Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial...

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Nutrition in the Elderly Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 36.4 Artificial Nutrition Artificial Nutrition St St é é phane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH phane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University Hospital, France Nice University Hospital, France

Transcript of Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial...

Page 1: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Nutrition in the ElderlyNutrition in the Elderly36.436.4

Artificial NutritionArtificial Nutrition

StStééphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGHphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGHNutritional Support Unit,Nutritional Support Unit,

Nice University Hospital, FranceNice University Hospital, France

Page 2: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

LLL - Nutrition in the Elderly

Künstliche Ernährung

Stéphane M. SchneiderNutritional Support Unit, Nice University Hospital, France

Rainer WirthSt. Marien-Hospital Borken, Klinikverbund WestmünsterlandArbeitsgruppe Ernährung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für GeriatrieLehrstuhl für Innere Medizin – Geriatrie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

Page 3: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Learning objectivesLearning objectives

• Know the most frequent indications for artificial nutrition

• Know the techniques and outcome

• Know the indications and results in specific clinical situations

• Understand the need for ethical elements alongside the medical ones in deciding upon starting an elderly patient on artificial nutrition

Page 4: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

LernzieleLernziele

Kenntnisse über:

• die häufigsten Indikationen für künstliche Ernährung im Alter

• Techniken und Outcome

• Indikationen und Ergebnisse in spezifischen klinischen Situationen

• Art und Notwendigkeit ethischer Erwägungen bei der Entscheidung zur künstlichen Ernährung bei alten Patienten

Page 5: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University
Page 6: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Benefits of EnteralBenefits of Enteral

vs Parenteral Nutritionvs Parenteral Nutrition

• Maintains morphologic, functional integrity of GI tract

• Avoids mechanical, metabolic complications of PN

• Is easily performed at home or in nursing homes

• Decreases cost

• Use of line for other purposes

Page 7: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Vorteile der enteralen (EE) vs Vorteile der enteralen (EE) vs

parenteralen (PN) Ernparenteralen (PN) Ernäährunghrung

• Erhält die morphologische und funktionale Integrität des Magen-Darm-Trakts

• Vermeidet mechanische und metabolische Komplikationen der PN

• Praktikabiliät zuhause und im Pflegeheim

• Reduziert Kosten

• Weitere Anwendungsmöglichkeiten

Page 8: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University
Page 9: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Enterale vs. parenterale ErnEnterale vs. parenterale Ernäährunghrung

Page 10: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

HypodermoclysisHypodermoclysis

• Subcutaneous infusion

• < 700 mOsm/L and 500 mL/d

• Water, glucose, minerals, vitamins, trace elements, aminoacids?

• Pros

– Easy

– No DVT

– Free arms

– Little monitoring

• Cons

– No proof of nutritional benefits

– Infection, pain, œdema

Page 11: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

HypodermoclysisHypodermoclysis

• Subcutane Infusion

• < 700 mOsmol/l und 2000 ml/d

• In der Regel isotone Elektrolytlösung

• Wasser, Mineralien, Glucose, Vitamine, Spurenelemente, Aminosäuren?

• Pro

– leicht

– Keine Phlebitiden

– Keine Throbosen

– Arme frei

– Wenig Monitoring

• Contra

– Keine Ernährung

– Infektionen, Schmerzen, Ödeme

Page 12: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

All-in-one-Lösungen / Drei-Kammer-Beutel

Von vielen Firmen !

Page 13: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Feeding route (1) Feeding route (1)

• Duration

– Less than a month

– More than a month

• Risk of aspiration

– Standard

– Increased• Previous aspiration, decreased consciousness,

dysphagia, endotracheal intubation, vomiting, supine position

• Need for digestive surgery

Page 14: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Zugangswege (1) Zugangswege (1)

• Dauer der Ernährungstherapie

– < 30 Tage

– > 30 Tage

• Aspirationsrisiko

– normal

– erhöht• Frühere Aspiration, Bewusstlosigkeit, Dysphagie,

endotracheale Intubation, Erbrechen, Rückenlage

• Gastrointestinale Chirurgie

• Kontraindikationen für EE

Page 15: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Zugangswege (2)Zugangswege (2)

Kurzzeit- Langzeit-

Aspirationsrisiko

normal hoch normal hoch

EE naso-gastral

naso-jejunal

PEG PEJ

(JET-PEG)

PE Standard-ZVK Port-System

getunnelter Katheter

Page 16: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Feeding route (2)Feeding route (2)

Short-term Long-term

Risk of aspiration

Std High Std High

EN NGT NJT G tube (G)J tube

PN Standard line / PICC

Tunnelled line / implanted chamber

Page 17: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Korrekte SondenfixationKorrekte Sondenfixation

Page 18: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Kontrolle der korrekten (intragastralen) Kontrolle der korrekten (intragastralen)

Sondenlage einer nasogastralen SondeSondenlage einer nasogastralen Sonde

• Luftinsufflation mit Auskultation ist unsicher !

• Besser:

• Aspiration von Magensaft mit pH-Messung

• Röntgenkontrolle

• Sonographisch mit agitiertem Wasser

• 1. Sondenkostgabe immer mit Spritze…

Page 19: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University
Page 20: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University
Page 21: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

• Water

– 30-40 mL/kg/day

– Beware of heart failure

• Electrolytes

– Add Na to some EN formulas

– Ca: 1.2 g/day in the elderly

• Energy

– Formulas such as Harris-Benedict

– kcal/kg method

– Indirect calorimetry

RequirementsRequirements

Page 22: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

• Flüssigkeit

– 30-40 ml/kg/d

– Vorsicht bei Herzinsuffizienz

• Elektrolyte

– zusätzliche Natrium-Zufuhr manchmal notwendig

– Ca: 1.2 g/day in the elderly

• Energie

– Berechnungsformeln wie Harris-Benedict

– kcal/kg -Methode

– Indirekte Kalorimetrie

BedarfBedarf

Page 23: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Energy RequirementsEnergy Requirements

kcal/kg/day

Maintenance 25

Minor infection, underN 30

Major surgery, sepsis 35

Burns 40

Page 24: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

EnergiebedarfEnergiebedarf

kcal/kg/d

Erhaltungsstoffwechsel 25

Infektion, Malnutrition 30

Große Chirurgie, Sepsis 35

Verbrennungen 40

Page 25: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Protein RequirementsProtein Requirements

Page 26: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

ProteinbedarfProteinbedarf

g/kg/d

Erhaltungsstoffwechsel 1,0

Moderater Stress, Erholung 1,5

Schwerer Stress 2,0

Niereninsuffizienz ohne Dialyse 0,6-0,8

Niereninsuffizienz mit Dialyse 1,2-1,5

Page 27: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

IndikationenIndikationen

Howard and Malone AJCN 1997

• Hospital

– Secondary anorexia+++

• Home

Page 28: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Outcome in EN patientsOutcome in EN patients

Schneider et al. JPEN 2001

Page 29: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

EN in Geriatrics (1)EN in Geriatrics (1)

• What are the aims of EN therapy in geriatrics?

– Provision of sufficient energy, protein and micronutrients (quality and quantity)

– Maintenance or improvement of nutritional status

– Maintenance or improvement of function, activity and capacity for rehabilitation

– Maintenance or improvement of quality of life

– Reduction in morbidity and mortality

Volkert et al. Clin Nutr 2006

Page 30: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

EE bei geriatrischen Patienten (1)EE bei geriatrischen Patienten (1)

• Ziele der EE beim geriatrischen Patienten

– Bedarfsdeckung

– Erhalt oder Verbesserung des Ernährungsstatus

– Erhalt oder Verbesserung von Funktion, Aktivität und Rehabilitationskapazität

– Erhalt oder Verbesserrung der Lebensqualität

– Reduktion von Morbidität und Mortalität

Volkert et al. Clin Nutr 2006

Page 31: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

EE bei geriatrischen Patienten (2)EE bei geriatrischen Patienten (2)

• EE erhöht die Energieaufnahme (Ia)

• Die Energieaufnahme ist bei Ernährung über PEG höher (Ia)

• EE verbesserte Ernährungsparameter unabhängig von der Grunderkrankung.

• Adäquate Ernährung ist eine wichtige Voraussetzung für eine Verbesserung der Funktionalität, wenngleich die Studienlage hierzu noch dürftig ist.

Volkert et al. Clin Nutr 2006

Page 32: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

EN in Geriatrics (2)EN in Geriatrics (2)

• EN increases energy and nutrient intake in geriatric patients (Ia). PEG feeding is superior to nasogastric feeding in this respect (Ia).

• EN also maintains or improves nutritional parameters irrespective of the underlying diagnosis.

• Adequate nutrition is a prerequisite for any functional improvement, although studies are too few and diverse to allow a general statement.

• The effect of EN on quality of life is uncertain.

Volkert et al. Clin Nutr 2006

Page 33: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

PN GuidelinesPN Guidelines

Sobotka et al. Clin Nutr 2009

Page 34: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Good indications for NSGood indications for NS

• Neurological dysphagia

• Starvation

• Depression

• Hip fracture

• Early/moderate dementia (intercurrent event+++)

Page 35: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Gute Indikationen fGute Indikationen füür r

ErnErnäährungstherapiehrungstherapie

• Neurologische Dysphagie

• Mangelernährung bei– Depression

– Oberschenkelfrakturen

– Leichte/mittelschwere Demenz

Page 36: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Survival in HENSurvival in HEN

H&N cancer Neurol. Dementia

Number 76 148 54

Age 65 75 85

BMI 19,9 19,9 17,4

Reason for HEN Dysphagia (100%) Dysphagia (97%) Anorexia (100%)

1-mo survival 88% 83% 54%

1-yr survival 37% 41% 20%

5-yr survival 24% 21% 3%

Schneider et al. JPEN 2001

Page 37: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Bad indications for NSBad indications for NS

• Terminal illness

• Late-stage dementia

– Whether Alzheimer’s or not

– « Refuses to eat »

– « Pulls out his/her NGT »

• Do not harm: ethical aspects

– Patient, family, caregivers, nursing team

– Ethics committee

Page 38: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Schlechte Indikationen fSchlechte Indikationen füür r

kküünstliche Ernnstliche Ernäährunghrung

• Terminale Erkrankung

• Schwergradige Demenz

– « Refuses to eat »

– « Pulls out his/her NGT »

• Etische Aspekte

– « Nahrungsverweigerung »

– « Zieht sich die Ernährungssonde »

– Patient, family, caregivers, nursing team

– Ethics committee

Page 39: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Net improvement of nutritional parameters Net improvement of nutritional parameters

during cyclic enteral nutrition in young and during cyclic enteral nutrition in young and

elderly malnourished patientselderly malnourished patients

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

P<0.05

Serum transferrin

g/LNS

D15 D28

<65 years

≥≥≥≥65 years P<0.05

Serum albumin

g/L

NS

D15 D28

1.0

3.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

kg

P<0.01

P<0.001

Body weightD15 D28

0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.0

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

P<0.05

Serum prealbumin

NS

D15 D28

g/L

Hébuterne et al. JAMA 1995

Page 40: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Estimation of energy excess for Estimation of energy excess for

the gain of 1 kg in young and the gain of 1 kg in young and

elderly malnourished patientselderly malnourished patients

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

Body weight Fat-free mass Body cell mass

Young

Elderly

Hébuterne et al. Personal data

Page 41: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Effects of age on energy needs Effects of age on energy needs

during TPNduring TPN

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

20 yr

40 yr

60 yr

80 yr

Energy provided (kcal/kg/d)

Correlation between

daily BCM changes

and energy provided

during a 2-wk TPN in

325 mildly

malnourished

patients aged 20-80.

Correlation between

daily BCM changes

and energy provided

during a 2-wk TPN in

325 mildly

malnourished

patients aged 20-80.

Bo

dy c

ell

ma

ss

ga

in (

g/d

)

Shizgal et al. Am J Clin Nutr 1992

Page 42: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Key messagesKey messages

• Most indications are ideally addressed with enteral nutrition, rarely parenteral nutrition

• Indications, products and techniques do not differ from adults, but the outcome is worse, and there is resistance to refeeding

• Prolonged artificial nutrition will be performed at home or in an institution

• Most demented patients will not benefit from artificial nutrition

Page 43: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Das RefeedingDas Refeeding--SyndromSyndrom

• Elektrolyt-Entgleisung

– Hypernatriämie

– Hypokaliämie

– Hypomagnesiämie

– Hypophophatämie

• Thiamin-Mangel

• Hyperammonämie

Page 44: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University
Page 45: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

NICE NICE –– Kriterien zur Beurteilung des Kriterien zur Beurteilung des

Risikos fRisikos füür ein Refeedingr ein Refeeding--SyndromSyndrom

• Patienten mit einem der folgenden Kriterien:

– BMI < 16 kg/m²

– Unbeabsichtigter Gewichtsverlust > 15 % in den letzten 3 –6 Monaten

– Geringe oder keine Nahrungszufuhr über mehr als 10 Tage

– Niedrige Phosphat-, Magnesium- oder Kaliumspiegel vor Beginn der Ernährung

• Patienten mit > 1 der folgenden Kriterien:

– BMI < 18,5 kg/m²

– Unbeabsichtigter Gewichtsverlust > 10 % in den letzten 3 –6 Monaten

– Geringe oder keine Nahrungszufuhr über mehr als 5 Tage

– Vorgeschichte mit Alkoholabusus, Insulintherapie, Chemotherapie, Antacida oder Diuretika

Page 46: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

KernaussagenKernaussagen

• Für die meisten Indikationen ist EE die adäquate Ernährungstherapie.

• Indikationen, Produkte und Techniken unterscheiden sich nicht von jüngeren Erwachsenen, aber die Prognose ist prinzipielle schlechter.

• Vorsicht bzgl. Refeeding-Syndrom

• Patienten mit einer schwergradigen Demenz werden in der Regel von künstlicher Ernährung nicht profitieren.

Page 47: Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition · Nutrition in the Elderly 36.4 Artificial Nutrition St éphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Nutritional Support Unit, Nice University

Nutrition in the ElderlyNutrition in the Elderly36.436.4

Artificial NutritionArtificial Nutrition

StStééphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGHphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGHNutritional Support Unit,Nutritional Support Unit,

Nice University Hospital, FranceNice University Hospital, France