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Improvements In Complementary Foods
In Ethiopia By Adding Pulses:
Effect On Mothers’ Practices And
Children’s Nutritional Status
S.J. Whiting, C.J. Henry, C. Negash,
D. Mulualem, A. Kebebu
University of Saskatchewan and Hawassa University
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Background
• The first 1000 days of life are critical to a child’s
current and future health.
– Included is complementary feeding for infants and young
children (IYC) age 6 - 24 mo.
• Nutritious CF is needed in countries where under-
nutrition and stunting are major problems
– Caregivers may be reluctant to change from traditional
cereal-based gruels
• The aim of our work has been to conduct recipe-based
nutrition education intervention on promoting pulses in
complementary feeding practices.
– Two acceptably and two intervention studies
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Context
• In Ethiopia 44%, 29%
and 10% of children
under age five are
stunted, wasted and
underweight
respectively (CSA,
2012).
• CF is most often a
cereal-based gruel with
poor protein and
micronutrient content
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Studies of Acceptability
of Pulses as CF
• In Ticheta southern Ethiopia, mothers indicated
they did not (would not) use pulses in CF
(Kebebu et al., 2013)
• Afework made broad bean, maize and barley
flours (including germination to reduce phytate)
to make porridge:
– Barley-maize
– Barley-maize-broad bean
• Sensory testing with mothers-children
was conducted as mothers believed
young children would not like pulses
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Acceptance testing result of panelists of children and mothers at Titecha kebele
Children liked the pulses porridges as much as their usual maize-barley porridge
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Control(no Bean)
10%Bean
20%Bean
30%Bean
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Studies of nutrition education with recipe testing as interventions for CF
• Studies in other countries show the nutritional status of
children could be improved through recipe-based
nutrition education intervention (Bhandari et al., 2004;
Liaqat et al., 2007; Khan et al., 2013; Penny et al., 2005)
• In Ethiopia Alive and Thrive issued nutrition education
about CF to include pulses
• Face validity only
• Two studies:
– Negash et al. (submitted ) Ticheta (broad bean)
– Mulualem (completed 2014) Wolayita (haricot bean)
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Alive and Thrive (Ethiopia) Training manual
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Wolayita Study Objectives
To assess the effects of nutrition education on adding pulses in
complementary feeding practices in Wolayita Zone, southern
Ethiopia.
• To identify the KAP of mothers on the use of pulses in
complementary feeding before and after the intervention
– Recipe demonstration
– Used Health Belief Model (HBM)
• To compare the anthropometric measurements and indices
of young children prior and after the intervention
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Design:
• Quasi-Experimental study: Control and Intervention
• Pretest-posttest and delayed post-test design
Study period: April to November 2013
Target population:Mothers who had young children age 6-18 mo residing in
Taba kebele (Intervention) and Gacheno kebele (Control)for at least 6 months
Sample size calculation: 80 per group
Exclusions: identical and/or fraternal twins
enrolled in any other nutrition program
were sick at the time of visiting
were taking drugs for any type of illness
had any apparent signs and symptoms of diseases such as fever and cough
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Figure 1: flow diagram of the progress through the phase of
quasi-experimental study
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Intervention:
Nutrition education was given only to the intervention
group using Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs.
4 groups of 20 mother-child pairs
Every two weeks for duration of two hours for six months
The educational strategies include: lesson education,
group discussion, demonstration, surprise home visit.
• Based on the Alive-Thrive complementary feeding training
manual (Alive-Thrive, 2012),
• 1/4 pulse + 3/4 cereal messages
• Essential nutrition action messages of complementary
feeding practices (8 key messages)
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The 8 key complementary feeding messages conveyed to
mothers 12
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Study participants during lesson education 13
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Demonstrations:
• Procedural guidelines for
the preparation of pulse-
incorporated
complementary food
recipe were prepared
and used
• The recipe steps were
discussed, explained
and demonstrated to the
mothers
• Porridge was made in
sufficient quantity for
tasting
• Soap or salt was
provided at each session
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Results
Maternal and child characteristics:
There was no significant difference on the distribution of
sex (p=0.230) and age (p=0.851) of young children among
the intervention and control group (Table 1)
Table 1: Sex and pre-intervention age group of children
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Table: Baseline child feeding and caring practice
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Results
Comparison of mean KAP scores of mothers:
There were increases in mean KAP scores of mothers
in the intervention group throughout the study period
Attitude and practice scores similarly changed
Figure 9a : Comparison of mean knowledge scores
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Results
Mean (SD) anthropometric indices of young children by intervention group
and period
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Results
Mean (SD) anthropometric indices of young children by intervention group
and period
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Comparison of anthropometrics:
Figure 11a: Pre-intervention weight for age Z score of young children
Figure 11b: Post-intervention weight for age Z score of young children
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The intervention in this study demonstrated significant
change in:
• KAP of mothers related to pulse-incorporated
complementary feeding practices and
• Mean weight gain, WAZ, WHZ of young children.
=> These also found in Negash study
Strengths of Study
Continued lesson education sessions,
Interactive group discussions,
Repeated recipe demonstrations
Surprise home visiting and follow-ups during the
intervention period.
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Future Research and KT
• Work with NGOs and industry to promote pulse-containing CF
• Consider ways to have nutrition education on larger scale so it has interactive components (e.g, recipe, tasting)
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awassa
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Acknowledgements• CIFSRF TEAM (Carol henry PI)
• University of Saskatchewan
• Hawassa University
• Universities of Florida
• Women and their children