Hasimah Azit

Autotrophic

• Green plants

• Photosynthetic process

Heterotrophic :

Any living organism that obtains its energy from organic substances produced by other organisms– herbivores, – carnivores, – Saprophytes, – Parasitic

holozoic

HERBIVORES

• Animal that feeds on green plants

• or photosynthetic single-celled organisms

• or their products,– including seeds, fruit, and nectar.

• Herbivores are more numerous than other animals

CARNIVORES

• Organism that eats other animals.

SAPROPHYTES

• Organism that feeds on the excrement or the dead bodies or tissues of others.

• Saprophytes cannot make food for themselves • include :

– most fungi (the rest being parasites); – many bacteria and protozoa; – animals such as dung beetles – a few unusual plants, including several orchids.

Parasites

• Organism that feeds on the living bodies or tissues of others– Fungi– Bacteria– Virus– Protozoa

Balance diet

• All major nutrient

• Correct proportion

• Able to fulfill daily requirement of the body

• Daily energy requirement depends on:– Age– Activities

BALANCED DIET• A balanced diet must contain carbohydrate, protein, fat,

vitamins, mineral salts and fiber:• Carbohydrates: these provide a source of energy.• Proteins: these provide a source of materials for growth and

repair.• Fats: these provide a source of energy and contain fat soluble

vitamins.• Vitamins: these are required in very small quantities to keep you

healthy.• Mineral Salts: these are required for healthy teeth, bones,

muscles etc..• Fibre: this is required to help your intestines function correctly; it

is not digested.• Balanced Diets: we must have the above items in the correct

proportions.

Carbohydrates

• the most important source of energy

• In the form of:– starch – sugar [sucrose]

• digestive system turns all these carbohydrates into glucose – the simplest form of carbohydrate

Proteins

• required for growth and repair

• Proteins can also be used as a source of energy.

• turned into amino-acids by digestive system

• excess amino-acids are removed from the body is excreted as a nitrogen chemical compound called urea

Fats

• Fats are used as a source of energy

• also stored beneath the skin – to insulate us against the cold.

• To solute vitamin A, D, E and K

Vitamin

• required in very small quantities • Two types:

– Fat soluble vitamin– Water soluble vitamin

• List down the importance of these vitamins:– A– B– C– D– E– K

• In each vitamin above, give an example of food

Mineral

• also needed in small quantities

• Iron: required to make haemoglobin.

• Calcium: required for healthy teeth, bones and muscles.

• Sodium: all cells need this, especially nerve cells.

• Iodine: used to make a hormone called thyroxin.

Fibre [roughage]

• To prevent excess water absorption in the the colon, prevent constipation

• Important for peristalsis movement along

digestive tract

Food pyramid

• What is food pyramid?

• Why we don’t have to take same amount of different type of food?

Healthy Diet Food Guide

Vegetable and Fruits 5 to 12 servings per day

Example:– Carrots– Broccoli– Salads– Bananas– Apples– Juices

Grain Products5 to 10 servings per day

Example:– Breads– Cereals– Bagel– Pastas– Rice– Buns

Dairy Products 2 to 4 servings per day

Example:– Milk– Cheese– Yogurt

Meat and Alternative Products 2 to 3 servings per day

Example:– Poultry– Fish– Eggs– Beans– Peanut butter– Soy products (i.e.. Tofu)

Suggest what extra food should be taken by these people

• Pregnant women

• Baby

• Old man

• Diabetic people

• Athlete

• Active teenagers

Group the following list of food into their respective class. State one

function for each class of food.

Fish Sweet potato Meat

Honey Rice Fish oil

Milk Egg yolk Spinach

Palm oil Lime Butter

Bread Star fruit

Egg white Jackfruit

MALNUTRITION

what is malnutrition?

What is the effects of malnutrition?

No food?

marasmus

Kwashiorkor

rickets

Beriberi

arteriosclerosis

pellagra

Gout

scurvi

xeropthalmia

Too much food?

Anorexia nervosa

Diabetic patient

• is made up of the alimentary canal [digestive tract] other abdominal organs that play a part in digestion, such as the liver and pancreas.

• is the long tube of organs including – esophagus,– stomach, – intestines

• runs from the mouth to the anus, is about 30 feet (about 9 meters) long.

Mouth

• teeth - tear and chop the food,

• saliva moistens it for easy swallowing.

• amylase, which is found in saliva, starts to break down some of the carbohydrates

Esophagus

• a muscular tube

• peristalsis force food

down through the esophagus

to the stomach.

Stomach

• mix the food with acids and enzymes, breaking it into much smaller, digestible pieces.

• Glands in the stomach lining produce about 3 quarts (2.8 liters) of the digestive juices each day.

Volume?

• Empty = 1.6 fluid ounces

• Full = 64 fluid ounces

• The food has been processed into a thick liquid called chyme.

• Enzymatic reaction:

– Pepsin : protein >>>> polipeptide– Renin: caseinogen >>>> casein

» Coagulate milk » Easy to digest

– Hiydrocloric Acid :• Kill germs• Acidic medium for enzymatic reaction

• the outlet of the stomach called the pylorus keeps chyme in the stomach until it reaches the right consistency to pass into the small intestine.

• Chyme is then squirted down into the small intestine

Small intestine

Small intestine

is made up of three parts:

–the duodenum, the C-shaped first part

–the jejunum, the coiled midsection

–the ileum, the final section that leads into the large intestine

Duodenum

duodenum

Duodenum didn’t secrete any enzyme,All the enzymes are from pancreas, and bile juice from liver

• Gall bladder secrete bile juice containing: – Sodium bicarbonate – Neutralise stomach acid – Alkaline medium for enzyme

• Pancreas :enzyme– Lipase : lipid >>> fatty acid and glycerol

Amylase : starch >>> maltose– Trypsin : polypeptide >>> peptide

Digestion in ileum

• Enzyme :– Sucrase: sucrose >>>> glucose + fructose– Lactase: lactose >>> glucose + galactose– Erepsin: peptide >>> amino acid – Maltase: maltose >>> glucose.

A PR LAT SLEM

Ruminant digestion

Mouth Rumen Reticulum

Abomasums Omasom

esophagus small intestine colon rectum

Rumination

• Re chewing food after store in rumen and reticulum

• Bacteria and protozoa are stored in rumen and reticulum for digestion of cellulose

• They produced cellulase enzyme

Rodent

Digestive tract

Inside the cecum

• Protozoa and bacteria

• Produce cellulase

• To digest cellulose

Cecum

Rodent digestion

• Double digestion

• Eat their own first faeces

• To obtain vitamin and glucose

• Produce second hard faeces

Name digestion products

Small intestine – jejunum

Label the figure

Absorption

• Water soluble digested substances will absorb into the blood capillaries – Amino acid– Glucose– Minerals salt – Vitamin B and C

• Lipid soluble digested substances will absorb into lacteal – Fatty acid and glycerol– Vitamin A, D, E, K

In what way, villi are adapted for efficient food absorption ?

Food Assimilation

• Glucose :– Will be distributed to all body parts for cell

respiration – Excess glucose will converted into glycogen

by insulin hormone for storage

• Amino acid: – Will be distributed to all body parts– Excess amino acid will converted into urea

and turn into urine

• All digested food absorb by capillaries will be transported to the liver via vena portal hepar

• All digested food absorb by lacteal will be transported by lymph system to the blood system

lipids

• Glycerol and fatty acid will combine to form fat

• Store in adipose tissue

Colon

Large intestine

Formation of faeces

• Colon, rectum and anus almost 1 m length

• Water will be absorb into the blood, eliminate undigested food and fibre

• Decomposed by bacteria in colon

• The faeces formed and moved by peristalsis in the rectum to anus

• Removal of unabsorbed and undigested materials from digestive system

• Control by anal sphincter muscle

What is diarrhoea?

What is constipation?

Defecation

overview