NUTRITIONAL DISEASES: FROM BOTTLE FEEDING TO …ffffffff-f77d... · (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) Gull...
Transcript of NUTRITIONAL DISEASES: FROM BOTTLE FEEDING TO …ffffffff-f77d... · (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) Gull...
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NUTRITIONAL DISEASES: FROM BOTTLE FEEDING TO
GERIATRIC ISSUES
Marcus Clauss & Jean-Michel Hatt
Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
EAZWV, Warschau 2014
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Zoo animal nutrition - nutritional diseases
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Approach to zoo animal nutrition
“do as we always did”
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Historical approach
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Approach to zoo animal nutrition
“do as we always did” based on experiences what
has been working sometimes ‘experiences’ are
mistakes one has been making for long time
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Approach to zoo animal nutrition
“do as we always did” based on experiences what
has been working sometimes ‘experiences’ are
mistakes one has been making for long time
“imitate the natural diet” best approach
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Approach to zoo animal nutrition
“do as we always did” based on experiences what
has been working sometimes ‘experiences’ are
mistakes one has been making for long time
“imitate the natural diet” best approach
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Approach to zoo animal nutrition
“do as we always did” based on experiences what
has been working sometimes ‘experiences’ are
mistakes one has been making for long time
“imitate the natural diet” best approach
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Approach to zoo animal nutrition
“do as we always did” based on experiences what
has been working sometimes ‘experiences’ are
mistakes one has been making for long time
“imitate the natural diet” best approach depends on what you know
about the natural diet, and what feeds are available
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Example: Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)
Gull et al. (subm.)
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Example: Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)
Gull et al. (subm.)
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Example: Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)
Gull et al. (subm.)
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Example: Maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)
Insects14%
Vertebrates59%
Fruit27%
Insects5%
Vertebrates55%
Fruit40%
Insects7%
Vertebrates52%
Fruit41%
Insects8%
Vertebrates55%
Fruit37%
Insects3%
Vertebrates68%
Fruit29%
Insects16%
Vertebrates45%
Fruit39%
Insects0%
Vertebrates57%
Fruit43%
Insects3%
Vertebrates63%
Fruit34%
various studies, e.g. Bueno et al. (2004)
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Example: Coati (Nasua spp.)
Alves-Costa et al. (2004)
Plant parts26%
Fruits15%
Insects24%
Millipeds17%
Spiders11%
Gastropods1%
Refuse3%
Vertebrates3%
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Natural diets
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Natural diets
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Natural diets
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There are no secret, species-specific ingredients!
Natural diets
Formic acid in anteater formulas?
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Natural diets
There is no single source of quantitative natural diet information on mammals.
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Approach to zoo animal nutrition
“do as we always did” based on experiences what
has been working sometimes ‘experiences’ are
mistakes one has been making for long time
“imitate the natural diet” best approach depends on what you know
about the natural diet, and what feeds are available
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Ratcliffe and Wackernagel Hediger
a complete feed for each animal (group)
(pelleted)
‘natural’ feeds (forages, fruits/vegetables), that
resemble the natural diet
atypcial physical structure
some nutrients difficult to limit
behavioural deficits
selective feeding possible
available feeds differ from in nutrient content from
the natural diet
Two traditions in imitating natural diets
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Frugivores don‘t eat supermarket fruit
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Traditions in imitating natural diets
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Traditions in imitating natural diets
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Traditions in imitating natural diets
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slide courtesy of Graham Law, Glasgow University
Traditions in imitating natural diets
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Traditions in imitating natural diets
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Traditions in imitating natural diets
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Traditions in imitating natural diets
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Traditions in imitating natural diets
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Traditions in imitating natural diets
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Traditions in imitating natural diets
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Approach to zoo animal nutrition
“do as we always did” based on experiences what
has been working sometimes ‘experiences’ are
mistakes one has been making for long time
“imitate the natural diet” best approach depends on what you know
about the natural diet, and what feeds are available
“use a suitable domestic species as model” ‘scientific compromise’
huge amount of knowledge species-specific peculiarities
are easily overlooked
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Food Organism
essential food components non-essential food components
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Food Organism
essential food components
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essential nutrients: -! high protein requirement -! amino acids taurine and arginine -! arachidonic acid -! vitamin A (!-carotine useless) -! vitamin D -! niacine
not essential for dogs
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?
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Approach to zoo animal nutrition
“do as we always did” based on experiences what
has been working sometimes ‘experiences’ are
mistakes one has been making for long time
“imitate the natural diet” best approach depends on what you know
about the natural diet, and what feeds are available
“use a suitable domestic species as model” species-specific peculiarities
are easily overlooked
“based on studies in zoo animals” ‘scientific approach’ financially and logistically
challenging, difficulty in summarizing knowledge
‘scientific compromise’ huge amount of knowledge
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•!Case reports / case series •! Inventories of diets, pathological
states, husbandry success •!Differences between free-range
and zoo •!Epidemiological / controlled studies
Studies in zoo animals
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Examples: case studies
no control group
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Carnivore
Primate
Fish-Eater
Herbivore
Red meat
Fruits & vegetables
Thawed fish
Hay & grains
Calcium deficiency
Sodium- and vitamin B deficiency
Acidosis, vitamin E- and calcium deficiency
Calcium deficiency
The classic problem repertoire
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Examples: inventories
Grisham and Savage (1990)
Marholdt (1991)
Müller et al. (2011)
no direct association
rel.
Life
exp
ec
tan
cy
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e.g. Taylor et al. (2013), Clauss & Paglia (2012), Clauss et al. (2007), Wenker et al. (1999), Kaiser et al. (2009), Taylor et al. (2014), Clarke & Cameron (1998)
unsaturated (n-3) fatty acids in diets and body tissues
iron deposits in organs
Examples: differences wild - zoo
fibre in herbivore diets
tooth wear (browsers, bears)
dental calculus
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Dental calculus
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e.g. Taylor et al. (2013), Clauss & Paglia (2012), Clauss et al. (2007), Wenker et al. (1999), Kaiser et al. (2009), Taylor et al. (2014), Clarke & Cameron (1998), Fujita & Kageyama (2007)
unsaturated (n-3) fatty acids in diets and body tissues
iron deposits in organs
Examples: differences wild - zoo
fibre in herbivore diets
tooth wear (browsers, bears)
undesired GIT bacteria
feeding-related dysbehaviour
dental calculus
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Great ape R/R
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Great ape R/R
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e.g. Taylor et al. (2013), Clauss & Paglia (2012), Clauss et al. (2007), Wenker et al. (1999), Kaiser et al. (2009), Taylor et al. (2014), Clarke & Cameron (1998), Fujita & Kageyama (2007), Schwitzer & Kaumanns (2001)
unsaturated (n-3) fatty acids in diets and body tissues
iron deposits in organs
Examples: differences wild - zoo
fibre in herbivore diets
tooth wear (browsers, bears)
undesired GIT bacteria
obesity
feeding-related dysbehaviour
dental calculus
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Vetion EAZWV Member online course
Examples: differences wild - zoo
obesity
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Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies
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Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies
courtesy Christoph Schwitzer
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Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies
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Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies
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Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies
=> Fe ! 350 ppm DM leads to massive liver damage
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Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies
=> Fe ! 350 ppm DM leads to massive liver damage
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Approach to zoo animal nutrition
“do as we always did” based on experiences what
has been working sometimes ‘experiences’ are
mistakes one has been making for long time
“imitate the natural diet” best approach depends on what you know
about the natural diet, and what feeds are available
“use a suitable domestic species as model” species-specific peculiarities
are easily overlooked
“based on studies in zoo animals” ‘scientific approach’ financially and logistically
challenging, difficulty in summarizing knowledge
‘scientific compromise’ huge amount of knowledge
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Where is the information?
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Where is the information?
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Where is the information?
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Where is the information?
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Where is the information?
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Where is the information?
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Where is the information?
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Where is the information?
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Where is the information?
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Where is the information?
not in any one place
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... from bottle feeding to geriatric issues ...
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•! ... is it reasonable? •!… is it feasible (in terms of logistics)? •!… do you have a recipe and a
dosage scheme?
Bottle feeding
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Mammal milk composition
Data from A. Riek (2008)
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Mammal milk composition
Data from A. Riek (2008)
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Mammal milk composition
Data from A. Riek (2008)
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Mammal milk recipes
from Kienzle & Landes (1995)
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Mammal milk recipes
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Mammal milk recipes
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Milk replacer calculations
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Milk replacer calculations
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Milk replacer calculations
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Milk replacer calculations
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Milk replacer calculations
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Milk replacer: mixing problems
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Milk replacer: mixing problems
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Milk replacer: mixing problems
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Bottle feeding – weight control
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Geriatric issues
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Geriatric issues
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Geriatric issues
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•!typical sign: loss of condition –! monitoring
Geriatric issues
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Condition monitoring
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•!typical sign: loss of condition –! monitoring
•!tooth wear – adjust physical form of diet (roughage/pellets; whole prey/minced meat)
•! reduced digestive ability – adjust energy content (‘concentrates’)
Geriatric issues
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•!typical sign: loss of condition –! monitoring
•!tooth wear – adjust physical form of diet (roughage/pellets; whole prey/minced meat)
•! reduced digestive ability – adjust energy content (‘concentrates’)
Geriatric issues
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•!Nutrition software
Announcements
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•!Nutrition software
•!Next zoo nutrition conference
Announcements
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European Zoo Nutrition Conference
Feeding zoo animals
for health, welfare and conservation
22-25 January 2015 Burgers Zoo, The Netherlands
www.eaza.net