NUTRITION - Bakersfield College ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Proper Diet •Carbohydrates...
Transcript of NUTRITION - Bakersfield College ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Proper Diet •Carbohydrates...
NUTRITION
Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11
Illustrations ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Proper Diet
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids (fats)
• Water
• Vitamins
• Fiber
• Inorganic salts
Nutrition 2
Carbohydrates
• Sugar, starch, cellulose
• Function
– Energy source
– Carbon source for other molecules the cell makes
– Structure of cells and tissues
Nutrition 3
Carbohydrates
• Sugars
– Very small carbohydrates • Monosaccharides – one
sugar subunit
• Disaccharides – two sugar subunits
Nutrition 4
Carbohydrates
• Sugars
– Very small carbohydrates • Monosaccharides – one
sugar subunit
• Disaccharides – two sugar subunits
– Sugars are absorbed into blood quickly
Nutrition 5
Carbohydrates
• Starch
– Very large carbohydrates • Polysaccharides
– Starch -- in plants
– Glycogen – in animals
– Cellulose – in plants
» Most animals have no enzyme to break it down
Nutrition 6
Carbohydrates
• Starch
– Very large carbohydrates
• Polysaccharides
– Starch -- in plants
– Glycogen – in animals
– Cellulose – in plants
» Most animals have no enzyme to break it down
– Take long time to break down
• Absorbed into blood more slowly
– Associated with other nutrients
• Vitamins, minerals
Nutrition 7
Carbohydrate Digestion
Nutrition 8
Most animals have no enzyme to digest cellulose
Lipids
• Fats, oils, waxes
• Non-water soluble (non-polar)
• Function
– Energy source
– Structure of cells
– Carry fat soluble vitamins into cells
• Some are essential
– Must eat them, body cannot make them
Nutrition 9
Lipids
Nutrition 10
Lipid Digestion
Nutrition 11
Saturated Fats vs Unsaturated Fats
• What do you know about saturated fats?
Nutrition 12
Saturated Fats vs Unsaturated Fats
• What do you know about saturated fats?
– Solid at room temperature
– Found in animal fats
– Found in a few vegetable fats
• Palm oil
• Palm kernal oil
• Coconut oil
– Linked to heart disease
Nutrition 13
Saturated Fats vs Unsaturated Fats
• What do you know about unsaturated fats?
– Liquid at room temperature
– Found in most vegetable fats
– Not linked to heart disease
• >50% of fat intake should be unsaturated fats
Nutrition 14
Saturated vs unsaturated fats
Nutrition 15
Trans fats
• What are trans fats?
Nutrition 16
Trans fats
• What are trans fats?
– Seldom occur in nature
– Artificial hydrogenation of unsaturated fats
Nutrition 17
Trans fats
• What are trans fats?
– Seldom occur in nature
– Artificial hydrogenation of unsaturated fats
• Why?
Nutrition 18
Trans fats
• What are trans fats?
– Seldom occur in nature
– Artificial hydrogenation of unsaturated fats
• Why? – Make liquid fats more solid
– Can say it’s vegetable fat
– Longer shelf life
Nutrition 19
Trans fats
• What are trans fats?
– Seldom occur in nature
– Artificial hydrogenation of unsaturated fats
• Why? – Make liquid fats more solid
– Can say it’s vegetable fat
– Longer shelf life
– WORST FATS FOR THE HEART
• NO ACCEPTABLE AMOUNT OF TRANS FAT
Nutrition 20
Nutrition 21
Modified Fat
• What is modified fat?
Nutrition 22
Modified Fat
• What is modified fat?
– ????????????????
Nutrition 23
Modified Fat
• What is modified fat?
– ????????????????
– Modified fat may refer to use of chemically modified fats
• Not trans fats
• Not adequately studied for health effects
– “Modified fat diet” is different
• Replace saturated fats with unsaturated fats from veg oils, fish and nuts
Nutrition 24
How do you know what you are getting?
Nutrition 25
How do you know what you are getting?
Nutrition 26
How do you know what you are getting?
Nutrition 27
How do you know what you are getting?
Nutrition 28
Proteins
• Long chains of amino acids
• Contain nitrogen
• Function
– Structure of cells
– Enzymes
– Antibodies
– Work force of cell
Nutrition 29
Proteins
Nutrition 30
Proteins
Nutrition 31
Proteins
Nutrition 32
Proteins
Nutrition 33
Proteins
• 20 different amino acids
– 8 are essential in adults (9 in infants)
Nutrition 34
Proteins
• 20 different amino acids
– 8 are essential in adults (9 in infants)
– Complete protein foods have all 8
• Meat, dairy
Nutrition 35
Proteins
• 20 different amino acids
– 8 are essential in adults (9 in infants)
– Complete protein foods have all 8
• Meat, dairy
– Incomplete proteins foods have some, but not all essential amino acids
– Protein complementarity
• Combine foods to get all 8
Nutrition 36
Protein complementarity
Nutrition 37
Kwashiokor
Nutrition 38
Water
• Cell cytoplasm, extracellular fluid ~80% water
• Used by cells for many functions – Dissolves many substances (vitamins, salts)
– Transport (via blood, across cell membranes, excretion of wastes occurs in water)
– Evaporative cooling
– Most chemical reactions in body occur in water
– Reactant in many body reactions (breaking apart starches, fats, etc)
– Movement of sperm requires water
– Lubricant of materials moving through digestive system
Nutrition 39
Inorganic Salts
• Na, Cl, K, Mg, Ca, P, I, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co
– Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus necessary for bone and tooth formation
– Iron necessary for hemoglobin
– Iodine necessary for thyroid function
– NaCl necessary for proper osmotic balance
Nutrition 40
Vitamins
• Substance the body needs in very small amounts and cannot make (or makes in insufficient amounts)
• “Something that will make you sick if you don't get enough”
• Many function as coenzymes
• Not all organisms require same vitamins
Nutrition 41
Vitamins
• Vitamins required for humans – Water soluble vitamins
• B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin) B6, B12, nicotinic acid, *C, folic acid, pantothenic acid
– Fat soluble vitamins • *A, *D, E, *K
• Can be toxic if too much
*Know names of these vitamins and disorders associated with a lack of them
Nutrition 42
Metabolism
• Utilization of end products of digestion
– Nutrients
– Energy
Nutrition 43
Metabolism
• Utilization of end products of digestion
– Nutrients
– Energy
• Metabolic rate
– Energy needed for all activities
– Average 2000 Cal/day (varies with age, gender, activity)
Nutrition 44
Metabolism
• Utilization of end products of digestion – Nutrients – Energy
• Metabolic rate – Energy needed for all activities – Average 2000 Cal/day (varies with age, gender,
activity)
• Basal metabolic rate – Energy needed to stay alive – Females – 1300 – 1500 Cal/day – Males – 1600 – 1800 Cal/day
Nutrition 45
Metabolism
• Malnourished
– Adequate calories, but not right foods
Nutrition 46
Kwashiokor
Nutrition 47
Metabolism
• Malnourished
– Adequate calories, but not right foods
• Undernourished
– Inadequate calories
Nutrition 48
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Nutrition 49
• Measure of body fat based on height and weight (applies ot adults)
– {weight (lb) / [height (in)]2 x 703
• < 18.5 – underweight
• 18.5 – 24.9 – normal
• > 25.0-29.9 – overweight
• > 29.9 -- obese
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Nutrition 50