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Transcript of Nutrition and Health: An integrated "farm to fork approach" to improving food and nutrition security...
“An integrated “farm to fork approach” to improving food and nutrition security in theCaribbean by linking agricultural productivity and diversity on small holder farms to school
feeding programs”
Presented by Leroy E. Phillip
Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences,
McGill University, Montreal, Canada
Phillip, L.E., Gray-Donald, K. C. , Carvalho, R. M. P. de, Stanley, A., I. Granderson, I. Liburd- Willett, I. and Madramootoo, C.A.
Sponsored By: Hosted By:
Presented at the International Food Security Dialogue 2014
Theme: “Nutritional security - relations between food, agriculture, health and nutrition”
• Background and Problem definition
• Project Goals
• Farm to Fork Model building
• Project Results
• Significance of findings and conclusions
Outline
Trinidad and Tobago
Guyana
St. Lucia
St. Kitts and Nevis
BACKGROUND: CARICOM Countries
CARICOM countries social economic profile : Selected Indicators (2013)
COUNTRY POPULATION
(thousands)
Area(Km2)
Population density/Km2
DEBT TO GDP RATIO
GNI PER CAPITA INCOME (US
dollars)
Poverty (%) Per capita food supply
(Kcal/capita/day)2009
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA 91 440 186 89.3 12,640 18.4 2,428BAHAMAS 355 13,878 23 52.4 21,280 9.3 2,626BARBADOS 275 432 660 100.3 12,380 19.3 2,956
BELIZE 331 22,966 14.5 83.6 4,180 41.3 2,716DOMINICA 68 750 105 79.9 6,460 28.8 3,014GRENADA 106 344 318.5 112 7,110 37.7 2,456GUYANA 759 214,970 3.5 .. 3,410 36.1 2,621
HAITI 10261 27,750 350 15.1 760 77 n/aJAMAICA 2771 10,991 252 131.3 5,140.00 17.6 2,808
ST. KITTS-NEVIS 54 261 164 133 13,330 21.8 2,546ST. LUCIA 180 617 298 80.4 6,530 28.8 2,664
ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES 109 389 307 70.3 6,380 30.2 2,914SURINAME 539 163,821 2.9 .. 8,480 31 2,548
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 1355 5,131 254 46.6 14,440 21 2,778
Source: Adapted from J. R. Deep Ford 2013; FAO country Profiles
BACKGROUND: Country Profiles
CARICOM countries social economic profile : Selected Indicators (2013)
COUNTRY POPULATION (thousands)
Area(Km2)
Population density/Km2
DEBT TO GDP RATIO
GNI PER CAPITA INCOME (US
dollars)
Poverty (%) Per capita food supply
(Kcal/capita/day)2009
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA 91 440 186 89.3 12,640 18.4 2,428BAHAMAS 355 13,878 23 52.4 21,280 9.3 2,626BARBADOS 275 432 660 100.3 12,380 19.3 2,956
BELIZE 331 22,966 14.5 83.6 4,180 41.3 2,716DOMINICA 68 750 105 79.9 6,460 28.8 3,014GRENADA 106 344 318.5 112 7,110 37.7 2,456GUYANA 759 214,970 3.5 .. 3,410 36.1 2,621
HAITI 10261 27,750 350 15.1 760 77 n/aJAMAICA 2771 10,991 252 131.3 5,140.00 17.6 2,808
ST. KITTS-NEVIS 54 261 164 133 13,330 21.8 2,546ST. LUCIA 180 617 298 80.4 6,530 28.8 2,664
ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES 109 389 307 70.3 6,380 30.2 2,914SURINAME 539 163,821 2.9 .. 8,480 31 2,548
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 1355 5,131 254 46.6 14,440 21 2,778
Source: Adapted from J. R. Deep Ford 2013; FAO Country Profiles
BACKGROOUND: Country Profiles
Prevalence of Overwt / Obesity in the Caribbean in > 30 years old
23
16
25
7 8
2016 15
1412 11 10 10
1
5755 54
4643
3430 29
2725 24 23 22
19
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Ba
rba
do
s
Trin
ida
d a
nd
To
ba
go
Do
min
ica
Ja
ma
ica
Sa
int L
ucia
Ba
ha
ma
s
Sa
int K
itts
an
d N
evis
An
tig
ua
an
d B
arb
ud
a
Gre
na
da
Sa
int V
ince
nt a
nd
th
e
Gre
na
din
es Be
lize
Su
rin
am
e
Gu
ya
na
Ha
iti
Pre
va
len
ce
of
Ob
es
ity
Males
Females
Source: J. R. Deep Ford 2013; FAO
BACKGROUND: Obesity Problem
0
5
10
15
Under Weight Over Weight
4
6
3
13
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Changes in Childhood (0-5yr) Underweight and Overweight Status During a decade
2000
2010
Source: CFNI
BACKGROUND: Obesity Problem
FoodAvailability
Availability1 (Kcal/percapita/day) % of change
2009-1990RPG2 2009 Surplus (+) or
Deficit (-) relative to RPG (%)
1990 2009
Total Food Calories
2393 2636 10 (+) 2250 17 (+)
Staples3 965 1140 18 (+) 1012 13 (+)
Fruits & Vegetables
162 213 31 (+) 337 37 (-)
Sugar & Sweeteners
389 367 6 (-) 180 104 (+)
Fats & Vegetable Oils
842 838 0 450 83 (+)
Protein 229 263 15 (+) 225 17 (+)
BACKGROUND: Food Availability Pattern
1Kcal/per capita/day; 2Recommended Population Goal (2002); 3Staples= Cereals + Starchy RootsSource: Food Balance Sheets - FAOSTATS, http://faostat.fao.org/, April 2014
FoodAvailability
Availability1 (Kcal/percapita/day) % of change
2009-1990RPG2 2009 Surplus (+) or
Deficit (-) relative to RPG (%)
1990 2009
Total Food Calories
2393 2636 10 (+) 2250 17 (+)
Staples3 965 1140 18 (+) 1012 13 (+)
Fruits & Vegetables
162 213 31 (+) 337 37 (-)
Sugar & Sweeteners
389 367 6 (-) 180 104 (+)
Fats & Vegetable Oils
842 838 0 450 83 (+)
Protein 229 263 15 (+) 225 17 (+)
1Kcal/per capita/day; 2Recommended Population Goal (2002); 3Staples= Cereals + Starchy RootsSource: Food Balance Sheets - FAOSTATS, http://faostat.fao.org/, April 2014
BACKGROUND: Food Availability Pattern
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
U$
Mill
ion
Year
TRENDS IN CARICOM AGRICULTURAL TRADE IN CROPS AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS 1990-2011
Total EXPORTS U$M Total IMPORTS U$M
Source: J. R. Deep Ford 2013; FAO
BACKGROUND: Food Import Bill
• Improve nutrition & health outcomes of CARICOM populations through availability of foods that would increase intake of vegetables & fruits, decrease caloric intake, and increase micronutrient intake;
• Develop food production systems based on agricultural diversification, water conservation & efficient use of land;
• Understand constraints to, and accelerate the rate of technology adoption by small farmers;
• Adapt international standards of food safety and quality for a healthy, market-oriented food supply chain;
• Build and test a Farm to Fork Model for CARICOM food and nutrition security;
• Expand and build human and institutional capacity to solve problems of food and nutrition insecurity in CARICOM;
Project Goals
MODEL Building
Preconditions for successful farm to fork model
Policy instruments
Build partnerships
Knowledge generation
CHANGE
MODEL BUILDING: Framework for change
Effort
NCD’s
Agriculture Education
Health
Collective
action
Innovation
Technology
adoption
Social
capital
Policy
MODEL Building: Farm to Fork Model
for CARICOM Food Security
Market-driven production of local produce to address food and nutrition insecurity (obesity & overweight):
3 pillars and a matrix:
• Nutrition interventions in school feeding programmes (SFP);
• Technologies for small farmers to sustainably enhance year-round availability & diversity of produce to meet SFP needs for safe, nutritious food;
• Structured system for strategic procurement of produce from local farmers;
Matrix (glue): Fostering collective action and innovation through better understanding of technology adoption , social capital, knowledge sharing policy and institutions, and gender equity.
MODEL Building: Farm to Fork Model
Project Themes
Research Interventions/Activities
St. Kitts and Nevis
Trinidad and Tobago
Guyana
St. Lucia
CommunityNutrition &
Health
Menu modification to school lunch
X X n/an/a
Nutrition education n/a X n/an/a
Food safety X X X X
SocioeconomicsPolicy and Institutions X X X X
Food choice experiments/ Technology adoption
X n/a Xn/a
Water and Land resources
(Agricultural technologies)
Drip Irrigation for food crops
X X XX
Protected agriculture X X n/aX
Open field cropping systems X X XX
Post harvest Quality X X X X
Silage-based small ruminant production
X n/a n/an/a
Research Interventions
Source: Adapted from Ezilon maps, 2014
Pilot Countries
MANSION
STAPLETON
SANGRE
GRANDE
SAN JUAN-
LAVENTILLE
School Lunch Feeding
MODEL Building
(METHODOLOGY: Study
Period ad Sample Size
CountryTreatment
# of children (total=1871)
# of children assessed (5-12 yr)(Total= 491)
St. Kitts and Nevis Menu modification 839 101
Control 567 87
Trinidad and Tobago
Menu modification (MM) 119 80
Nutrition education (NE) 99 54
MM+NE 150 101
Control 97 68
Menu Planning goals in keeping with the US National School Meals Program, 2010.
1/3 of daily recommendations
Fat: Reduce total fat to no more than 30 percent of calories.
Sodium-
Reduce intake of sodium to 600-800 mg
Iron include iron rich foods to provide approximately 2-4 mg
Protein To include a variety of protein sources (peas and beans,
fish and poultry)
Energy Approximately 470 kcal
Fiber Increase use of whole grains, roots and tubers
Fruits &
Vegetables
1 serving of whole fruit or 100% fruit Juice and 1
serving of Vegetables
Menu Planning Goals
Before Rice and beans, turkey wings,
Noodles/ground meat
Hot dogs
Chicken soup with pumpkin and dumplings
Cheese sandwich
Sugar drink
Added String beans, carrots
Tomatoes, cucumbers
Sweet potato, pumpkin
Melon, green banana
Mutton
21
Innovation: Menu changes in St Kitts
Agricultural technology for crop productivity and diversity
Model Building
• 4 on-farm experimental sites (2 in St. Kitts ; 2 Guyana);
• 16 farmers in SK; 10 in east coast Guyana
• For St. Kitts, the irrigated area was 1.84 ha in total; 0.66 in Stapleton and 1.18 in Mansion.
• In Guyana, the irrigated area was 1.65 ha in ( total; 0.85ha in Parika region and 0.80ha in Black Bush Polder).
• Crops : 13 different crops (F& V)
• Study Design: 3 irrigation scheduling treatments (Control, 80% of AWC and 100% of AWC)
• Measurements : crop yield, soil moisture, climate parameters
Methodology – Drip Irrigation Studies
PROJECT RESULTS
Preconditions for successful farm to fork model
String beans
Tomatoes Cucumbers
Cabbage
Melons
Pumpkin
Watermelon
RESUTS: Drip Irrigation for crop productivity and diversity
Carrots
RESULTS: Drip Irrigation for crop
productivity and diversity
24883
9840
30976
24167
16800
2800
1792016800
72389613
15246
Pumpkin String beans Tomato Honeydew*
Comparative project yield (Kg/ha) - St. Kitts
Irrigated Not irrigated Carribean FAOSTATS 2012 values
RESULTS: Drip Irrigation for crop
productivity and diversity
11994
11099
5154
13806
11200 11200
13440
16800
18346
16352
1096311923
Cabbage Carrot Cucumber Watermelon
Comparative project yield (Kg/ha) - St. Kitts
Irrigated Not irrigated Carribean FAOSTATS 2012 values
RESULTS : Using the McGill IRRIMOD© Soil Water Balance Model
Average monthly irrigation requirement at the three study sites during 2005-2012
RESULTS: Post-harvest Losses Mapping
RESULTS: Controlling Post-harvest Losses
Direct sunlight control Packaging materials
Wrapping materials
School Feeding
RESULTS: School Feeding
• Baseline Data: food security; nutritional status; obesity
• Produce Procurement by school meals Centre: – produce supplied by local Farmers – Diversity of produce procured
• Cost of Improved lunch menu
• Menu Compliance
• Diet Quality :– Nutrient content of meals as offered – Meal Acceptance ( plate waste)
• Nutrition outcomes of children – 24 h recall dietary intake– Fruit and vegetable intake – Anthropometry (BMI; height for age)
School Feeding data Collected
BASELINE RESULTS: BMI of subjects in St. Kitts
Food security status % Overweight and
Obesity among
children (%)
% of Thin among
children (%)
Food insecure 46 28 5
Food secure 54 38 4
Baseline RESULTS : Food Security vs nutrition inTrinidad and St. Kitts
2013 2014
Product Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
Tomato 2619%
surplus83%
surplus 0 0 17 57 43 53 36 82 78 80
Pumpkin 19 0 23 45 62 88 25 72 97 22 67 88 94
Cucumber 6333%
surplus 25 0 30 7314%
surplus 0 38 67 33 0 0
String Beans 43 33 41 8 33 20 15 0 53 70 17 18 43
Carrots 8 255%
surplus 3314%
surplus 92 0 0 0 86 77 828%
Surplus
Sweet Potato 73 0 33 0 19 35 19 58 59 0 22 28 10
White Potato 0 29 31 60 14 0 0 16 0 0 43 871%
Surplus
Cabbage 0 0 0 0 92 0 0 23 93 0 86 97 92
Watermelon 0 0 21 14 79 26 25 0 9 0 8 0 13
Cantaloupe 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 0
Banana 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 25 0 4 7 1
Other fruits 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 53 25 8 3 0
Onion 2842%
Surplus 85
Mutton 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Extent of produce supplied by Local Farmers (Project and Non Project Farmer) in St. Kitts relative to School Meal Centre Needs – January 2013 to March 2014 school year
Extent of supplied (%)
0-25 26-50 51-70 76-100 Surplus
RESULTS: Food Procurement
Roots – White potato, Sweet potato, Carrots and Breadfruit; Vegetables – Tomato, Pumpkin,
Cucumber, Cabbage. Collard leaves and Onions; Pulses – String beans; Fruits –
Watermelon, Banana, Cantaloupe, Oranges, Sour orange, Star fruit and Lime; Mutton
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Jan-Jun 2013 Sept-Dec 2013 Jan-Mar 2014
717
6
37
55
96
28 30 26
51
34
100
4 0 0% o
f P
rod
uce
su
pp
lied
Proportion (%) of produce supplied to St. Kitts School Meals Centre (SMC) by local farmers ("project" and non-project farmers ) in
relation to SMC needs- January 2013 until March 2014 school year
Fruits Vegetables Pulses Roots Mutton
RESULTS: Food Procurement
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Jan
uar
y
Feb
ruar
y
Mar
ch
Ap
ril
May
Jun
e
Sep
tem
ber
Oct
ob
er
No
vem
ber
Dec
emb
er*
Jan
uar
y
Feb
ruar
y
Mar
ch
2013 2014
Qu
anti
ty o
f p
rod
uce
(K
g)
Total quantity of all produce received by St. Kitts School Meals Centre from local farmers ("Project "and non-project farmers) - January 2013 until March 2014
school year
All farmers Project farmers
19.7 tonnes
of produce
RESULTS: Food Procurement
65
7
5
7 78
6
11
7
13 13
11
45 5
45
65 5
87
1211
9
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Jan
uar
y
Feb
ruar
y
Mar
ch
Ap
ril
May
Jun
e
Sep
tem
ber
Oct
ob
er
No
vem
ber
Dec
emb
er*
Jan
uar
y
Feb
ruar
y
Mar
ch
2013 2014
Nu
mb
er o
f V
eget
able
s an
d F
ruit
s
Diversity (number ) of Fruits, Vegetables , Pulses and Roots received by St. Kitts School Meals Centre from local farmers ("Project" and Non
Project Farmers) -January 2013 to March 2014 school year
All farmers Project farmers
RESULTS: Food Procurement
319391
0
200
400
600
Calories (Kcal)
Energy intake (Kcal/child/d/lunch meal) by school children in St.
Kitts
Control Schools Intervention Schools
15
47
27
27
44
311
0
10
20
30
40
50
Protein (g) Carbohydrates(g)
Fiber (g) Fat (g)
Nutrient intake (g/child/d/lunch meal) by school children in St. Kitts
Control Schools Intervention Schools
1078
4
2307
12
1
10
100
1000
10000
Vitamin A (IU) Vitamin C (mg)
Vitamin intake ( per child/d/lunch meal) by school children in St. Kitts
Control Schools
Intervention Schools
Intervention 24hr recall
“End of project” intake of fruit and vegetables (no. of servings) by children (8 to 12
year old) in Trinidad, based on 24 h dietary recall and the number of children eating
the school lunch meals on recall day (preliminary results)
0.36 0.35
1.16
0.52
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
Fruit intake Vegetable Intake
No
. of
serv
ings
Intake of fruit and vegetable by children (8 to12 year old)
Control Improved menu
Control Test meal -April
2013
Test meal –
Sept-Oct 2013
Fruit /Veg servings 0.13 0.51 1.07
% of Children
accepting new
foods (%)
N/A 46-85 --
Cost per meal per
child ($EC)
0.96
($0.39 CAD)
1.57
($0.64 CAD)
2.06
($0.84 CAD)
Meal cost & acceptance in St. Kitts
MODEL Adoption and Preconditions
Preconditions for successful farm to fork model
Collective
action
Innovation
Technology
adoption
Social
capital
Policy
Farm to Fork Modelfor CARICOM Food & Nutrition Security
1. CARICOM project: First in CARICOM to adopt a multi-sectoralapproach to generating an integrated package of scientific evidence for solutions to food and nutrition insecurity.
2. Preconditions for model adoption:
– Equipping small holder farmers with sustainable agricultural technologies and technology uptake by farmers;
– Strengthening markets & mechanisms for produce procurement for school feeding;
– Investments in and strengthening of School Feeding Programmes and Policy
– Acceleration of technical and institutional capacity
– Need for collective action and Knowledge flows among Institutions, policy makers,community and stakeholders
Comments and Preconditions for successful farm to fork model
Regional and National emphasis on components of Food Security
Caribbean Agricultural Research and
Development Institute (CARDI)Council for Trade and Economic
Development (COTED)
Guyana St. Kitts
• School feeding programs (SFP,s) are underutilized vehicles for reversing theobesity trends in CARICOM while providing market opportunity for smallholder farmers ;
• Equipped with drip irrigation and other agricultural technologies, localfarmers delivered about 20 tonnes of new nutritious produce in one year tothe SFP in St. Kitts- a novelty in food procurement by the SFP in the EasternCaribbean
• Project results from serve to construct a useful farm to fork model forregional application in finding solutions to CARICOM food and nutritioninsecurity
• Findings from the Project could inform policy makers of a new, and integratedapproach to addressing food insecurity in CARICOM
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Funding for this project was provided by The Canadian International Food Security ResearchFund (CIFSRF) a program of Canada’s International Development Research Centre (IDRC)undertaken with the financial support of the Government of Canada provided throughForeign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada (DFATD).
We acknowledge the enormous support and contribution for the institutional partners andpersonnel in St. Kitts-Nevis
Special appreciation is expressed to Patrick Cortbaoui, all other Project Team members andProject Partners for their contributions to the project.
Project website: https://www.mcgill.ca/globalfoodsecurity/research-initiatives/caricom-project
Acknowledgments
THANK YOU
CARICOM Project website:
www.mcgill.ca/globalfoodsecurity/research-initiatives/caricom-
project