.5 38Left in the open 51.5 30.5 20.8 0.3 286Other 55.6 30.3 22.8 2.5 64

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Child used toilet or latrine 57.0 34.0 22.3 0.7 275

Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 67.5 28.8 37.7 1.0 1,390Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 75.6 34.3 39.3 2.0 141Thrown into garbage 76.7 33.1 41.8 1.8 232Buried 78.6 32.7 41.4 4.6 51Left in the open 72.2 33.5 37.9 0.8 390Other (75.6) (20.4) (54.0) (1.2) 23

Honduras 2011-12 Child used toilet or latrine 18.9 13.8 5.0 0.1 2,102Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 27.4 17.7 9.2 0.4 972Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 52.0 32.1 19.4 0.5 1,105Thrown into garbage 38.3 23.0 14.9 0.3 1,292Buried 32.7 19.8 12.4 0.5 148Left in the open 30.2 21.0 8.9 0.2 667Other (40.3) (15.5) (24.8) (0.0) 49

Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household on the night before the interview and who were tested for anemia. Prevalence of anemia, based on hemoglobin levels, is adjusted for altitude where applicable. Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table. Categories rinsed away, used disposable diaper, used washable diaper, and other categories have not been included in the table due to limited data. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed.

86

Table 3.15 Iron supplementation and deworming of children

Percentage of children age 6-59 months who received iron tables/syrup/sprinkles in the seven days preceding the survey, and who received deworming medication in the six months preceding the survey, DHS Surveys 2005-2013

Country Year of DHS

Among children 6-59 months:

Number of children

Percentage of children who received iron

tablets/syrup/sprinkles in the7 days preceding the survey

Percentage of children who received deworming

medication in the 6 months preceding the survey

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 7.4 12.8 12,473Congo (DRC) 2007 na 3.6 7,075Ethiopia 2011 6.0 21.0 9,777Ghana 2008 27.5 41.9 2,414Kenya 2008-09 4.8 37.5 4,946Liberia 2007 17.0 45.3 4,635Madagascar 2008-09 3.8 69.1 10,756Malawi 2010 na 68.7 16,315Mali 2006 na na 11,046Mozambique 2011 24.4 46.3 9,653Niger 2012 12.3 26.5 10,769Nigeria 2013 5.7 19.9 25,960Rwanda 2011 na 86.1 7,873Senegal 2010-11 12.8 55.5 9,689Tanzania 2010 1.4 49.6 6,824Uganda 2011 7.1 50.2 6,733Zambia 2007 na 60.0 5,220

Asia Bangladesh 2011 2.3 50.2 7,579Cambodia 2010 1.7 56.7 7,100India 2005-06 4.7 11.9 47,742Indonesia 2012 na na 14,239Nepal 2011 2.5 74.8 4,608Pakistan 2012-13 na 28.3 9,877Tajikistan 2012 20.3 na 4,589


87

Table 3.16 Anemia in women by place of residence

Percentage of women age 15-49 with anemia, by place of residence, DHS Surveys 2005-2012


Anemia status by hemoglobin level†

Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Urban 42.6 31.8 10.0 0.7 2,230

Rural 51.1 34.5 15.4 1.2 6,194

Congo (DRC) 2007 Urban 51.9 36.7 14.1 1.0 2,093Rural 53.7 34.3 18.2 1.2 2,597

Ethiopia 2011 Urban 10.9 8.8 1.9 0.2 3,621Rural 18.3 14.4 3.3 0.7 12,161

Ghana 2008 Urban 55.3 36.6 17.2 1.5 2,293Rural 61.9 40.7 18.7 2.4 2,466

Madagascar 2008-09 Urban 31.0 25.4 5.3 0.2 1,374Rural 36.2 30.0 5.8 0.5 6,935

Malawi 2010 Urban 25.4 18.5 6.5 0.5 1,415Rural 29.7 22.2 6.9 0.5 5,907

Mali 2006 Urban 53.2 41.2 10.9 1.2 1,618Rural 64.6 41.2 21.0 2.4 3,124

Mozambique 2011 Urban 51.8 35.8 14.5 1.5 4,648Rural 55.1 40.1 13.7 1.3 8,924

Niger 2012 Urban 42.4 32.9 8.7 0.8 901Rural 46.5 32.7 13.0 0.9 4,159

Rwanda 2010 Urban 16.2 13.1 2.9 0.2 1,050Rural 17.4 14.4 2.9 0.2 5,895

Senegal 2010-11 Urban 43.5 30.2 12.3 0.9 2,758Rural 38.8 28.5 9.2 1.0 7,118

Tanzania 2010 Urban 41.4 28.8 11.7 0.9 2,892Rural 38.1 28.0 9.1 1.0 7,247

Uganda 2011 Urban 19.9 13.9 5.8 0.2 521Rural 23.8 18.6 4.5 0.7 2,090

Asia Bangladesh# 2011 Urban 36.1 30.4 5.6 0.1 1,468

Rural 44.7 37.6 6.8 0.2 4,207

Cambodia 2010 Urban 35.0 30.7 4.2 0.1 1,943Rural 46.9 38.4 8.1 0.4 7,287

India 2005-06 Urban 50.9 35.8 13.6 1.5 36,967Rural 57.4 39.8 15.7 1.9 79,888

Nepal 2011 Urban 27.6 22.5 4.7 0.4 836Rural 36.2 29.9 5.9 0.3 5,252

Latin America and the CaribbeanHaiti 2012 Urban 53.9 40.5 12.3 1.0 4,356

Rural 45.3 34.2 10.3 0.9 4,980

Honduras 2011-12 Urban 16.3 14.0 2.1 0.1 11,477Rural 13.7 12.0 1.6 0.1 10,069

Note: Anemia figures in the table are adjusted for altitude and smoking where applicable. † The hemoglobin level anemia cut-offs presented in the title are for non-pregnant women. The cut-offs for women who are pregnant are as follows: Any Anemia (< 11.0 g/dl), Mild (10.0 - 10.9 g/dl), Moderate (7.0 - 9.9 g/dl), and Severe (< 7.0 g/dl). # For Bangladesh anemia is only measured for ever-married women. Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table.

88

Table 3.17 Anemia in women by age of women

Percentage of women age 15-49 with anemia, by age of women, DHS Surveys 2005-2012

Country Year of DHS Age of women


Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa

Burkina Faso 2010 15-19 47.9 33.6 12.9 1.5 1,630 20-24 48.6 32.7 15.2 0.7 1,63625-29 48.7 33.8 13.6 1.4 1,47130-34 50.3 34.6 14.6 1.1 1,30735-39 48.2 32.9 14.5 0.8 99740-44 51.0 35.1 15.3 0.7 74445-49 47.4 35.1 10.9 1.4 639

Congo (DRC) 2007 15-19 48.4 31.7 16.4 0.4 93820-24 50.4 31.4 18.0 1.0 1,04425-29 53.5 36.5 15.0 2.1 77430-34 55.8 40.9 14.3 0.6 63535-39 54.6 35.3 17.8 1.4 49640-44 55.2 40.7 13.5 1.0 42545-49 59.4 38.2 19.5 1.7 378

Ethiopia 2011 15-19 13.4 10.9 2.2 0.3 3,84120-24 14.1 11.1 2.1 0.9 2,79925-29 18.4 13.4 4.2 0.7 3,01230-34 16.1 12.4 3.2 0.5 1,94135-39 18.5 14.2 3.6 0.7 1,84140-44 20.5 17.3 2.8 0.5 1,19445-49 22.4 19.4 2.6 0.4 1,154

Ghana 2008 15-19 62.9 43.6 17.5 1.8 99720-24 59.9 39.0 18.8 2.1 85325-29 55.3 35.6 18.6 1.1 80030-34 57.2 39.3 16.8 1.2 62035-39 59.6 37.6 20.0 2.0 62340-44 59.3 39.1 17.5 2.6 45145-49 53.5 33.3 15.6 4.6 415

Madagascar 2008-09 15-19 35.1 30.1 4.8 0.2 1,90720-24 36.3 30.0 5.6 0.7 1,36725-29 33.2 26.6 6.1 0.5 1,33130-34 32.0 25.4 6.3 0.3 1,17035-39 36.5 30.3 5.5 0.6 97040-44 37.0 31.7 5.2 0.1 86345-49 40.0 32.1 7.3 0.7 700

Malawi 2010 15-19 28.6 22.6 5.5 0.4 1,58520-24 27.5 19.5 7.6 0.4 1,43825-29 29.0 22.2 6.6 0.3 1,46930-34 27.2 20.8 6.1 0.3 97235-39 29.6 20.3 8.5 0.8 83040-44 34.2 24.3 9.2 0.7 55345-49 29.4 21.9 5.6 1.9 475

Mali 2006 15-19 59.9 43.2 15.0 1.7 1,04320-24 61.2 39.4 19.9 1.9 89025-29 56.1 35.4 18.1 2.7 79630-34 60.5 40.1 18.5 1.9 66335-39 58.7 38.2 18.6 1.9 51140-44 68.4 48.3 17.5 2.6 44245-49 65.3 48.9 15.2 1.2 398

Continued…

89




Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Mozambique 2011 15-19 54.9 40.9 12.8 1.2 3,02720-24 53.3 37.5 14.3 1.5 2,42925-29 53.0 36.3 15.3 1.5 2,23530-34 54.8 39.2 14.1 1.5 1,97435-39 54.0 38.3 14.7 1.0 1,67740-44 53.3 37.1 14.3 1.9 1,14545-49 54.1 40.5 12.4 1.2 1,085

Niger 2012 15-19 46.0 33.7 11.4 0.9 84120-24 44.4 31.6 11.4 1.4 89225-29 45.3 30.9 13.6 0.8 99430-34 44.7 30.9 13.1 0.6 86535-39 46.5 33.9 12.0 0.7 66540-44 50.2 36.0 14.0 0.2 43545-49 46.1 36.0 9.0 1.1 367

Rwanda 2010 15-19 15.0 12.8 2.1 0.2 1,53920-24 16.2 13.4 2.5 0.3 1,37825-29 16.0 12.8 3.0 0.2 1,27530-34 16.1 12.9 2.8 0.4 88535-39 21.2 18.0 3.1 0.2 71840-44 19.1 15.2 3.8 0.1 61345-49 24.0 18.8 4.6 0.6 537

Senegal 2010-11 15-19 55.5 39.9 13.3 2.3 1,26620-24 59.3 42.9 15.2 1.2 1,13125-29 50.5 33.5 15.4 1.6 95530-34 53.6 35.5 15.7 2.5 75735-39 52.1 38.2 12.4 1.5 61340-44 52.6 38.2 12.7 1.7 53545-49 52.8 42.0 9.7 1.1 365

Tanzania 2010 15-19 42.2 32.1 9.4 0.7 2,12720-24 40.5 27.3 12.3 0.9 1,85925-29 40.3 28.5 10.9 0.9 1,60430-34 38.5 27.6 9.3 1.6 1,37735-39 39.0 28.0 9.7 1.3 1,26340-44 36.6 26.4 9.4 0.9 91545-49 41.7 33.2 7.6 1.0 730

Uganda 2011 15-19 18.9 14.9 2.9 1.1 63220-24 24.5 19.0 5.2 0.3 46225-29 22.1 17.5 3.9 0.7 48630-34 18.5 13.2 5.1 0.2 33035-39 30.8 25.0 5.8 0.0 31940-44 26.0 18.7 6.3 1.0 19845-49 27.6 19.1 8.0 0.6 183

Asia Bangladesh# 2011 15-19 42.3 34.7 7.6 0.1 623

20-24 41.2 35.5 5.7 0.1 1,09725-29 38.8 32.6 6.2 0.0 1,01630-34 47.2 39.6 7.3 0.3 84235-39 40.2 34.4 5.7 0.0 79540-44 40.8 34.9 5.3 0.6 70545-49 49.2 40.3 8.5 0.3 599

Cambodia 2010 15-19 47.8 40.5 7.2 0.1 1,81820-24 42.8 36.4 6.3 0.0 1,55625-29 41.5 34.9 6.3 0.2 1,66830-34 41.5 34.5 6.8 0.2 1,07135-39 44.8 36.3 7.6 1.0 1,01840-44 45.1 36.0 8.5 0.6 1,08345-49 47.4 37.1 9.5 0.7 1,016

Continued…

90




Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

India 2005-06 15-19 55.8 39.1 14.9 1.7 23,20620-24 56.7 38.2 16.6 1.8 21,26925-29 55.5 38.8 15.2 1.6 19,18030-34 53.8 37.9 14.2 1.7 16,66835-39 54.7 38.3 14.6 1.9 15,03540-44 54.8 38.4 14.4 2.0 12,24745-49 55.2 39.6 13.8 1.9 9,250

Nepal 2011 15-19 38.5 32.5 5.7 0.4 1,34120-24 36.8 30.6 6.0 0.2 1,13625-29 35.0 28.8 5.9 0.3 97830-34 30.7 25.7 4.8 0.1 79635-39 34.2 26.3 7.2 0.7 71740-44 31.7 26.4 5.3 0.1 61745-49 33.4 27.9 5.1 0.5 503

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 15-19 55.5 43.2 11.0 1.3 2,236

20-24 51.5 38.9 11.8 0.8 1,87925-29 47.6 35.2 11.6 0.8 1,52930-34 42.5 30.5 11.3 0.7 1,20935-39 47.4 35.7 10.5 1.2 93040-44 50.1 36.6 12.5 1.0 79445-49 41.7 31.9 9.1 0.7 760

Honduras 2011-12 15-19 12.5 11.0 1.5 0.0 4,83020-24 13.3 11.9 1.4 0.0 3,91825-29 14.2 12.7 1.4 0.0 3,40830-34 15.1 13.5 1.6 0.1 3,03435-39 16.3 14.0 2.0 0.2 2,54440-44 20.3 17.2 3.0 0.1 2,08245-49 19.6 15.1 4.0 0.6 1,729

Note: Anemia figures in the table are adjusted for altitude and smoking where applicable † The hemoglobin level anemia cut-offs presented in the title are for non-pregnant women. The cut-offs for women who are pregnant are as follows: Any Anemia (< 11.0 g/dl), Mild (10.0 - 10.9 g/dl), Moderate (7.0 - 9.9 g/dl), and Severe (< 7.0 g/dl). # For Bangladesh anemia is only measured for ever-married women Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table.

91

Table 3.18 Anemia in women by their nutritional status

Percentage of women age 15-49 with anemia, by their nutritional status, DHS Surveys 2005-2012



Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Thin 53.0 34.9 15.8 2.2 1,163


Congo (DRC) 2007 Thin 59.3 42.2 16.3 0.8 743Normal 50.9 36.0 14.0 0.9 2,788Overweight 46.2 34.4 10.3 1.6 352Obese 40.8 32.8 8.0 0.0 94

Ethiopia 2011 Thin 18.3 14.4 3.2 0.7 3,832Normal 15.3 12.7 2.2 0.4 9,570Overweight 11.1 9.6 1.5 0.0 650Obese 10.4 9.2 1.0 0.2 136

Ghana 2008 Thin 62.1 38.6 21.7 1.8 368Normal 59.6 42.3 15.7 1.6 2,652Overweight 53.0 33.5 17.4 2.1 874Obese 50.5 37.0 13.3 0.3 397

Madagascar 2008-09 Thin 39.2 32.8 5.8 0.5 1,966Normal 33.9 29.4 4.2 0.3 4,971Overweight 28.6 23.4 3.7 1.5 370Obese 28.0 26.7 1.2 0.0 87

Malawi 2010 Thin 29.5 21.8 6.3 1.3 563Normal 28.3 21.9 5.8 0.5 4,779Overweight 25.3 19.8 5.3 0.2 833Obese 15.6 13.2 1.8 0.6 256

Mali 2006 Thin 63.5 45.8 14.9 2.8 529Normal 60.0 42.3 15.9 1.7 2,733Overweight 50.2 38.5 11.2 0.5 496Obese 51.3 43.5 7.8 0.0 241

Mozambique 2011 Thin 57.9 40.3 16.2 1.4 1,004Normal 55.6 42.0 12.3 1.3 8,778Overweight 47.5 36.8 10.0 0.7 1,425Obese 37.0 27.6 8.7 0.7 479

Niger 2012 Thin 48.3 38.0 9.2 1.0 627Normal 43.3 33.7 9.0 0.5 2,700Overweight 37.8 30.0 7.7 0.2 572Obese 31.6 27.1 4.0 0.5 162

Rwanda 2010 Thin 20.8 15.4 4.7 0.7 463Normal 17.1 14.4 2.4 0.2 4,851Overweight 15.3 13.1 2.2 0.0 898Obese 10.4 9.3 1.0 0.0 139

Senegal 2010-11 Thin 56.3 41.8 12.4 2.1 1,110Normal 53.6 38.4 13.5 1.7 2,859Overweight 51.9 39.7 11.1 1.1 775Obese 48.6 40.5 7.6 0.5 292

Tanzania 2010 Thin 40.9 31.4 7.9 1.6 993Normal 38.3 29.5 8.1 0.8 5,809Overweight 35.7 26.8 7.9 1.1 1,291Obese 36.2 28.1 7.4 0.6 530

Continued…

92




Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Uganda 2011 Thin 24.9 20.1 4.8 0.0 266Normal 21.8 17.2 3.7 0.9 1,581Overweight 18.5 14.3 3.6 0.7 323Obese 20.2 16.6 3.6 0.0 86

Asia Bangladesh# 2011 Thin 51.0 43.8 6.8 0.3 1,330


Cambodia 2010 Thin 48.8 40.3 7.9 0.5 1,655Normal 44.1 37.6 6.2 0.4 6,056Overweight 33.4 28.7 4.4 0.3 835Obese 38.4 36.2 2.2 0.0 115

India 2005-06 Thin 60.5 41.6 16.6 2.2 39,010Normal 54.0 38.8 13.6 1.6 56,610Overweight 43.2 34.2 8.5 0.5 10,720Obese 43.5 34.3 8.7 0.6 3,074

Nepal 2011 Thin 41.9 34.1 7.5 0.3 1,043Normal 34.6 29.3 5.0 0.4 3,929Overweight 21.7 18.3 3.4 0.0 642Obese 21.7 20.9 0.8 0.0 125

Latin America and the CaribbeanHaiti 2012 Thin 54.7 39.7 13.9 1.2 1,093

Normal 50.2 38.6 10.4 1.1 5,421Overweight 42.8 34.4 7.9 0.5 1,499Obese 43.2 34.5 8.7 0.1 666

Honduras 2011-12 Thin 13.7 12.4 1.2 0.2 968Normal 14.7 13.2 1.5 0.0 8,802Overweight 14.3 12.3 1.8 0.2 5,839Obese 15.3 13.1 2.1 0.1 4,460

Note: Anemia figures in the table are adjusted for altitude and smoking where applicable. † The hemoglobin level anemia cut-offs presented in the title are for non-pregnant women. The cut-offs for women who are pregnant are as follows: Any Anemia (< 11.0 g/dl), Mild (10.0 - 10.9 g/dl), Moderate (7.0 - 9.9 g/dl), and Severe (< 7.0 g/dl). # For Bangladesh anemia is only measured for ever-married women. Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table.

93

Table 3.19 Anemia in women by breastfeeding and pregnancy status

Percentage of women age 15-49 with anemia, by breastfeeding status, DHS Surveys 2005-2012

Country Year of DHS Breastfeeding status


Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Pregnant 58.2 24.8 31.3 2.0 857

Breastfeeding 50.3 36.1 13.4 0.8 3,007Neither 46.1 33.9 11.1 1.1 4,561

Congo (DRC) 2007 Pregnant 60.0 24.6 32.7 2.7 524Breastfeeding 52.1 36.5 14.9 0.7 1,511Neither 51.9 36.9 14.0 1.0 2,655

Ethiopia 2011 Pregnant 22.0 12.2 8.7 1.2 1,173Breastfeeding 18.5 14.8 3.0 0.6 4,933Neither 15.0 12.3 2.2 0.5 9,675

Ghana 2008 Pregnant 70.2 23.5 40.1 6.6 350Breastfeeding 61.8 43.8 16.3 1.7 1,008Neither 56.6 38.8 16.2 1.6 3,400

Madagascar 2008-09 Pregnant 38.3 21.9 16.1 0.3 698Breastfeeding 39.1 33.3 5.4 0.3 2,223Neither 33.4 28.5 4.4 0.5 5,388

Malawi 2010 Pregnant 37.5 19.5 17.8 0.2 666Breastfeeding 27.0 21.8 4.9 0.4 2,439Neither 28.6 21.6 6.3 0.7 4,217

Mali 2006 Pregnant 72.1 32.1 35.5 4.5 580Breastfeeding 61.4 42.9 16.8 1.7 1,643Neither 57.7 42.1 13.9 1.6 2,519

Mozambique 2011 Pregnant 50.9 22.0 26.5 2.3 1,509Breastfeeding 53.1 41.0 11.4 0.7 4,141Neither 55.0 40.6 12.9 1.6 7,921

Niger 2012 Pregnant 58.6 25.6 31.2 1.8 743Breastfeeding 42.7 33.9 8.2 0.6 2,063Neither 44.4 33.9 9.7 0.8 2,254

Rwanda 2010 Pregnant 19.5 12.4 6.7 0.4 487Breastfeeding 18.0 15.3 2.6 0.1 2,088Neither 16.6 13.8 2.5 0.3 4,369

Senegal 2010-11 Pregnant 52.7 23.2 27.7 1.8 958Breastfeeding 39.2 30.9 7.4 1.0 2,752Neither 38.6 29.1 8.5 0.9 6,166

Tanzania 2010 Pregnant 52.7 23.2 27.7 1.8 958Breastfeeding 39.2 30.9 7.4 1.0 2,752Neither 38.6 29.1 8.5 0.9 6,166

Uganda 2011 Pregnant 30.6 19.5 11.1 0.0 290Breastfeeding 25.9 21.4 4.3 0.2 762Neither 20.3 15.5 3.8 1.0 1,559

Asia Bangladesh# 2011 Pregnant 49.6 27.2 22.4 0.0 347


Cambodia 2010 Pregnant 52.7 27.6 25.1 0.0 469Breastfeeding 47.1 40.6 6.4 0.0 1,376Neither 43.4 36.6 6.3 0.4 7,385

Continued...

94


Country Year of DHS Breastfeeding status


Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

India 2005-06 Pregnant 58.7 25.8 30.6 2.2 6,028Breastfeeding 63.2 44.9 16.6 1.7 22,109Neither 53.2 37.9 13.5 1.7 88,718

Nepal 2011 Pregnant 47.6 29.3 17.7 0.5 293Breastfeeding 38.9 32.7 6.0 0.2 1,348Neither 33.0 27.8 4.9 0.4 4,447

Latin America and the CaribbeanHaiti 2012 Pregnant 53.9 27.3 25.8 0.8 524


Honduras 2011-12 Pregnant 18.8 14.6 4.2 0.0 1,146Breastfeeding 14.3 12.9 1.3 0.0 3,241

Neither 15.0 13.0 1.8 0.1 17,158

Note: Anemia figures in the table are adjusted for altitude and smoking where applicable. Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table. † The hemoglobin level anemia cut-offs presented in the title are for non-pregnant women. The cut-offs for women who are pregnant are as follows: Any Anemia (< 11.0 g/dl), Mild (10.0 - 10.9 g/dl), Moderate (7.0 - 9.9 g/dl), and Severe (< 7.0 g/dl). # For Bangladesh anemia is only measured for ever-married women.

95

Table 3.20 Anemia in women by wealth quintile

Percentage of women age 15-49 with anemia, by wealth quintile, DHS Surveys 2005-2012



Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Lowest 54.6 35.3 17.4 2.0 1,542

Second 52.7 35.5 15.8 1.4 1,606Middle 50.4 32.8 16.4 1.1 1,591Fourth 46.2 33.8 12.0 0.4 1,646Highest 42.3 31.9 9.7 0.7 2,039

Congo (DRC) 2007 Lowest 52.2 33.9 17.3 1.1 870Second 56 35.7 18.7 1.6 908Middle 54.8 35.7 18.6 0.5 1,010Fourth 45.8 33.1 11.2 1.5 890Highest 54.8 38.1 15.7 1.0 1,012

Ethiopia 2011 Lowest 20.1 15.0 4.0 1.1 2,894Second 18.9 15.3 3.1 0.5 2,940Middle 17.1 13.6 2.6 0.8 2,936Fourth 17.4 13.4 3.6 0.4 3,123Highest 11.3 9.3 1.7 0.2 3,890

Ghana 2008 Lowest 61.0 39.5 19.2 2.2 759Second 63.1 42.6 17.5 3.0 867Middle 59.3 38.1 18.9 2.3 962Fourth 58.0 38.2 18.2 1.7 1,088Highest 53.9 36.3 16.5 1.0 1,083

Madagascar 2008-09 Lowest 45.1 36.8 7.7 0.7 1,495Second 40.9 34.2 6.3 0.4 1,577Middle 35.2 29.7 5.1 0.5 1,542Fourth 30.5 25.5 4.7 0.3 1,721Highest 27.9 22.5 5.0 0.3 1,974

Malawi 2010 Lowest 32.9 24.2 8.0 0.7 1,252Second 29.0 20.9 7.5 0.7 1,444Middle 30.8 22.7 7.6 0.4 1,430Fourth 26.3 19.6 6.4 0.4 1,417Highest 26.5 20.7 5.3 0.5 1,778

Mali 2006 Lowest 68.4 43.0 22.2 3.2 890Second 64.7 39.9 22.2 2.7 912Middle 63.5 42.5 18.8 2.2 817Fourth 58.0 39.4 17.6 1.1 1,002Highest 51.8 41.5 9.1 1.2 1,121

Mozambique 2011 Lowest 62.5 43.8 17.0 1.6 2,583Second 54.8 40.4 12.7 1.7 2,541Middle 51.7 37.5 13.2 0.9 2,550Fourth 51.8 39.2 11.7 0.9 2,746Highest 50.1 33.3 15.1 1.7 3,152

Niger 2012 Lowest 52.4 35.4 15.7 1.3 899Second 44.5 32.2 11.8 0.5 959Middle 50.7 36.4 12.8 1.4 1,043Fourth 42.4 29.5 12.5 0.4 1,084Highest 40.1 30.6 8.9 0.7 1,074

Rwanda 2010 Lowest 19.2 15.1 3.9 0.2 1258Second 19.3 16.6 2.4 0.3 1399Middle 16.5 13.8 2.5 0.2 1,382Fourth 16.1 13.2 2.5 0.4 1,387Highest 15.5 12.3 3.1 0.2 1,518

Continued…

96




Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Senegal 2010-11 Lowest 57.8 36.8 18.3 2.7 913Second 55.0 37.6 15.7 1.6 956Middle 52.4 38.2 12.8 1.4 1,139Fourth 53.0 37.9 12.9 2.2 1,244Highest 54.4 41.4 11.8 1.2 1,368

Tanzania 2010 Lowest 42.0 31.1 9.5 1.5 1652Second 40.1 29.7 9.2 1.1 1917Middle 37.7 27.3 9.6 0.8 1,960Fourth 37.7 27.5 9.5 0.7 2,062Highest 43.0 29.8 12.1 1.1 2,284

Uganda 2011 Lowest 28.6 21.9 6.5 0.2 454Second 26.4 22.1 4.3 0.0 467Middle 19.0 14.4 4.4 0.2 478Fourth 22.2 16.9 4.6 0.7 558Highest 20.5 14.7 4.3 1.5 653

Asia Bangladesh# 2011 Lowest 49.8 42.0 7.3 0.5 1078

Second 48.1 39.5 8.5 0.1 1103Middle 42.6 36.3 6.3 0.0 1,100Fourth 40.6 35.1 5.3 0.2 1,196Highest 32.2 26.9 5.3 0.1 1,199

Cambodia 2010 Lowest 52.9 41.7 10.7 0.6 1,679Second 47.8 38.6 8.4 0.7 1,763Middle 47.0 39.0 7.7 0.4 1,733Fourth 43.0 36.2 6.7 0.1 1,850Highest 34.4 30.2 4.1 0.1 2,205

India 2005-06 Lowest 64.3 43.6 18.7 2.0 20,524Second 60.3 41.4 16.8 2.1 22,449Middle 56.0 38.3 15.5 2.2 23,886Fourth 52.2 36.9 13.8 1.6 24,696Highest 46.1 34.0 11.1 1.0 25,300

Nepal 2011 Lowest 34.5 27.8 6.3 0.4 1,024Second 35.4 28.6 6.3 0.4 1,152Middle 38.6 31.8 6.4 0.4 1,265Fourth 35.5 30.3 5.1 0.1 1,297Highest 31.2 26.0 4.8 0.4 1,350

Latin America and the CaribbeanHaiti 2012 Lowest 41.1 31.2 9.6 0.3 1,457

Second 46.6 34.7 10.6 1.3 1,539Middle 52.3 39.4 11.8 1.1 1,838Fourth 52.3 39.4 11.3 1.5 2,099Highest 51.2 38.5 12.1 0.5 2,403

Honduras 2011-12 Lowest 12.4 10.7 1.6 0.1 3,480Second 13.7 12.2 1.4 0.2 3,916Middle 14.1 11.9 2.0 0.1 4,542Fourth 17.2 14.9 2.2 0.0 4,923Highest 16.8 14.7 2.0 0.1 4,684


97

Table 3.21 Anemia in women by type of sanitation facility

Percentage of women age 15-49 with anemia, by type of sanitation facility, DHS Surveys 2005-2012



Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Improved 45.1 34.0 10.6 0.6 1,339 Shared 43.5 30.3 12.1 1.1 1,467


Congo (DRC) 2007 Improved 58.4 42.4 14.2 1.8 133 Shared 53.2 38.5 13.1 1.6 284


Ethiopia 2011 Improved 16.7 13.4 3.1 0.2 1,331 Shared 14.4 11.6 2.3 0.5 1,588


Ghana 2008 Improved 57.7 39.1 16.5 2.1 561 Shared 58.1 38.1 18.2 1.8 2,790


Madagascar 2008-09 Improved 28.2 24.8 3.4 0.0 191 Shared 25.6 21.9 3.6 0.1 239


Malawi 2010 Improved 28.8 21.5 6.7 0.6 619 Shared 30.8 23.5 7.0 0.3 425


Mali 2006 Improved 50.8 35.9 13.3 1.7 573 Shared 46.7 34.9 10.6 1.1 519


Mozambique 2011 Improved 50.7 35.1 14.1 1.5 3,258 Shared 53.6 38.2 14.0 1.4 683


Niger 2012 Improved 42.2 33.4 8.0 0.8 474 Shared 39.8 29.4 10.0 0.4 547


Rwanda 2010 Improved 17.3 14.0 3.0 0.3 4,053 Shared 18.4 15.6 2.7 0.1 1,165


Senegal 2010-11 Improved 54.0 38.9 13.6 1.5 2,510 Shared 53.7 39.8 11.7 2.2 964


Tanzania 2010 Improved 41.3 29.8 10.2 1.3 1,358 Shared 44.3 32.6 11.1 0.6 860 Unimproved 37.3 27.1 9.4 0.9 6,134 No access/open defecation 48.2 34.2 12.3 1.7 1,516

Continued…

98




Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Uganda 2011 Improved 22.7 17.1 4.9 0.8 1,074 Shared 19.6 15.0 4.1 0.4 832


Asia Bangladesh# 2011 Improved 39.8 32.9 6.6 0.2 2,032 Shared 37.8 32.7 5.1 0.0 1,251


Cambodia 2010 Improved 39.9 33.5 6.2 0.2 3,403 Shared 47.2 40.5 6.5 0.3 745


India 2005-06 Improved 50.6 35.9 13.3 1.4 35,310 Shared 54.0 37.8 14.3 1.9 14,080


Nepal 2011 Improved 32.5 27.0 5.2 0.4 2,379 Shared 29.8 25.5 4.3 0.0 1,139


Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Improved 48.4 37.9 9.7 0.8 2,706 Shared 52.6 38.6 13.3 0.8 2,805


Honduras 2011-12 Improved 15.5 13.3 2.0 0.1 14,561 Shared 14.8 13.5 1.3 0.0 2,357


Note: Anemia figures in the table are adjusted for altitude and smoking where applicable. Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table. Definitions of types of sanitation facilities according to the JMP method as presented in the Progress on sanitation and drinking-water - 2014 update (http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP_report_2014_webEng.pdf) Improved sanitation facilities: are likely to ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact. They include the following facilities: Flush/pour to piped sewer system, septic tank or pit latrine; Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine; Pit latrine with slab; Composting toilet Shared sanitation facilities: Sanitation facilities of an otherwise acceptable type shared between two or more households. Only facilities that are not shared or not public are considered improved. Other unimproved sanitation facilities: do not ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact. Unimproved facilities include pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines and bucket latrines. Open defecation: when human feces are disposed of in fields, forests, bushes, open bodies of water, beaches or other open spaces or disposed of with solid waste. † The hemoglobin level anemia cut-offs presented in the title are for non-pregnant women. The cut-offs for women who are pregnant are as follows: Any Anemia (< 11.0 g/dl), Mild (10.0 - 10.9 g/dl), Moderate (7.0 - 9.9 g/dl), and Severe (< 7.0 g/dl). # For Bangladesh anemia is only measured for ever-married women.

99

Table 3.22 Anemia in women by shared status of toilet facility

Percentage of women age 15-49 with anemia, by shared status of toilet facility, DHS Surveys 2005-2012



Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Shared facility 44.2 30.7 12.5 1.0 1,757


Congo (DRC) 2007 Shared facility 52.1 34.6 16.6 0.9 2,234Not shared facility 54.8 35.9 17.2 1.7 1,732No facility/bush/field 56.0 40.4 15.4 0.2 563

Ethiopia 2011 Shared facility 13.9 11.1 2.2 0.6 3,745Not shared facility 16.3 13.3 2.6 0.4 6,055No facility/bush/field 18.6 14.1 3.7 0.8 5,968

Ghana 2008 Shared facility 58.8 38.9 18.1 1.8 3,191Not shared facility 58.5 39.7 16.8 2.0 631No facility/bush/field 58.8 37.7 18.4 2.7 927

Madagascar 2008-09 Shared facility 30.6 26.0 4.4 0.3 3,193Not shared facility 31.9 26.4 5.1 0.3 1,673No facility/bush/field 41.4 33.6 7.2 0.6 3,442

Malawi 2010 Shared facility 27.6 20.1 7.1 0.4 2,841Not shared facility 28.8 21.9 6.4 0.5 3,698No facility/bush/field 33.9 24.5 8.5 1.0 771

Mali 2006 Shared facility 56.5 39.5 15.6 1.4 1,669Not shared facility 60.9 41.1 17.7 2.1 2,148No facility/bush/field 67.9 44.0 20.9 3.0 917

Mozambique 2011 Shared facility 51.7 37.5 13.0 1.2 1,404Not shared facility 51.1 36.3 13.4 1.4 6,890No facility/bush/field 58.4 41.9 15.0 1.4 5,277

Niger 2012 Shared facility 42.2 30.8 10.9 0.5 679Not shared facility 44.0 32.9 10.5 0.5 727No facility/bush/field 46.9 33.1 12.8 1.0 3,634

Rwanda 2010 Shared facility 18.3 15.3 2.9 0.1 1,486Not shared facility 17.0 13.8 2.9 0.3 5,370No facility/bush/field 17.6 16.4 1.3 0.0 87

Senegal 2010-11 Shared facility 53.4 38.8 12.6 2.0 1,290Not shared facility 54.1 38.6 13.9 1.6 3,417No facility/bush/field 56.7 38.5 16.1 2.1 914

Tanzania 2010 Shared facility 40.8 29.2 10.7 0.8 2,840Not shared facility 37.6 27.5 9.2 0.9 5,514No facility/bush/field 48.2 34.2 12.3 1.7 1,516

Uganda 2011 Shared facility 21.2 15.4 5.0 0.8 209Not shared facility 23.7 15.3 7.0 1.4 437No facility/bush/field 25.8 21.3 3.8 0.7 108

Asia Bangladesh# 2011 Shared facility 42.2 36.1 6.1 0.0 2,128

Not shared facility 42.2 35.3 6.6 0.3 3,304No facility/bush/field 47.8 38.8 9.0 0.0 243

Cambodia 2010 Shared facility 47.2 40.2 6.8 0.2 794Not shared facility 40.0 33.5 6.3 0.2 3,529No facility/bush/field 47.1 38.5 8.1 0.5 4,906

Continued…

100




Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

India 2005-06 Shared facility 54.3 37.9 14.4 2.0 15,127 Not shared facility 51.0 36.2 13.4 1.4 37,232No facility/bush/field 58.1 40.1 16.1 1.9 64,449

Nepal 2011 Shared facility 30.3 26.1 4.1 0.1 1,213Not shared facility 32.0 26.5 5.2 0.3 2,670No facility/bush/field 41.2 33.4 7.3 0.5 2,204

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Shared facility 51.5 37.7 12.9 0.9 3,592


Honduras 2011-12 Shared facility 15.6 14.0 1.5 0.0 2,950Not shared facility 15.2 13.1 2.0 0.1 16,612No facility/bush/field 13.1 11.3 1.7 0.2 1,982


101

Table 3.23 Anemia in women by main source of drinking water

Percentage of women age 15-49 with anemia, by main source of drinking water, DHS Surveys 2005-2012



Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Improved source 44.9 32.8 11.2 0.9 2,923


Congo (DRC) 2007 Improved source 50.4 35.2 14.1 1.1 2,236Unimproved source 55.6 35.9 18.4 1.4 1,836Surface water 53.6 34.4 18.8 0.4 618

Ethiopia 2011 Improved source 15.1 12.2 2.6 0.3 8,032Unimproved source 17.9 14.5 2.9 0.5 5,201Surface water 18.3 12.8 4.1 1.4 2,535

Ghana 2011 Improved source 56.9 37.4 17.6 1.9 2,724Unimproved source 60.3 40.6 17.4 2.3 1,598Surface water 64.7 40.6 22.3 1.7 436

Madagascar 2008-09 Improved source 31.8 26.6 4.9 0.3 3,104Unimproved source 41.0 32.5 8.0 0.4 1,381Surface water 36.1 30.1 5.5 0.6 3,819

Malawi 2010 Improved source 26.2 19.5 6.3 0.4 2,229Unimproved source 30.0 22.3 7.1 0.6 4,743Surface water 30.4 22.9 6.8 0.7 347

Mali 2006 Improved source 57.4 40.0 15.8 1.6 2,712Unimproved source 65.7 42.9 20.4 2.5 1,834Surface water 60.7 41.7 15.6 3.3 195

Mozambique 2011 Improved source 51.9 36.2 14.4 1.3 7,452Unimproved source 57.0 40.9 14.4 1.7 4,145Surface water 55.6 43.1 11.5 1.0 1,974

Niger 2012 Improved source 43.7 31.2 11.8 0.7 2,734Unimproved source 48.5 34.5 12.9 1.1 2,261Surface water 42.4 31.1 11.3 0.0 60

Rwanda 2010 Improved source 17.3 14.0 2.9 0.4 2,426Unimproved source 21.0 17.5 3.5 0.0 377Surface water 16.9 13.9 2.8 0.1 4,139

Senegal 2010-11 Improved source 54.2 38.4 14.2 1.6 4,278Unimproved source 54.6 38.9 13.4 2.3 1,295Surface water 61.6 50.0 10.3 1.3 49

Tanzania 2010 Improved source 40.1 28.6 10.6 0.9 5,054Unimproved source 46.1 32.9 12.0 1.2 2,477Surface water 33.8 25.8 7.0 1.0 2,344

Uganda 2011 Improved source 19.8 15.4 3.8 0.6 811Unimproved source 25.3 19.4 5.2 0.7 1,455Surface water 21.1 15.6 5.3 0.2 345

Asia Bangladesh# 2011 Improved source 31.6 26.5 5.1 0.1 747


India 2005-06 Improved source 52.0 35.8 14.2 2.0 51,113Unimproved source 57.9 40.8 15.6 1.6 64,063Surface water 58.3 39.5 17.2 1.6 1,663

Continued…

102




Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Nepal 2011 Improved source 27.9 22.8 4.6 0.4 2,946Unimproved source 43.7 36.3 7.2 0.2 2,643Surface water 30.6 25.5 4.8 0.3 499

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Improved source 48.1 36.8 10.5 0.8 3,689

Unimproved source 54.9 41.0 12.8 1.1 3,220Surface water 43.8 32.6 10.2 1.0 2,413

Honduras 2011-12 Improved source 15.2 13.2 1.9 0.1 18,867Unimproved source 16.7 14.4 2.2 0.0 1,150Surface water 11.9 10.5 1.3 0.1 1,523

Note: Anemia figures in the table are adjusted for altitude and smoking where applicable. Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table. The surface water category data are separated out from the unimproved category data. † The hemoglobin level anemia cut-offs presented in the title are for non-pregnant women. The cut-offs for women who are pregnant are as follows: Any Anemia (< 11.0 g/dl), Mild (10.0 - 10.9 g/dl), Moderate (7.0 - 9.9 g/dl), and Severe (< 7.0 g/dl). # For Bangladesh anemia is only measured for ever-married women.

103

Table 3.24 Anemia in women by time it takes to obtain drinking water (round trip)

Percentage of women age 15-49 with anemia, by how long it takes to obtain drinking water (round trip), DHS Surveys 2005-2012



Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Water on premises 42.7 31.3 10.6 0.8 997


Congo (DRC) 2007 Water on premises 56.1 41.0 13.6 1.5 622Less than 30 minutes 52.4 33.2 17.5 1.7 1,89430-59 minutes 52.6 35.7 16.5 0.4 1,35160-89 minutes 48.9 34.4 13.7 0.7 60290 minutes or longer 60.1 38.7 20.8 0.6 219

Ethiopia 2011 Water on premises 13.0 10.2 2.4 0.3 2,005Less than 30 minutes 16.3 13.3 2.6 0.5 5,43830-59 minutes 17.2 13.7 2.9 0.6 3,86760-89 minutes 17.9 13.6 3.6 0.7 2,20390 minutes or longer 18.4 13.7 3.7 1.0 2,207

Ghana 2008 Water on premises 55.5 36.0 17.6 1.9 1,076Less than 30 minutes 59.8 39.8 18.0 2.0 2,91830-59 minutes 57.7 38.5 17.2 2.0 56060-89 minutes 60.7 43.5 15.6 1.7 14290 minutes or longer 71.8 23.1 46.7 2.0 42

Madagascar 2008-09 Water on premises 33.7 28.3 5.2 0.3 1,265Less than 30 minutes 34.9 28.9 5.6 0.4 6,07430-59 minutes 39.3 31.5 6.9 0.9 71360-89 minutes 48.6 38.5 8.6 1.5 13290 minutes or longer 35.5 29.4 6.1 0.0 91

Malawi 2010 Water on premises 27.7 19.9 6.9 0.9 879Less than 30 minutes 29.8 22.3 7.1 0.4 3,39130-59 minutes 29.1 22.2 6.2 0.7 1,77260-89 minutes 25.8 17.8 7.4 0.5 85390 minutes or longer 28.6 22.4 6.2 0.0 371

Mali 2006 Water on premises 59.2 40.8 16.7 1.7 2,134Less than 30 minutes 62.8 42.1 18.3 2.4 2,32230-59 minutes 59.8 38.0 20.9 0.8 18360-89 minutes 32.5 20.0 10.4 2.1 5490 minutes or longer (70.0) (47.3) (18.4) (4.2) 29

Mozambique 2011 Water on premises 49.3 32.7 15.0 1.6 2,413Less than 30 minutes 54.1 39.0 13.7 1.4 5,81730-59 minutes 54.8 40.4 13.3 1.1 3,07160-89 minutes 58.3 40.2 17.2 0.8 93890 minutes or longer 57.6 43.7 12.3 1.5 1,036

Niger 2012 Water on premises 41.3 32.6 8.0 0.7 605Less than 30 minutes 45.0 31.5 13.0 0.5 2,06430-59 minutes 46.4 32.0 13.3 1.1 95360-89 minutes 44.0 30.4 12.3 1.2 69690 minutes or longer 53.4 39.2 12.7 1.6 657

Rwanda 2010 Water on premises 15.0 11.5 3.2 0.3 449Less than 30 minutes 16.7 13.7 2.7 0.3 2,87430-59 minutes 17.2 14.7 2.5 0.0 1,90560-89 minutes 17.2 13.8 3.4 0.0 1,15790 minutes or longer 22.0 17.8 3.4 0.8 541

Continued…

104




Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Senegal 2010-11 Water on premises 54.4 39.0 13.7 1.7 3,558Less than 30 minutes 54.0 38.2 13.7 2.0 1,49430-59 minutes 54.5 37.6 15.4 1.6 32460-89 minutes 53.7 38.3 11.8 3.6 9990 minutes or longer 56.2 35.6 20.6 0.0 122

Tanzania 2010 Water on premises 39.8 27.0 11.6 1.2 1,098Less than 30 minutes 41.7 31.0 9.7 1.0 4,43030-59 minutes 41.2 28.9 11.2 1.1 2,40960-89 minutes 38.5 27.0 10.6 0.9 1,15590 minutes or longer 30.7 23.4 6.3 1.0 764

Uganda 2011 Water on premises 21.5 17.0 4.1 0.4 925Less than 30 minutes 24.2 18.1 5.5 0.6 66930-59 minutes 24.0 18.8 4.8 0.4 40560-89 minutes 22.2 17.3 3.5 1.4 33590 minutes or longer 23.6 17.5 6.1 0.0 259

Asia Bangladesh# 2011 Water on premises 41.1 34.6 6.4 0.1 4,102

Less than 30 minutes 45.8 39.0 6.5 0.3 1,37030-59 minutes 45.7 38.4 7.3 0.0 15760-89 minutes * * * * 1790 minutes or longer * * * * 18

India 2005-06 Water on premises 52.5 36.9 13.9 1.7 61,034Less than 30 minutes 58.3 40.5 16.0 1.8 41,77630-59 minutes 59.5 40.7 17.0 1.8 9,73760-89 minutes 57.1 39.6 15.0 2.5 3,21190 minutes or longer 57.4 38.5 17.6 1.3 833

Nepal 2011 Water on premises 36.8 30.3 6.1 0.3 3,651Less than 30 minutes 32.9 27.3 5.2 0.4 2,02630-59 minutes 27.9 22.6 5.0 0.3 30160-89 minutes 36.1 33.3 2.8 0.0 8390 minutes or longer (21.6) (21.6) (0.0) (0.0) 24

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Water on premises 50.2 37.4 11.7 1.1 710


Honduras 2011-12 Water on premises 15.2 13.1 1.9 0.1 19,135Less than 30 minutes 14.1 12.6 1.4 0.1 1,96930-59 minutes 14.0 12.0 2.1 0.0 30360-89 minutes 16.3 13.4 2.9 0.0 8990 minutes or longer * * * * 14

Note: Anemia figures in the table are adjusted for altitude and smoking where applicable. Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed. † The hemoglobin level anemia cut-offs presented in the title are for non-pregnant women. The cut-offs for women who are pregnant are as follows: Any Anemia (< 11.0 g/dl), Mild (10.0 - 10.9 g/dl), Moderate (7.0 - 9.9 g/dl), and Severe (< 7.0 g/dl). # For Bangladesh anemia is only measured for ever-married women.

105

Table 3.25 Anemia in women by presence of soap at the hand washing station

Percentage of women age 15-49 with anemia, by presence of soap at the hand washing station, DHS Surveys 2010-2012



Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Soap or detergent available 44.3 30.7 12.7 0.9 1,073

Cleansing agent other than soap only (59.4) (43.3) (16.1) (0.0) 28None 48.6 34.5 13.0 1.1 5,215Not observed 51.5 33.4 16.9 1.2 2,106

Ethiopia 2011 Soap or detergent available 7.3 5.4 1.9 0.0 178Cleansing agent other than soap only * * * * 11None 22.1 20.4 0.6 1.1 165Not observed 16.7 13.1 3.0 0.6 15,426

Mozambique 2011 Soap or detergent available 50.1 35.1 13.5 1.5 1,864Cleansing agent other than soap only 56.0 43.1 12.2 0.7 469None 55.9 39.0 15.2 1.6 3,523Not observed 53.9 39.0 13.7 1.3 7,715

Rwanda 2010 Soap or detergent available 19.8 16.9 2.0 0.9 173Cleansing agent other than soap only na na na na naNone 20.2 17.1 2.5 0.5 486Not observed 16.9 13.8 2.9 0.2 6,283

Senegal 2010-11 Soap or detergent available 54.2 41.0 11.7 1.5 1,150Cleansing agent other than soap only 46.0 30.0 15.0 1.0 64None 54.1 37.8 14.5 1.9 1,306Not observed 54.7 38.2 14.6 1.8 3,102

Uganda 2011 Soap or detergent available 34.6 16.5 9.2 8.9 56Cleansing agent other than soap only 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1None 28.6 21.5 6.4 0.7 118Not observed 22.5 17.5 4.6 0.4 2,436

Asia Bangladesh# 2011 Soap or detergent available 38.1 31.8 6.2 0.1 1,267

Cleansing agent other than soap only 46.4 39.2 7.2 0.0 319None 42.6 36.0 6.5 0.2 3,299Not observed 46.9 39.8 6.8 0.3 790

Nepal 2011 Soap or detergent available 34.8 28.7 5.7 0.3 3,061Cleansing agent other than soap only 39.1 33.2 5.5 0.4 1,186None 32.6 26.3 5.9 0.3 1,815Not observed * * * * 25

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Soap or detergent available 50.0 37.9 11.4 0.8 2,331

Cleansing agent other than soap only * * * * 17None 51.3 38.3 11.8 1.2 3,460Not observed 46.9 35.5 10.6 0.8 3,525

Honduras 2011-12 Soap or detergent available 15.2 13.3 1.8 0.1 17,357Cleansing agent other than soap only * * * * 18None 14.8 12.6 2.0 0.2 2,076

Not observed 14.2 12.0 2.1 0.1 2,094

Note: Anemia figures in the table are adjusted for altitude and smoking where applicable. Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table. The soap or detergent category includes bar, liquid, powder or paste; The cleansing agent other than soap category includes ash, mud or sand; The none category refers to no hand washing station, soap or cleansing agent; The not observed category includes cases for whom the response were: water source is not in the dwelling/yard/plot; interviewer did not get the permission to observe; or there were other reasons for not observing the presence of soap at the hand washing station. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed. † The hemoglobin level anemia cut-offs presented in the title are for non-pregnant women. The cut-offs for women who are pregnant are as follows: Any Anemia (< 11.0 g/dl), Mild (10.0 - 10.9 g/dl), Moderate (7.0 - 9.9 g/dl), and Severe (< 7.0 g/dl). # For Bangladesh anemia is only measured for ever-married women.

106

Table 3.26 Anemia in women by presence of water at hand washing station

Percentage of women age 15-49 with anemia, by presence of water at hand washing station, DHS Surveys 2010-2012

Country Year of DHS Presence of water at hand washing station


Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Water available 47.9 34.7 12.4 0.8 3,321


Ethiopia 2011 Water available 15.1 13.2 1.3 0.6 280Water is not available 12.9 11.6 1.0 0.2 79Not observed 16.6 13.1 3.0 0.6 15,411

Mozambique 2011 Water available 50.6 35.9 13.5 1.2 2,886Water is not available 57.4 40.3 15.3 1.8 2,969Not observed 53.9 39.0 13.7 1.3 7,715

Rwanda 2010 Water available 19.6 17.5 1.6 0.5 308Water is not available 20.5 16.7 3.1 0.7 352Not observed 17.0 13.8 2.9 0.2 6,275

Senegal 2010-11 Water available 53.9 38.9 13.5 1.5 2,005Water is not available 54.4 39.7 12.3 2.4 515Not observed 54.7 38.2 14.6 1.8 3,102

Uganda 2011 Water available 28.2 21.4 5.2 1.6 390Water is not available 27.8 19.6 7.9 0.3 248Not observed 21.4 16.7 4.3 0.5 1,970

Asia Bangladesh# 2011 Water available 41.7 35.1 6.5 0.1 4,747

Water is not available 42.3 35.1 6.2 1.0 137Not observed 46.9 39.8 6.8 0.3 790

Nepal 2011 Water available 35.6 29.4 5.9 0.3 4,839Water is not available 32.6 26.9 5.3 0.3 1,224Not observed * * * * 21

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Water available 49.6 37.6 11.1 0.9 3,265


Honduras 2011-12 Water available 15.2 13.2 1.9 0.1 18,848Water is not available 14.4 13.3 1.2 0.0 595Not observed 14.3 12.1 2.2 0.1 2,074

Note: Anemia figures in the table are adjusted for altitude and smoking where applicable. Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table. The not observed category includes cases for which the response was: water source is not in the dwelling/yard/plot; interviewer did not get the permission to observe; or there were other reasons for not observing the presence of water at the hand washing station. † The hemoglobin level anemia cut-offs presented in the title are for non-pregnant women. The cut-offs for women who are pregnant are as follows: Any Anemia (< 11.0 g/dl), Mild (10.0 - 10.9 g/dl), Moderate (7.0 - 9.9 g/dl), and Severe (< 7.0 g/dl). # For Bangladesh anemia is only measured for ever-married women.

107

Table 3.27 Anemia in women by presence of soap and water at the hand washing station

Percentage of women age 15-49 with anemia, by presence of soap or detergent and water at the hand washing station, DHS Surveys 2010-2012



Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Water and soap or detergent 44.8 31.0 12.9 0.8 847


Ethiopia 2011 Water and soap or detergent 7.5 5.5 2.0 0.0 175Water, but no soap or detergent 27.8 26.0 0.2 1.6 105None 13.6 12.3 1.1 0.2 75Not observed 16.6 13.1 3.0 0.6 15,421

Mozambique 2011 Water and soap or detergent 48.5 33.9 13.3 1.3 1,600Water, but no soap or detergent 53.2 38.5 13.7 1.0 1,286None 57.2 39.9 15.5 1.8 2,550Not observed 53.9 39.0 13.7 1.3 7,715

Rwanda 2010 Water and soap or detergent 20.4 17.4 1.9 1.0 153Water, but no soap or detergent 18.8 17.6 1.2 0.0 155None 20.8 16.9 3.1 0.8 331

Not observed 16.9 13.8 2.9 0.2 6,283

Senegal 2010-11 Water and soap or detergent 54.2 41.0 11.7 1.5 1,140Water, but no soap or detergent 53.4 36.1 15.8 1.5 865None 55.5 41.2 11.8 2.5 446Not observed 54.7 38.2 14.6 1.8 3,102

Uganda 2011 Water and soap or detergent 28.6 17.1 8.1 3.4 175Water, but no soap or detergent 27.8 24.9 2.8 0.1 215None 28.8 20.3 8.2 0.3 239Not observed 21.4 16.7 4.3 0.5 1,973

Asia Bangladesh# 2011 Water and soap or detergent 38.1 31.8 6.2 0.1 1,266

Water, but no soap or detergent 43.0 36.3 6.6 0.1 3,481None 42.8 35.4 6.5 1.0 132Not observed 47.0 39.9 6.8 0.3 792

Nepal 2011 Water and soap or detergent 34.7 28.6 5.8 0.3 2,984Water, but no soap or detergent 37.1 30.7 6.0 0.3 1,855None 31.2 24.9 5.9 0.5 887Not observed * * * * 26

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Water and soap or detergent 49.9 38.0 11.1 0.8 2,129


Honduras 2011-12 Water and soap or detergent 15.2 13.3 1.8 0.1 17,145Water, but no soap or detergent 14.8 12.5 2.1 0.2 1,703None 14.5 12.8 1.7 0.0 396

Not observed 14.1 11.9 2.1 0.1 2,102

Note: Anemia figures in the table are adjusted for altitude and smoking where applicable. Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table. Soap or detergent includes bar, liquid, powder or paste; The none category refers to no hand washing station, soap or cleansing agent; The not observed category includes cases for which the response was: water source is not in the dwelling/yard/plot; interviewer did not get the permission to observe; or there were other reasons for not observing the presence of soap and water at the hand washing station. The categories soap but no water, and using only cleansing agent other than soap (ash, mud, sand) but no water are not shown in the table due to the small number of cases in the category for the majority of the countries Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed. † The hemoglobin level anemia cut-offs presented in the title are for non-pregnant women. The cut-offs for women who are pregnant are as follows: Any Anemia (< 11.0 g/dl), Mild (10.0 - 10.9 g/dl), Moderate (7.0 - 9.9 g/dl), and Severe (< 7.0 g/dl). # For Bangladesh anemia is only measured for ever-married women.

108

Table 3.28 Anemia in women by how youngest child’s stools were disposed of

Percentage of women age 15-49 with anemia, by how youngest child's stools were disposed of, DHS Surveys 2005-2012



Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Child used toilet or latrine (48.0) (38.0) (10.0) (0.0) 49

Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 42.1 31.3 10.5 0.3 1,054Put/rinsed into drain or ditch * * * * 16Thrown into garbage 52.9 35.1 16.8 1.0 2,873Buried 41.6 30.9 9.4 1.3 106Left in the open 50.9 34.8 15.6 0.5 784Other 50.0 37.0 11.5 1.5 115

Congo (DRC) 2007 Child used toilet or latrine 61.1 36.2 22.8 2.0 85Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 53.8 34.7 18.2 0.9 1,511Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 62.3 31.6 26.6 4.1 154Thrown into garbage 61.3 43.1 17.5 0.6 267Buried 59.0 34.9 23.1 1.0 48Left in the open 48.1 37.6 9.0 1.5 202Other * * * * 12

Ethiopia 2011 Child used toilet or latrine 21.0 15.3 5.3 0.5 435Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 14.2 11.2 2.7 0.3 2,088Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 21.9 16.2 5.6 0.1 236Thrown into garbage 17.2 11.8 4.0 1.4 1,021Buried 33.3 24.7 8.1 0.5 81Left in the open 20.3 15.8 3.8 0.7 3,031Other 23.9 16.4 5.4 2.1 435

Ghana 2008 Child used toilet or latrine 50.2 30.5 19.0 0.8 114Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 61.2 41.9 17.8 1.6 711Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 58.2 38.9 17.7 1.7 227Thrown into garbage 62.4 40.7 18.8 2.9 701Buried 57.4 33.4 22.8 1.2 98Left in the open 62.8 42.8 18.4 1.7 79Other * * * * 9

Madagascar 2008-09 Child used toilet or latrine 30.1 24.7 5.2 0.3 487Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 32.1 26.3 5.5 0.3 1,112Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 39.1 33.4 5.3 0.5 600Thrown into garbage 39.8 34.8 4.6 0.4 308Buried 41.0 35.1 5.9 0.0 211Left in the open 40.5 32.1 8.1 0.3 1,285Other * * * * 5

Mali 2006 Child used toilet or latrine 62.8 45.6 14.9 2.3 344Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 57.5 41.5 15.4 0.6 934Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 69.6 45.3 21.6 2.6 505Thrown into garbage 62.9 36.2 23.8 2.9 537Buried * * * * 16Rinse away 64.7 39.0 23.0 2.8 320Left in the open (56.6) (24.3) (32.4) (0.0) 30Other * * * * 10

Continued…

109




Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

Mozambique 2011 Child used toilet or latrine 47.6 33.1 12.8 1.6 1,062 Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 51.0 37.3 12.8 0.8 2,544Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 56.4 38.3 17.6 0.5 376Thrown into garbage 58.6 43.5 14.1 1.0 805Buried 56.6 40.4 14.6 1.5 2,090Left in the open 57.0 33.1 22.9 1.0 152Other 59.1 45.2 12.9 1.1 293

Niger 2012 Child used toilet or latrine (32.0) (21.0) (10.2) (0.8) 24Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 42.3 31.0 10.5 0.8 618Put/rinsed into drain or ditch * * * * 26Thrown into garbage 47.1 32.6 13.7 0.8 2,344Buried (33.0) (20.4) (12.6) (0.0) 67Left in the open 44.5 32.6 11.2 0.7 340Other * * * * 50

Rwanda 2010 Child used toilet or latrine 17.1 13.3 3.6 0.2 639Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 17.3 14.2 2.9 0.1 2,012Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 22.3 20.7 1.5 0.0 116Thrown into garbage 22.5 19.8 2.7 0.0 67Buried (23.9) (21.2) (2.8) (0.0) 37Left in the open 15.3 9.1 6.1 0.0 68Other 17.0 13.4 3.5 0.0 151

Senegal 2010-11 Child used toilet or latrine 64.9 44.0 19.6 1.3 132Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 50.0 37.5 11.7 0.8 1,655Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 47.1 33.9 12.9 0.4 138Thrown into garbage 55.5 37.0 16.4 2.1 508Buried 56.4 37.8 16.4 2.2 61Left in the open 55.1 34.3 14.5 6.3 100Other 56.8 28.0 25.1 3.7 51

Tanzania 2010 Child used toilet or latrine 34.9 26.4 7.8 0.7 767Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 38.5 28.8 8.5 1.2 2,714Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 64.6 50.0 14.7 0.0 67Thrown into garbage 42.0 30.8 10.9 0.3 345Buried 47.9 34.3 11.2 2.4 257Left in the open 41.3 30.9 8.0 2.5 223Other 41.3 30.3 10.0 1.0 299

Uganda 2011 Child used toilet or latrine 24.4 13.4 10.4 0.6 196Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 23.2 18.4 4.6 0.2 903Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 30.5 23.5 7.0 0.0 58Thrown into garbage 32.3 23.4 8.9 0.0 59Buried 24.8 18.5 6.2 0.0 54Left in the open (37.7) (37.0) (0.6) (0.0) 30Other 36.6 32.5 4.1 0.0 86

Asia Cambodia 2010 Child used toilet or latrine 44.1 38.1 5.6 0.5 320

Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 36.9 32.8 4.1 0.0 512Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 52.6 46.3 6.3 0.0 151Thrown into garbage 47.6 42.6 5.0 0.0 60Buried 44.6 37.0 7.6 0.1 1,224Left in the open 44.7 36.6 8.0 0.2 802Other 48.1 37.2 10.9 0.0 61

Continued…

110




Number of women


< 12.0 g/dl 10.0 - 11.9 g/dl 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl

India 2005-06 Child used toilet or latrine 49.7 35.3 13.5 0.9 4,053 Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 50.0 36.1 12.8 1.1 3,118Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 64.1 44.3 17.9 1.9 2,674Thrown into garbage 63.2 42.4 18.9 1.9 9,218Buried 61.2 40.5 19.9 0.9 274Left in the open 61.5 41.0 18.6 1.9 16,338Other 68.5 47.5 20.2 0.8 439

Nepal 2011 Child used toilet or latrine 27.0 23.8 2.9 0.3 356Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 27.6 25.6 2.1 0.0 382Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 40.4 31.2 7.9 1.3 187Thrown into garbage 48.0 38.6 9.3 0.1 545Buried (41.2) (35.6) (5.6) (0.0) 45Left in the open 40.5 31.0 9.3 0.2 318Other 48.3 39.2 9.1 0.0 88

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Child used toilet or latrine 46.9 32.4 13.4 1.1 287

Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 47.2 35.8 10.6 0.7 1,681Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 48.2 36.2 11.3 0.6 219Thrown into garbage 46.8 36.1 9.9 0.7 287Buried 59.6 37.6 22.0 0.0 58Left in the open 44.6 34.1 9.7 0.8 462Other (56.5) (44.4) (12.1) (0.0) 41

Honduras 2011-12 Child used toilet or latrine 14.3 12.7 1.6 0.0 2,207Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 14.2 12.3 1.9 0.0 1,067Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 15.4 13.8 1.5 0.1 1,623Thrown into garbage 14.2 13.4 0.7 0.1 1,756Buried 8.9 8.7 0.2 0.0 162Left in the open 12.3 10.8 1.5 0.0 720Other 6.4 5.0 1.4 0.0 83

Note: Anemia figures in the table are adjusted for altitude and smoking where applicable. Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table. The categories rinsed away, used disposable diaper, used washable diaper, and other categories are not included in the table due to limited data. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed. † The hemoglobin level anemia cut-offs presented in the title are for non-pregnant women. The cut-offs for women who are pregnant are as follows: Any Anemia (< 11.0 g/dl), Mild (10.0 - 10.9 g/dl), Moderate (7.0 - 9.9 g/dl), and Severe (< 7.0 g/dl).

111

Table 3.29 Iron supplementation and deworming of pregnant women

Percentage of women age 15-49 with a birth in the five years preceding the survey who received any iron tablets or syrup during pregnancy for the most recent birth, percentage who took iron tablets/syrup for 90 or more days, and percentage who took deworming medication during pregnancy, DHS Surveys 2005-2013

Country Year of DHS

Among women age 15-49 with a birth in the five years preceding the survey:

Number of women

Percentage who received any iron

tablets/syrup during the most recent

pregnancy

Percentage who took iron tablets/syrup for

90+ days

Percentage who received deworming medication during the most recent

pregnancy

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 92.6 50.2 24.3 10,487 Congo (DRC) 2007 46.3 1.7 na 5,473 Ethiopia 2011 17.0 0.4 5.5 7,908 Ghana 2008 86.5 41.5 34.9 2,099 Kenya 2008-09 68.7 2.5 17.0 3,973 Liberia 2007 86.5 13.6 28.5 3,928 Madagascar 2008-09 58.9 7.6 39.4 8,662 Malawi 2010 91.2 32.3 27.4 13,664 Mali 2006 60.8 18.2 na 9,087 Mozambique 2011 80.9 25.9 28.3 7,874 Niger 2012 81.2 28.6 51.5 8,002 Nigeria 2013 63.4 20.5 14.4 20,467 Rwanda 2011 73.0 1.4 39.1 6,405 Senegal 2010-11 93.5 62.5 24.9 7,690 Tanzania 2010 58.9 3.5 na 5,519 Uganda 2011 75.1 3.9 49.9 4,968 Zambia 2007 90.4 43.6 36.0 4,136

Asia Bangladesh 2011 na na na 7,350 Cambodia 2010 89.4 56.9 44.5 6,472 India 2005-06 65.1 23.1 3.8 39,677 Indonesia 2012 77.3 29.2 na 14,043 Nepal 2011 79.5 55.8 55.1 4,148 Pakistan 2012-13 43.3 16.3 2.5 7,446 Tajikistan 2012 32.7 0.9 na 3,601

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 76.1 29.6 14.0 5,218 Honduras 2011-12 58.7 37.4 6.0 8,269

na = Data not available

112

Table 3.30 Household use of iodized salt

Percentage of households with salt tested for iodine levels that use salt containing any and adequate iodine, DHS Surveys 2005-2013

Country Year of DHS

Percentage of households that use salt containing any

iodine

Percentage of households that use

salt containing adequate (15 ppm or

more) iodine Number of households

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 na na 14,424Congo (DRC) 2007 na na 8,886Ethiopia 2011 na na 16,702Ghana 2008 na na 11,777Kenya 2008-09 99.8 97.6 8,562Liberia 2007 na na 6,824Madagascar 2008-09 71.4 52.6 16,868Malawi 2010 97.2 71.3 19,552Mali 2006 91.5 78.9 11,767Mozambique 2011 na na 13,919Niger 2012 58.5 22.0 9,010Nigeria 2013 na na 38,522Rwanda 2011 na na 12,540Senegal 2010-11 62.7 46.8 7,224Tanzania 2010 81.7 58.5 9,087Uganda 2011 na na 21,685Zambia 2007 na na 7,164

Asia Bangladesh 2011 82.3 na 16,874Cambodia 2010 na na 15,667India 2005-06 76.1 51.1 107,455Indonesia 2012 na na naNepal 2011 97.3 80.6 5,258Pakistan 2012 na na 12,943Tajikistan 2012 84.1 38.8 6,252

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012-13 na na 13,181Honduras 2011-12 na na 21,362


SECTION 4

Diarrhea in children

115

Table 4.1 Prevalence of diarrhea

Percentage of children under age 5 years who had diarrhea in the two weeks preceding the survey, DHS Surveys 2005-2013

Country Year of DHS

Diarrhea in the two weeks preceding the survey

Number of children All diarrhea

Diarrhea with blood

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 14.7 1.8 14,001Congo (DRC) 2007 16.4 na 8,009Ethiopia 2011 13.4 3.3 11,042Ghana 2008 19.8 3.1 2,731Kenya 2008-09 16.6 2.6 5,481Liberia 2007 19.8 4.9 5,132Madagascar 2008-09 8.3 0.9 11,976Malawi 2010 17.5 2.4 18,013Mali 2006 13.3 na 12,523Mozambique 2011 11.1 1.5 10,835Niger 2012 14.1 3.2 12,268Nigeria 2013 10.2 1.6 28,950Rwanda 2010 13.2 2.0 8,605Senegal 2010-11 20.6 2.0 10,893Tanzania 2010 14.5 1.9 7,667Uganda 2011 23.4 4.2 7,535Zambia 2007 15.5 2.0 5,861

Asia Bangladesh 2011 4.6 0.6 8,395Cambodia 2010 14.9 1.7 7,811India 2005-06 9.0 0.9 52,868Indonesia 2012 14.3 0.1 16,380Nepal 2011 13.8 2.1 5,140Pakistan 2012-13 22.5 2.3 11,040Tajikistan 2012 15.1 1.3 5,031



116

Table 4.2 Prevalence of diarrhea by place of residence

Percentage of children under age 5 years who had diarrhea in the two weeks preceding the survey, by place of residence, DHS Surveys 2005-2013




Diarrhea with blood

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Urban 16.3 1.7 2,426

Rural 14.4 1.9 11,575

Congo (DRC) 2007 Urban 15.7 na 3,186Rural 16.9 na 4,823

Ethiopia 2011 Urban 11.0 2.1 1,436Rural 13.8 3.5 9,606

Ghana 2008 Urban 17.4 1.6 1,039Rural 21.3 4.0 1,692

Kenya 2008-09 Urban 16.8 1.3 1,010Rural 16.5 2.9 4,471

Liberia 2007 Urban 18.8 4.3 1,563Rural 20.2 5.2 3,569

Madagascar 2008-09 Urban 11.5 1.2 1,311Rural 7.9 0.9 10,665

Malawi 2010 Urban 18.2 1.6 2,559Rural 17.4 2.5 15,454

Mali 2006 Urban 9.2 na 3,526Rural 14.8 na 8,997

Mozambique 2011 Urban 12.2 2.0 3,014Rural 10.7 1.3 7,820

Niger 2012 Urban 15.9 2.3 1,675Rural 13.9 3.4 10,593

Nigeria 2013 Urban 9.2 0.8 10,403Rural 10.8 2.1 18,547

Rwanda 2010 Urban 13.6 2.0 1,033Rural 13.1 2.0 7,572

Senegal 2010-11 Urban 23.1 2.0 4,239Rural 19.1 2.0 6,654

Tanzania 2010 Urban 18.1 1.3 1,530Rural 13.6 2.0 6,137

Uganda 2011 Urban 21.8 2.9 1,089Rural 23.7 4.4 6,447

Zambia 2007 Urban 17.2 1.2 1,697Rural 14.9 2.3 4,164

Asia Bangladesh 2011 Urban 3.7 0.5 1,871

Rural 4.9 0.6 6,524

Cambodia 2010 Urban 10.4 1.0 1,256Rural 15.7 1.8 6,555

India 2005-06 Urban 8.9 0.6 13,665Rural 9.0 1.0 39,203

Continued…

117





Diarrhea with blood

Indonesia 2012 Urban 13.2 0.1 8,173 Rural 15.4 0.2 8,207

Nepal 2011 Urban 13.4 1.6 483Rural 13.9 2.1 4,656

Pakistan 2012-13 Urban 21.9 1.7 3,281Rural 22.7 2.6 7,759

Tajikistan 2012 Urban 17.9 1.5 1,086Rural 14.3 1.3 3,945

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Urban 22.1 1.7 2,306

Rural 20.1 2.2 4,104

Honduras 2011-12 Urban 16.4 0.6 4,587Rural 19.0 1.2 5,335


118

Table 4.3 Prevalence of diarrhea, by age of child in months

Percentage of children under age 5 years who had diarrhea in the two weeks preceding the survey, by age of child in months, DHS Surveys 2005-2013




Diarrhea with blood

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 <6 9.5 0.5 1,529

6-11 21.4 1.2 1,48812-23 25.0 3.3 2,82224-35 17.9 3.0 2,72936-47 9.5 1.3 2,82148-59 5.3 0.7 2,613

Congo (DRC) 2007 <6 12.4 na 9346-11 29.8 na 82012-23 25.8 na 1,58524-35 18.1 na 1,66436-47 10.0 na 1,51348-59 6.1 na 1,493

Ethiopia 2011 <6 10.4 1.8 1,2656-11 24.8 4.8 1,12012-23 22.6 5.7 1,93024-35 14.0 3.2 2,06336-47 8.9 2.8 2,38148-59 6.0 2.1 2,282

Ghana 2008 <6 9.9 0.1 3176-11 27.2 4.1 30212-23 32.6 3.8 55224-35 22.1 5.0 49636-47 14.6 3.5 50648-59 11.6 1.6 559

Kenya 2008-09 <6 13.0 1.4 5356-11 29.9 3.0 60612-23 27.8 4.3 1,09624-35 16.1 3.4 1,13236-47 10.1 1.6 1,07148-59 6.1 1.6 1,041

Liberia 2007 <6 8.6 0.4 4976-11 29.0 3.1 59112-23 26.3 7.2 97724-35 24.7 7.1 1,05936-47 14.9 4.3 1,10248-59 13.0 4.1 906

Madagascar 2008-09 <6 5.5 0.4 1,2206-11 15.6 1.1 1,26012-23 15.0 1.8 2,30924-35 8.1 1.0 2,39936-47 5.2 0.6 2,30448-59 2.8 0.4 2,484

Malawi 2010 <6 9.0 0.9 1,6986-11 38.6 3.8 2,01812-23 30.2 3.5 3,77424-35 15.6 3.1 3,67536-47 9.0 1.5 3,47148-59 5.9 1.2 3,376

Continued…

119





Diarrhea with blood

Mali 2006 <6 7.1 na 1,477 6-11 20.2 na 1,33212-23 22.3 na 2,62624-35 14.4 na 2,39736-47 10.4 na 2,35848-59 4.8 na 2,334

Mozambique 2011 <6 5.3 0.0 1,1826-11 18.6 2.8 1,26512-23 18.5 2.3 2,32524-35 8.9 1.1 2,03236-47 8.2 1.2 2,11848-59 6.4 1.3 1,914

Niger 2012 <6 13.2 1.4 1,4996-11 28.2 3.9 1,29312-23 23.0 4.7 2,27524-35 15.3 5.2 2,44736-47 7.4 2.5 2,61548-59 3.7 1.3 2,138

Nigeria 2013 <6 5.7 0.7 2,9896-11 16.4 1.3 3,26312-23 16.7 3.0 5,90024-35 11.1 1.9 5,49036-47 6.8 1.3 5,72248-59 5.0 0.9 5,586

Rwanda 2010 <6 6.6 0.7 7326-11 21.8 3.3 84112-23 25.0 3.2 1,61624-35 13.3 2.6 1,82436-47 8.7 1.4 1,74148-59 5.6 0.8 1,850

Senegal 2010-11 <6 20.1 1.1 1,2046-11 33.2 2.4 1,09812-23 30.2 2.7 2,19924-35 21.5 2.8 2,19536-47 13.9 1.5 2,23448-59 9.8 1.3 1,963

Tanzania 2010 <6 10.8 0.9 8436-11 28.5 2.2 80112-23 20.7 2.7 1,57624-35 15.7 3.0 1,45036-47 7.7 1.2 1,56748-59 8.1 1.0 1,430

Uganda 2011 <6 19.2 2.7 8026-11 43.0 6.0 82712-23 37.6 6.5 1,48024-35 22.2 4.6 1,51536-47 14.6 3.0 1,47348-59 10.3 2.3 1,438

Continued…

120





Diarrhea with blood

Zambia 2007 <6 7.2 0.6 641 6-11 28.2 1.9 64712-23 24.9 3.5 1,27224-35 17.4 3.1 1,15236-47 9.2 1.2 1,07648-59 6.2 0.7 1,072

Asia Bangladesh 2011 <6 3.1 0.1 816

6-11 8.4 0.7 86412-23 7.1 1.3 1,54724-35 4.1 0.3 1,54536-47 3.5 0.4 1,86648-59 2.9 0.6 1,757

Cambodia 2010 <6 14.2 1.1 7116-11 26.4 1.9 82612-23 21.1 2.5 1,61424-35 13.7 1.9 1,61036-47 9.6 1.1 1,53748-59 8.7 1.3 1,514

India 2005-06 <6 10.6 0.2 5,1276-11 18.1 1.0 5,27612-23 13.8 1.3 10,41924-35 8.3 1.2 10,38336-47 5.0 0.5 10,82948-59 3.9 0.6 10,835

Indonesia 2012 <6 11.8 0.0 1,6146-11 19.2 0.1 1,85312-23 21.4 0.3 3,33324-35 16.0 0.0 3,21836-47 9.7 0.2 3,20048-59 8.1 0.1 3,162

Nepal 2011 <6 12.9 0.8 5316-11 24.1 1.2 49112-23 23.9 5.0 1,00024-35 14.2 2.0 1,01336-47 8.2 1.3 1,10648-59 5.2 1.2 999

Pakistan 2012-13 <6 25.8 1.4 1,1646-11 35.3 3.4 1,02412-23 32.9 3.5 2,07424-35 22.0 2.6 2,27736-47 16.3 1.5 2,28648-59 12.0 1.8 2,216

Tajikistan 2012 <6 10.4 0.0 4426-11 23.2 1.9 59112-23 24.3 2.1 1,07224-35 15.3 1.6 1,14636-47 8.9 0.8 93048-59 6.6 0.9 851

Continued…

121





Diarrhea with blood

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 <6 19.4 2.0 703

6-11 36.4 1.9 75712-23 34.0 4.5 1,28824-35 18.3 1.8 1,32636-47 12.7 1.0 1,13248-59 8.1 0.4 1,205

Honduras 2011-12 <6 12.4 0.3 1,0396-11 29.1 1.6 1,02312-23 28.6 1.5 2,12724-35 17.4 0.9 1,98136-47 11.2 0.8 1,88648-59 9.4 0.5 1,865


122

Table 4.4 Prevalence of diarrhea by sex

Percentage of children under age 5 years who had diarrhea in the two weeks preceding the survey, by sex, DHS Surveys 2005-2013




Diarrhea with blood

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Male 14.9 1.6 7,068

Female 14.6 2.0 6,934

Congo (DRC) 2007 Male 16.6 na 3,887Female 16.2 na 4,122

Ethiopia 2011 Male 14.3 3.5 5,676Female 12.5 3.2 5,366

Ghana 2008 Male 19.4 3.7 1,412Female 20.3 2.5 1,320

Kenya 2008-09 Male 17.4 3.0 2,814Female 15.7 2.2 2,667

Liberia 2007 Male 20.2 4.4 2,651Female 19.3 5.4 2,481

Madagascar 2008-09 Male 8.7 0.9 6,086Female 7.9 0.9 5,890

Malawi 2010 Male 18.4 2.7 8,864Female 16.7 2.1 9,149

Mali 2006 Male 13.5 na 6,342Female 13.0 na 6,181

Mozambique 2011 Male 11.6 1.4 5,460Female 10.7 1.6 5,375

Niger 2012 Male 14.8 3.4 6,178Female 13.5 3.1 6,091

Nigeria 2013 Male 10.2 1.5 14,509Female 10.3 1.7 14,440

Rwanda 2010 Male 14.0 2.2 4,364Female 12.3 1.8 4,241

Senegal 2010-11 Male 21.2 2.1 5,573Female 20.0 2.0 5,321

Tanzania 2010 Male 15.2 2.3 3,810Female 13.8 1.5 3,857

Uganda 2011 Male 24.1 4.8 3,757Female 22.8 3.6 3,778

Zambia 2007 Male 15.7 2.0 2,886Female 15.3 2.0 2,975

Asia Bangladesh 2011 Male 5.0 0.7 4,271

Female 4.2 0.5 4,124

Cambodia 2010 Male 15.9 1.9 4,033Female 13.7 1.4 3,779

India 2005-06 Male 9.5 0.8 27,626Female 8.4 0.9 25,242

Indonesia 2012 Male 15.6 0.1 8,327Female 12.9 0.1 8,054

Continued…

123





Diarrhea with blood

Nepal 2011 Male 15.5 2.5 2,649Female 12.0 1.7 2,490

Pakistan 2012-13 Male 22.7 2.4 5,625Female 22.3 2.2 5,415

Tajikistan 2012 Male 16.5 1.8 2,566Female 13.5 0.9 2,465

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Male 20.7 2.1 3,243

Female 21.0 1.9 3,167

Honduras 2011-12 Male 18.5 1.0 5,192Female 17.0 0.8 4,730


124

Table 4.5 Prevalence of diarrhea by mother’s nutritional status

Percentage of children under age 5 years who had diarrhea in the two weeks preceding the survey, by mother’s nutritional status, DHS Surveys 2005-2013




Diarrhea with blood

Sub-Saharan AfricaBurkina Faso 2010 Thin 16.1 1.8 845

Normal 15.6 1.8 4,641Overweight 15.2 1.8 398Obese 15.8 1.2 131

Congo (DRC) 2007 Thin 19.0 na 513Normal 16.1 na 2,246Overweight 16.9 na 310Obese 14.0 na 83

Ethiopia 2011 Thin 14.6 4.7 2,134Normal 13.9 3.0 6,640Overweight 12.2 2.3 308Obese 15.4 0.0 64

Ghana 2008 Thin 22.7 4.7 173Normal 22.8 3.5 1,477Overweight 16.0 2.6 502Obese 14.2 0.0 170

Kenya 2008-09 Thin 18.5 4.3 588Normal 18.4 2.5 3,151Overweight 11.1 2.0 686Obese 10.8 1.8 229

Liberia 2007 Thin 25.4 5.8 369Normal 18.8 4.4 3,189Overweight 24.8 6.9 515Obese 18.4 2.4 169

Madagascar 2008-09 Thin 10.8 1.4 1,459Normal 7.3 0.8 3,335Overweight 6.6 0.6 193Obese (18.8) (0.0) 29

Malawi 2010 Thin 21.7 2.4 359Normal 15.1 1.8 4,093Overweight 15.1 2.3 659Obese 11.1 0.5 170

Mali 2006 Thin 15.3 na 1,050Normal 13.8 na 7,321Overweight 10.1 na 1,219Obese 8.3 na 376

Mozambique 2011 Thin 15.1 1.9 597Normal 11.8 1.7 7,197Overweight 9.0 1.4 951Obese 7.9 0.0 207

Niger 2012 Thin 16.9 2.3 558Normal 15.0 4.0 3,139Overweight 18.6 3.5 646Obese 15.4 2.2 162

Nigeria 2013 Thin 11.5 1.8 2,129Normal 10.8 1.8 15,443Overweight 9.0 0.8 4,065Obese 8.3 1.1 1,534

Continued…

125





Diarrhea with blood

Rwanda 2010 Thin 15.8 3.6 189Normal 13.8 1.8 2,944Overweight 12.6 1.4 518Obese 7.5 1.0 88

Senegal 2010-11 Thin 26.4 3.5 642Normal 21.6 2.4 2,083Overweight 20.8 1.3 541Obese 22.9 0.7 200

Tanzania 2010 Thin 16.2 1.2 631Normal 15.4 2.0 4,583Overweight 14.6 1.1 845Obese 12.9 1.0 269

Uganda 2011 Thin 29.2 6.7 211Normal 23.3 3.9 1,379Overweight 25.1 3.5 241Obese 11.9 0.0 63

Zambia 2007 Thin 16.7 1.4 407Normal 16.8 2.5 3,579Overweight 14.8 0.7 583Obese 14.4 0.0 168

Asia Bangladesh 2011 Thin 5.2 0.6 2,138


Cambodia 2010 Thin 17.7 1.8 651Normal 16.9 2.0 2,567Overweight 11.2 0.6 291Obese (16.8) (1.5) 25

India 2005-06 Thin 9.9 1.0 17,902Normal 9.1 0.9 23,119Overweight 7.1 0.6 2,631Obese 4.9 0.1 553

Indonesia 2012 Thin na na naNormal na na naOverweight na na naObese na na na

Nepal 2011 Thin 15.0 1.8 444Normal 15.3 2.7 1,589Overweight 12.5 0.2 201Obese * * 15

Pakistan 2012-13 Thin 20.4 2.3 517Normal 22.9 2.7 1,677Overweight 23.2 1.6 658Obese 23.1 1.5 365

Tajikistan 2012 Thin 16.2 1.5 389Normal 14.4 1.3 2,753Overweight 14.7 1.1 883Obese 14.5 1.0 262

Continued…

126





Diarrhea with blood

Latin America and the CaribbeanHaiti 2012 Thin 24.5 2.8 367


Honduras 2011-12 Thin 25.3 0.8 272Normal 18.5 0.8 4,098Overweight 17.4 1.1 2,767Obese 16.7 0.9 1,760

Note: The body mass index (BMI) is expressed as the ratio of weight in kilograms and the square of height in meters (kg/m2). The BMI cutoff values are expressed as: Thin (<18.5), Normal (18.5 – 24.9), Overweight (25.0-29.9), and Obese (≥30.0). The tables excludes children whose mothers were not weighed and measured, children whose mothers were not interviewed, and children whose mothers are pregnant or gave birth within the preceding 2 months (postpartum) at the time of the survey. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted casesthat has been suppressed. na = Data not available

127

Table 4.6 Prevalence of diarrhea by wealth quintile

Percentage of children under age 5 years who had diarrhea in the two weeks preceding the survey, by wealth quintile, DHS Surveys 2005-2013




Diarrhea with blood

Sub-Saharan AfricaBurkina Faso 2010 Lowest 13.7 2.1 2,850

Second 13.9 2.1 2,997Middle 13.3 1.2 3,038Fourth 16.7 1.8 2,940Highest 16.6 2.1 2,177

Congo (DRC) 2007 Lowest 17.0 na 1,624Second 15.7 na 1,767Middle 16.2 na 1,682Fourth 18.3 na 1,640Highest 14.4 na 1,295

Ethiopia 2011 Lowest 15.0 3.4 2,476Second 12.3 3.7 2,444Middle 13.1 3.6 2,277Fourth 15.0 3.5 2,158Highest 11.2 2.2 1,687

Ghana 2008 Lowest 25.3 5.1 693Second 21.4 4.0 610Middle 21.5 3.2 507Fourth 16.4 1.7 528Highest 10.2 0.1 393

Kenya 2008-09 Lowest 19.8 5.1 1,340Second 15.7 2.2 1,115Middle 15.2 1.9 1,007Fourth 18.8 2.7 997Highest 12.5 0.4 1,022

Liberia 2007 Lowest 19.3 5.4 1,133Second 19.2 4.8 1,233Middle 21.1 5.0 1,103Fourth 20.0 4.9 1,038Highest 19.0 3.9 625

Madagascar 2008-09 Lowest 7.9 1.0 3,065Second 8.8 1.1 2,664Middle 7.4 0.7 2,406Fourth 7.8 0.8 2,137Highest 10.1 0.8 1,705

Malawi 2010 Lowest 18.3 2.8 3,927Second 17.5 2.4 3,896Middle 18.1 2.2 3,924Fourth 16.3 2.4 3,300Highest 17.3 1.8 2,966

Mali 2006 Lowest 13.4 na 2,517Second 15.6 na 2,537Middle 14.8 na 2,617Fourth 14.0 na 2,548Highest 7.9 na 2,305

Mozambique 2011 Lowest 11.9 1.7 2,526Second 10.1 1.3 2,323Middle 11.7 1.6 2,163Fourth 11.0 1.3 2,168Highest 10.9 1.6 1,655

Continued…

128





Diarrhea with blood

Niger 2012 Lowest 13.2 3.7 2,473Second 13.6 3.3 2,430Middle 13.9 3.9 2,518Fourth 15.2 2.8 2,624Highest 14.7 2.3 2,223

Nigeria 2013 Lowest 12.5 2.3 6,636Second 11.9 2.4 6,483Middle 9.9 1.7 5,534Fourth 8.6 0.7 5,243Highest 7.2 0.5 5,053

Rwanda 2010 Lowest 16.1 2.4 1,992Second 13.6 2.0 1,852Middle 12.2 2.0 1,709Fourth 11.8 1.5 1,598Highest 11.3 2.0 1,454

Senegal 2010-11 Lowest 20.3 2.7 2,468Second 18.3 1.6 2,393Middle 19.4 1.8 2,114Fourth 25.8 2.3 2,126Highest 19.5 1.6 1,793

Tanzania 2010 Lowest 14.7 2.9 1,618Second 12.8 1.6 1,819Middle 14.2 2.1 1,710Fourth 15.6 1.5 1,444Highest 15.8 0.8 1,076

Uganda 2011 Lowest 28.8 7.1 1,673Second 25.2 4.1 1,594Middle 21.8 3.5 1,510Fourth 20.6 3.5 1,331Highest 19.5 2.3 1,428

Zambia 2007 Lowest 14.3 2.9 1,398Second 16.6 2.2 1,321Middle 13.6 1.9 1,233Fourth 17.8 1.7 1,100Highest 15.7 0.5 808

Asia Bangladesh 2011 Lowest 5.5 0.9 1,965

Second 4.4 0.7 1,700Middle 6.0 0.5 1,631Fourth 3.0 0.5 1,617Highest 4.0 0.3 1,481

Cambodia 2010 Lowest 18.4 2.8 2,039Second 15.8 1.9 1,667Middle 15.1 1.7 1,421Fourth 12.0 0.4 1,369Highest 10.7 1.0 1,315

India 2005-06 Lowest 8.8 1.3 13,200Second 9.0 1.1 11,671Middle 9.3 0.7 10,492Fourth 9.5 0.5 9,684Highest 8.3 0.4 7,821

Continued…

129





Diarrhea with blood

Indonesia 2012 Lowest 16.9 0.2 3,541 Second 15.5 0.2 3,164Middle 15.0 0.0 3,197Fourth 13.4 0.1 3,338Highest 10.4 0.0 3,141

Nepal 2011 Lowest 12.6 3.1 1,322Second 14.4 2.5 1,121Middle 16.9 2.1 1,071Fourth 12.8 1.2 899Highest 11.9 0.7 726

Pakistan 2012-13 Lowest 22.8 2.5 2,574Second 24.3 3.1 2,301Middle 23.7 2.6 2,172Fourth 23.6 1.7 2,189Highest 17.1 1.3 1,804

Tajikistan 2012 Lowest 16.3 2.3 1,007Second 15.7 1.0 1,081Middle 13.7 1.2 1,045Fourth 13.1 0.7 1,007Highest 16.7 1.4 891

Latin America and the CaribbeanHaiti 2012 Lowest 18.2 2.2 1,447

Second 23.7 2.4 1,336Middle 22.9 2.2 1,359Fourth 21.7 1.8 1,318Highest 16.4 1.2 951

Honduras 2011-12 Lowest 20.0 1.5 2,433Second 19.8 1.4 2,020Middle 18.9 0.8 1,971Fourth 15.6 0.3 2,011Highest 12.9 0.4 1,487


130

Table 4.7 Prevalence of diarrhea by type of sanitation facility

Percentage of children under age 5 years who had diarrhea in the two weeks preceding the survey, by type of sanitation facility, DHS Surveys 2005-2013


All diarrhea in the two weeks preceding

the survey Number of

children

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Improved 17.5 1,704 Shared 14.6 1,823

Unimproved 16.1 956No access/open defecation 14.2 9,513

Congo (DRC) 2007 Improved 10.9 167 Shared 13.1 392

Unimproved 16.5 6,397No access/open defecation 18.1 1,044

Ethiopia 2011 Improved 13.7 776 Shared 10.7 748


Ghana 2008 Improved 17.0 247 Shared 18.7 1,469

Unimproved 13.9 285No access/open defecation 25.5 726

Kenya 2008-09 Improved 14.3 1,117 Shared 17.7 1,180


Liberia 2007 Improved 23.0 409 Shared 20.2 875


Madagascar 2008-09 Improved 9.6 204 Shared 11.0 308


Malawi 2010 Improved 18.2 1,325 Shared 13.9 924


Mali 2006 Improved 10.9 1,204 Shared 11.7 1,303


Mozambique 2011 Improved 12.0 2,135 Shared 12.7 458


Niger 2012 Improved 12.4 1,019 Shared 17.4 1,111


Nigeria 2013 Improved 10.0 9,204 Shared 9.4 5,732


Continued…

131





children

Rwanda 2010 Improved 12.9 4,952 Shared 13.1 1,413

Unimproved 13.9 2,104No access/open defecation 12.2 131

Senegal 2010-11 Improved 21.0 4,149 Shared 22.5 1,744


Tanzania 2010 Improved 11.7 798 Shared 19.5 475


Uganda 2011 Improved 21.3 2,885 Shared 24.4 2,358


Zambia 2007 Improved 13.9 1,130 Shared 17.4 788


Asia Bangladesh 2011 Improved 4.5 2,870 Shared 4.3 1,721


Cambodia 2010 Improved sanitation 13.1 2,452 Shared 14.2 579

Unimproved sanitation 14.9 152No access/open defecation 15.9 4,629

India 2005-06 Improved 8.5 12,874 Shared 9.0 5,642


Nepal 2011 Improved 11.6 1,560 Shared 12.7 746


Pakistan 2012-13 Improved 22.1 6,618 Shared 22.4 1,430


Tajikistan 2012 Improved 15.3 4,733 Shared 12.6 128

Unimproved 7.9 162No access/open defecation 29.7 7

Continued…

132





children

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Improved 20.4 1,537 Shared 19.8 1,778


Honduras 2011-12 Improved 17.2 6,248 Shared 17.4 1,093


Note: Don’t know and missing data are not included in the table. Definitions of types of sanitation facilities according to the JMP method as presented in the Progress on sanitation and drinking-water - 2014 update (http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP_report_2014_webEng.pdf)Improved sanitation facilities: are likely to ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact. They include the following facilities: Flush/pour to piped sewer system, septic tank or pit latrine; Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine; Pit latrine with slab; Composting toilet Shared sanitation facilities: Sanitation facilities of an otherwise acceptable type shared between two or more households. Only facilities that are not shared or not public are considered improved. Other unimproved sanitation facilities: do not ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact. Unimproved facilities include pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines and bucket latrines. Open defecation: when human feces are disposed of in fields, forests, bushes, open bodies of water, beaches or other open spaces or disposed of with solid waste.

133

Table 4.8 Prevalence of diarrhea by shared status of toilet facility

Percentage of children under age 5 years who had diarrhea in the two weeks preceding the survey, by shared status of toilet facility, DHS Surveys 2005-2013


All diarrhea in the two weeks

preceding the survey

Number of children

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Shared facility 14.7 2,280

Facility not shared 17.4 2,181No facility/bush/field 14.2 9,513

Congo (DRC) 2007 Shared facility 16.4 3,722Facility not shared 15.7 2,998No facility/bush/field 18.1 1,044

Ethiopia 2011 Shared facility 13.0 2,081Facility not shared 14.3 4,260No facility/bush/field 12.9 4,691

Ghana 2008 Shared facility 17.7 1,715Facility not shared 17.2 287No facility/bush/field 25.5 726

Kenya 2008-09 Shared facility 15.9 2,136Facility not shared 14.6 2,333No facility/bush/field 22.6 1,011

Liberia 2007 Shared facility 20.6 1,512Facility not shared 24.0 523No facility/bush/field 18.5 3,060

Madagascar 2008-09 Shared facility 8.6 3,849Facility not shared 7.5 2,284No facility/bush/field 8.4 5,838

Malawi 2010 Shared facility 16.9 6,784Facility not shared 18.0 8,933No facility/bush/field 17.5 2,266

Mali 2006 Shared facility 12.2 4,407Facility not shared 14.3 5,553No facility/bush/field 12.8 2,550

Mozambique 2011 Shared facility 11.3 1,020Facility not shared 10.2 5,099No facility/bush/field 12.1 4,715

Niger 2012 Shared facility 16.5 1,417Facility not shared 12.8 1,663No facility/bush/field 14.0 9,161

Nigeria 2013 Shared facility 9.0 7,072Facility not shared 10.7 13,374No facility/bush/field 10.6 8,413

Rwanda 2010 Shared facility 14.3 1,832Facility not shared 12.9 6,639No facility/bush/field 12.2 131

Senegal 2010-11 Shared facility 20.9 2,420Facility not shared 21.1 6,221No facility/bush/field 18.9 2,252

Tanzania 2010 Shared facility 17.4 1,997Facility not shared 13.2 4,180No facility/bush/field 14.1 1,486

Continued…

134





Number of children

Uganda 2011 Shared facility 24.5 2,818 Facility not shared 21.7 3,844No facility/bush/field 27.7 872

Zambia 2007 Shared facility 17.4 1,672Facility not shared 14.7 2,618No facility/bush/field 15.0 1,562

Asia Bangladesh 2011 Shared facility 4.6 3,134

Facility not shared 4.5 4,868No facility/bush/field 5.7 392

Cambodia 2010 Shared facility 14.8 616Facility not shared 13.0 2,566No facility/bush/field 15.9 4,629

India 2005-06 Shared facility 9.0 6,246Facility not shared 8.7 13,908No facility/bush/field 9.1 32,697

Nepal 2011 Shared facility 12.4 812Facility not shared 11.3 1,850No facility/bush/field 16.2 2,477

Pakistan 2012-13 Shared facility 22.5 1,490Facility not shared 22.3 6,971No facility/bush/field 23.1 2,563

Tajikistan 2012 Shared facility 12.4 130Facility not shared 15.1 4,889No facility/bush/field * 7

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Shared facility 20.2 2,354

Facility not shared 20.4 2,292No facility/bush/field 22.1 1,765

Honduras 2011-12 Shared facility 17.8 1,394Facility not shared 17.2 7,307No facility/bush/field 21.6 1,221

An asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed.

135

Table 4.9 Prevalence of diarrhea by main source of drinking water

Percentage of children under age 5 years who had diarrhea in the two weeks preceding the survey, by main source of drinking water, DHS Surveys 2005-2013




Number of children

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Improved 16.2 3,952

Unimproved 14.4 8,905Surface water 12.9 1,129

Congo (DRC) 2007 Improved 16.0 3,492Unimproved 15.8 3,429Surface water 19.6 1,088

Ethiopia 2011 Improved 12.6 4,800Unimproved 14.2 4,205Surface water 13.6 2,035

Ghana 2008 Improved 16.4 1,289Unimproved 23.7 1,087Surface water 20.5 355

Kenya 2008-09 Improved 14.7 2,563Unimproved 18.6 1,401Surface water 17.9 1,517

Liberia 2007 Improved 19.7 3,148Unimproved 20.4 1,249Surface water 18.9 730

Madagascar 2008-09 Improved 8.5 3,777Unimproved 10.0 2,171Surface water 7.5 6,027

Malawi 2010 Improved 17.6 4,679Unimproved 17.5 12,390Surface water 17.7 939

Mali 2006 Improved 12.0 6,725Unimproved 14.5 5,218Surface water 16.1 579

Mozambique 2011 Improved 10.5 5,368Unimproved 11.3 3,680Surface water 12.8 1,787

Niger 2012 Improved 14.3 6,289Unimproved 14.0 5,831Surface water 13.6 132

Nigeria 2013 Improved 10.0 7,385Unimproved 10.1 16,358Surface water 11.0 5,161

Rwanda 2010 Improved 12.9 2,808Unimproved 14.9 503Surface water 13.2 5,286

Senegal 2010-11 Improved 21.3 7,774Unimproved 18.9 2,990Surface water 20.1 129

Tanzania 2010 Improved 13.6 3,491Unimproved 13.8 2,135Surface water 16.5 2,042

Continued…

136





Number of children

Uganda 2011 Improved 20.2 2,042Unimproved 25.7 4,455Surface water 20.0 1,038

Zambia 2007 Improved 17.1 2,168Unimproved 14.8 2,272Surface water 14.3 1,419

Asia Bangladesh 2011 Improved 3.8 937

Unimproved 4.7 7,359Surface water 4.7 98

India 2005-06 Improved 8.7 18,850Unimproved 9.2 33,160Surface water 7.8 847

Indonesia 2012 Improved 10.0 7,385Unimproved 10.1 16,358Surface water 11.0 5,161

Nepal 2011 Improved 12.8 2,247Unimproved 15.2 2,352Surface water 12.2 541

Pakistan 2012-13 Improved 22.7 7,754Unimproved 21.0 2,790Surface water 26.6 495

Tajikistan 2012 Improved 15.3 3,332Unimproved 13.2 788Surface water 15.8 903

Latin America and the CaribbeanHaiti 2012 Improved 19.3 2,361

Unimproved 22.7 1,940Surface water 20.7 2,100

Honduras 2011-12 Improved 17.4 8,362Unimproved 21.7 639Surface water 18.6 921

Note: The surface water category data are separated out from the unimproved category data.

137

Table 4.10 Prevalence of diarrhea by time it takes to obtain drinking water (round trip)

Percentage of children under age 5 years who had diarrhea in the two weeks preceding the survey, by how long it takes to obtain drinking water (round trip), DHS Surveys 2005-2013




Number of children

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Water on premises 17.8 1,148

Less than 30 minutes 14.5 8,77930-59 minutes 14.1 3,02460-89 minutes 15.8 87490 minutes or longer 11.9 149

Congo (DRC) 2007 Water on premises 13.5 801Less than 30 minutes 17.0 3,21730-59 minutes 15.2 2,40060-89 minutes 17.2 1,09690 minutes or longer 21.4 484

Ethiopia 2011 Water on premises 8.4 777Less than 30 minutes 14.8 3,84630-59 minutes 14.2 2,88960-89 minutes 10.8 1,68990 minutes or longer 14.0 1,802

Ghana 2008 Water on premises 15.0 428Less than 30 minutes 19.8 1,75930-59 minutes 22.9 40560-89 minutes 26.5 10290 minutes or longer (27.9) 28

Kenya 2008-09 Water on premises 12.8 1,543Less than 30 minutes 16.8 1,92230-59 minutes 17.8 1,07960-89 minutes 18.6 54690 minutes or longer 24.6 346

Liberia 2007 Water on premises 18.6 534Less than 30 minutes 20.2 4,11430-59 minutes 19.3 38260-89 minutes * 1890 minutes or longer 0.7 16

Madagascar 2008-09 Water on premises 9.0 1,565Less than 30 minutes 7.8 8,87430-59 minutes 10.2 1,11360-89 minutes 12.3 18690 minutes or longer 10.6 188

Malawi 2010 Water on premises 16.8 1,666Less than 30 minutes 17.7 8,55630-59 minutes 17.3 4,59560-89 minutes 18.9 2,18490 minutes or longer 15.1 886

Mali 2006 Water on premises 13.9 5,689Less than 30 minutes 12.6 6,05530-59 minutes 14.2 50060-89 minutes 15.6 12990 minutes or longer 10.8 85

Mozambique 2011 Water on premises 10.8 1,388Less than 30 minutes 10.0 4,79230-59 minutes 13.6 2,77360-89 minutes 12.4 77790 minutes or longer 10.0 891

Continued…

138





Number of children

Niger 2012 Water on premises 16.3 1,145 Less than 30 minutes 14.8 4,96830-59 minutes 13.8 2,47160-89 minutes 12.9 1,79790 minutes or longer 13.1 1,702

Nigeria 2013 Water on premises 10.4 5,941Less than 30 minutes 9.7 15,26930-59 minutes 11.7 4,81460-89 minutes 10.4 1,58490 minutes or longer 10.2 1,050

Rwanda 2010 Water on premises 11.2 424Less than 30 minutes 12.9 3,61430-59 minutes 12.8 2,43860-89 minutes 13.7 1,45990 minutes or longer 15.5 644

Senegal 2010-11 Water on premises 21.6 6,192Less than 30 minutes 19.4 3,29930-59 minutes 19.0 81760-89 minutes 16.8 26490 minutes or longer 22.7 248

Tanzania 2010 Water on premises 12.6 658Less than 30 minutes 13.6 3,26130-59 minutes 14.6 2,02760-89 minutes 17.3 99690 minutes or longer 15.7 714

Uganda 2011 Water on premises 20.8 2,627Less than 30 minutes 25.9 1,74430-59 minutes 23.3 1,23460-89 minutes 22.9 1,01990 minutes or longer 26.4 862

Zambia 2007 Water on premises 16.3 1,090Less than 30 minutes 15.2 3,27730-59 minutes 15.7 93060-89 minutes 15.1 39490 minutes or longer 18.9 107

Asia Bangladesh 2011 Water on premises 4.4 5,789

Less than 30 minutes 5.0 2,25330-59 minutes 6.9 28260-89 minutes (2.9) 4590 minutes or longer * 8

India 2005-06 Water on premises 9.2 40,856Less than 30 minutes 8.3 8,28830-59 minutes 8.8 2,45560-89 minutes 9.4 94490 minutes or longer 5.7 266

Indonesia 2012 Water on premises 13.8 8,772Less than 30 minutes 14.9 6,91130-59 minutes 14.1 33860-89 minutes 13.8 8990 minutes or longer (16.4) 26

Continued…

139





Number of children

Nepal 2011 Water on premises 13.2 2,733 Less than 30 minutes 14.1 1,95230-59 minutes 16.8 32060-89 minutes 15.4 10390 minutes or longer (14.8) 27

Pakistan 2012-13 Water on premises 23.0 8,226Less than 30 minutes 20.9 1,67330-59 minutes 23.6 70360-89 minutes 19.7 27890 minutes or longer 12.3 110

Tajikistan 2012 Water on premises 14.0 2,474Less than 30 minutes 13.9 1,87730-59 minutes 22.1 45060-89 minutes 26.3 7590 minutes or longer 26.2 102

Latin America and the CaribbeanHaiti 2012 Water on premises 17.5 489

Less than 30 minutes 21.3 3,58230-59 minutes 20.9 1,26560-89 minutes 21.7 61590 minutes or longer 19.3 436

Honduras 2011-12 Water on premises 17.6 8,550Less than 30 minutes 19.7 1,12230-59 minutes 15.6 17560-89 minutes * 6290 minutes or longer * 6

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed.

140

Table 4.11 Prevalence of diarrhea by presence of soap at the hand washing station

Percentage of children under age 5 years who had diarrhea in the two weeks preceding the survey, by presence of soap at the hand washing station, DHS Surveys 2010-2013




Number of children

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Soap or detergent available 18.2 1,378

Cleansing agent other than soap only 11.5 67None 14.8 8,845Not observed 13.4 3,708

Ethiopia 2011 Soap or detergent available 15.2 52Cleansing agent other than soap only * 6None 9.8 73Not observed 13.4 10,911

Mozambique 2011 Soap or detergent available 11.5 1,363Cleansing agent other than soap only 9.9 449None 13.4 2,953Not observed 10.0 6,070

Nigeria 2013 Soap or detergent available 7.7 2,536 Cleansing agent other than soap only 10.4 1,134 None 10.5 7,412 Not observed 10.5 17,867

Rwanda 2010 Soap or detergent available 11.5 200Cleansing agent other than soap only * 1None 13.2 676Not observed 13.2 7,726

Senegal 2010-11 Soap or detergent available 22.0 1,888Cleansing agent other than soap only 17.4 182None 20.0 2,445Not observed 20.5 6,379

Uganda 2011 Soap or detergent available 19.0 546Cleansing agent other than soap only * 19None 22.1 1,474Not observed 24.2 5,496

Asia Bangladesh 2011 Soap or detergent available 4.4 1,593

Cleansing agent other than soap only 4.5 436None 4.6 5,048Not observed 5.0 1,317

Indonesia 2012 Soap or detergent available 14.1 11,889Cleansing agent other than soap only (8.6) 31None 14.6 866Not observed 14.9 3,594

Nepal 2011 Soap or detergent available 13.3 2,066Cleansing agent other than soap only 12.0 1,162None 15.6 1,903Not observed * 9

Pakistan 2012-13 Soap or detergent available 22.9 5,625Cleansing agent other than soap only 27.5 234None 22.0 3,472Not observed 21.4 1,710

Continued…

141





Number of children

Tajikistan 2012 Soap or detergent available 15.6 3,543 Cleansing agent other than soap only 15.0 28None 13.4 1,040Not observed 14.3 421

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Soap or detergent available 19.4 1,370

Cleansing agent other than soap only * 22None 22.9 2,626Not observed 19.2 2,392

Honduras 2011-12 Soap or detergent available 18.0 7,923Cleansing agent other than soap only * 5None 19.5 1,116

Not observed 13.8 878

Note: Don't know and missing data are not included in the table.The soap or detergent category includes bar, liquid, powder or paste; The cleansing agent other than soap category includes ash, mud or sand; The none category refers to no hand washing station, soap or cleansing agent; The not observed category includes cases for which the response was: water source is not in the dwelling/yard/plot; interviewer did not get the permission to observe; or there were other reasons for not observing the presence of soap at the hand washing station. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed.

142

Table 4.12 Prevalence of diarrhea by presence of water at hand washing station

Percentage of children under age 5 years who had diarrhea in the two weeks preceding the survey, by presence of water at hand washing station, DHS Surveys 2010-2013

Country Year of DHS Presence of water at hand washing station



Number of children

Sub-Saharan AfricaBurkina Faso 2010 Water available 15.2 5,027

Water is not available 15.2 5,250Not observed 13.5 3,681

Ethiopia 2011 Water available 12.2 96Water is not available (14.0) 34Not observed 13.4 10,907

Mozambique 2011 Water available 11.0 2,249Water is not available 14.0 2,515Not observed 10.0 6,070

Nigeria 2013 Water available 8.6 4,440 Water is not available 10.7 6,642 Not observed 10.4 17,694

Rwanda 2010 Water available 11.4 371Water is not available 13.8 508Not observed 13.2 7,714

Senegal 2010-11 Water available 21.5 3,551Water is not available 17.9 963Not observed 20.5 6,379

Uganda 2011 Water available 19.7 1,047Water is not available 23.0 992Not observed 24.2 5,487

AsiaBangladesh 2011 Water available 4.5 6,841

Water is not available 5.7 233Not observed 5.0 1,313

Indonesia 2012 Water available 14.0 12,552Water is not available 18.9 232Not observed 14.9 3,577

Nepal 2011 Water available 13.0 3,839Water is not available 16.3 1,292Not observed * 9

Pakistan 2012-13 Water available 23.1 8,310Water is not available 19.1 1,017Not observed 21.5 1,708

Tajikistan 2012 Water available 15.4 4,256Water is not available 11.5 350Not observed 14.3 421

Latin America and the CaribbeanHaiti 2012 Water available 21.6 2,163

Water is not available 22.0 1,857Not observed 19.2 2,390

Honduras 2011-12 Water available 18.2 8,719Water is not available 17.2 319Not observed 13.8 875

Note: Don't know and missing data are not included in the table.The not observed category includes cases for which the response was: water source is not in the dwelling/yard/plot; interviewer did not get the permission to observe; or there were other reasons for not observing the presence of water at the hand washing station. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed.

143

Table 4.13 Prevalence of diarrhea by presence of soap and water at the hand washing station

Percentage of children under age 5 years who had diarrhea in the two weeks preceding the survey, by presence of soap and water at the hand washing station, DHS Surveys 2010-2013




Number of children

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Water and soap or detergent 18.6 1,114

Water, but no soap or detergent 14.2 3,913None 15.1 4,976Not observed 13.5 3,719

Ethiopia 2011 Water and soap or detergent 15.5 51Water, but no soap or detergent (8.5) 46None 10.5 32Not observed 13.4 10,912

Mozambique 2011 Water and soap or detergent 11.6 1,145Water, but no soap or detergent 10.3 1,104None 14.3 2,157Not observed 10.0 6,070

Nigeria 2013 Water and soap or detergent 7.8 2,343 Water, but no soap or detergent 9.4 2,097 None 10.8 5,777 Not observed 10.5 17,873

Rwanda 2010 Water and soap or detergent 11.9 178Water, but no soap or detergent 10.9 193None 14.1 483Not observed 13.2 7,725

Senegal 2010-11 Water and soap or detergent 22.2 1,847Water, but no soap or detergent 20.9 1,705None 19.1 760Not observed 20.5 6,379

Uganda 2011 Water and soap or detergent 17.6 475Water, but no soap or detergent 21.4 572None 22.6 908Not observed 24.2 5,496

Asia Bangladesh 2011 Water and soap or detergent 4.4 1,587

Water, but no soap or detergent 4.5 5,254None 6.0 222Not observed 4.9 1,320

Indonesia 2012 Water and soap or detergent 13.9 11,763Water, but no soap or detergent 14.7 789None 11.2 114Not observed 15.0 3,596

Nepal 2011 Water and soap or detergent 13.0 1,973Water, but no soap or detergent 13.0 1,866None 15.8 964Not observed * 9

Pakistan 2012-13 Water and soap or detergent 22.9 5,583Water, but no soap or detergent 23.5 2,727None 19.4 950Not observed 21.5 1,713

Tajikistan 2012 Water and soap or detergent 15.6 3,479Water, but no soap or detergent 14.9 777None 9.7 288Not observed 14.1 425

Continued…

144





Number of children

Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2012 Water and soap or detergent 19.2 1,282

Water, but no soap or detergent 25.1 881None 21.9 1,757Not observed 19.2 2,391

Honduras 2011-12 Water and soap or detergent 18.0 7,808Water, but no soap or detergent 20.1 912None 16.5 211

Not observed 13.7 883

Note: Don't know and missing data are not included in the table. Soap or detergent includes bar, liquid, powder or paste; The none category refers to no hand washing station, soap or cleansing agent; The not observed category includes cases for which the response was: water source is not in the dwelling/yard/plot; interviewer did not get the permission to observe; or there were other reasons for not observing the presence of soap at the hand washing station. Categories soap but no water, and using only cleansing agent other than soap (ash, mud, sand) but no water has not been shown in the table due to small number of cases in the category for majority of the countries Data on diarrhea with blood are not presented in this table due to the small number of cases. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed.

145

Table 4.14 Prevalence of diarrhea by how youngest child’s stools were disposed of

Percentage of youngest children under age 5 years who had diarrhea in the two weeks preceding the survey, by how child’s stools were disposed of, DHS Surveys 2005-2013




Number of children

Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso 2010 Child used toilet or latrine 12.3 100

Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 17.1 2,801Put/rinsed into drain or ditch (20.8) 43Thrown into garbage 13.7 8,427Buried 16.0 312Left in the open 16.1 1,891Other 14.7 319

Congo (DRC) 2007 Child used toilet or latrine 14.6 323Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 16.7 4,725Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 21.3 543Thrown into garbage 16.8 824Buried 18.4 130Use disposable diapers (19.6) 34Use washable diapers 12.8 622Left in the open 14.1 673Other (13.1) 21

Ethiopia 2011 Child used toilet or latrine 9.8 504Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 14.8 3,038Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 9.2 384Thrown into garbage 15.2 1,541Buried 15.4 118Left in the open 13.6 4,612Other 8.8 734

Ghana 2008 Child used toilet or latrine 10.8 137Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 16.3 947Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 18.1 354Thrown into garbage 24.8 979Buried 24.3 138Left in the open 25.1 113Other * 9

Kenya 2008-09 Child used toilet or latrine 9.3 630Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 16.4 3,115Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 23.5 290Thrown into garbage 17.2 374Buried 24.9 276Left in the open 20.0 611Other (26.2) 51

Liberia 2007 Child used toilet or latrine 13.9 144Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 17.0 904Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 24.4 780Thrown into garbage 21.8 1,114Buried 19.9 573Left in the open 21.9 1,142Other 17.3 211

Madagascar 2008-09 Child used toilet or latrine 6.9 1,097Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 7.0 3,264Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 10.6 2,167Thrown into garbage 9.6 903Buried 8.3 703Left in the open 8.4 3,623Other 9.4 10

Continued…

146





Number of children

Mali 2006 Child used toilet or latrine 9.0 1,115Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 14.6 4,252Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 14.1 2,289Thrown into garbage 14.0 2,829Buried 23.2 96Rinse away 10.5 1,495Use washable diapers 11.1 47Left in the open 10.3 157Other (28.7) 56

Mozambique 2011 Child used toilet or latrine 9.6 1,389Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 11.5 3,656Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 7.4 552Thrown into garbage 11.5 1,228Buried 11.5 3,154Left in the open 15.0 223Other 12.7 419

Niger 2012 Child used toilet or latrine 11.1 91Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 15.7 2,219Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 26.5 119Thrown into garbage 14.2 8,393Buried 8.9 209Left in the open 9.8 932Other 15.6 185

Nigeria 2013 Child used toilet or latrine 7.7 1,302Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 10.6 14,929Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 9.6 1,284Thrown into garbage 10.8 6,911Buried 5.9 558Left in the open 11.4 2,956Other (16.1) 31

Rwanda 2010 Child used toilet or latrine 8.4 1,406Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 13.5 5,689Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 15.4 327Thrown into garbage 18.9 217Buried 21.9 107Left in the open 15.3 203Other 16.4 573

Senegal 2010-11 Child used toilet or latrine 13.4 404Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 22.0 6,614Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 18.6 488Thrown into garbage 19.1 2,241Buried 14.5 276Left in the open 25.6 468Other 20.2 204

Tanzania 2010 Child used toilet or latrine 10.9 859Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 16.1 3,919Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 19.0 121Thrown into garbage 11.2 567Buried 16.2 405Use washable diapers 12.7 760Left in the open 15.2 360Other 14.6 511

Continued…

147





Number of children

Uganda 2011 Child used toilet or latrine 14.8 870Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 25.4 4,596Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 23.3 440Thrown into garbage 26.4 395Buried 31.6 335Left in the open 19.8 191Other 21.8 457

Zambia 2007 Child used toilet or latrine 11.8 607Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 17.5 3,028Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 15.3 492Thrown into garbage 14.5 452Buried 16.5 495Left in the open 8.3 286Other 14.4 394

Asia Cambodia 2010 Child used toilet or latrine 7.0 632

Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 10.7 1,347Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 15.5 412Thrown into garbage 22.6 177Buried 16.6 3,108Left in the open 16.3 1,936Other 21.6 147

India 2005-06 Child used toilet or latrine 7.1 5,147Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 8.9 4,438Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 10.9 4,329Thrown into garbage 10.0 14,474Buried 12.1 433Left in the open 8.4 23,077Other 9.3 726

Indonesia 2012 Child used toilet or latrine 10.4 5,242Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 14.5 4,153Put/rinsed into drain or ditch na naThrown into garbage 17.0 956Buried 17.9 749Rinse away 18.5 1,350Use disposable diapers 16.0 609Use washable diapers 13.7 557Left in the open 18.5 316Other 18.0 2,216

Nepal 2011 Child used toilet or latrine 7.8 841Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 12.6 946Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 13.7 540Thrown into garbage 18.0 1,655Buried 12.9 131Left in the open 12.8 727Other 15.8 275

Tajikistan 2012 Child used toilet or latrine 13.7 961Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 15.5 3,356Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 17.7 236Thrown into garbage 13.7 212Buried 13.1 140Left in the open 14.1 121Other * 3

Continued…

148





Number of children

Latin America and the CaribbeanHaiti 2012 Child used toilet or latrine 12.2 456

Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 23.5 3,323Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 19.7 483Thrown into garbage 21.1 587Buried 21.6 109Left in the open 21.0 960Other 18.1 84

Honduras 2011-12 Child used toilet or latrine 11.4 2,462Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine 15.7 1,324Put/rinsed into drain or ditch 23.9 2,321Thrown into garbage 17.9 2,370Buried 24.0 204Left in the open 20.2 915Other 28.9 114

Note: Categories rinsed away, used disposable diaper, used washable diaper, and other categories have not been included in the table due to limited data for the majority of the countries. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; an asterisk denotes a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has been suppressed. na = Data not available

APPENDIX

WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation tables for the USAID priority countries

151

Appendix: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation tables for the USAID priority countries The tables below present JMP data on population sanitation and drinking water by country, area, and territory. Specifically, the sanitation table presents the percentage of population use of sanitation facilities by total improved, shared, other unimproved, and open defecation categories. The drinking water table presents the percentage of the population use of drinking water sources by total improved, piped on premises, other improved, other unimproved, and surface water categories. The data for these tables were taken directly from the JMP report, available at http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP_report_2014_webEng.pdf.

Table A.1 Use of sanitation facilities (percentage of population)*

Co

untry, area or territo

ry

Year

Urban Rural Total

To

tal impro

ved

Unimproved

To

tal impro

ved

Unimproved

To

tal impro

ved

Unimproved

Shared

Other unim

proved

Open defecatio

n

Shared

Other unim

proved

Open defecatio

n

Shared

Other unim

proved

Open defecatio

n

% % % Sub-Saharan Africa

Democratic Republic of the Congo 1990 32 27 36 5 11 5 61 23 17 11 54 18 2000 31 26 39 4 19 8 55 18 23 13 50 14 2012 29 25 45 1 33 13 41 13 31 17 43 9

Ethiopia 1990 19 29 12 40 0 0 0 100 2 4 2 92 2000 22 34 17 27 6 2 7 85 8 7 9 76 2012 27 42 23 8 23 7 27 43 24 13 26 37

Ghana 1990 13 46 31 10 4 20 47 29 7 29 42 22 2000 16 58 17 9 6 31 32 31 10 43 26 21 2012 20 72 1 7 8 44 15 33 14 59 8 19

Kenya 1990 26 40 31 3 24 16 38 22 25 20 36 19 2000 29 44 24 3 26 17 38 19 27 22 35 16 2012 31 48 18 3 29 19 35 17 30 26 31 13

Liberia 1990 – – – – – – – – – – – – 2000 26 26 27 21 4 12 16 68 14 18 21 47 2012 28 29 17 26 6 19 8 67 17 23 13 47

Madagascar 1990 14 22 41 23 6 8 23 63 8 12 26 54 2000 17 26 36 21 8 12 24 56 11 16 26 47 2012 19 30 32 19 11 16 25 48 14 21 26 39

Malawi 1990 27 22 47 4 7 4 56 33 10 6 55 29 2000 25 20 52 3 8 4 66 22 10 6 65 19 2012 22 18 58 2 8 4 80 8 10 6 77 7

Mali 1990 33 36 26 5 10 6 47 37 15 13 43 29 2000 34 37 25 4 12 7 53 28 18 16 45 21 2012 35 38 23 4 15 9 58 18 22 19 46 13

Mozambique 1990 34 6 29 31 2 0 22 76 8 2 24 66 2000 37 7 31 25 5 1 26 68 14 3 28 55 2012 44 8 36 12 11 2 35 52 21 4 35 40

152


Co


ry

Year

Urban Rural Total

To

tal impro

ved

Unimproved

To

tal impro

ved

Unimproved

To

tal impro

ved

Unimproved

Shared

Other unim

proved

Open defecatio

n

Shared

Other unim

proved

Open defecatio

n

Shared

Other unim

proved

Open defecatio

n

% % %

Nigeria 1990 36 46 11 7 37 18 12 33 37 28 11 24 2000 34 43 13 10 32 16 19 33 32 27 18 23 2012 31 40 14 15 25 12 32 31 28 26 23 23

Rwanda 1990 64 23 11 2 28 3 62 7 30 4 59 7 2000 63 22 13 2 45 5 45 5 47 7 41 5 2012 61 22 15 2 64 7 26 3 64 10 23 3

Senegal 1990 58 20 13 9 21 5 19 55 35 11 17 37 2000 62 22 11 5 30 8 19 43 43 13 16 28 2012 67 24 8 1 40 11 20 29 52 16 15 17

South Sudan 1990 – – – – – – – – – – – – 2000 – – – – – – – – – – – – 2012 16 6 20 58 7 2 10 81 9 3 11 77

Sudan 1990 52 12 28 8 18 5 29 48 27 7 28 38 2000 48 11 27 14 16 5 26 53 25 7 26 42 2012 44 10 26 20 13 4 24 59 24 6 24 46

United Republic of Tanzania 1990 9 8 81 2 6 3 81 10 7 4 80 9 2000 16 15 67 2 7 4 76 13 9 6 74 11 2012 25 24 48 3 7 4 73 16 12 10 65 13

Uganda 1990 32 49 17 2 25 13 40 22 26 17 37 20 2000 32 50 16 2 29 15 40 16 30 19 36 15 2012 33 50 15 2 34 17 40 9 34 23 35 8

Zambia 1990 61 26 10 3 29 7 22 42 41 14 19 26 2000 59 25 14 2 31 7 29 33 41 13 24 22 2012 56 24 18 2 34 8 33 25 43 14 27 16

Asia

Afghanistan 1990 – – – – – – – – – – – – 2000 32 14 43 11 21 7 40 32 23 9 40 28 2012 47 21 32 0 23 8 49 20 29 11 45 15

Bangladesh 1990 46 25 19 10 30 15 15 40 33 17 16 34 2000 50 27 17 6 43 21 13 23 45 22 14 19 2012 55 30 15 0 58 28 11 3 57 28 12 3

Cambodia 1990 18 2 14 66 0 0 7 93 3 0 9 88 2000 43 6 8 43 10 2 6 82 16 3 6 75 2012 82 11 0 7 25 6 3 66 37 7 2 54

India 1990 50 17 5 28 7 1 2 90 18 5 3 74 2000 54 18 6 22 14 3 4 79 25 7 5 63 2012 60 20 8 12 25 5 5 65 36 9 7 48

Indonesia 1990 61 8 12 19 24 6 21 49 35 7 18 40 2000 66 9 9 16 34 8 17 41 47 8 14 31 2012 71 9 6 14 46 11 12 31 59 10 9 22

153


Co


ry

Year

Urban Rural Total

To

tal impro

ved

Unimproved

To

tal impro

ved

Unimproved

To

tal impro

ved

Unimproved

Shared

Other unim

proved

Open defecatio

n

Shared

Other unim

proved

Open defecatio

n

Shared

Other unim

proved

Open defecatio

n

% % %

Nepal 1990 34 25 8 33 3 1 5 91 6 3 5 86 2000 42 31 5 22 17 6 6 71 21 10 5 64 2012 51 37 3 9 34 13 6 47 37 17 6 40

Pakistan 1990 72 6 14 8 7 1 20 72 27 3 18 52 2000 72 6 16 6 20 4 23 53 37 4 22 37 2012 72 6 18 4 34 6 26 34 48 6 23 23

Tajikistan 1990 92 5 2 1 – – – – – – – – 2000 92 5 2 1 90 2 6 2 90 3 6 1 2012 94 5 1 0 95 2 3 0 94 3 3 0

Yemen 1990 70 1 23 6 12 1 33 54 24 1 31 44 2000 82 2 12 4 24 2 32 42 39 2 27 32 2012 93 2 3 2 34 3 32 31 53 3 22 22

LAC

Guatemala 1990 81 9 5 5 49 4 13 34 62 6 10 22 2000 85 9 3 3 60 5 13 22 71 7 8 14 2012 88 10 0 2 72 6 12 10 80 8 6 6

Haiti 1990 34 39 14 13 13 9 16 62 19 17 16 48 2000 33 38 18 11 14 10 23 53 21 20 21 38 2012 31 35 26 8 16 11 35 38 24 24 31 21

Honduras 1990 70 7 14 9 33 2 16 49 48 4 15 33 2000 77 8 10 5 52 3 12 33 63 5 12 20 2012 85 9 5 1 74 4 8 14 80 6 7 7

Nicaragua 1990 59 8 29 4 26 4 25 45 43 6 27 24 2000 61 8 27 4 32 5 32 31 48 7 29 16 2012 63 9 24 4 37 6 37 20 52 7 31 10

Sub-Saharan Africa 1990 41 29 20 10 18 8 28 46 24 14 26 36 2000 41 30 19 10 19 9 29 43 26 16 26 32 2012 41 33 17 9 23 10 33 34 30 19 26 25

Northern Africa 1990 92 6 0 2 54 4 13 29 72 5 7 16 2000 93 6 0 1 72 5 5 18 83 6 2 9 2012 95 5 0 0 87 6 0 7 91 6 0 3

Eastern Asia 1990 53 15 30 2 16 4 71 9 27 7 59 7 2000 64 19 16 1 36 9 50 5 47 13 36 4 2012 76 24 0 0 57 14 27 2 67 19 13 1

Eastern Asia without China 1990 83 – – 1 62 4 30 4 77 – – 2 2000 87 0 0 0 75 6 15 4 84 0 0 1 2012 93 0 0 0 83 9 6 2 91 0 0 1

Southern Asia 1990 55 15 8 22 12 3 5 80 23 6 6 65 2000 59 16 9 16 20 5 7 68 31 8 8 53 2012 64 18 9 9 31 7 9 53 42 11 9 38

154


Co


ry

Year

Urban Rural Total

To

tal impro

ved

Unimproved

To

tal impro

ved

Unimproved

To

tal impro

ved

Unimproved

Shared

Other unim

proved

Open defecatio

n

Shared

Other unim

proved

Open defecatio

n

Shared

Other unim

proved

Open defecatio

n

% % %

Southern Asia without India 1990 68 11 15 6 25 8 17 50 38 9 15 38 2000 69 12 15 4 36 11 18 35 47 12 16 25 2012 73 14 11 2 49 15 17 19 57 15 16 12

South Eastern Asia 1990 69 9 9 13 37 5 18 40 47 6 15 32 2000 74 10 6 10 50 7 15 28 59 8 12 21 2012 80 10 3 7 63 9 11 17 71 10 6 13

Western Asia 1990 94 2 2 2 59 2 21 18 80 2 10 8 2000 94 4 1 1 63 3 20 14 83 4 7 6 2012 96 4 0 0 73 4 15 8 89 4 4 3

Oceania 1990 75 9 13 3 22 3 59 16 35 4 48 13 2000 76 10 11 3 23 3 57 17 36 5 45 14 2012 76 10 11 3 24 3 59 14 35 5 48 12

Latin American and the Caribbean 1990 80 6 8 6 37 3 18 42 67 5 11 17 2000 83 6 7 4 49 4 18 29 75 6 9 10 2012 87 7 5 1 63 6 18 13 82 7 8 3

Caucasus and Central Asia 1990 96 3 1 0 86 1 12 1 91 2 6 1 2000 93 5 2 0 86 2 11 1 89 3 8 0 2012 96 4 0 0 95 2 3 0 95 3 2 0

Developed regions 1990 97 2 1 0 90 2 8 0 95 2 3 0 2000 96 2 2 0 90 2 8 0 95 2 3 0 2012 97 2 1 0 92 2 6 0 96 2 2 0

Developing regions 1990 64 13 14 9 21 4 33 42 36 7 26 31 2000 68 15 10 7 32 7 24 37 47 10 18 25 2012 73 17 6 4 43 9 19 29 57 13 13 17

LDC 1990 38 22 25 15 14 7 26 53 19 10 25 46 2000 48 23 18 11 23 9 25 43 28 12 25 35 2012 48 26 20 6 31 12 27 30 36 16 25 23

World 1990 76 9 9 6 28 4 30 38 49 6 21 24 2000 77 11 7 5 38 6 23 33 56 8 16 20 2012 80 13 4 3 47 9 17 27 64 11 11 14

“NA” represents data not applicable. A dash (–) represents data not available at the time of publication. * Shown as NA for countries with a declining population over the period 1995–2012. * Simple linear regression is used to estimate the proportion of the population using the following drinking water sources: piped water on premises; improved drinking water sources; surface water; and sanitation facilities: improved types of sanitation facilities; open defecation. The remaining population uses unimproved drinking water sources and unimproved sanitation facilities, respectively.

155

Table A.2 Use of drinking water sources (percentage of population)*

Co


ry

Year

Urban Rural Total Improved

Unim

proved

Surface

Improved

Unim

proved

Surface

Improved U

nimpro

ved

Surface

To

tal impro

ved

Piped

Other im

proved

To

tal impro

ved

Piped

Other im

proved

To

tal impro

ved

Piped

Other im

proved

% % %

Sub-Saharan Africa

Democratic Republic of the Congo 1990 88 49 39 11 1 26 1 25 41 33 43 14 29 33 24 2000 85 38 47 13 2 27 1 26 43 30 44 12 32 35 21 2012 79 20 59 18 3 29 1 28 48 23 46 8 38 38 16

Ethiopia 1990 81 10 71 10 9 3 0 3 42 55 13 1 12 38 49 2000 87 26 61 7 6 19 0 19 40 41 29 4 25 35 36 2012 97 51 46 3 0 42 1 41 38 20 52 10 42 31 17

Ghana 1990 84 40 44 8 8 38 2 36 10 52 54 16 38 10 36 2000 88 38 50 8 4 57 3 54 10 33 71 18 53 9 20 2012 93 34 59 7 0 81 3 78 9 10 87 19 68 8 5

Kenya 1990 92 56 36 4 4 33 10 23 18 49 43 18 25 16 41 2000 87 50 37 9 4 43 11 32 17 40 52 19 33 15 33 2012 82 44 38 13 5 55 13 42 16 29 62 20 42 15 23

Liberia 1990 – 5 – – – – 1 – – – – 2 – – – 2000 76 5 71 23 1 50 1 49 26 24 61 3 58 25 14 2012 87 6 81 12 1 63 1 62 13 24 75 4 71 12 13

Madagascar 1990 73 23 50 15 12 15 1 14 35 50 29 7 22 30 41 2000 75 19 56 13 12 24 2 22 31 45 38 7 31 26 36 2012 78 15 63 11 11 35 2 33 27 38 50 7 43 21 29

Malawi 1990 92 37 55 5 3 36 1 35 45 19 42 6 36 41 17 2000 93 35 58 5 2 57 2 55 31 12 62 7 55 28 10 2012 95 33 62 5 0 83 3 80 14 3 85 8 77 12 3

Mali 1990 53 17 36 45 2 20 0 20 70 10 28 4 24 63 9 2000 70 26 44 29 1 36 1 35 57 7 45 8 37 50 5 2012 91 36 55 9 0 54 1 53 44 2 67 14 53 32 1

Mozambique 1990 72 20 52 24 4 23 1 22 45 32 34 5 29 40 26 2000 75 21 54 21 4 27 1 26 47 26 41 7 34 39 20 2012 80 25 55 16 4 35 1 34 50 15 49 8 41 40 11

Nigeria 1990 78 33 45 16 6 28 3 25 23 49 46 14 32 20 34 2000 78 20 58 17 5 38 2 36 26 36 55 10 45 22 23 2012 79 6 73 17 4 49 1 48 30 21 64 4 60 23 13

Rwanda 1990 90 28 62 3 7 59 0 59 15 26 60 1 59 15 25 2000 86 23 63 7 7 63 0 63 17 20 66 3 63 16 18 2012 81 18 63 12 7 68 1 67 19 13 71 4 67 18 11

Senegal 1990 89 46 43 11 0 42 0 42 56 2 60 18 42 39 1 2000 90 60 30 10 0 50 10 40 48 2 66 30 36 33 1 2012 92 77 15 8 0 60 23 37 39 1 74 46 28 25 1

South Sudan 1990 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2000 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2012 63 – – 16 21 55 – – 14 31 57 – – 14 29

156


Co


ry

Year


Unim

proved

Surface

Improved

Unim

proved

Surface

Improved U

nimpro

ved

Surface

To

tal impro

ved

Piped

Other im

proved

To

tal impro

ved

Piped

Other im

proved

To

tal impro

ved

Piped

Other im

proved

% % %

Sudan 1990 86 78 8 12 2 61 16 45 29 10 67 32 35 25 8 2000 76 63 13 22 2 56 15 41 33 11 62 29 33 29 9 2012 66 46 20 31 3 50 13 37 36 14 55 24 31 35 10

United Republic of Tanzania 1990 94 33 61 3 3 46 0 46 30 24 55 7 48 25 20 2000 87 29 58 10 3 45 2 43 32 23 54 8 46 27 19 2012 78 23 55 19 3 44 4 40 33 23 53 9 44 30 17

Uganda 1990 77 6 71 19 4 37 0 37 37 26 42 1 41 35 23 2000 85 14 71 12 3 53 1 52 28 19 56 2 54 27 17 2012 95 23 72 4 1 71 1 70 17 12 75 5 70 15 10

Zambia 1990 89 48 41 10 1 23 1 22 46 31 49 20 29 32 19 2000 87 43 44 12 1 35 1 34 38 27 53 16 37 29 18 2012 85 36 49 13 2 49 2 47 29 22 63 15 48 23 14

Asia

Afghanistan 1990 – 3 – – – 3 0 3 49 48 – 1 – – – 2000 36 10 26 54 10 18 0 18 45 37 22 2 20 47 31 2012 90 28 62 7 3 56 4 52 33 11 64 10 54 27 9

Bangladesh 1990 81 23 58 17 2 65 0 65 28 7 68 5 63 26 6 2000 83 27 56 16 1 74 0 74 22 4 76 7 69 21 3 2012 86 32 54 14 0 84 1 83 16 0 85 10 75 15 0

Cambodia 1990 32 15 17 41 27 20 0 20 43 37 22 2 20 42 36 2000 57 32 25 26 17 38 2 36 33 29 42 7 35 31 27 2012 94 67 27 4 2 66 5 61 17 17 71 18 53 15 14

India 1990 89 48 41 10 1 64 7 57 32 4 70 17 53 27 3 2000 92 49 43 8 0 76 10 66 21 3 81 21 60 17 2 2012 97 51 46 3 0 91 14 77 8 1 93 26 67 6 1

Indonesia 1990 90 25 65 9 1 61 2 59 31 8 70 9 61 24 6 2000 91 28 63 8 1 68 5 63 26 6 78 15 63 18 4 2012 93 32 61 7 0 76 8 68 20 4 85 21 64 13 2

Nepal 1990 97 46 51 2 1 63 2 61 30 7 66 6 60 27 7 2000 94 47 47 5 1 74 8 66 21 5 77 13 64 18 5 2012 90 49 41 8 2 88 16 72 9 3 88 21 67 9 3

Pakistan 1990 95 56 39 4 1 81 8 73 8 11 85 23 62 7 8 2000 96 57 39 4 0 85 15 70 7 8 88 29 59 7 5 2012 96 58 38 4 0 89 23 66 7 4 91 36 55 6 3

Tajikistan 1990 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2000 92 78 14 3 5 48 18 30 13 39 60 34 26 10 30 2012 93 82 11 2 5 64 29 35 7 29 72 43 29 6 22

Yemen 1990 96 84 12 3 1 59 12 47 34 7 66 27 39 28 6 2000 83 77 6 16 1 52 20 32 41 7 60 35 25 35 5 2012 72 71 1 27 1 47 26 21 47 6 55 40 15 41 4

157


Co


ry

Year


Unim

proved

Surface

Improved

Unim

proved

Surface

Improved U

nimpro

ved

Surface

To

tal impro

ved

Piped

Other im

proved

To

tal impro

ved

Piped

Other im

proved

To

tal impro

ved

Piped

Other im

proved

% % %

LAC

Guatemala 1990 91 68 23 7 2 74 35 39 8 18 81 49 32 7 12 2000 95 83 12 4 1 81 53 28 7 12 87 66 21 6 7 2012 99 98 1 1 0 89 73 16 5 6 94 86 8 3 3

Haiti 1990 87 26 61 8 5 50 2 48 28 22 61 8 53 22 17 2000 82 20 62 15 3 49 3 46 35 16 61 9 52 27 12 2012 75 12 63 24 1 47 4 43 45 8 62 9 53 34 4

Honduras 1990 92 84 8 7 1 60 44 16 5 35 73 60 13 6 21 2000 94 90 4 5 1 70 59 11 8 22 81 73 8 7 12 2012 97 97 0 3 0 82 78 4 11 7 90 88 2 7 3

Nicaragua 1990 92 82 10 7 1 54 17 37 30 16 74 51 23 18 8 2000 95 86 9 4 1 62 24 38 27 11 80 58 22 15 5 2012 98 89 9 2 0 68 29 39 25 7 85 64 21 12 3

Sub-Saharan Africa 1990 83 42 41 13 4 35 4 31 31 34 48 15 33 27 25 2000 83 39 44 14 3 42 4 38 32 26 55 16 39 26 19 2012 85 34 51 12 3 53 6 47 29 18 64 16 48 24 12

Northern Africa 1990 94 86 8 6 0 80 33 47 17 3 87 58 29 11 2 2000 94 89 5 6 0 84 51 33 14 2 89 71 18 10 1 2012 95 91 4 5 0 89 74 15 10 1 92 83 9 7 1

Eastern Asia 1990 97 92 5 2 1 56 12 44 34 10 68 35 33 25 7 2000 98 93 5 2 0 71 29 42 23 6 81 53 28 15 4 2012 98 95 3 2 0 85 45 40 13 2 92 72 20 7 1

Eastern Asia without China 1990 97 93 4 3 0 73 11 62 19 8 90 70 20 8 2 2000 98 92 6 2 0 85 56 29 10 5 95 83 12 4 1 2012 99 96 3 1 0 91 70 21 6 3 98 90 8 1 1

Southern Asia 1990 90 51 39 9 1 65 8 57 30 5 72 19 53 24 4 2000 92 53 39 7 1 76 11 65 20 4 81 23 58 16 3 2012 96 54 42 4 0 89 15 74 10 1 91 28 63 8 1

Southern Asia without India 1990 93 60 33 6 1 69 10 59 21 10 76 25 51 17 7 2000 92 60 32 7 1 76 13 63 17 7 81 29 52 14 5 2012 94 61 33 6 0 85 18 67 12 3 88 34 54 10 2

South Eastern Asia 1990 90 41 49 8 2 62 5 57 26 12 71 17 54 20 9 2000 92 45 47 6 2 72 10 62 19 9 80 23 57 14 6 2012 94 50 44 6 0 85 13 72 12 3 89 30 59 9 2

Western Asia 1990 95 85 10 4 1 69 41 28 23 8 85 68 17 12 3 2000 96 87 9 3 1 73 53 20 20 7 87 75 12 10 3 2012 96 92 4 4 0 79 66 13 18 3 91 84 7 8 1

Oceania 1990 92 74 18 5 3 37 12 25 23 40 50 27 23 19 31 2000 93 75 18 4 3 41 12 29 19 40 53 27 26 16 31 2012 94 74 20 4 2 45 11 34 15 40 56 25 31 12 32

158


Co


ry

Year


Unim

proved

Surface

Improved

Unim

proved

Surface

Improved U

nimpro

ved

Surface

To

tal impro

ved

Piped

Other im

proved

To

tal impro

ved

Piped

Other im

proved

To

tal impro

ved

Piped

Other im

proved

% % %

Latin American and the Caribbean 1990 94 87 7 5 1 63 36 27 16 21 85 72 13 8 7 2000 96 90 6 3 1 72 50 22 14 14 90 80 10 6 4 2012 97 94 3 3 0 82 66 16 12 6 94 88 6 5 1

Caucasus and Central Asia 1990 96 83 13 3 1 78 29 49 13 9 87 55 32 8 5 2000 96 84 12 3 1 76 29 47 12 12 85 53 32 8 7 2012 96 86 10 3 1 78 29 49 13 9 86 54 32 9 5

Developed regions 1990 99 97 2 1 0 94 79 15 6 0 98 92 6 2 0 2000 100 97 3 0 0 95 80 15 5 0 99 93 6 1 0 2012 100 98 2 0 0 98 83 15 2 0 99 95 4 1 0

Developing regions 1990 92 71 21 7 1 58 11 47 30 12 70 32 38 22 8 2000 94 72 22 5 1 69 19 50 22 9 79 40 39 15 6 2012 95 74 21 5 0 80 25 55 15 5 87 48 39 10 3

LDC 1990 79 29 50 16 5 42 2 40 34 24 50 7 43 31 19 2000 79 31 48 17 4 49 3 46 31 20 56 9 47 28 16 2012 84 33 51 14 2 60 4 56 28 12 67 12 55 24 9

World 1990 95 81 14 4 1 62 18 44 27 11 76 45 31 17 7 2000 95 80 15 4 1 71 24 47 21 8 83 50 33 12 5 2012 96 80 16 4 0 82 29 53 13 5 89 56 33 9 2

“NA” represents data not applicable. A dash (–) represents data not available at the time of publication. * Shown as NA for countries with a declining population over the period 1995–2012. * Simple linear regression is used to estimate the proportion of the population using the following drinking water sources: piped water on premises; improved drinking water sources; surface water; and sanitation facilities: improved types of sanitation facilities; open defecation.

Nutritional Status of Women and Children · Nutritional Status of Women and Children ... various...

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