Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence

the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf

Robert B Corbett DVM PAS dipl ACAN

Introduction

bull Heifer programs are considered to be a major cost with no return until calving

bull Rations formulated for least cost per day should be for lowest cost per kg of gain

bull Heifers have tremendous ability to utilize protein for increased growth rates

bull Nutrition and management needs to be changed to allow the heifer to grow according to its own genetic potential

Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf

bull The dry cow is often fed the poorest quality feeds on the farm

bull Often does not have adequate time on the pre-partum ration

bull Dry matter intake reduced because of over-crowding and poor feed bunk management

bull Common to be in areas with poor environmental conditions and cow comfort

Fetal Development

bull During late pregnancy fetal metabolic rate is twice that of dam

bull Glucose and lactate account for 50 to 60 of metabolic fuel

bull Placental transport of fatty acids is limitedbull Fetal uptake of acetate accounts for 10 to

15 of metabolic fuelbull Amino acids account for remaining 30 to 40

of energy

Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients

in Late-Pregnant Cows

Uterine UptakeMaternal Maternal

Nutrient Supply gd gd Supply

Glucose 1476 666 46

Amino Acids 998 718 72

Acetate 2196 270 12

Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf

bull Minimize stress in the close-up dry cowbull Provide adequate levels of energy and

protein for fetal growth immune system and colostrum quality

bull Optimize calcium metabolism through negative DCAD rations with adequate calcium and magnesium supplementation

Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming

bull Negative effects on fetal programming result from anything that reduces nutrient availability to the fetusndash Breeding heifers that are too smallndash Multiple fetusesndash Selection for increased milk productionndash High environmental temperatures heat stressndash Poor nutrition low energy andor protein

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 1

HS Reduced Dry Period by 7 days (38d vs 45d)HS Calves born 287 lbs lighter (683 lbs vs 97 lbs)

HS Cows produced on avg 11 lbs less milkday 8

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 2

HS Reduced Dry Period by 7 days (39d vs 46d)HS Calves born 11 lbs lighter (87 lbs vs 98 lbs)

HS Cows produced on avg 187 lbs less milkdayHS ndash Neutrophils ndash reduced function 2 amp 20 DIM ndash reduced

ability of animals to fight off infection (reduced immunity) 9

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 3

HS ndash Reduced Mammary Gland Cell Proliferation (new cell creation)HS Cows produced on avg 106 lbs less milkday

10

From Dr GE Dahl

Placental Development

bull Nutrient restriction during days 30-125 of pregnancy resulted in reduced birth weight

bull Nutrient restriction during days 125-250 resulted in decreased blood flow to the placenta due tondash Reduced capillary area densityndash Reduced capillary number densityndash Reduced capillary surface density

Fetal Sex Organ Development

bull Testicular development begins at day 45bull Ovarian development begins at day 50-60bull Day 80- oocyte nest break down to form

primordial folliclesndash Represent oocyte supply available to female

after puberty (ovarian reserve)ndash Has a direct influence on reproductive

lifespan

Fetal Muscle Development

bull Muscle fiber numbers do not increase after birth

bull Skeletal muscle very vulnerable to nutrient deficiency lower priority compared to brain heart and other organ systems

bull Muscle fibers produced from 2-8 months bull Reduced nutrient intake of dam results in

permanent irreversible loss of muscle mass

Reproductive Performance of Heifers

bull Adequate nutrition of the dam resulted in heifer offspring thatndash Reached puberty at an earlier agendash Had higher pregnancy rates

Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health

bull Poor nutrition of the dam resulted inndash Reduced birth weightsndash Increased morbidity and mortality rates in

young calvesndash Increase in respiratory disease in calves post-

weaning

Condition at Birth

bull Heifer should be born with adequate body condition

bull Thin heifers are born weak with little body reserves (brown fat and muscle tissue)

bull Common when dry cows are on pasture without supplementation

bull Heifer devotes a major part of early nutrition to building fat and protein reserves that should already be there

bull Slows early growth rates

Thin Newborn Calves

Colostrum Managementbull Inadequate amounts of colostrum result in

increased susceptibility to diseasebull Research indicates calves not receiving

adequate colostrum grow at 23 the rate of other calves

bull Need 10 of body wt in colostrum at 1st

feeding followed 5 in 6-8 hoursbull Should be from mother and not pooledbull Freezing destroys White Blood Cellsbull Cleanliness affects absorption

The role of colostrum in calf health

bull Colostral (maternal) antibody protects neonate for first weeksmonths until neonatersquos acquired immune system produces protective antibodies

Colostrum Quality

bull Vaccination of the mother important to produce more antibody (5 weeks prior to calving)

bull Approximately 50 of motherrsquos IgG goes into colostrum uniformly

bull Milk out all 1st milking colostrum to use for 1st feeding

bull Colostrum from 1st calf heifers is ok if on a good vaccination program

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

Introduction

bull Heifer programs are considered to be a major cost with no return until calving

bull Rations formulated for least cost per day should be for lowest cost per kg of gain

bull Heifers have tremendous ability to utilize protein for increased growth rates

bull Nutrition and management needs to be changed to allow the heifer to grow according to its own genetic potential

Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf

bull The dry cow is often fed the poorest quality feeds on the farm

bull Often does not have adequate time on the pre-partum ration

bull Dry matter intake reduced because of over-crowding and poor feed bunk management

bull Common to be in areas with poor environmental conditions and cow comfort

Fetal Development

bull During late pregnancy fetal metabolic rate is twice that of dam

bull Glucose and lactate account for 50 to 60 of metabolic fuel

bull Placental transport of fatty acids is limitedbull Fetal uptake of acetate accounts for 10 to

15 of metabolic fuelbull Amino acids account for remaining 30 to 40

of energy

Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients

in Late-Pregnant Cows

Uterine UptakeMaternal Maternal

Nutrient Supply gd gd Supply

Glucose 1476 666 46

Amino Acids 998 718 72

Acetate 2196 270 12

Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf

bull Minimize stress in the close-up dry cowbull Provide adequate levels of energy and

protein for fetal growth immune system and colostrum quality

bull Optimize calcium metabolism through negative DCAD rations with adequate calcium and magnesium supplementation

Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming

bull Negative effects on fetal programming result from anything that reduces nutrient availability to the fetusndash Breeding heifers that are too smallndash Multiple fetusesndash Selection for increased milk productionndash High environmental temperatures heat stressndash Poor nutrition low energy andor protein

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 1

HS Reduced Dry Period by 7 days (38d vs 45d)HS Calves born 287 lbs lighter (683 lbs vs 97 lbs)

HS Cows produced on avg 11 lbs less milkday 8

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 2

HS Reduced Dry Period by 7 days (39d vs 46d)HS Calves born 11 lbs lighter (87 lbs vs 98 lbs)

HS Cows produced on avg 187 lbs less milkdayHS ndash Neutrophils ndash reduced function 2 amp 20 DIM ndash reduced

ability of animals to fight off infection (reduced immunity) 9

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 3

HS ndash Reduced Mammary Gland Cell Proliferation (new cell creation)HS Cows produced on avg 106 lbs less milkday

10

From Dr GE Dahl

Placental Development

bull Nutrient restriction during days 30-125 of pregnancy resulted in reduced birth weight

bull Nutrient restriction during days 125-250 resulted in decreased blood flow to the placenta due tondash Reduced capillary area densityndash Reduced capillary number densityndash Reduced capillary surface density

Fetal Sex Organ Development

bull Testicular development begins at day 45bull Ovarian development begins at day 50-60bull Day 80- oocyte nest break down to form

primordial folliclesndash Represent oocyte supply available to female

after puberty (ovarian reserve)ndash Has a direct influence on reproductive

lifespan

Fetal Muscle Development

bull Muscle fiber numbers do not increase after birth

bull Skeletal muscle very vulnerable to nutrient deficiency lower priority compared to brain heart and other organ systems

bull Muscle fibers produced from 2-8 months bull Reduced nutrient intake of dam results in

permanent irreversible loss of muscle mass

Reproductive Performance of Heifers

bull Adequate nutrition of the dam resulted in heifer offspring thatndash Reached puberty at an earlier agendash Had higher pregnancy rates

Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health

bull Poor nutrition of the dam resulted inndash Reduced birth weightsndash Increased morbidity and mortality rates in

young calvesndash Increase in respiratory disease in calves post-

weaning

Condition at Birth

bull Heifer should be born with adequate body condition

bull Thin heifers are born weak with little body reserves (brown fat and muscle tissue)

bull Common when dry cows are on pasture without supplementation

bull Heifer devotes a major part of early nutrition to building fat and protein reserves that should already be there

bull Slows early growth rates

Thin Newborn Calves

Colostrum Managementbull Inadequate amounts of colostrum result in

increased susceptibility to diseasebull Research indicates calves not receiving

adequate colostrum grow at 23 the rate of other calves

bull Need 10 of body wt in colostrum at 1st

feeding followed 5 in 6-8 hoursbull Should be from mother and not pooledbull Freezing destroys White Blood Cellsbull Cleanliness affects absorption

The role of colostrum in calf health

bull Colostral (maternal) antibody protects neonate for first weeksmonths until neonatersquos acquired immune system produces protective antibodies

Colostrum Quality

bull Vaccination of the mother important to produce more antibody (5 weeks prior to calving)

bull Approximately 50 of motherrsquos IgG goes into colostrum uniformly

bull Milk out all 1st milking colostrum to use for 1st feeding

bull Colostrum from 1st calf heifers is ok if on a good vaccination program

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf

bull The dry cow is often fed the poorest quality feeds on the farm

bull Often does not have adequate time on the pre-partum ration

bull Dry matter intake reduced because of over-crowding and poor feed bunk management

bull Common to be in areas with poor environmental conditions and cow comfort

Fetal Development

bull During late pregnancy fetal metabolic rate is twice that of dam

bull Glucose and lactate account for 50 to 60 of metabolic fuel

bull Placental transport of fatty acids is limitedbull Fetal uptake of acetate accounts for 10 to

15 of metabolic fuelbull Amino acids account for remaining 30 to 40

of energy

Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients

in Late-Pregnant Cows

Uterine UptakeMaternal Maternal

Nutrient Supply gd gd Supply

Glucose 1476 666 46

Amino Acids 998 718 72

Acetate 2196 270 12

Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf

bull Minimize stress in the close-up dry cowbull Provide adequate levels of energy and

protein for fetal growth immune system and colostrum quality

bull Optimize calcium metabolism through negative DCAD rations with adequate calcium and magnesium supplementation

Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming

bull Negative effects on fetal programming result from anything that reduces nutrient availability to the fetusndash Breeding heifers that are too smallndash Multiple fetusesndash Selection for increased milk productionndash High environmental temperatures heat stressndash Poor nutrition low energy andor protein

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 1

HS Reduced Dry Period by 7 days (38d vs 45d)HS Calves born 287 lbs lighter (683 lbs vs 97 lbs)

HS Cows produced on avg 11 lbs less milkday 8

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 2

HS Reduced Dry Period by 7 days (39d vs 46d)HS Calves born 11 lbs lighter (87 lbs vs 98 lbs)

HS Cows produced on avg 187 lbs less milkdayHS ndash Neutrophils ndash reduced function 2 amp 20 DIM ndash reduced

ability of animals to fight off infection (reduced immunity) 9

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 3

HS ndash Reduced Mammary Gland Cell Proliferation (new cell creation)HS Cows produced on avg 106 lbs less milkday

10

From Dr GE Dahl

Placental Development

bull Nutrient restriction during days 30-125 of pregnancy resulted in reduced birth weight

bull Nutrient restriction during days 125-250 resulted in decreased blood flow to the placenta due tondash Reduced capillary area densityndash Reduced capillary number densityndash Reduced capillary surface density

Fetal Sex Organ Development

bull Testicular development begins at day 45bull Ovarian development begins at day 50-60bull Day 80- oocyte nest break down to form

primordial folliclesndash Represent oocyte supply available to female

after puberty (ovarian reserve)ndash Has a direct influence on reproductive

lifespan

Fetal Muscle Development

bull Muscle fiber numbers do not increase after birth

bull Skeletal muscle very vulnerable to nutrient deficiency lower priority compared to brain heart and other organ systems

bull Muscle fibers produced from 2-8 months bull Reduced nutrient intake of dam results in

permanent irreversible loss of muscle mass

Reproductive Performance of Heifers

bull Adequate nutrition of the dam resulted in heifer offspring thatndash Reached puberty at an earlier agendash Had higher pregnancy rates

Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health

bull Poor nutrition of the dam resulted inndash Reduced birth weightsndash Increased morbidity and mortality rates in

young calvesndash Increase in respiratory disease in calves post-

weaning

Condition at Birth

bull Heifer should be born with adequate body condition

bull Thin heifers are born weak with little body reserves (brown fat and muscle tissue)

bull Common when dry cows are on pasture without supplementation

bull Heifer devotes a major part of early nutrition to building fat and protein reserves that should already be there

bull Slows early growth rates

Thin Newborn Calves

Colostrum Managementbull Inadequate amounts of colostrum result in

increased susceptibility to diseasebull Research indicates calves not receiving

adequate colostrum grow at 23 the rate of other calves

bull Need 10 of body wt in colostrum at 1st

feeding followed 5 in 6-8 hoursbull Should be from mother and not pooledbull Freezing destroys White Blood Cellsbull Cleanliness affects absorption

The role of colostrum in calf health

bull Colostral (maternal) antibody protects neonate for first weeksmonths until neonatersquos acquired immune system produces protective antibodies

Colostrum Quality

bull Vaccination of the mother important to produce more antibody (5 weeks prior to calving)

bull Approximately 50 of motherrsquos IgG goes into colostrum uniformly

bull Milk out all 1st milking colostrum to use for 1st feeding

bull Colostrum from 1st calf heifers is ok if on a good vaccination program

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

Fetal Development

bull During late pregnancy fetal metabolic rate is twice that of dam

bull Glucose and lactate account for 50 to 60 of metabolic fuel

bull Placental transport of fatty acids is limitedbull Fetal uptake of acetate accounts for 10 to

15 of metabolic fuelbull Amino acids account for remaining 30 to 40

of energy

Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients

in Late-Pregnant Cows

Uterine UptakeMaternal Maternal

Nutrient Supply gd gd Supply

Glucose 1476 666 46

Amino Acids 998 718 72

Acetate 2196 270 12

Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf

bull Minimize stress in the close-up dry cowbull Provide adequate levels of energy and

protein for fetal growth immune system and colostrum quality

bull Optimize calcium metabolism through negative DCAD rations with adequate calcium and magnesium supplementation

Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming

bull Negative effects on fetal programming result from anything that reduces nutrient availability to the fetusndash Breeding heifers that are too smallndash Multiple fetusesndash Selection for increased milk productionndash High environmental temperatures heat stressndash Poor nutrition low energy andor protein

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 1

HS Reduced Dry Period by 7 days (38d vs 45d)HS Calves born 287 lbs lighter (683 lbs vs 97 lbs)

HS Cows produced on avg 11 lbs less milkday 8

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 2

HS Reduced Dry Period by 7 days (39d vs 46d)HS Calves born 11 lbs lighter (87 lbs vs 98 lbs)

HS Cows produced on avg 187 lbs less milkdayHS ndash Neutrophils ndash reduced function 2 amp 20 DIM ndash reduced

ability of animals to fight off infection (reduced immunity) 9

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 3

HS ndash Reduced Mammary Gland Cell Proliferation (new cell creation)HS Cows produced on avg 106 lbs less milkday

10

From Dr GE Dahl

Placental Development

bull Nutrient restriction during days 30-125 of pregnancy resulted in reduced birth weight

bull Nutrient restriction during days 125-250 resulted in decreased blood flow to the placenta due tondash Reduced capillary area densityndash Reduced capillary number densityndash Reduced capillary surface density

Fetal Sex Organ Development

bull Testicular development begins at day 45bull Ovarian development begins at day 50-60bull Day 80- oocyte nest break down to form

primordial folliclesndash Represent oocyte supply available to female

after puberty (ovarian reserve)ndash Has a direct influence on reproductive

lifespan

Fetal Muscle Development

bull Muscle fiber numbers do not increase after birth

bull Skeletal muscle very vulnerable to nutrient deficiency lower priority compared to brain heart and other organ systems

bull Muscle fibers produced from 2-8 months bull Reduced nutrient intake of dam results in

permanent irreversible loss of muscle mass

Reproductive Performance of Heifers

bull Adequate nutrition of the dam resulted in heifer offspring thatndash Reached puberty at an earlier agendash Had higher pregnancy rates

Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health

bull Poor nutrition of the dam resulted inndash Reduced birth weightsndash Increased morbidity and mortality rates in

young calvesndash Increase in respiratory disease in calves post-

weaning

Condition at Birth

bull Heifer should be born with adequate body condition

bull Thin heifers are born weak with little body reserves (brown fat and muscle tissue)

bull Common when dry cows are on pasture without supplementation

bull Heifer devotes a major part of early nutrition to building fat and protein reserves that should already be there

bull Slows early growth rates

Thin Newborn Calves

Colostrum Managementbull Inadequate amounts of colostrum result in

increased susceptibility to diseasebull Research indicates calves not receiving

adequate colostrum grow at 23 the rate of other calves

bull Need 10 of body wt in colostrum at 1st

feeding followed 5 in 6-8 hoursbull Should be from mother and not pooledbull Freezing destroys White Blood Cellsbull Cleanliness affects absorption

The role of colostrum in calf health

bull Colostral (maternal) antibody protects neonate for first weeksmonths until neonatersquos acquired immune system produces protective antibodies

Colostrum Quality

bull Vaccination of the mother important to produce more antibody (5 weeks prior to calving)

bull Approximately 50 of motherrsquos IgG goes into colostrum uniformly

bull Milk out all 1st milking colostrum to use for 1st feeding

bull Colostrum from 1st calf heifers is ok if on a good vaccination program

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients

in Late-Pregnant Cows

Uterine UptakeMaternal Maternal

Nutrient Supply gd gd Supply

Glucose 1476 666 46

Amino Acids 998 718 72

Acetate 2196 270 12

Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf

bull Minimize stress in the close-up dry cowbull Provide adequate levels of energy and

protein for fetal growth immune system and colostrum quality

bull Optimize calcium metabolism through negative DCAD rations with adequate calcium and magnesium supplementation

Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming

bull Negative effects on fetal programming result from anything that reduces nutrient availability to the fetusndash Breeding heifers that are too smallndash Multiple fetusesndash Selection for increased milk productionndash High environmental temperatures heat stressndash Poor nutrition low energy andor protein

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 1

HS Reduced Dry Period by 7 days (38d vs 45d)HS Calves born 287 lbs lighter (683 lbs vs 97 lbs)

HS Cows produced on avg 11 lbs less milkday 8

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 2

HS Reduced Dry Period by 7 days (39d vs 46d)HS Calves born 11 lbs lighter (87 lbs vs 98 lbs)

HS Cows produced on avg 187 lbs less milkdayHS ndash Neutrophils ndash reduced function 2 amp 20 DIM ndash reduced

ability of animals to fight off infection (reduced immunity) 9

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 3

HS ndash Reduced Mammary Gland Cell Proliferation (new cell creation)HS Cows produced on avg 106 lbs less milkday

10

From Dr GE Dahl

Placental Development

bull Nutrient restriction during days 30-125 of pregnancy resulted in reduced birth weight

bull Nutrient restriction during days 125-250 resulted in decreased blood flow to the placenta due tondash Reduced capillary area densityndash Reduced capillary number densityndash Reduced capillary surface density

Fetal Sex Organ Development

bull Testicular development begins at day 45bull Ovarian development begins at day 50-60bull Day 80- oocyte nest break down to form

primordial folliclesndash Represent oocyte supply available to female

after puberty (ovarian reserve)ndash Has a direct influence on reproductive

lifespan

Fetal Muscle Development

bull Muscle fiber numbers do not increase after birth

bull Skeletal muscle very vulnerable to nutrient deficiency lower priority compared to brain heart and other organ systems

bull Muscle fibers produced from 2-8 months bull Reduced nutrient intake of dam results in

permanent irreversible loss of muscle mass

Reproductive Performance of Heifers

bull Adequate nutrition of the dam resulted in heifer offspring thatndash Reached puberty at an earlier agendash Had higher pregnancy rates

Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health

bull Poor nutrition of the dam resulted inndash Reduced birth weightsndash Increased morbidity and mortality rates in

young calvesndash Increase in respiratory disease in calves post-

weaning

Condition at Birth

bull Heifer should be born with adequate body condition

bull Thin heifers are born weak with little body reserves (brown fat and muscle tissue)

bull Common when dry cows are on pasture without supplementation

bull Heifer devotes a major part of early nutrition to building fat and protein reserves that should already be there

bull Slows early growth rates

Thin Newborn Calves

Colostrum Managementbull Inadequate amounts of colostrum result in

increased susceptibility to diseasebull Research indicates calves not receiving

adequate colostrum grow at 23 the rate of other calves

bull Need 10 of body wt in colostrum at 1st

feeding followed 5 in 6-8 hoursbull Should be from mother and not pooledbull Freezing destroys White Blood Cellsbull Cleanliness affects absorption

The role of colostrum in calf health

bull Colostral (maternal) antibody protects neonate for first weeksmonths until neonatersquos acquired immune system produces protective antibodies

Colostrum Quality

bull Vaccination of the mother important to produce more antibody (5 weeks prior to calving)

bull Approximately 50 of motherrsquos IgG goes into colostrum uniformly

bull Milk out all 1st milking colostrum to use for 1st feeding

bull Colostrum from 1st calf heifers is ok if on a good vaccination program

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf

bull Minimize stress in the close-up dry cowbull Provide adequate levels of energy and

protein for fetal growth immune system and colostrum quality

bull Optimize calcium metabolism through negative DCAD rations with adequate calcium and magnesium supplementation

Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming

bull Negative effects on fetal programming result from anything that reduces nutrient availability to the fetusndash Breeding heifers that are too smallndash Multiple fetusesndash Selection for increased milk productionndash High environmental temperatures heat stressndash Poor nutrition low energy andor protein

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 1

HS Reduced Dry Period by 7 days (38d vs 45d)HS Calves born 287 lbs lighter (683 lbs vs 97 lbs)

HS Cows produced on avg 11 lbs less milkday 8

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 2

HS Reduced Dry Period by 7 days (39d vs 46d)HS Calves born 11 lbs lighter (87 lbs vs 98 lbs)

HS Cows produced on avg 187 lbs less milkdayHS ndash Neutrophils ndash reduced function 2 amp 20 DIM ndash reduced

ability of animals to fight off infection (reduced immunity) 9

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 3

HS ndash Reduced Mammary Gland Cell Proliferation (new cell creation)HS Cows produced on avg 106 lbs less milkday

10

From Dr GE Dahl

Placental Development

bull Nutrient restriction during days 30-125 of pregnancy resulted in reduced birth weight

bull Nutrient restriction during days 125-250 resulted in decreased blood flow to the placenta due tondash Reduced capillary area densityndash Reduced capillary number densityndash Reduced capillary surface density

Fetal Sex Organ Development

bull Testicular development begins at day 45bull Ovarian development begins at day 50-60bull Day 80- oocyte nest break down to form

primordial folliclesndash Represent oocyte supply available to female

after puberty (ovarian reserve)ndash Has a direct influence on reproductive

lifespan

Fetal Muscle Development

bull Muscle fiber numbers do not increase after birth

bull Skeletal muscle very vulnerable to nutrient deficiency lower priority compared to brain heart and other organ systems

bull Muscle fibers produced from 2-8 months bull Reduced nutrient intake of dam results in

permanent irreversible loss of muscle mass

Reproductive Performance of Heifers

bull Adequate nutrition of the dam resulted in heifer offspring thatndash Reached puberty at an earlier agendash Had higher pregnancy rates

Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health

bull Poor nutrition of the dam resulted inndash Reduced birth weightsndash Increased morbidity and mortality rates in

young calvesndash Increase in respiratory disease in calves post-

weaning

Condition at Birth

bull Heifer should be born with adequate body condition

bull Thin heifers are born weak with little body reserves (brown fat and muscle tissue)

bull Common when dry cows are on pasture without supplementation

bull Heifer devotes a major part of early nutrition to building fat and protein reserves that should already be there

bull Slows early growth rates

Thin Newborn Calves

Colostrum Managementbull Inadequate amounts of colostrum result in

increased susceptibility to diseasebull Research indicates calves not receiving

adequate colostrum grow at 23 the rate of other calves

bull Need 10 of body wt in colostrum at 1st

feeding followed 5 in 6-8 hoursbull Should be from mother and not pooledbull Freezing destroys White Blood Cellsbull Cleanliness affects absorption

The role of colostrum in calf health

bull Colostral (maternal) antibody protects neonate for first weeksmonths until neonatersquos acquired immune system produces protective antibodies

Colostrum Quality

bull Vaccination of the mother important to produce more antibody (5 weeks prior to calving)

bull Approximately 50 of motherrsquos IgG goes into colostrum uniformly

bull Milk out all 1st milking colostrum to use for 1st feeding

bull Colostrum from 1st calf heifers is ok if on a good vaccination program

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming

bull Negative effects on fetal programming result from anything that reduces nutrient availability to the fetusndash Breeding heifers that are too smallndash Multiple fetusesndash Selection for increased milk productionndash High environmental temperatures heat stressndash Poor nutrition low energy andor protein

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 1

HS Reduced Dry Period by 7 days (38d vs 45d)HS Calves born 287 lbs lighter (683 lbs vs 97 lbs)

HS Cows produced on avg 11 lbs less milkday 8

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 2

HS Reduced Dry Period by 7 days (39d vs 46d)HS Calves born 11 lbs lighter (87 lbs vs 98 lbs)

HS Cows produced on avg 187 lbs less milkdayHS ndash Neutrophils ndash reduced function 2 amp 20 DIM ndash reduced

ability of animals to fight off infection (reduced immunity) 9

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 3

HS ndash Reduced Mammary Gland Cell Proliferation (new cell creation)HS Cows produced on avg 106 lbs less milkday

10

From Dr GE Dahl

Placental Development

bull Nutrient restriction during days 30-125 of pregnancy resulted in reduced birth weight

bull Nutrient restriction during days 125-250 resulted in decreased blood flow to the placenta due tondash Reduced capillary area densityndash Reduced capillary number densityndash Reduced capillary surface density

Fetal Sex Organ Development

bull Testicular development begins at day 45bull Ovarian development begins at day 50-60bull Day 80- oocyte nest break down to form

primordial folliclesndash Represent oocyte supply available to female

after puberty (ovarian reserve)ndash Has a direct influence on reproductive

lifespan

Fetal Muscle Development

bull Muscle fiber numbers do not increase after birth

bull Skeletal muscle very vulnerable to nutrient deficiency lower priority compared to brain heart and other organ systems

bull Muscle fibers produced from 2-8 months bull Reduced nutrient intake of dam results in

permanent irreversible loss of muscle mass

Reproductive Performance of Heifers

bull Adequate nutrition of the dam resulted in heifer offspring thatndash Reached puberty at an earlier agendash Had higher pregnancy rates

Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health

bull Poor nutrition of the dam resulted inndash Reduced birth weightsndash Increased morbidity and mortality rates in

young calvesndash Increase in respiratory disease in calves post-

weaning

Condition at Birth

bull Heifer should be born with adequate body condition

bull Thin heifers are born weak with little body reserves (brown fat and muscle tissue)

bull Common when dry cows are on pasture without supplementation

bull Heifer devotes a major part of early nutrition to building fat and protein reserves that should already be there

bull Slows early growth rates

Thin Newborn Calves

Colostrum Managementbull Inadequate amounts of colostrum result in

increased susceptibility to diseasebull Research indicates calves not receiving

adequate colostrum grow at 23 the rate of other calves

bull Need 10 of body wt in colostrum at 1st

feeding followed 5 in 6-8 hoursbull Should be from mother and not pooledbull Freezing destroys White Blood Cellsbull Cleanliness affects absorption

The role of colostrum in calf health

bull Colostral (maternal) antibody protects neonate for first weeksmonths until neonatersquos acquired immune system produces protective antibodies

Colostrum Quality

bull Vaccination of the mother important to produce more antibody (5 weeks prior to calving)

bull Approximately 50 of motherrsquos IgG goes into colostrum uniformly

bull Milk out all 1st milking colostrum to use for 1st feeding

bull Colostrum from 1st calf heifers is ok if on a good vaccination program

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 1

HS Reduced Dry Period by 7 days (38d vs 45d)HS Calves born 287 lbs lighter (683 lbs vs 97 lbs)

HS Cows produced on avg 11 lbs less milkday 8

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 2

HS Reduced Dry Period by 7 days (39d vs 46d)HS Calves born 11 lbs lighter (87 lbs vs 98 lbs)

HS Cows produced on avg 187 lbs less milkdayHS ndash Neutrophils ndash reduced function 2 amp 20 DIM ndash reduced

ability of animals to fight off infection (reduced immunity) 9

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 3

HS ndash Reduced Mammary Gland Cell Proliferation (new cell creation)HS Cows produced on avg 106 lbs less milkday

10

From Dr GE Dahl

Placental Development

bull Nutrient restriction during days 30-125 of pregnancy resulted in reduced birth weight

bull Nutrient restriction during days 125-250 resulted in decreased blood flow to the placenta due tondash Reduced capillary area densityndash Reduced capillary number densityndash Reduced capillary surface density

Fetal Sex Organ Development

bull Testicular development begins at day 45bull Ovarian development begins at day 50-60bull Day 80- oocyte nest break down to form

primordial folliclesndash Represent oocyte supply available to female

after puberty (ovarian reserve)ndash Has a direct influence on reproductive

lifespan

Fetal Muscle Development

bull Muscle fiber numbers do not increase after birth

bull Skeletal muscle very vulnerable to nutrient deficiency lower priority compared to brain heart and other organ systems

bull Muscle fibers produced from 2-8 months bull Reduced nutrient intake of dam results in

permanent irreversible loss of muscle mass

Reproductive Performance of Heifers

bull Adequate nutrition of the dam resulted in heifer offspring thatndash Reached puberty at an earlier agendash Had higher pregnancy rates

Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health

bull Poor nutrition of the dam resulted inndash Reduced birth weightsndash Increased morbidity and mortality rates in

young calvesndash Increase in respiratory disease in calves post-

weaning

Condition at Birth

bull Heifer should be born with adequate body condition

bull Thin heifers are born weak with little body reserves (brown fat and muscle tissue)

bull Common when dry cows are on pasture without supplementation

bull Heifer devotes a major part of early nutrition to building fat and protein reserves that should already be there

bull Slows early growth rates

Thin Newborn Calves

Colostrum Managementbull Inadequate amounts of colostrum result in

increased susceptibility to diseasebull Research indicates calves not receiving

adequate colostrum grow at 23 the rate of other calves

bull Need 10 of body wt in colostrum at 1st

feeding followed 5 in 6-8 hoursbull Should be from mother and not pooledbull Freezing destroys White Blood Cellsbull Cleanliness affects absorption

The role of colostrum in calf health

bull Colostral (maternal) antibody protects neonate for first weeksmonths until neonatersquos acquired immune system produces protective antibodies

Colostrum Quality

bull Vaccination of the mother important to produce more antibody (5 weeks prior to calving)

bull Approximately 50 of motherrsquos IgG goes into colostrum uniformly

bull Milk out all 1st milking colostrum to use for 1st feeding

bull Colostrum from 1st calf heifers is ok if on a good vaccination program

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 2

HS Reduced Dry Period by 7 days (39d vs 46d)HS Calves born 11 lbs lighter (87 lbs vs 98 lbs)

HS Cows produced on avg 187 lbs less milkdayHS ndash Neutrophils ndash reduced function 2 amp 20 DIM ndash reduced

ability of animals to fight off infection (reduced immunity) 9

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 3

HS ndash Reduced Mammary Gland Cell Proliferation (new cell creation)HS Cows produced on avg 106 lbs less milkday

10

From Dr GE Dahl

Placental Development

bull Nutrient restriction during days 30-125 of pregnancy resulted in reduced birth weight

bull Nutrient restriction during days 125-250 resulted in decreased blood flow to the placenta due tondash Reduced capillary area densityndash Reduced capillary number densityndash Reduced capillary surface density

Fetal Sex Organ Development

bull Testicular development begins at day 45bull Ovarian development begins at day 50-60bull Day 80- oocyte nest break down to form

primordial folliclesndash Represent oocyte supply available to female

after puberty (ovarian reserve)ndash Has a direct influence on reproductive

lifespan

Fetal Muscle Development

bull Muscle fiber numbers do not increase after birth

bull Skeletal muscle very vulnerable to nutrient deficiency lower priority compared to brain heart and other organ systems

bull Muscle fibers produced from 2-8 months bull Reduced nutrient intake of dam results in

permanent irreversible loss of muscle mass

Reproductive Performance of Heifers

bull Adequate nutrition of the dam resulted in heifer offspring thatndash Reached puberty at an earlier agendash Had higher pregnancy rates

Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health

bull Poor nutrition of the dam resulted inndash Reduced birth weightsndash Increased morbidity and mortality rates in

young calvesndash Increase in respiratory disease in calves post-

weaning

Condition at Birth

bull Heifer should be born with adequate body condition

bull Thin heifers are born weak with little body reserves (brown fat and muscle tissue)

bull Common when dry cows are on pasture without supplementation

bull Heifer devotes a major part of early nutrition to building fat and protein reserves that should already be there

bull Slows early growth rates

Thin Newborn Calves

Colostrum Managementbull Inadequate amounts of colostrum result in

increased susceptibility to diseasebull Research indicates calves not receiving

adequate colostrum grow at 23 the rate of other calves

bull Need 10 of body wt in colostrum at 1st

feeding followed 5 in 6-8 hoursbull Should be from mother and not pooledbull Freezing destroys White Blood Cellsbull Cleanliness affects absorption

The role of colostrum in calf health

bull Colostral (maternal) antibody protects neonate for first weeksmonths until neonatersquos acquired immune system produces protective antibodies

Colostrum Quality

bull Vaccination of the mother important to produce more antibody (5 weeks prior to calving)

bull Approximately 50 of motherrsquos IgG goes into colostrum uniformly

bull Milk out all 1st milking colostrum to use for 1st feeding

bull Colostrum from 1st calf heifers is ok if on a good vaccination program

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

University of Florida ResearchDr Dahl et al 2004-2007 ndash 3 year study

YEAR 3

HS ndash Reduced Mammary Gland Cell Proliferation (new cell creation)HS Cows produced on avg 106 lbs less milkday

10

From Dr GE Dahl

Placental Development

bull Nutrient restriction during days 30-125 of pregnancy resulted in reduced birth weight

bull Nutrient restriction during days 125-250 resulted in decreased blood flow to the placenta due tondash Reduced capillary area densityndash Reduced capillary number densityndash Reduced capillary surface density

Fetal Sex Organ Development

bull Testicular development begins at day 45bull Ovarian development begins at day 50-60bull Day 80- oocyte nest break down to form

primordial folliclesndash Represent oocyte supply available to female

after puberty (ovarian reserve)ndash Has a direct influence on reproductive

lifespan

Fetal Muscle Development

bull Muscle fiber numbers do not increase after birth

bull Skeletal muscle very vulnerable to nutrient deficiency lower priority compared to brain heart and other organ systems

bull Muscle fibers produced from 2-8 months bull Reduced nutrient intake of dam results in

permanent irreversible loss of muscle mass

Reproductive Performance of Heifers

bull Adequate nutrition of the dam resulted in heifer offspring thatndash Reached puberty at an earlier agendash Had higher pregnancy rates

Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health

bull Poor nutrition of the dam resulted inndash Reduced birth weightsndash Increased morbidity and mortality rates in

young calvesndash Increase in respiratory disease in calves post-

weaning

Condition at Birth

bull Heifer should be born with adequate body condition

bull Thin heifers are born weak with little body reserves (brown fat and muscle tissue)

bull Common when dry cows are on pasture without supplementation

bull Heifer devotes a major part of early nutrition to building fat and protein reserves that should already be there

bull Slows early growth rates

Thin Newborn Calves

Colostrum Managementbull Inadequate amounts of colostrum result in

increased susceptibility to diseasebull Research indicates calves not receiving

adequate colostrum grow at 23 the rate of other calves

bull Need 10 of body wt in colostrum at 1st

feeding followed 5 in 6-8 hoursbull Should be from mother and not pooledbull Freezing destroys White Blood Cellsbull Cleanliness affects absorption

The role of colostrum in calf health

bull Colostral (maternal) antibody protects neonate for first weeksmonths until neonatersquos acquired immune system produces protective antibodies

Colostrum Quality

bull Vaccination of the mother important to produce more antibody (5 weeks prior to calving)

bull Approximately 50 of motherrsquos IgG goes into colostrum uniformly

bull Milk out all 1st milking colostrum to use for 1st feeding

bull Colostrum from 1st calf heifers is ok if on a good vaccination program

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

From Dr GE Dahl

Placental Development

bull Nutrient restriction during days 30-125 of pregnancy resulted in reduced birth weight

bull Nutrient restriction during days 125-250 resulted in decreased blood flow to the placenta due tondash Reduced capillary area densityndash Reduced capillary number densityndash Reduced capillary surface density

Fetal Sex Organ Development

bull Testicular development begins at day 45bull Ovarian development begins at day 50-60bull Day 80- oocyte nest break down to form

primordial folliclesndash Represent oocyte supply available to female

after puberty (ovarian reserve)ndash Has a direct influence on reproductive

lifespan

Fetal Muscle Development

bull Muscle fiber numbers do not increase after birth

bull Skeletal muscle very vulnerable to nutrient deficiency lower priority compared to brain heart and other organ systems

bull Muscle fibers produced from 2-8 months bull Reduced nutrient intake of dam results in

permanent irreversible loss of muscle mass

Reproductive Performance of Heifers

bull Adequate nutrition of the dam resulted in heifer offspring thatndash Reached puberty at an earlier agendash Had higher pregnancy rates

Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health

bull Poor nutrition of the dam resulted inndash Reduced birth weightsndash Increased morbidity and mortality rates in

young calvesndash Increase in respiratory disease in calves post-

weaning

Condition at Birth

bull Heifer should be born with adequate body condition

bull Thin heifers are born weak with little body reserves (brown fat and muscle tissue)

bull Common when dry cows are on pasture without supplementation

bull Heifer devotes a major part of early nutrition to building fat and protein reserves that should already be there

bull Slows early growth rates

Thin Newborn Calves

Colostrum Managementbull Inadequate amounts of colostrum result in

increased susceptibility to diseasebull Research indicates calves not receiving

adequate colostrum grow at 23 the rate of other calves

bull Need 10 of body wt in colostrum at 1st

feeding followed 5 in 6-8 hoursbull Should be from mother and not pooledbull Freezing destroys White Blood Cellsbull Cleanliness affects absorption

The role of colostrum in calf health

bull Colostral (maternal) antibody protects neonate for first weeksmonths until neonatersquos acquired immune system produces protective antibodies

Colostrum Quality

bull Vaccination of the mother important to produce more antibody (5 weeks prior to calving)

bull Approximately 50 of motherrsquos IgG goes into colostrum uniformly

bull Milk out all 1st milking colostrum to use for 1st feeding

bull Colostrum from 1st calf heifers is ok if on a good vaccination program

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

Placental Development

bull Nutrient restriction during days 30-125 of pregnancy resulted in reduced birth weight

bull Nutrient restriction during days 125-250 resulted in decreased blood flow to the placenta due tondash Reduced capillary area densityndash Reduced capillary number densityndash Reduced capillary surface density

Fetal Sex Organ Development

bull Testicular development begins at day 45bull Ovarian development begins at day 50-60bull Day 80- oocyte nest break down to form

primordial folliclesndash Represent oocyte supply available to female

after puberty (ovarian reserve)ndash Has a direct influence on reproductive

lifespan

Fetal Muscle Development

bull Muscle fiber numbers do not increase after birth

bull Skeletal muscle very vulnerable to nutrient deficiency lower priority compared to brain heart and other organ systems

bull Muscle fibers produced from 2-8 months bull Reduced nutrient intake of dam results in

permanent irreversible loss of muscle mass

Reproductive Performance of Heifers

bull Adequate nutrition of the dam resulted in heifer offspring thatndash Reached puberty at an earlier agendash Had higher pregnancy rates

Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health

bull Poor nutrition of the dam resulted inndash Reduced birth weightsndash Increased morbidity and mortality rates in

young calvesndash Increase in respiratory disease in calves post-

weaning

Condition at Birth

bull Heifer should be born with adequate body condition

bull Thin heifers are born weak with little body reserves (brown fat and muscle tissue)

bull Common when dry cows are on pasture without supplementation

bull Heifer devotes a major part of early nutrition to building fat and protein reserves that should already be there

bull Slows early growth rates

Thin Newborn Calves

Colostrum Managementbull Inadequate amounts of colostrum result in

increased susceptibility to diseasebull Research indicates calves not receiving

adequate colostrum grow at 23 the rate of other calves

bull Need 10 of body wt in colostrum at 1st

feeding followed 5 in 6-8 hoursbull Should be from mother and not pooledbull Freezing destroys White Blood Cellsbull Cleanliness affects absorption

The role of colostrum in calf health

bull Colostral (maternal) antibody protects neonate for first weeksmonths until neonatersquos acquired immune system produces protective antibodies

Colostrum Quality

bull Vaccination of the mother important to produce more antibody (5 weeks prior to calving)

bull Approximately 50 of motherrsquos IgG goes into colostrum uniformly

bull Milk out all 1st milking colostrum to use for 1st feeding

bull Colostrum from 1st calf heifers is ok if on a good vaccination program

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

Fetal Sex Organ Development

bull Testicular development begins at day 45bull Ovarian development begins at day 50-60bull Day 80- oocyte nest break down to form

primordial folliclesndash Represent oocyte supply available to female

after puberty (ovarian reserve)ndash Has a direct influence on reproductive

lifespan

Fetal Muscle Development

bull Muscle fiber numbers do not increase after birth

bull Skeletal muscle very vulnerable to nutrient deficiency lower priority compared to brain heart and other organ systems

bull Muscle fibers produced from 2-8 months bull Reduced nutrient intake of dam results in

permanent irreversible loss of muscle mass

Reproductive Performance of Heifers

bull Adequate nutrition of the dam resulted in heifer offspring thatndash Reached puberty at an earlier agendash Had higher pregnancy rates

Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health

bull Poor nutrition of the dam resulted inndash Reduced birth weightsndash Increased morbidity and mortality rates in

young calvesndash Increase in respiratory disease in calves post-

weaning

Condition at Birth

bull Heifer should be born with adequate body condition

bull Thin heifers are born weak with little body reserves (brown fat and muscle tissue)

bull Common when dry cows are on pasture without supplementation

bull Heifer devotes a major part of early nutrition to building fat and protein reserves that should already be there

bull Slows early growth rates

Thin Newborn Calves

Colostrum Managementbull Inadequate amounts of colostrum result in

increased susceptibility to diseasebull Research indicates calves not receiving

adequate colostrum grow at 23 the rate of other calves

bull Need 10 of body wt in colostrum at 1st

feeding followed 5 in 6-8 hoursbull Should be from mother and not pooledbull Freezing destroys White Blood Cellsbull Cleanliness affects absorption

The role of colostrum in calf health

bull Colostral (maternal) antibody protects neonate for first weeksmonths until neonatersquos acquired immune system produces protective antibodies

Colostrum Quality

bull Vaccination of the mother important to produce more antibody (5 weeks prior to calving)

bull Approximately 50 of motherrsquos IgG goes into colostrum uniformly

bull Milk out all 1st milking colostrum to use for 1st feeding

bull Colostrum from 1st calf heifers is ok if on a good vaccination program

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

Fetal Muscle Development

bull Muscle fiber numbers do not increase after birth

bull Skeletal muscle very vulnerable to nutrient deficiency lower priority compared to brain heart and other organ systems

bull Muscle fibers produced from 2-8 months bull Reduced nutrient intake of dam results in

permanent irreversible loss of muscle mass

Reproductive Performance of Heifers

bull Adequate nutrition of the dam resulted in heifer offspring thatndash Reached puberty at an earlier agendash Had higher pregnancy rates

Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health

bull Poor nutrition of the dam resulted inndash Reduced birth weightsndash Increased morbidity and mortality rates in

young calvesndash Increase in respiratory disease in calves post-

weaning

Condition at Birth

bull Heifer should be born with adequate body condition

bull Thin heifers are born weak with little body reserves (brown fat and muscle tissue)

bull Common when dry cows are on pasture without supplementation

bull Heifer devotes a major part of early nutrition to building fat and protein reserves that should already be there

bull Slows early growth rates

Thin Newborn Calves

Colostrum Managementbull Inadequate amounts of colostrum result in

increased susceptibility to diseasebull Research indicates calves not receiving

adequate colostrum grow at 23 the rate of other calves

bull Need 10 of body wt in colostrum at 1st

feeding followed 5 in 6-8 hoursbull Should be from mother and not pooledbull Freezing destroys White Blood Cellsbull Cleanliness affects absorption

The role of colostrum in calf health

bull Colostral (maternal) antibody protects neonate for first weeksmonths until neonatersquos acquired immune system produces protective antibodies

Colostrum Quality

bull Vaccination of the mother important to produce more antibody (5 weeks prior to calving)

bull Approximately 50 of motherrsquos IgG goes into colostrum uniformly

bull Milk out all 1st milking colostrum to use for 1st feeding

bull Colostrum from 1st calf heifers is ok if on a good vaccination program

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

Reproductive Performance of Heifers

bull Adequate nutrition of the dam resulted in heifer offspring thatndash Reached puberty at an earlier agendash Had higher pregnancy rates

Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health

bull Poor nutrition of the dam resulted inndash Reduced birth weightsndash Increased morbidity and mortality rates in

young calvesndash Increase in respiratory disease in calves post-

weaning

Condition at Birth

bull Heifer should be born with adequate body condition

bull Thin heifers are born weak with little body reserves (brown fat and muscle tissue)

bull Common when dry cows are on pasture without supplementation

bull Heifer devotes a major part of early nutrition to building fat and protein reserves that should already be there

bull Slows early growth rates

Thin Newborn Calves

Colostrum Managementbull Inadequate amounts of colostrum result in

increased susceptibility to diseasebull Research indicates calves not receiving

adequate colostrum grow at 23 the rate of other calves

bull Need 10 of body wt in colostrum at 1st

feeding followed 5 in 6-8 hoursbull Should be from mother and not pooledbull Freezing destroys White Blood Cellsbull Cleanliness affects absorption

The role of colostrum in calf health

bull Colostral (maternal) antibody protects neonate for first weeksmonths until neonatersquos acquired immune system produces protective antibodies

Colostrum Quality

bull Vaccination of the mother important to produce more antibody (5 weeks prior to calving)

bull Approximately 50 of motherrsquos IgG goes into colostrum uniformly

bull Milk out all 1st milking colostrum to use for 1st feeding

bull Colostrum from 1st calf heifers is ok if on a good vaccination program

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health

bull Poor nutrition of the dam resulted inndash Reduced birth weightsndash Increased morbidity and mortality rates in

young calvesndash Increase in respiratory disease in calves post-

weaning

Condition at Birth

bull Heifer should be born with adequate body condition

bull Thin heifers are born weak with little body reserves (brown fat and muscle tissue)

bull Common when dry cows are on pasture without supplementation

bull Heifer devotes a major part of early nutrition to building fat and protein reserves that should already be there

bull Slows early growth rates

Thin Newborn Calves

Colostrum Managementbull Inadequate amounts of colostrum result in

increased susceptibility to diseasebull Research indicates calves not receiving

adequate colostrum grow at 23 the rate of other calves

bull Need 10 of body wt in colostrum at 1st

feeding followed 5 in 6-8 hoursbull Should be from mother and not pooledbull Freezing destroys White Blood Cellsbull Cleanliness affects absorption

The role of colostrum in calf health

bull Colostral (maternal) antibody protects neonate for first weeksmonths until neonatersquos acquired immune system produces protective antibodies

Colostrum Quality

bull Vaccination of the mother important to produce more antibody (5 weeks prior to calving)

bull Approximately 50 of motherrsquos IgG goes into colostrum uniformly

bull Milk out all 1st milking colostrum to use for 1st feeding

bull Colostrum from 1st calf heifers is ok if on a good vaccination program

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

Condition at Birth

bull Heifer should be born with adequate body condition

bull Thin heifers are born weak with little body reserves (brown fat and muscle tissue)

bull Common when dry cows are on pasture without supplementation

bull Heifer devotes a major part of early nutrition to building fat and protein reserves that should already be there

bull Slows early growth rates

Thin Newborn Calves

Colostrum Managementbull Inadequate amounts of colostrum result in

increased susceptibility to diseasebull Research indicates calves not receiving

adequate colostrum grow at 23 the rate of other calves

bull Need 10 of body wt in colostrum at 1st

feeding followed 5 in 6-8 hoursbull Should be from mother and not pooledbull Freezing destroys White Blood Cellsbull Cleanliness affects absorption

The role of colostrum in calf health

bull Colostral (maternal) antibody protects neonate for first weeksmonths until neonatersquos acquired immune system produces protective antibodies

Colostrum Quality

bull Vaccination of the mother important to produce more antibody (5 weeks prior to calving)

bull Approximately 50 of motherrsquos IgG goes into colostrum uniformly

bull Milk out all 1st milking colostrum to use for 1st feeding

bull Colostrum from 1st calf heifers is ok if on a good vaccination program

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

Thin Newborn Calves

Colostrum Managementbull Inadequate amounts of colostrum result in

increased susceptibility to diseasebull Research indicates calves not receiving

adequate colostrum grow at 23 the rate of other calves

bull Need 10 of body wt in colostrum at 1st

feeding followed 5 in 6-8 hoursbull Should be from mother and not pooledbull Freezing destroys White Blood Cellsbull Cleanliness affects absorption

The role of colostrum in calf health

bull Colostral (maternal) antibody protects neonate for first weeksmonths until neonatersquos acquired immune system produces protective antibodies

Colostrum Quality

bull Vaccination of the mother important to produce more antibody (5 weeks prior to calving)

bull Approximately 50 of motherrsquos IgG goes into colostrum uniformly

bull Milk out all 1st milking colostrum to use for 1st feeding

bull Colostrum from 1st calf heifers is ok if on a good vaccination program

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

Colostrum Managementbull Inadequate amounts of colostrum result in

increased susceptibility to diseasebull Research indicates calves not receiving

adequate colostrum grow at 23 the rate of other calves

bull Need 10 of body wt in colostrum at 1st

feeding followed 5 in 6-8 hoursbull Should be from mother and not pooledbull Freezing destroys White Blood Cellsbull Cleanliness affects absorption

The role of colostrum in calf health

bull Colostral (maternal) antibody protects neonate for first weeksmonths until neonatersquos acquired immune system produces protective antibodies

Colostrum Quality

bull Vaccination of the mother important to produce more antibody (5 weeks prior to calving)

bull Approximately 50 of motherrsquos IgG goes into colostrum uniformly

bull Milk out all 1st milking colostrum to use for 1st feeding

bull Colostrum from 1st calf heifers is ok if on a good vaccination program

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

The role of colostrum in calf health

bull Colostral (maternal) antibody protects neonate for first weeksmonths until neonatersquos acquired immune system produces protective antibodies

Colostrum Quality

bull Vaccination of the mother important to produce more antibody (5 weeks prior to calving)

bull Approximately 50 of motherrsquos IgG goes into colostrum uniformly

bull Milk out all 1st milking colostrum to use for 1st feeding

bull Colostrum from 1st calf heifers is ok if on a good vaccination program

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

Colostrum Quality

bull Vaccination of the mother important to produce more antibody (5 weeks prior to calving)

bull Approximately 50 of motherrsquos IgG goes into colostrum uniformly

bull Milk out all 1st milking colostrum to use for 1st feeding

bull Colostrum from 1st calf heifers is ok if on a good vaccination program

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

Cow-side Tests of Colostrum QualityColostrometer or Brix Refractometer

Instrument Cutpoint

Used

Sensitivity ()

Specificity ()

Cost Pros Cons

ColostrometerIgG lt 50 gL(Chigerwe JAVMA 233 2008)

Green 75

(recc cutpoint 70)

87 $40Rapid Simple

Fragile

Temperature dependent

Optical Brix RefractometerIgG gt 50 gL(Bielmann JDSci 2010)

ge 22 905 85 plusmn $80Rapid Simple

Not temp dependent

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)

MISCO Palm Abbe Digital Refractometer- wwwMISCOcom Cleveland OH- Cost $300+- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum- Serum total protein scale (gdl)- Whole milk total solids estimate ()

Vee Gee BX-50 Optical Brix Refractometer- httpwwwamazoncom- Cost $100- Scales

- Brix scale () for colostrum or serum or to estimate milk total solids

Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum

bull Immune components other than IgGbull Nutrients critical for thermogenesis

maintenance and growthbull Epigenetic programming gene expression

related to growth repro mammary devbull Calves with FPT

ndash Delayed time to first calvingndash Decreased adg for first 180 daysndash Decreased milk amp fat prod 1st lactndash 50 less feed efficiency

National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)

bull Sample framendash 827 samples from 67 herds (NE SE MW SW)ndash Fresh frozen amp refrigerated samples ndash Holstein Jersey otherndash June ndash October 2010

bull Resultsndash IgG = 688 gL (lt 1 to 200 gL asymp30 lt 50 gL)ndash Factors associated with IgG

bull Paritybull Region (best in MW)

Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality

(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters

Cause of effect-Dilution-Reabsorption

2 QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING

Proportion of colostrum samples expected to

provide ge 100g of IgG when fed at 3 different volumes (Gay 1994)

Goal To achieve Serum IgG ge 10 mgml must consume ge 100g IgG

Current Recommendations Feed 10 of body weight at first feeding = 38 L (4 qts) for an average 43 kg (90 lb) Holstein calf

Suckling Mom is NOT Recommended

bull Very high rate of FPT due to delays in suckling (Edwards amp Broom 1979 Res Vet Sci 26255-256)

Lactation num of dam calves not suckled within 6 hr1 112 + 46

bull Other disadvantagesndash Donrsquot know volume consumedndash Increased risk of pathogen exposure

4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS

Critical Control Points to Reduce Contaminationbull Cow

ndash Identify infected cows (MAP)ndash Donrsquot let calf suckle damndash Udder prepndash Donrsquot pool raw colostrum

bull Equipmentndash Sanitation of milking

storage amp feeding equipment

bull Proliferationndash Feed ASAP (lt 1-2 hrs) ndash Refrigerate (lt 48 hrs) ndash Freeze ndash Preservatives

bull Replacers Heat-treating

Sources of Contamination2 Contamination During Colostrum Harvest(Stewart et al JDS 2005 88)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Cow Bucket Tube FeederSample Collection Point

Log (

bacte

ria co

unt C

FUm

l)

gr 123 x logcounts

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts

819

3401

20791853

28474722

13207685

12365301

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count)

1057

1246

1258

1341

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count)

1124

1305

137

1403

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

189

201

284

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

247

275

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

189

201

284

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

181

247

275

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

gr 123 x logcounts

Log(TPC)

Sample Collection Point

Log (bacteria count CFUml)

144

499

466

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts (CFUml)

799

3316

50202360

57484139

22925395

33180499

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count CFUml)

445

55

555

591

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

ac

abc

ac

b

abc

abc

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count CFUml)

466

575

603

617

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

0		466		466		466
24		726		36		543
48		663		364		648
96		663		355		654

0		445		445		445
24		639		314		471
48		496		339		502
96		448		339		287

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Cow
Bucket
Tube Feeder

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158
24		17		21		5526		5		33		8684		33		5		1316		24		14		3684
48		14		24		6316		17		21		5526		31		7		1842		15		23		6053
96		13		24		6486		23		15		3947		29		8		2162		36		2		526

	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		201		1057		1002			045		077		073
SPCLog (mean)		328		1124		1052			056		069		068
Coliform raw (mean)		819		20791853		13207685			699		11340851		5318475
SPC raw (mean)		3401		28474722		12365301			1911		17011942		4894564
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		1057		1057		1057		1057			077		077		077		077
24		1246		1455		695		1074			075		046		058		04
48		1258		1124		754		1164			074		067		056		036
96		1341		1013		754		655			066		066		062		043
SPCLog
0		1124		1124		1124		1124			069		069		069		069
24		1305		1661		8		1232			07		028		054		047
48		137		1518		814		1484			064		03		049		029
96		1403		1517		793		15			066		19		058		034
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24		189		398		-362		017			035		1		07		066
0 vs 48		201		067		-303		107			042		105		06		086
0 vs 96		284		-044		-304		-402			052		111		064		085
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24		181		538		-323		108			035		074		061		058
0 vs 48		247		394		-309		36			04		073		051		067
0 vs 96		275		393		-336		376			044		075		057		076

0 vs 24		538		-323		108
0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402

0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402
SPCLog Difference

0		1124		1124		1124
24		1661		8		1232
48		1518		814		1484
96		1517		793		15

0		1057		1057		1057
24		1455		695		1074
48		1124		754		1164
96		1013		754		655

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)

bull Sample framendash 827 samples from 67 herds (NE SE MW SW)ndash Fresh frozen amp refrigerated samples ndash Holstein Jersey otherndash June ndash October 2010

bull Resultsndash IgG = 688 gL (lt 1 to 200 gL asymp30 lt 50 gL)ndash Factors associated with IgG

bull Paritybull Region (best in MW)

Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality

(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters

Cause of effect-Dilution-Reabsorption

2 QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING

Proportion of colostrum samples expected to

provide ge 100g of IgG when fed at 3 different volumes (Gay 1994)

Goal To achieve Serum IgG ge 10 mgml must consume ge 100g IgG

Current Recommendations Feed 10 of body weight at first feeding = 38 L (4 qts) for an average 43 kg (90 lb) Holstein calf

Suckling Mom is NOT Recommended

bull Very high rate of FPT due to delays in suckling (Edwards amp Broom 1979 Res Vet Sci 26255-256)

Lactation num of dam calves not suckled within 6 hr1 112 + 46

bull Other disadvantagesndash Donrsquot know volume consumedndash Increased risk of pathogen exposure

4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS

Critical Control Points to Reduce Contaminationbull Cow

ndash Identify infected cows (MAP)ndash Donrsquot let calf suckle damndash Udder prepndash Donrsquot pool raw colostrum

bull Equipmentndash Sanitation of milking

storage amp feeding equipment

bull Proliferationndash Feed ASAP (lt 1-2 hrs) ndash Refrigerate (lt 48 hrs) ndash Freeze ndash Preservatives

bull Replacers Heat-treating

Sources of Contamination2 Contamination During Colostrum Harvest(Stewart et al JDS 2005 88)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Cow Bucket Tube FeederSample Collection Point

Log (

bacte

ria co

unt C

FUm

l)

gr 123 x logcounts

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts

819

3401

20791853

28474722

13207685

12365301

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count)

1057

1246

1258

1341

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count)

1124

1305

137

1403

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

189

201

284

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

247

275

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

189

201

284

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

181

247

275

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

gr 123 x logcounts

Log(TPC)

Sample Collection Point

Log (bacteria count CFUml)

144

499

466

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts (CFUml)

799

3316

50202360

57484139

22925395

33180499

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count CFUml)

445

55

555

591

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

ac

abc

ac

b

abc

abc

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count CFUml)

466

575

603

617

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

0		466		466		466
24		726		36		543
48		663		364		648
96		663		355		654

0		445		445		445
24		639		314		471
48		496		339		502
96		448		339		287

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Cow
Bucket
Tube Feeder

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158
24		17		21		5526		5		33		8684		33		5		1316		24		14		3684
48		14		24		6316		17		21		5526		31		7		1842		15		23		6053
96		13		24		6486		23		15		3947		29		8		2162		36		2		526

	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		201		1057		1002			045		077		073
SPCLog (mean)		328		1124		1052			056		069		068
Coliform raw (mean)		819		20791853		13207685			699		11340851		5318475
SPC raw (mean)		3401		28474722		12365301			1911		17011942		4894564
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		1057		1057		1057		1057			077		077		077		077
24		1246		1455		695		1074			075		046		058		04
48		1258		1124		754		1164			074		067		056		036
96		1341		1013		754		655			066		066		062		043
SPCLog
0		1124		1124		1124		1124			069		069		069		069
24		1305		1661		8		1232			07		028		054		047
48		137		1518		814		1484			064		03		049		029
96		1403		1517		793		15			066		19		058		034
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24		189		398		-362		017			035		1		07		066
0 vs 48		201		067		-303		107			042		105		06		086
0 vs 96		284		-044		-304		-402			052		111		064		085
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24		181		538		-323		108			035		074		061		058
0 vs 48		247		394		-309		36			04		073		051		067
0 vs 96		275		393		-336		376			044		075		057		076

0 vs 24		538		-323		108
0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402

0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402
SPCLog Difference

0		1124		1124		1124
24		1661		8		1232
48		1518		814		1484
96		1517		793		15

0		1057		1057		1057
24		1455		695		1074
48		1124		754		1164
96		1013		754		655

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality

(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters

Cause of effect-Dilution-Reabsorption

2 QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING

Proportion of colostrum samples expected to

provide ge 100g of IgG when fed at 3 different volumes (Gay 1994)

Goal To achieve Serum IgG ge 10 mgml must consume ge 100g IgG

Current Recommendations Feed 10 of body weight at first feeding = 38 L (4 qts) for an average 43 kg (90 lb) Holstein calf

Suckling Mom is NOT Recommended

bull Very high rate of FPT due to delays in suckling (Edwards amp Broom 1979 Res Vet Sci 26255-256)

Lactation num of dam calves not suckled within 6 hr1 112 + 46

bull Other disadvantagesndash Donrsquot know volume consumedndash Increased risk of pathogen exposure

4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS

Critical Control Points to Reduce Contaminationbull Cow

ndash Identify infected cows (MAP)ndash Donrsquot let calf suckle damndash Udder prepndash Donrsquot pool raw colostrum

bull Equipmentndash Sanitation of milking

storage amp feeding equipment

bull Proliferationndash Feed ASAP (lt 1-2 hrs) ndash Refrigerate (lt 48 hrs) ndash Freeze ndash Preservatives

bull Replacers Heat-treating

Sources of Contamination2 Contamination During Colostrum Harvest(Stewart et al JDS 2005 88)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Cow Bucket Tube FeederSample Collection Point

Log (

bacte

ria co

unt C

FUm

l)

gr 123 x logcounts

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts

819

3401

20791853

28474722

13207685

12365301

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count)

1057

1246

1258

1341

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count)

1124

1305

137

1403

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

189

201

284

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

247

275

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

189

201

284

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

181

247

275

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

gr 123 x logcounts

Log(TPC)

Sample Collection Point

Log (bacteria count CFUml)

144

499

466

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts (CFUml)

799

3316

50202360

57484139

22925395

33180499

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count CFUml)

445

55

555

591

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

ac

abc

ac

b

abc

abc

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count CFUml)

466

575

603

617

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

0		466		466		466
24		726		36		543
48		663		364		648
96		663		355		654

0		445		445		445
24		639		314		471
48		496		339		502
96		448		339		287

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Cow
Bucket
Tube Feeder

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158
24		17		21		5526		5		33		8684		33		5		1316		24		14		3684
48		14		24		6316		17		21		5526		31		7		1842		15		23		6053
96		13		24		6486		23		15		3947		29		8		2162		36		2		526

	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		201		1057		1002			045		077		073
SPCLog (mean)		328		1124		1052			056		069		068
Coliform raw (mean)		819		20791853		13207685			699		11340851		5318475
SPC raw (mean)		3401		28474722		12365301			1911		17011942		4894564
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		1057		1057		1057		1057			077		077		077		077
24		1246		1455		695		1074			075		046		058		04
48		1258		1124		754		1164			074		067		056		036
96		1341		1013		754		655			066		066		062		043
SPCLog
0		1124		1124		1124		1124			069		069		069		069
24		1305		1661		8		1232			07		028		054		047
48		137		1518		814		1484			064		03		049		029
96		1403		1517		793		15			066		19		058		034
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24		189		398		-362		017			035		1		07		066
0 vs 48		201		067		-303		107			042		105		06		086
0 vs 96		284		-044		-304		-402			052		111		064		085
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24		181		538		-323		108			035		074		061		058
0 vs 48		247		394		-309		36			04		073		051		067
0 vs 96		275		393		-336		376			044		075		057		076

0 vs 24		538		-323		108
0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402

0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402
SPCLog Difference

0		1124		1124		1124
24		1661		8		1232
48		1518		814		1484
96		1517		793		15

0		1057		1057		1057
24		1455		695		1074
48		1124		754		1164
96		1013		754		655

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

2 QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING

Proportion of colostrum samples expected to

provide ge 100g of IgG when fed at 3 different volumes (Gay 1994)

Goal To achieve Serum IgG ge 10 mgml must consume ge 100g IgG

Current Recommendations Feed 10 of body weight at first feeding = 38 L (4 qts) for an average 43 kg (90 lb) Holstein calf

Suckling Mom is NOT Recommended

bull Very high rate of FPT due to delays in suckling (Edwards amp Broom 1979 Res Vet Sci 26255-256)

Lactation num of dam calves not suckled within 6 hr1 112 + 46

bull Other disadvantagesndash Donrsquot know volume consumedndash Increased risk of pathogen exposure

4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS

Critical Control Points to Reduce Contaminationbull Cow

ndash Identify infected cows (MAP)ndash Donrsquot let calf suckle damndash Udder prepndash Donrsquot pool raw colostrum

bull Equipmentndash Sanitation of milking

storage amp feeding equipment

bull Proliferationndash Feed ASAP (lt 1-2 hrs) ndash Refrigerate (lt 48 hrs) ndash Freeze ndash Preservatives

bull Replacers Heat-treating

Sources of Contamination2 Contamination During Colostrum Harvest(Stewart et al JDS 2005 88)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Cow Bucket Tube FeederSample Collection Point

Log (

bacte

ria co

unt C

FUm

l)

gr 123 x logcounts

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts

819

3401

20791853

28474722

13207685

12365301

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count)

1057

1246

1258

1341

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count)

1124

1305

137

1403

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

189

201

284

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

247

275

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

189

201

284

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

181

247

275

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

gr 123 x logcounts

Log(TPC)

Sample Collection Point

Log (bacteria count CFUml)

144

499

466

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts (CFUml)

799

3316

50202360

57484139

22925395

33180499

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count CFUml)

445

55

555

591

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

ac

abc

ac

b

abc

abc

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count CFUml)

466

575

603

617

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

0		466		466		466
24		726		36		543
48		663		364		648
96		663		355		654

0		445		445		445
24		639		314		471
48		496		339		502
96		448		339		287

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Cow
Bucket
Tube Feeder

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158
24		17		21		5526		5		33		8684		33		5		1316		24		14		3684
48		14		24		6316		17		21		5526		31		7		1842		15		23		6053
96		13		24		6486		23		15		3947		29		8		2162		36		2		526

	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		201		1057		1002			045		077		073
SPCLog (mean)		328		1124		1052			056		069		068
Coliform raw (mean)		819		20791853		13207685			699		11340851		5318475
SPC raw (mean)		3401		28474722		12365301			1911		17011942		4894564
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		1057		1057		1057		1057			077		077		077		077
24		1246		1455		695		1074			075		046		058		04
48		1258		1124		754		1164			074		067		056		036
96		1341		1013		754		655			066		066		062		043
SPCLog
0		1124		1124		1124		1124			069		069		069		069
24		1305		1661		8		1232			07		028		054		047
48		137		1518		814		1484			064		03		049		029
96		1403		1517		793		15			066		19		058		034
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24		189		398		-362		017			035		1		07		066
0 vs 48		201		067		-303		107			042		105		06		086
0 vs 96		284		-044		-304		-402			052		111		064		085
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24		181		538		-323		108			035		074		061		058
0 vs 48		247		394		-309		36			04		073		051		067
0 vs 96		275		393		-336		376			044		075		057		076

0 vs 24		538		-323		108
0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402

0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402
SPCLog Difference

0		1124		1124		1124
24		1661		8		1232
48		1518		814		1484
96		1517		793		15

0		1057		1057		1057
24		1455		695		1074
48		1124		754		1164
96		1013		754		655

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Suckling Mom is NOT Recommended

bull Very high rate of FPT due to delays in suckling (Edwards amp Broom 1979 Res Vet Sci 26255-256)

Lactation num of dam calves not suckled within 6 hr1 112 + 46

bull Other disadvantagesndash Donrsquot know volume consumedndash Increased risk of pathogen exposure

4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS

Critical Control Points to Reduce Contaminationbull Cow

ndash Identify infected cows (MAP)ndash Donrsquot let calf suckle damndash Udder prepndash Donrsquot pool raw colostrum

bull Equipmentndash Sanitation of milking

storage amp feeding equipment

bull Proliferationndash Feed ASAP (lt 1-2 hrs) ndash Refrigerate (lt 48 hrs) ndash Freeze ndash Preservatives

bull Replacers Heat-treating

Sources of Contamination2 Contamination During Colostrum Harvest(Stewart et al JDS 2005 88)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Cow Bucket Tube FeederSample Collection Point

Log (

bacte

ria co

unt C

FUm

l)

gr 123 x logcounts

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts

819

3401

20791853

28474722

13207685

12365301

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count)

1057

1246

1258

1341

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count)

1124

1305

137

1403

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

189

201

284

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

247

275

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

189

201

284

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

181

247

275

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

gr 123 x logcounts

Log(TPC)

Sample Collection Point

Log (bacteria count CFUml)

144

499

466

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts (CFUml)

799

3316

50202360

57484139

22925395

33180499

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count CFUml)

445

55

555

591

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

ac

abc

ac

b

abc

abc

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count CFUml)

466

575

603

617

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

0		466		466		466
24		726		36		543
48		663		364		648
96		663		355		654

0		445		445		445
24		639		314		471
48		496		339		502
96		448		339		287

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Cow
Bucket
Tube Feeder

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158
24		17		21		5526		5		33		8684		33		5		1316		24		14		3684
48		14		24		6316		17		21		5526		31		7		1842		15		23		6053
96		13		24		6486		23		15		3947		29		8		2162		36		2		526

	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		201		1057		1002			045		077		073
SPCLog (mean)		328		1124		1052			056		069		068
Coliform raw (mean)		819		20791853		13207685			699		11340851		5318475
SPC raw (mean)		3401		28474722		12365301			1911		17011942		4894564
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		1057		1057		1057		1057			077		077		077		077
24		1246		1455		695		1074			075		046		058		04
48		1258		1124		754		1164			074		067		056		036
96		1341		1013		754		655			066		066		062		043
SPCLog
0		1124		1124		1124		1124			069		069		069		069
24		1305		1661		8		1232			07		028		054		047
48		137		1518		814		1484			064		03		049		029
96		1403		1517		793		15			066		19		058		034
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24		189		398		-362		017			035		1		07		066
0 vs 48		201		067		-303		107			042		105		06		086
0 vs 96		284		-044		-304		-402			052		111		064		085
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24		181		538		-323		108			035		074		061		058
0 vs 48		247		394		-309		36			04		073		051		067
0 vs 96		275		393		-336		376			044		075		057		076

0 vs 24		538		-323		108
0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402

0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402
SPCLog Difference

0		1124		1124		1124
24		1661		8		1232
48		1518		814		1484
96		1517		793		15

0		1057		1057		1057
24		1455		695		1074
48		1124		754		1164
96		1013		754		655

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS

Critical Control Points to Reduce Contaminationbull Cow

ndash Identify infected cows (MAP)ndash Donrsquot let calf suckle damndash Udder prepndash Donrsquot pool raw colostrum

bull Equipmentndash Sanitation of milking

storage amp feeding equipment

bull Proliferationndash Feed ASAP (lt 1-2 hrs) ndash Refrigerate (lt 48 hrs) ndash Freeze ndash Preservatives

bull Replacers Heat-treating

Sources of Contamination2 Contamination During Colostrum Harvest(Stewart et al JDS 2005 88)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Cow Bucket Tube FeederSample Collection Point

Log (

bacte

ria co

unt C

FUm

l)

gr 123 x logcounts

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts

819

3401

20791853

28474722

13207685

12365301

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count)

1057

1246

1258

1341

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count)

1124

1305

137

1403

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

189

201

284

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

247

275

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

189

201

284

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

181

247

275

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

gr 123 x logcounts

Log(TPC)

Sample Collection Point

Log (bacteria count CFUml)

144

499

466

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts (CFUml)

799

3316

50202360

57484139

22925395

33180499

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count CFUml)

445

55

555

591

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

ac

abc

ac

b

abc

abc

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count CFUml)

466

575

603

617

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

0		466		466		466
24		726		36		543
48		663		364		648
96		663		355		654

0		445		445		445
24		639		314		471
48		496		339		502
96		448		339		287

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Cow
Bucket
Tube Feeder

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158
24		17		21		5526		5		33		8684		33		5		1316		24		14		3684
48		14		24		6316		17		21		5526		31		7		1842		15		23		6053
96		13		24		6486		23		15		3947		29		8		2162		36		2		526

	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		201		1057		1002			045		077		073
SPCLog (mean)		328		1124		1052			056		069		068
Coliform raw (mean)		819		20791853		13207685			699		11340851		5318475
SPC raw (mean)		3401		28474722		12365301			1911		17011942		4894564
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		1057		1057		1057		1057			077		077		077		077
24		1246		1455		695		1074			075		046		058		04
48		1258		1124		754		1164			074		067		056		036
96		1341		1013		754		655			066		066		062		043
SPCLog
0		1124		1124		1124		1124			069		069		069		069
24		1305		1661		8		1232			07		028		054		047
48		137		1518		814		1484			064		03		049		029
96		1403		1517		793		15			066		19		058		034
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24		189		398		-362		017			035		1		07		066
0 vs 48		201		067		-303		107			042		105		06		086
0 vs 96		284		-044		-304		-402			052		111		064		085
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24		181		538		-323		108			035		074		061		058
0 vs 48		247		394		-309		36			04		073		051		067
0 vs 96		275		393		-336		376			044		075		057		076

0 vs 24		538		-323		108
0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402

0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402
SPCLog Difference

0		1124		1124		1124
24		1661		8		1232
48		1518		814		1484
96		1517		793		15

0		1057		1057		1057
24		1455		695		1074
48		1124		754		1164
96		1013		754		655

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Critical Control Points to Reduce Contaminationbull Cow

ndash Identify infected cows (MAP)ndash Donrsquot let calf suckle damndash Udder prepndash Donrsquot pool raw colostrum

bull Equipmentndash Sanitation of milking

storage amp feeding equipment

bull Proliferationndash Feed ASAP (lt 1-2 hrs) ndash Refrigerate (lt 48 hrs) ndash Freeze ndash Preservatives

bull Replacers Heat-treating

Sources of Contamination2 Contamination During Colostrum Harvest(Stewart et al JDS 2005 88)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Cow Bucket Tube FeederSample Collection Point

Log (

bacte

ria co

unt C

FUm

l)

gr 123 x logcounts

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts

819

3401

20791853

28474722

13207685

12365301

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count)

1057

1246

1258

1341

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count)

1124

1305

137

1403

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

189

201

284

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

247

275

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

189

201

284

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

181

247

275

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

gr 123 x logcounts

Log(TPC)

Sample Collection Point

Log (bacteria count CFUml)

144

499

466

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts (CFUml)

799

3316

50202360

57484139

22925395

33180499

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count CFUml)

445

55

555

591

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

ac

abc

ac

b

abc

abc

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count CFUml)

466

575

603

617

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

0		466		466		466
24		726		36		543
48		663		364		648
96		663		355		654

0		445		445		445
24		639		314		471
48		496		339		502
96		448		339		287

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Cow
Bucket
Tube Feeder

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158
24		17		21		5526		5		33		8684		33		5		1316		24		14		3684
48		14		24		6316		17		21		5526		31		7		1842		15		23		6053
96		13		24		6486		23		15		3947		29		8		2162		36		2		526

	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		201		1057		1002			045		077		073
SPCLog (mean)		328		1124		1052			056		069		068
Coliform raw (mean)		819		20791853		13207685			699		11340851		5318475
SPC raw (mean)		3401		28474722		12365301			1911		17011942		4894564
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		1057		1057		1057		1057			077		077		077		077
24		1246		1455		695		1074			075		046		058		04
48		1258		1124		754		1164			074		067		056		036
96		1341		1013		754		655			066		066		062		043
SPCLog
0		1124		1124		1124		1124			069		069		069		069
24		1305		1661		8		1232			07		028		054		047
48		137		1518		814		1484			064		03		049		029
96		1403		1517		793		15			066		19		058		034
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24		189		398		-362		017			035		1		07		066
0 vs 48		201		067		-303		107			042		105		06		086
0 vs 96		284		-044		-304		-402			052		111		064		085
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24		181		538		-323		108			035		074		061		058
0 vs 48		247		394		-309		36			04		073		051		067
0 vs 96		275		393		-336		376			044		075		057		076

0 vs 24		538		-323		108
0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402

0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402
SPCLog Difference

0		1124		1124		1124
24		1661		8		1232
48		1518		814		1484
96		1517		793		15

0		1057		1057		1057
24		1455		695		1074
48		1124		754		1164
96		1013		754		655

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Sources of Contamination2 Contamination During Colostrum Harvest(Stewart et al JDS 2005 88)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Cow Bucket Tube FeederSample Collection Point

Log (

bacte

ria co

unt C

FUm

l)

gr 123 x logcounts

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts

819

3401

20791853

28474722

13207685

12365301

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count)

1057

1246

1258

1341

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count)

1124

1305

137

1403

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

189

201

284

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

247

275

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

189

201

284

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

181

247

275

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

gr 123 x logcounts

Log(TPC)

Sample Collection Point

Log (bacteria count CFUml)

144

499

466

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts (CFUml)

799

3316

50202360

57484139

22925395

33180499

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count CFUml)

445

55

555

591

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

ac

abc

ac

b

abc

abc

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count CFUml)

466

575

603

617

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

0		466		466		466
24		726		36		543
48		663		364		648
96		663		355		654

0		445		445		445
24		639		314		471
48		496		339		502
96		448		339		287

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Cow
Bucket
Tube Feeder

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158
24		17		21		5526		5		33		8684		33		5		1316		24		14		3684
48		14		24		6316		17		21		5526		31		7		1842		15		23		6053
96		13		24		6486		23		15		3947		29		8		2162		36		2		526

	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		201		1057		1002			045		077		073
SPCLog (mean)		328		1124		1052			056		069		068
Coliform raw (mean)		819		20791853		13207685			699		11340851		5318475
SPC raw (mean)		3401		28474722		12365301			1911		17011942		4894564
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		1057		1057		1057		1057			077		077		077		077
24		1246		1455		695		1074			075		046		058		04
48		1258		1124		754		1164			074		067		056		036
96		1341		1013		754		655			066		066		062		043
SPCLog
0		1124		1124		1124		1124			069		069		069		069
24		1305		1661		8		1232			07		028		054		047
48		137		1518		814		1484			064		03		049		029
96		1403		1517		793		15			066		19		058		034
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24		189		398		-362		017			035		1		07		066
0 vs 48		201		067		-303		107			042		105		06		086
0 vs 96		284		-044		-304		-402			052		111		064		085
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24		181		538		-323		108			035		074		061		058
0 vs 48		247		394		-309		36			04		073		051		067
0 vs 96		275		393		-336		376			044		075		057		076

0 vs 24		538		-323		108
0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402

0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402
SPCLog Difference

0		1124		1124		1124
24		1661		8		1232
48		1518		814		1484
96		1517		793		15

0		1057		1057		1057
24		1455		695		1074
48		1124		754		1164
96		1013		754		655

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

gr 123 x logcounts

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts

819

3401

20791853

28474722

13207685

12365301

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count)

1057

1246

1258

1341

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count)

1124

1305

137

1403

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

189

201

284

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

247

275

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

189

201

284

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

181

247

275

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

gr 123 x logcounts

Log(TPC)

Sample Collection Point

Log (bacteria count CFUml)

144

499

466

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts (CFUml)

799

3316

50202360

57484139

22925395

33180499

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count CFUml)

445

55

555

591

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

ac

abc

ac

b

abc

abc

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count CFUml)

466

575

603

617

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

0		466		466		466
24		726		36		543
48		663		364		648
96		663		355		654

0		445		445		445
24		639		314		471
48		496		339		502
96		448		339		287

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Cow
Bucket
Tube Feeder

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158
24		17		21		5526		5		33		8684		33		5		1316		24		14		3684
48		14		24		6316		17		21		5526		31		7		1842		15		23		6053
96		13		24		6486		23		15		3947		29		8		2162		36		2		526

	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		201		1057		1002			045		077		073
SPCLog (mean)		328		1124		1052			056		069		068
Coliform raw (mean)		819		20791853		13207685			699		11340851		5318475
SPC raw (mean)		3401		28474722		12365301			1911		17011942		4894564
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		1057		1057		1057		1057			077		077		077		077
24		1246		1455		695		1074			075		046		058		04
48		1258		1124		754		1164			074		067		056		036
96		1341		1013		754		655			066		066		062		043
SPCLog
0		1124		1124		1124		1124			069		069		069		069
24		1305		1661		8		1232			07		028		054		047
48		137		1518		814		1484			064		03		049		029
96		1403		1517		793		15			066		19		058		034
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24		189		398		-362		017			035		1		07		066
0 vs 48		201		067		-303		107			042		105		06		086
0 vs 96		284		-044		-304		-402			052		111		064		085
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24		181		538		-323		108			035		074		061		058
0 vs 48		247		394		-309		36			04		073		051		067
0 vs 96		275		393		-336		376			044		075		057		076

0 vs 24		538		-323		108
0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402

0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402
SPCLog Difference

0		1124		1124		1124
24		1661		8		1232
48		1518		814		1484
96		1517		793		15

0		1057		1057		1057
24		1455		695		1074
48		1124		754		1164
96		1013		754		655

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts

819

3401

20791853

28474722

13207685

12365301

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count)

1057

1246

1258

1341

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count)

1124

1305

137

1403

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

189

201

284

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

247

275

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

189

201

284

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

181

247

275

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

gr 123 x logcounts

Log(TPC)

Sample Collection Point

Log (bacteria count CFUml)

144

499

466

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts (CFUml)

799

3316

50202360

57484139

22925395

33180499

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count CFUml)

445

55

555

591

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

ac

abc

ac

b

abc

abc

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count CFUml)

466

575

603

617

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

0		466		466		466
24		726		36		543
48		663		364		648
96		663		355		654

0		445		445		445
24		639		314		471
48		496		339		502
96		448		339		287

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Cow
Bucket
Tube Feeder

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158
24		17		21		5526		5		33		8684		33		5		1316		24		14		3684
48		14		24		6316		17		21		5526		31		7		1842		15		23		6053
96		13		24		6486		23		15		3947		29		8		2162		36		2		526

	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		201		1057		1002			045		077		073
SPCLog (mean)		328		1124		1052			056		069		068
Coliform raw (mean)		819		20791853		13207685			699		11340851		5318475
SPC raw (mean)		3401		28474722		12365301			1911		17011942		4894564
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		1057		1057		1057		1057			077		077		077		077
24		1246		1455		695		1074			075		046		058		04
48		1258		1124		754		1164			074		067		056		036
96		1341		1013		754		655			066		066		062		043
SPCLog
0		1124		1124		1124		1124			069		069		069		069
24		1305		1661		8		1232			07		028		054		047
48		137		1518		814		1484			064		03		049		029
96		1403		1517		793		15			066		19		058		034
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24		189		398		-362		017			035		1		07		066
0 vs 48		201		067		-303		107			042		105		06		086
0 vs 96		284		-044		-304		-402			052		111		064		085
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24		181		538		-323		108			035		074		061		058
0 vs 48		247		394		-309		36			04		073		051		067
0 vs 96		275		393		-336		376			044		075		057		076

0 vs 24		538		-323		108
0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402

0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402
SPCLog Difference

0		1124		1124		1124
24		1661		8		1232
48		1518		814		1484
96		1517		793		15

0		1057		1057		1057
24		1455		695		1074
48		1124		754		1164
96		1013		754		655

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count)

1057

1246

1258

1341

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count)

1124

1305

137

1403

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

189

201

284

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

247

275

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

189

201

284

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

181

247

275

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

gr 123 x logcounts

Log(TPC)

Sample Collection Point

Log (bacteria count CFUml)

144

499

466

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts (CFUml)

799

3316

50202360

57484139

22925395

33180499

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count CFUml)

445

55

555

591

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

ac

abc

ac

b

abc

abc

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count CFUml)

466

575

603

617

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

0		466		466		466
24		726		36		543
48		663		364		648
96		663		355		654

0		445		445		445
24		639		314		471
48		496		339		502
96		448		339		287

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Cow
Bucket
Tube Feeder

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158
24		17		21		5526		5		33		8684		33		5		1316		24		14		3684
48		14		24		6316		17		21		5526		31		7		1842		15		23		6053
96		13		24		6486		23		15		3947		29		8		2162		36		2		526

	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		201		1057		1002			045		077		073
SPCLog (mean)		328		1124		1052			056		069		068
Coliform raw (mean)		819		20791853		13207685			699		11340851		5318475
SPC raw (mean)		3401		28474722		12365301			1911		17011942		4894564
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		1057		1057		1057		1057			077		077		077		077
24		1246		1455		695		1074			075		046		058		04
48		1258		1124		754		1164			074		067		056		036
96		1341		1013		754		655			066		066		062		043
SPCLog
0		1124		1124		1124		1124			069		069		069		069
24		1305		1661		8		1232			07		028		054		047
48		137		1518		814		1484			064		03		049		029
96		1403		1517		793		15			066		19		058		034
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24		189		398		-362		017			035		1		07		066
0 vs 48		201		067		-303		107			042		105		06		086
0 vs 96		284		-044		-304		-402			052		111		064		085
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24		181		538		-323		108			035		074		061		058
0 vs 48		247		394		-309		36			04		073		051		067
0 vs 96		275		393		-336		376			044		075		057		076

0 vs 24		538		-323		108
0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402

0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402
SPCLog Difference

0		1124		1124		1124
24		1661		8		1232
48		1518		814		1484
96		1517		793		15

0		1057		1057		1057
24		1455		695		1074
48		1124		754		1164
96		1013		754		655

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc

abc Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count)

1124

1305

137

1403

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

189

201

284

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

247

275

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

189

201

284

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

181

247

275

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

gr 123 x logcounts

Log(TPC)

Sample Collection Point

Log (bacteria count CFUml)

144

499

466

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts (CFUml)

799

3316

50202360

57484139

22925395

33180499

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count CFUml)

445

55

555

591

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

ac

abc

ac

b

abc

abc

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count CFUml)

466

575

603

617

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

0		466		466		466
24		726		36		543
48		663		364		648
96		663		355		654

0		445		445		445
24		639		314		471
48		496		339		502
96		448		339		287

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Cow
Bucket
Tube Feeder

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158
24		17		21		5526		5		33		8684		33		5		1316		24		14		3684
48		14		24		6316		17		21		5526		31		7		1842		15		23		6053
96		13		24		6486		23		15		3947		29		8		2162		36		2		526

	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		201		1057		1002			045		077		073
SPCLog (mean)		328		1124		1052			056		069		068
Coliform raw (mean)		819		20791853		13207685			699		11340851		5318475
SPC raw (mean)		3401		28474722		12365301			1911		17011942		4894564
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		1057		1057		1057		1057			077		077		077		077
24		1246		1455		695		1074			075		046		058		04
48		1258		1124		754		1164			074		067		056		036
96		1341		1013		754		655			066		066		062		043
SPCLog
0		1124		1124		1124		1124			069		069		069		069
24		1305		1661		8		1232			07		028		054		047
48		137		1518		814		1484			064		03		049		029
96		1403		1517		793		15			066		19		058		034
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24		189		398		-362		017			035		1		07		066
0 vs 48		201		067		-303		107			042		105		06		086
0 vs 96		284		-044		-304		-402			052		111		064		085
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24		181		538		-323		108			035		074		061		058
0 vs 48		247		394		-309		36			04		073		051		067
0 vs 96		275		393		-336		376			044		075		057		076

0 vs 24		538		-323		108
0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402

0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402
SPCLog Difference

0		1124		1124		1124
24		1661		8		1232
48		1518		814		1484
96		1517		793		15

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

189

201

284

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

247

275

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

189

201

284

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

181

247

275

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

gr 123 x logcounts

Log(TPC)

Sample Collection Point

Log (bacteria count CFUml)

144

499

466

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts (CFUml)

799

3316

50202360

57484139

22925395

33180499

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count CFUml)

445

55

555

591

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

ac

abc

ac

b

abc

abc

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count CFUml)

466

575

603

617

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

0		466		466		466
24		726		36		543
48		663		364		648
96		663		355		654

0		445		445		445
24		639		314		471
48		496		339		502
96		448		339		287

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Cow
Bucket
Tube Feeder

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158
24		17		21		5526		5		33		8684		33		5		1316		24		14		3684
48		14		24		6316		17		21		5526		31		7		1842		15		23		6053
96		13		24		6486		23		15		3947		29		8		2162		36		2		526

	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		201		1057		1002			045		077		073
SPCLog (mean)		328		1124		1052			056		069		068
Coliform raw (mean)		819		20791853		13207685			699		11340851		5318475
SPC raw (mean)		3401		28474722		12365301			1911		17011942		4894564
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		1057		1057		1057		1057			077		077		077		077
24		1246		1455		695		1074			075		046		058		04
48		1258		1124		754		1164			074		067		056		036
96		1341		1013		754		655			066		066		062		043
SPCLog
0		1124		1124		1124		1124			069		069		069		069
24		1305		1661		8		1232			07		028		054		047
48		137		1518		814		1484			064		03		049		029
96		1403		1517		793		15			066		19		058		034
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24		189		398		-362		017			035		1		07		066
0 vs 48		201		067		-303		107			042		105		06		086
0 vs 96		284		-044		-304		-402			052		111		064		085
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24		181		538		-323		108			035		074		061		058
0 vs 48		247		394		-309		36			04		073		051		067
0 vs 96		275		393		-336		376			044		075		057		076

0 vs 24		538		-323		108
0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402

0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402
SPCLog Difference

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

247

275

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

189

201

284

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

181

247

275

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

gr 123 x logcounts

Log(TPC)

Sample Collection Point

Log (bacteria count CFUml)

144

499

466

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts (CFUml)

799

3316

50202360

57484139

22925395

33180499

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count CFUml)

445

55

555

591

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

ac

abc

ac

b

abc

abc

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count CFUml)

466

575

603

617

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

0		466		466		466
24		726		36		543
48		663		364		648
96		663		355		654

0		445		445		445
24		639		314		471
48		496		339		502
96		448		339		287

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Cow
Bucket
Tube Feeder

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158
24		17		21		5526		5		33		8684		33		5		1316		24		14		3684
48		14		24		6316		17		21		5526		31		7		1842		15		23		6053
96		13		24		6486		23		15		3947		29		8		2162		36		2		526

	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		201		1057		1002			045		077		073
SPCLog (mean)		328		1124		1052			056		069		068
Coliform raw (mean)		819		20791853		13207685			699		11340851		5318475
SPC raw (mean)		3401		28474722		12365301			1911		17011942		4894564
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		1057		1057		1057		1057			077		077		077		077
24		1246		1455		695		1074			075		046		058		04
48		1258		1124		754		1164			074		067		056		036
96		1341		1013		754		655			066		066		062		043
SPCLog
0		1124		1124		1124		1124			069		069		069		069
24		1305		1661		8		1232			07		028		054		047
48		137		1518		814		1484			064		03		049		029
96		1403		1517		793		15			066		19		058		034
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24		189		398		-362		017			035		1		07		066
0 vs 48		201		067		-303		107			042		105		06		086
0 vs 96		284		-044		-304		-402			052		111		064		085
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24		181		538		-323		108			035		074		061		058
0 vs 48		247		394		-309		36			04		073		051		067
0 vs 96		275		393		-336		376			044		075		057		076

0 vs 24		538		-323		108
0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402

0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

189

201

284

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

181

247

275

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

gr 123 x logcounts

Log(TPC)

Sample Collection Point

Log (bacteria count CFUml)

144

499

466

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts (CFUml)

799

3316

50202360

57484139

22925395

33180499

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count CFUml)

445

55

555

591

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

ac

abc

ac

b

abc

abc

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count CFUml)

466

575

603

617

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

0		466		466		466
24		726		36		543
48		663		364		648
96		663		355		654

0		445		445		445
24		639		314		471
48		496		339		502
96		448		339		287

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Cow
Bucket
Tube Feeder

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158
24		17		21		5526		5		33		8684		33		5		1316		24		14		3684
48		14		24		6316		17		21		5526		31		7		1842		15		23		6053
96		13		24		6486		23		15		3947		29		8		2162		36		2		526

	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		201		1057		1002			045		077		073
SPCLog (mean)		328		1124		1052			056		069		068
Coliform raw (mean)		819		20791853		13207685			699		11340851		5318475
SPC raw (mean)		3401		28474722		12365301			1911		17011942		4894564
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		1057		1057		1057		1057			077		077		077		077
24		1246		1455		695		1074			075		046		058		04
48		1258		1124		754		1164			074		067		056		036
96		1341		1013		754		655			066		066		062		043
SPCLog
0		1124		1124		1124		1124			069		069		069		069
24		1305		1661		8		1232			07		028		054		047
48		137		1518		814		1484			064		03		049		029
96		1403		1517		793		15			066		19		058		034
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24		189		398		-362		017			035		1		07		066
0 vs 48		201		067		-303		107			042		105		06		086
0 vs 96		284		-044		-304		-402			052		111		064		085
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24		181		538		-323		108			035		074		061		058
0 vs 48		247		394		-309		36			04		073		051		067
0 vs 96		275		393		-336		376			044		075		057		076

0 vs 24		538		-323		108
0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

0 vs 24		398		-362		017
0 vs 48		067		-303		107
0 vs 96		-044		-304		-402

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

181

247

275

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

gr 123 x logcounts

Log(TPC)

Sample Collection Point

Log (bacteria count CFUml)

144

499

466

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts (CFUml)

799

3316

50202360

57484139

22925395

33180499

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count CFUml)

445

55

555

591

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

ac

abc

ac

b

abc

abc

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count CFUml)

466

575

603

617

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

0		466		466		466
24		726		36		543
48		663		364		648
96		663		355		654

0		445		445		445
24		639		314		471
48		496		339		502
96		448		339		287

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Cow
Bucket
Tube Feeder

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158
24		17		21		5526		5		33		8684		33		5		1316		24		14		3684
48		14		24		6316		17		21		5526		31		7		1842		15		23		6053
96		13		24		6486		23		15		3947		29		8		2162		36		2		526

	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		201		1057		1002			045		077		073
SPCLog (mean)		328		1124		1052			056		069		068
Coliform raw (mean)		819		20791853		13207685			699		11340851		5318475
SPC raw (mean)		3401		28474722		12365301			1911		17011942		4894564
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		1057		1057		1057		1057			077		077		077		077
24		1246		1455		695		1074			075		046		058		04
48		1258		1124		754		1164			074		067		056		036
96		1341		1013		754		655			066		066		062		043
SPCLog
0		1124		1124		1124		1124			069		069		069		069
24		1305		1661		8		1232			07		028		054		047
48		137		1518		814		1484			064		03		049		029
96		1403		1517		793		15			066		19		058		034
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24		189		398		-362		017			035		1		07		066
0 vs 48		201		067		-303		107			042		105		06		086
0 vs 96		284		-044		-304		-402			052		111		064		085
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24		181		538		-323		108			035		074		061		058
0 vs 48		247		394		-309		36			04		073		051		067
0 vs 96		275		393		-336		376			044		075		057		076

0 vs 24		538		-323		108
0 vs 48		394		-309		36
0 vs 96		393		-336		376

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

gr 123 x logcounts

Log(TPC)

Sample Collection Point

Log (bacteria count CFUml)

144

499

466

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts (CFUml)

799

3316

50202360

57484139

22925395

33180499

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count CFUml)

445

55

555

591

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

ac

abc

ac

b

abc

abc

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count CFUml)

466

575

603

617

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

0		466		466		466
24		726		36		543
48		663		364		648
96		663		355		654

0		445		445		445
24		639		314		471
48		496		339		502
96		448		339		287

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Cow
Bucket
Tube Feeder

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158
24		17		21		5526		5		33		8684		33		5		1316		24		14		3684
48		14		24		6316		17		21		5526		31		7		1842		15		23		6053
96		13		24		6486		23		15		3947		29		8		2162		36		2		526

	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		201		1057		1002			045		077		073
SPCLog (mean)		328		1124		1052			056		069		068
Coliform raw (mean)		819		20791853		13207685			699		11340851		5318475
SPC raw (mean)		3401		28474722		12365301			1911		17011942		4894564
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		1057		1057		1057		1057			077		077		077		077
24		1246		1455		695		1074			075		046		058		04
48		1258		1124		754		1164			074		067		056		036
96		1341		1013		754		655			066		066		062		043
SPCLog
0		1124		1124		1124		1124			069		069		069		069
24		1305		1661		8		1232			07		028		054		047
48		137		1518		814		1484			064		03		049		029
96		1403		1517		793		15			066		19		058		034
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24		189		398		-362		017			035		1		07		066
0 vs 48		201		067		-303		107			042		105		06		086
0 vs 96		284		-044		-304		-402			052		111		064		085
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24		181		538		-323		108			035		074		061		058
0 vs 48		247		394		-309		36			04		073		051		067
0 vs 96		275		393		-336		376			044		075		057		076

proportions

Sheet3

gr 123 x logcounts

Log(TPC)

Sample Collection Point

Log (bacteria count CFUml)

144

499

466

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts (CFUml)

799

3316

50202360

57484139

22925395

33180499

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count CFUml)

445

55

555

591

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

ac

abc

ac

b

abc

abc

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count CFUml)

466

575

603

617

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

0		466		466		466
24		726		36		543
48		663		364		648
96		663		355		654

0		445		445		445
24		639		314		471
48		496		339		502
96		448		339		287

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Cow
Bucket
Tube Feeder

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158		26		12		3158
24		17		21		5526		5		33		8684		33		5		1316		24		14		3684
48		14		24		6316		17		21		5526		31		7		1842		15		23		6053
96		13		24		6486		23		15		3947		29		8		2162		36		2		526

Sheet3

gr 123 x logcounts

Log(TPC)

Sample Collection Point

Log (bacteria count CFUml)

144

499

466

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts (CFUml)

799

3316

50202360

57484139

22925395

33180499

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count CFUml)

445

55

555

591

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

ac

abc

ac

b

abc

abc

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count CFUml)

466

575

603

617

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

0		466		466		466
24		726		36		543
48		663		364		648
96		663		355		654

0		445		445		445
24		639		314		471
48		496		339		502
96		448		339		287

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Cow
Bucket
Tube Feeder

gr 123 x logcounts

Log(TPC)

Sample Collection Point

Log (bacteria count CFUml)

144

499

466

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts (CFUml)

799

3316

50202360

57484139

22925395

33180499

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count CFUml)

445

55

555

591

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

ac

abc

ac

b

abc

abc

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count CFUml)

466

575

603

617

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

0		466		466		466
24		726		36		543
48		663		364		648
96		663		355		654

0		445		445		445
24		639		314		471
48		496		339		502
96		448		339		287

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

Cow
Bucket
Tube Feeder

gr 123 x rawcounts

Raw Coliform Counts

Raw TPC

Sample Collection Point

Raw Bacteria Counts (CFUml)

799

3316

50202360

57484139

22925395

33180499

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count CFUml)

445

55

555

591

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

ac

abc

ac

b

abc

abc

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count CFUml)

466

575

603

617

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

0		466		466		466
24		726		36		543
48		663		364		648
96		663		355		654

0		445		445		445
24		639		314		471
48		496		339		502
96		448		339		287

Cow		Cow
Bucket		Bucket
Tube Feeder		Tube Feeder

gr 24567 x logcolif

a

b

c

d

abc

abc

abc

d

cd

cd

b

a

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log(Coliform Count CFUml)

445

55

555

591

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

ac

abc

ac

b

abc

abc

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count CFUml)

466

575

603

617

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

0		466		466		466
24		726		36		543
48		663		364		648
96		663		355		654

0		445		445		445
24		639		314		471
48		496		339		502
96		448		339		287

gr 24567 x logSPC

a

bc

bc

d

d

d

ac

abc

ac

b

abc

abc

abcd Different Plt005

Refrigerate

Ambient Temp

K-Sorbate + Refrigerate

K-Sorbate + Ambient Temp

Storage Period (hrs)

Log (Total Plate Count CFUml)

466

575

603

617

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

0		466		466		466
24		726		36		543
48		663		364		648
96		663		355		654

gr 24567 x rawcolif

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw Coliform Count

Raw Coliform Counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference

gr 24567 x rawSPC

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Sampling point

Raw SPC count

Raw SPC counts for 4 different colostrum preservation methods

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 48
0 vs 96

gr diff coliflog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period

Change in Log(Coliform)

Change in Log(Coliform Counts) by 4 Storage Methods

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

gr diff spclog

Tx 4

Tx 5

Tx 6

Tx 7

Storage Period Interval

Change in Log(SPC)

Change in Log(SPC Counts) using 4 Storage Methods

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

mean results

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Log-base 10 data		OMIT only 2 cows (6494 and 6616)
	TREATMENT MEANS					STD ERRORS
	Cow		Bucket		Tube Feeder			Cow		bucket		tube feeder
ColiformLog (mean)		0896		4707		445			019		035		032
SPCLog (mean)		144		499		466			024		031		03
Coliform raw (mean)		799		50202360		22925395
SPC raw (mean)		3316		57484139		33180499
	TREATMENT MEANS						STD ERRORS
ColiformLog		4		5		6		7			4		5		6		7
0		445		445		445		445
24		55		639		314		471
48		555		496		339		502
96		591		448		339		287
SPCLog
0		466		466		466		466
24		575		726		36		543
48		603		663		364		648
96		617		663		355		654
coliformLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96
SPCLog Difference
0 vs 24
0 vs 48
0 vs 96

proportions

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Proportion of samples below or above 100000 coliform (CFUml) (logColiformgt5)
	Treatment Group
	1		(cow)			2		(bucket)			3		(Tube)
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
n		38		0		000		26		12		3158		24		14		3684
	4				5				6				7
	low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high		low		high		high
0
24
48
96

Sheet3

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum

bull Goalndash total plate count (TPC) lt 100000 cfumlndash total coliform count (TCC) lt 10000 cfuml

(McGuirk and Collins 2004 VCNA Food Animal Practice)

bull Wisconsin 82 of samples exceeded limitbull Minnesota 93 of samples exceeded limitbull National study 43 of samples exceeded limit

(Poulsen et al Proc ACVIM 2002 52 Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90 Morrill et al 2012 JDSci 953997)

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum(Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)

01020304050607080

10 100

1000

10000

1000

00

10000

00

10000

000

1000

00000

10000

00000

10000

00000

0

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Freq

uenc

y of

Sam

ples

Median TPC = 615 million cfuml (73 to 104 billion)93 of samples gt 100000 cfuml TPC

ldquoWe are feeding lsquofat-ladenrsquo manurerdquo Rob Trembley 2006

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

gr TPC category histogram

Total Plate Count (cfuml)

Frequency of Samples

1

1

5

7

6

10

22

70

63

7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

0		1		0
10		2		1
100		3		1
1000		4		5
10000		5		7
100000		6		6
1000000		7		10
10000000		8		22
100000000		9		70
1000000000		10		63
10000000000		11		7

Sheet2

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

Sheet3

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

5 Monitoring passive transfer rates

bull Herd level ndash Bleed 12+ clinically normal 1-7 d

old calves amp separate serum

bull STP Refractometer- Goal 90 ge 52 gdL

or 80 ge 55 gdL

bull Brix Refractometer - Goal 90 ge 84

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

What is Biologically Normal

bull If left on its mother a 100 lb calf willndash Nurse 6 to 10 times per dayndash Consume between 16 and 24 of its

body wt per day as milk (20 average)

ndash Consume 72 to 106 liters of milk per day

ndash Consume 09 to 14 kg of dry milk solids per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull 21 Protein and 17 Fat is the most common product used

bull Impossible to meet nutritional requirements of milk-fed calves with this product at suggested feeding rate (12 solids amp 10 of body weight per day total volume)

bull If only product available must increase the amount of dry matter fed per day by increasing solids content volume fed and feeding frequency

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

Advantagesbull Can adjust solids fed easilybull Lower bacteria counts than unpasteurized

non-saleable milkbull Johnersquos control programsbull More consistent if proper mixing procedures

are followedbull Can mix correct volume as needed per day

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

Milk Replacer Feeding Program

bull Approximately 15 of body weight during the first week of life (3 liters twice per day for the average Holstein calf)

bull Increase to approximately 20 of body weight at 8 days of age (4 liters twice per day)

bull Increase solids content to at least 15 starting at first feeding

bull Maintain at this level until ready to be weaned

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirementsbull Thermoneutral range is 50deg to 68deg Fbull High temp amp humidity energy demands

and appetitebull Low temps energy demands and

ability to digest dry matterbull Must increase solids content volume fed or

number of times fedbull However if maximizing nutrient intake

program does not have to be changed

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures

bull Increase solids content to 15-18bull Feed 3 times per daybull Warm milk or replacer to 405ordm Cbull Free choice water at all timesbull Calves at 4degC had 32 increase in energy

requirement over calves at 10degCbull At -18degC energy requirement more than doublesbull Inadequate energy results in protein depletion

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

Increasing Nutrient Intake

bull Anything that can be done to increase the amount of protein and energy consumed by the milk-fed calf will result in an increase in growth rate and a significant improvement in the health and productivity of that calf

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

Goals for the Growing Calf

bull Rumen sufficiently developed to ferment dry feeds efficiently enough to satisfy the nutrient requirements of the weaned calf

bull Allow the animal to obtain its maximum genetic potential in growth

bull Provide a management program and nutritional program to optimize the health of the calf

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

Body Condition Scoring

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

Thin Calf

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)

bull Calves on whole milk or replacer fed at 8-10 body wtday gain 250-300 gramsday

bull Calves fed larger volumes of a high quality milk replacer with higher nutrient content should be able to average 900 gramsday

bull Easy goal is to double birth weight in 8 wksbull Optimum goal is to increase birthweight by

25 times in 10 weeks

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

Accelerated Growth Formulas

bull 24 to 28 proteinbull 15 to 20 fatbull Whole milk = 27 protein and 30 fatbull Protein is similar but lower in fatbull Promotes lean tissue gainbull Increases efficiency of gainbull Fat is a satiety agent

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

Advantages

bull Increased growth rate from birth until weaningbull Increased lean tissue to fat tissue ratiobull Increased efficiency of gainbull Increased parenchymal tissue in udder (more

mammary tissue for potential future milk production)

bull Improved immune response (decreased sickness and death) death loss lt1

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

Advantages (cont)

bull Decreased labor and medicine costs (medicine costs decreased by 80)

bull Decreased age at first calvingbull Program does not have to be altered

depending on environmental conditionsbull Increased 1st lactation milk production

approximately 1700 lbs (773 kg)

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth

Bown 031610

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

Long Term Effects of Morbidity

bull Calves that experience a disease insult will never catch up to herdmates

bull No such thing as compensatory growthbull Age at first service will be delayedbull Calves that experience a disease insult will

never be able to reach the same potential milk production as an adult even though fully recovered

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

What this meansbull The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient

intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production

bull Genetic selection yields ~ 68 ndash 114 kg milk per lactation

bull Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

What this might meanbull When we feed for more nutrient supply

above maintenance we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer

bull Since ldquostayabilityrdquo or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

bull 1st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea

bull However antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk

bull Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (P gt 001) than calves with no record of being treated

What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

Nutrition and Disease Resistance

bull Management and hygiene is extremely important

bull Effects of nutrition on immune competency is often ignored

bull Minimize environmental and social stressbull Calves have an amazing ability to fight

disease if immune system has proper fuelbull Death loss of lt1 is obtainable with proper

management and nutrition

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions

Questions

Questions

• Nutritional Environmental and Management Factors that Influence the Health Growth Rate and Productivity of the Young Dairy Calf
• Introduction
• Influence of Dry Cow Nutrition and Management on Health Growth and Productivity of the Calf
• Fetal Development
• Uterine Uptake in Relation to Maternal Supply of Organic Nutrients in Late-Pregnant Cows
• Maximizing Immunity in the Newborn Calf
• Nutrition of the Dry Cow and Fetal Programming
• Slide Number 8
• Slide Number 9
• Slide Number 10
• Slide Number 11
• Placental Development
• Fetal Sex Organ Development
• Fetal Muscle Development
• Reproductive Performance of Heifers
• Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Progeny Health
• Condition at Birth
• Thin Newborn Calves
• Colostrum Management
• The role of colostrum in calf health
• Colostrum Quality
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Quality Colostrometer or Brix Refractometer
• Brix Refractometer Examples(gt 22 on Brix scale = Good colostrum)
• Nutritional and Endocrine Effectsof Colostrum
• National Survey of Colostrum Quality (Morrill et al J Dairy Sci 2012 953997)
• Effect of Delaying First Milking on Colostrum Quality(Moore et al JAVMA 2005 2261375) 13 cows ndash 52 quarters
• QUANTITY FED at FIRST FEEDING
• Slide Number 29
• 4 COLOSTRUM CLEANLINESS
• Critical Control Points to Reduce Contamination
• How often do producers feed contaminated colostrum
• Total Bacteria Counts in Minnesota Colostrum (Swan et al 2007 JDSci 90)
• 5 Monitoring passive transfer rates
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 68ordmF(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 20degC)
• 2020 MR 1lbGal 2qts BID 32ordm F(125 gramsliter 2 liters 2Xday 0degC)
• 2820 MR 263 lbs in 7qts per day(180 gramsliter 7 litersDay 0degC)
• What is Biologically Normal
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Milk Replacer Feeding Program
• Environmental Temperatureand Nutritional Requirements
• Cold TemperaturesManagement Procedures
• Increasing Nutrient Intake
• Affects of Plane of Nutrition on Rumen Health and Development
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• 25 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 15 Pounds DM from Milk Replacer
• 1 Pound DM from Milk Replacer
• Comparison of 3 Feeding Rates
• Goals for the Growing Calf
• Body Condition Scoring
• Thin Calf
• Accelerated Growth Formulas (Formulas that allow the calf to develop according to their genetic potential)
• Accelerated Growth Formulas
• Advantages
• Advantages (cont)
• What has been the count of births and animals exiting before 6 weeks old by month of birth
• Long Term Effects of Morbidity
• What this means
• What this might mean
• What about Sickness Treatments and Milk Yield
• Nutrition and Disease Resistance
• Questions