Nutrition

Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.0346944Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,[email protected],[email protected]

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Nutrition Nutrition

NUTRITION The sum of all processes NUTRITION The sum of all processes through which living organisms obtain and through which living organisms obtain and assimilate nutrients.assimilate nutrients.NUTRIENTS; Those substances which NUTRIENTS; Those substances which provide energy and are essential for growth provide energy and are essential for growth and healthy life.and healthy life.FOOD; The substances which supplies FOOD; The substances which supplies nutrients and are derived from plant or nutrients and are derived from plant or animal sourcesanimal sources


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Individual food depends on energy Individual food depends on energy requirements, nutrient requirements and requirements, nutrient requirements and taste.taste.

While selecting food people should keep in While selecting food people should keep in mind their family diseases, body weight, fat mind their family diseases, body weight, fat distribution, blood pressure and blood distribution, blood pressure and blood cholesterol etc.cholesterol etc.


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MINERAL NUTRITION IN PLANTSMINERAL NUTRITION IN PLANTS

Like animals plants too have nutritional needs.Like animals plants too have nutritional needs. Being autotrophic plants can manufacture their own Being autotrophic plants can manufacture their own

food through photosynthesis.food through photosynthesis. Along with basic factors necessary for photosynthesis Along with basic factors necessary for photosynthesis

plants have many nutritional needs.plants have many nutritional needs. Plants are anchored in soil and soil is the reservoir of Plants are anchored in soil and soil is the reservoir of

essential nutrients.essential nutrients. All metabolic activities of plants depend on the All metabolic activities of plants depend on the

availability of nutrients in soil. availability of nutrients in soil. Mineral required to plants can be classify asMineral required to plants can be classify as

1 macronutrients1 macronutrients 2 micronutrients 2 micronutrients


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MACRONUTRIENTS;MACRONUTRIENTS; The nutrients The nutrients which are required in relatively large which are required in relatively large amount are known as macronutrients.amount are known as macronutrients.

C, O, H, N, K, Ca, Mg, P, SC, O, H, N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S MICRONUTRIENTSMICRONUTRIENTS; Those nutrients; Those nutrients which are required in very small amount.which are required in very small amount. Cl, Fe, Zn, Mn, B, Cu, Na, MoCl, Fe, Zn, Mn, B, Cu, Na, Mo


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ROLE OF NITROGEN ;NitrogenROLE OF NITROGEN ;Nitrogen is a major is a major component of proteins, hormones, component of proteins, hormones, chlorophyll, vitamins and enzymes essential chlorophyll, vitamins and enzymes essential for plant life.for plant life.

Nitrogen metabolism is a major factor in Nitrogen metabolism is a major factor in stem and leaf growth (vegetative growth).stem and leaf growth (vegetative growth).

Too much nitrogen can delay flowering and Too much nitrogen can delay flowering and fruiting.fruiting.

Nitrogen deficiencies can reduce yields, Nitrogen deficiencies can reduce yields, cause yellowing of the leaves and stunt cause yellowing of the leaves and stunt growth. growth.


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ROLE OF MAGNESIMIUM;ROLE OF MAGNESIMIUM; MagnesiumMagnesium is a critical structural is a critical structural

component of the chlorophyll molecule and component of the chlorophyll molecule and is necessary for functioning of plant is necessary for functioning of plant enzymes to produce carbohydrates, sugars enzymes to produce carbohydrates, sugars and fats. and fats.

It is used for fruit and nut formation and It is used for fruit and nut formation and essential for germination of seeds. essential for germination of seeds.

Deficient plants appear chlorotic, show Deficient plants appear chlorotic, show yellowing between veins of older leaves; yellowing between veins of older leaves; leaves may droop.leaves may droop.


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IMPORTANCE OF FERTILIZERS;IMPORTANCE OF FERTILIZERS; FERTILIZER; FERTILIZER; A fertilizer is any natural or synthetic material A fertilizer is any natural or synthetic material

that supplies necessary nutrients for plant growth and that supplies necessary nutrients for plant growth and optimum yield.optimum yield.

Fertilizers are used to provide those nutrients to plants Fertilizers are used to provide those nutrients to plants which are not adequately supplied by the soil. which are not adequately supplied by the soil.

Plants are totally dependant on soil for their mineral Plants are totally dependant on soil for their mineral requirements.requirements.

There are There are 17 mineral nutrients17 mineral nutrients, which come from the , which come from the soil, are dissolved in water and absorbed through a plant's soil, are dissolved in water and absorbed through a plant's roots. roots.

There are not always enough of these nutrients in the soil There are not always enough of these nutrients in the soil for a plant to grow healthy. for a plant to grow healthy.

If soil is fertile it soon becomes depleted with nutrients If soil is fertile it soon becomes depleted with nutrients because pants absorbs nutrients as they grow. because pants absorbs nutrients as they grow.

This is why it is necessary to use fertilizers to add the This is why it is necessary to use fertilizers to add the nutrients to the soil. nutrients to the soil.


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TYPES OF FERTILIZERSTYPES OF FERTILIZERS Fertilizers are of two typesFertilizers are of two types

A; organic fertilizerA; organic fertilizer B; inorganic fertilizerB; inorganic fertilizer


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-ORGANIC FERTILIZER; -ORGANIC FERTILIZER; Organic fertilizers Organic fertilizers are natural materials of either plant or animal are natural materials of either plant or animal origin, including manure,, crop residues, origin, including manure,, crop residues, sewage, compost etc.sewage, compost etc.

Vegetation matter called mulch (half rotten Vegetation matter called mulch (half rotten vegetable matter) such as hay (dried grass), vegetable matter) such as hay (dried grass), seed hulls (the shell of peas ,bean etc) ,corn seed hulls (the shell of peas ,bean etc) ,corn husks (the outer covering of seeds and fruits), husks (the outer covering of seeds and fruits), leaves , barks, wood chips all help to aerate leaves , barks, wood chips all help to aerate the soil, insulate the ground and add nutrients.the soil, insulate the ground and add nutrients.

Naturally occurring minerals like sulfate of Naturally occurring minerals like sulfate of potash s limestone, and rock phosphate are potash s limestone, and rock phosphate are also considered very good organic fertilizers.also considered very good organic fertilizers.


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ADVANTAGES OF ORGANIC ADVANTAGES OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS; Following are some FERTILIZERS; Following are some advantages of Inorganic fertilizers.advantages of Inorganic fertilizers.

1.1. Safe and easily availableSafe and easily available

2.2. Improve soil structure.Improve soil structure.

3.3. Retain soil moisture.Retain soil moisture.

4.4. Release nitrogen slowly and Release nitrogen slowly and consistently.consistently.

5.5. Mobilize existing soil nutrients.Mobilize existing soil nutrients.

6.6. Less subject to leaching.Less subject to leaching.


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INORGANIC OR CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS; INORGANIC OR CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS; Inorganic (or chemical) fertilizers are Inorganic (or chemical) fertilizers are industrially manufactured through chemical industrially manufactured through chemical processes.processes.

Inorganic fertilizers are also known as Inorganic fertilizers are also known as synthetic or artificial fertilizers. synthetic or artificial fertilizers.

Inorganic fertilizers are primarily derived Inorganic fertilizers are primarily derived from chemical compounds such as from chemical compounds such as ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate and potassium chloride.and potassium chloride.

Sodium nitrate , mined rock phosphate and Sodium nitrate , mined rock phosphate and limestone are examples of examples of limestone are examples of examples of inorganic fertilizers.inorganic fertilizers.


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ADVANTAGES OF INORGANIC ADVANTAGES OF INORGANIC FERTILIZERS; Some advantages of Inorganic FERTILIZERS; Some advantages of Inorganic fertilizers are as follows,fertilizers are as follows,

1.1. Works immediately.Works immediately.

2.2. Contains all necessary nutrients.Contains all necessary nutrients.

3.3. Convenient to use.Convenient to use.

4.4. Higher and accurate amount of nitrogen Higher and accurate amount of nitrogen promotes protein and chlorophyll synthesis and promotes protein and chlorophyll synthesis and encourages growth of stems and leaves.encourages growth of stems and leaves.

5.5. Higher amount of phosphorus results in more Higher amount of phosphorus results in more flowers, larger fruits, and healthier roots.flowers, larger fruits, and healthier roots.


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ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS RELATED TO USE OF FERTILIZERSTO USE OF FERTILIZERS

The major risks to soil quality from fertilizer application areThe major risks to soil quality from fertilizer application are Increased salinity and soil compaction.Increased salinity and soil compaction. The major risk to groundwater quality from nutrient The major risk to groundwater quality from nutrient

application is NO, leaching to groundwater sources, this has application is NO, leaching to groundwater sources, this has potential human and animal health concerns.potential human and animal health concerns.

The major risk to surface water is increased The major risk to surface water is increased eutrophicationeutrophication (when water bodies such as lake ,pond etc become enriched (when water bodies such as lake ,pond etc become enriched with fertilizers which accelerate the growth of algae and with fertilizers which accelerate the growth of algae and cyanobacteria which depletes the oxygen supply and creates cyanobacteria which depletes the oxygen supply and creates a life threat to the living organism inhibiting the pond, lake ).a life threat to the living organism inhibiting the pond, lake ).


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Manure pathogens transmitted to surface Manure pathogens transmitted to surface water can pose a significant risk to human water can pose a significant risk to human and animal health if consumed.and animal health if consumed.

Odour from manure application can Odour from manure application can adversely affect air quality. adversely affect air quality.


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COMPONENTS OF HUMAN NUTRITION:COMPONENTS OF HUMAN NUTRITION: Human being need nutrients Human being need nutrients

to grow, reproduce and maintain a good to grow, reproduce and maintain a good health.health.

Eating right food can help us to avoid many Eating right food can help us to avoid many diseases and recover faster when illness diseases and recover faster when illness occurs.occurs.

Nutrients are classified as carbohydrates, Nutrients are classified as carbohydrates, protein, fats, vitamins, minerals and water.protein, fats, vitamins, minerals and water.


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CARBOHYDRATES: Carbohydrates are CARBOHYDRATES: Carbohydrates are organic compounds which contain carbon, organic compounds which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.hydrogen and oxygen.

All carbohydrates contain hydrogen and All carbohydrates contain hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 2:1.oxygen in the ratio of 2:1.

Carbohydrates are the body's main source Carbohydrates are the body's main source of energy and should be the major part of of energy and should be the major part of total daily intake.total daily intake.

SOURCE:SOURCE: cereals, rice, potato and bread cereals, rice, potato and bread are the main sources of carbohydrates.are the main sources of carbohydrates.

..


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Carbohydrates may be classified as Carbohydrates may be classified as monosaccharidesmonosaccharides, , disaccharidesdisaccharides, or , or polysaccharidespolysaccharides depending on the number depending on the number of monomer (sugar) units they contain. of monomer (sugar) units they contain.

Monosaccharides contain one sugar unit, Monosaccharides contain one sugar unit, disaccharides two, and polysaccharides disaccharides two, and polysaccharides three or more. three or more.

We obtain most of our carbohydrates in the We obtain most of our carbohydrates in the form of starch a polysaccarideform of starch a polysaccaride


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Our digestive system converts starch to Our digestive system converts starch to glucose a monosaccharide.glucose a monosaccharide.

Glucose is carried around in the blood and is Glucose is carried around in the blood and is used by our tissues as a source of energy.used by our tissues as a source of energy.

Extra glucose is stored in the muscles and liver Extra glucose is stored in the muscles and liver in the form of glycogen.in the form of glycogen.

Unused glycogen is converted to fats because Unused glycogen is converted to fats because glycogen storing capacity of the body is limited.glycogen storing capacity of the body is limited.

We also get carbohydrates in the form of We also get carbohydrates in the form of sucrose (table sugar) a disaccharide which is sucrose (table sugar) a disaccharide which is converted to glucose.converted to glucose.

One gram of carbohydrates when fully oxidized One gram of carbohydrates when fully oxidized produces 17 kilojoules of energy.produces 17 kilojoules of energy.


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PROTEIN:PROTEIN: Protein are organic compoundsProtein are organic compounds which which contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulpher and consists of one or more sometimes sulpher and consists of one or more chains of amino acids.chains of amino acids.

Proteins are the basis of many animal body Proteins are the basis of many animal body structures (e.g. muscles, skin, and hair etc)structures (e.g. muscles, skin, and hair etc). .

Amino acids are the building blocks of protein.Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. There are 20 amino acids.There are 20 amino acids. In our body protein are synthesized from amino In our body protein are synthesized from amino

acids under the instruction of DNA. acids under the instruction of DNA. Protein are required for growth and repair.Protein are required for growth and repair. Protein are also used as a source of energy.Protein are also used as a source of energy. When amino acid are broken down nitrogen is When amino acid are broken down nitrogen is

excreted in the form of urea.excreted in the form of urea.


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SOURCE: SOURCE: beans, pulses, cereals, dry beans, pulses, cereals, dry fruitsfruits, , cheese, milk , poultry, fish, mutton cheese, milk , poultry, fish, mutton and beef are the sources of protein.and beef are the sources of protein.

One gram One gram of protein when fully oxidized of protein when fully oxidized produces 18 kilojoules of energy.produces 18 kilojoules of energy.


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FATS: Fats are organic compound that FATS: Fats are organic compound that contain carbon, oxygen and hydrogen in the contain carbon, oxygen and hydrogen in the form of fatty acids.form of fatty acids.

Fatty acids are the building blocks of fats.Fatty acids are the building blocks of fats. Fats belong to a group of organic compounds Fats belong to a group of organic compounds

called lipids which are substances that do not called lipids which are substances that do not dissolve in water.dissolve in water.

Essential fatty acids are linoleic acid and linoleneic Essential fatty acids are linoleic acid and linoleneic acid.acid.

These fatty acids play an important role of These fatty acids play an important role of controlling inflammation , blood clotting and brain controlling inflammation , blood clotting and brain development.development.


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Fats are also an important source of Fats are also an important source of energy.energy.

Fats insulate the body and also serves to Fats insulate the body and also serves to store extra calories (adipose tissue)store extra calories (adipose tissue)

Fats also help in absorption and transport of Fats also help in absorption and transport of vitamin A,D,E and K through the vitamin A,D,E and K through the bloodstream.bloodstream.

SOURCE :SOURCE : butter, ghee, cheese, Vegetable butter, ghee, cheese, Vegetable Oil meat, egg yolk, milk , nuts etc are the Oil meat, egg yolk, milk , nuts etc are the common sources of fatscommon sources of fats

One gram fats if fully oxidized yields 39 One gram fats if fully oxidized yields 39 kilojoules of energy.kilojoules of energy.


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VITAMINS: Those organic compounds VITAMINS: Those organic compounds which are required in small amount for which are required in small amount for proper growth and healthy life.proper growth and healthy life.

Apart from vitamin D other vitamins Apart from vitamin D other vitamins can not be synthesized by the body so can not be synthesized by the body so they must be supplied in diet.they must be supplied in diet.

Vitamins do not provide energy.Vitamins do not provide energy. They regulate metabolism.They regulate metabolism. Vitamins are of two types.Vitamins are of two types.

1.1. Fat soluble (A, D, E, K)Fat soluble (A, D, E, K)

2.2. Water soluble (B, C)Water soluble (B, C)


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Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body fat.fat.

Frat soluble vitamins stay in the body from Frat soluble vitamins stay in the body from few days to six months, and are transported few days to six months, and are transported when needed through special carriers in the when needed through special carriers in the body.body.

Water soluble vitamins are not stored in the Water soluble vitamins are not stored in the body , they travel through blood stream and body , they travel through blood stream and are removed from the body in urine.are removed from the body in urine.


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VITAMIN A : VITAMIN A : Vitamin A is a fat soluble Vitamin A is a fat soluble vitaminvitamin

It is also known as retinol due to its It is also known as retinol due to its importance for the proper functioning of importance for the proper functioning of retina of the eye.retina of the eye.

Vitamin A play an important role in Vitamin A play an important role in immune system, growth ,reproduction, immune system, growth ,reproduction, bone development and maintenance of bone development and maintenance of epithelial and mucosal tissues.epithelial and mucosal tissues.


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DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMSDEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS : : Dietary Dietary deficiency of vitamin A is common in deficiency of vitamin A is common in developing countries.developing countries.

Vitamin A deficiency is associated with night Vitamin A deficiency is associated with night blindness, viral infection such as chicken fox, blindness, viral infection such as chicken fox, measles, pneumonia etc, child mortality, measles, pneumonia etc, child mortality, bone abnormalities, growth retardation, skin bone abnormalities, growth retardation, skin and hair diseases.and hair diseases.


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SOURCE:SOURCE: Vitamin A can be obtained Vitamin A can be obtained from both plants and animal sources.from both plants and animal sources.

Animal Source of Vitamin AAnimal Source of Vitamin A; chicken liver, ; chicken liver, cord liver oil,cord liver oil,

Eggs, butter, cheese, milk, fortified cereals Eggs, butter, cheese, milk, fortified cereals and fortified dairy products.and fortified dairy products.

Plant Sources of Vitamin APlant Sources of Vitamin A: carrots , sweet : carrots , sweet potatoes, pumpkin, spinach, broccoli, potatoes, pumpkin, spinach, broccoli, grapefruits, mangoes, apricot and oranges.grapefruits, mangoes, apricot and oranges.


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VITAMIN CVITAMIN C: vitamin c is a water soluble : vitamin c is a water soluble vitamin also known as ascorbic acid.vitamin also known as ascorbic acid.

Vitamin c is essential for growth, healing of Vitamin c is essential for growth, healing of wounds, and repairing and maintaining wounds, and repairing and maintaining bones and teeth.bones and teeth.

The body needs Vitamin C to make collagen The body needs Vitamin C to make collagen an important protein in skin, bones, an important protein in skin, bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments and blood cartilage, tendons, ligaments and blood vessels.vessels.


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Vitamin c is an antioxidant which prevents Vitamin c is an antioxidant which prevents the body against the oxidative damage the body against the oxidative damage caused by free radicals.caused by free radicals.


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DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMSDEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS : A severe form : A severe form of vitamin C deficiency is known as scurvy of vitamin C deficiency is known as scurvy which is characterized by anemia, bleeding which is characterized by anemia, bleeding beneath the skin malformation of bones and beneath the skin malformation of bones and teeth.teeth.

Signs of vitamin c deficiency includes dry Signs of vitamin c deficiency includes dry and splitting hairs, gingivitis (inflammation and splitting hairs, gingivitis (inflammation of the gums), dry and scaly skin, decreased of the gums), dry and scaly skin, decreased wounds healing rate, nose bleeds, easy wounds healing rate, nose bleeds, easy bruising and a decreased ability to fight bruising and a decreased ability to fight infections.infections.


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Low levels of vitamin C have been Low levels of vitamin C have been associated with a number of conditions such associated with a number of conditions such as high blood pressure, gallbladder disease, as high blood pressure, gallbladder disease, stoke, cancer, atherosclerosis etc. stoke, cancer, atherosclerosis etc.

Smoking lowers the level of vitamin C in the Smoking lowers the level of vitamin C in the body so smokers are at more risk of vitamin body so smokers are at more risk of vitamin C deficiency.C deficiency.

SOURCES OF VITAMIN CSOURCES OF VITAMIN C: some rich : some rich sources of vitamin C are citrus fruits like sources of vitamin C are citrus fruits like orange, tomatoes, strawberries, broccoli, orange, tomatoes, strawberries, broccoli, cabbage, guava, lychee, grapefruit etc.cabbage, guava, lychee, grapefruit etc.


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VITAMIN DVITAMIN D: Vitamin D is a fat soluble : Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin also known as calciferol.vitamin also known as calciferol.

It is available in very food foods It is available in very food foods It is also produced when ultraviolet rays of It is also produced when ultraviolet rays of

the sun strike the skin.the sun strike the skin. Vitamin D is important for the maintenance Vitamin D is important for the maintenance

of calcium and phosphorus, both of these of calcium and phosphorus, both of these minerals are important for healthy bones minerals are important for healthy bones and teeth.and teeth.


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DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS: Signs of vitamin Signs of vitamin D deficiency are thin, brittle and soft bones. D deficiency are thin, brittle and soft bones.

vitamin D deficiency causes rickets in vitamin D deficiency causes rickets in children characterized by softening of children characterized by softening of developing bones due to which the legs developing bones due to which the legs becomes bowed.becomes bowed.

Its deficiency causes osteomalacia in adultsIts deficiency causes osteomalacia in adults Osteomalacia causes weakening of bones Osteomalacia causes weakening of bones

and muscles.and muscles.


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SOURCESOURCE: Sources of vitamin D are cod : Sources of vitamin D are cod liver oil, egg yolk, fortified bread with liver oil, egg yolk, fortified bread with vitamin D, vitamin D fortified cheese and vitamin D, vitamin D fortified cheese and vitamin D fortified margarine.vitamin D fortified margarine.


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Rickets


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MINERALSMINERALS: Minerals are metallic : Minerals are metallic elements found naturally in ground water.elements found naturally in ground water.

Plants absorb minerals in inorganic form Plants absorb minerals in inorganic form from soil and animal obtained them from from soil and animal obtained them from plants in organic form.plants in organic form.

Just like vitamins, minerals help the body Just like vitamins, minerals help the body grow, develop, and stay healthy.grow, develop, and stay healthy.

The body uses minerals to perform many The body uses minerals to perform many different functions from building strong different functions from building strong bones to transmitting nerve impulses. bones to transmitting nerve impulses.


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Some important minerals for animal body Some important minerals for animal body are boron, calcium, chloride, chromium, are boron, calcium, chloride, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, phosphorus, potassium, molybdenum, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, sodium and zinc.selenium, sodium and zinc.


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ROLE OF CALCIUMROLE OF CALCIUM : Calcium is the most : Calcium is the most important and most abundant mineral in human important and most abundant mineral in human body.body.

Calcium plays an important role in blood clotting, Calcium plays an important role in blood clotting, transmission of nerve impulse, muscle transmission of nerve impulse, muscle contraction and other metabolic activities.contraction and other metabolic activities.

Calcium plays an important role in development Calcium plays an important role in development and maintenance of the bones, It also helps and maintenance of the bones, It also helps build strong, healthy build strong, healthy teeteeth.th.

About 99% calcium is stored in bones , the About 99% calcium is stored in bones , the remaining 1% circulates in the body fluids.remaining 1% circulates in the body fluids.


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SOURCE :SOURCE :Dairy products, such as milk, Dairy products, such as milk, cheese, and yogurt are the major source of cheese, and yogurt are the major source of calcium.calcium.

Eggs, leafy green vegetables, such as Eggs, leafy green vegetables, such as broccoli legumes, nuts and whole grain broccoli legumes, nuts and whole grain also provide calcium.also provide calcium.


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DIFICIENCY SYMPTOMS : Brittle nails, dry DIFICIENCY SYMPTOMS : Brittle nails, dry skin, muscle cramps, eye twitching are the skin, muscle cramps, eye twitching are the signs of low level of calcium in the body.signs of low level of calcium in the body.

Calcium deficiency is associated with Calcium deficiency is associated with osteoporosis and rickets.osteoporosis and rickets.


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IRONIRON: : Iron is an important mineral,Iron is an important mineral, The body needs iron to transport oxygen frThe body needs iron to transport oxygen fr

om lungs to the rest of your body. om lungs to the rest of your body. TheThe entire body needs oxygen to stay heal entire body needs oxygen to stay heal

thy and alive. thy and alive. Iron Iron is is important in the formation of hemogimportant in the formation of hemog

lobin which is the part of lobin which is the part of red blood cellsred blood cells th that carries oxygen throughout the body.at carries oxygen throughout the body.

Iron is essential for the development of Iron is essential for the development of immune system and nervous system.immune system and nervous system.


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Source : Source : The main source of iron is The main source of iron is meat, emeat, especially red meatspecially red meat..

Other sources of iron are Other sources of iron are eggs eggs ,beans , ,beans , dry fruits, dry fruits, leafy green vegetables, such as bleafy green vegetables, such as broccoliroccoli,, spinach and whole grains like wheat spinach and whole grains like wheat or oats.or oats.


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DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS: Low levels of Low levels of iron can cause anemia.iron can cause anemia.

Other symptoms of iron deficiency are Other symptoms of iron deficiency are fatigue, weakness, rapid heart beat, fainting, fatigue, weakness, rapid heart beat, fainting, susceptibility to infections and swelling of susceptibility to infections and swelling of the tongue.the tongue.


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DIETARY FIBERSDIETARY FIBERS Dietary fiber, also known as roughage or Dietary fiber, also known as roughage or

bulk, includes all parts of plant foods that the bulk, includes all parts of plant foods that the body can not digest or absorb. body can not digest or absorb.

Unlike other food components, such as fats, Unlike other food components, such as fats, proteins or carbohydrates which the body proteins or carbohydrates which the body breaks down and absorbs fiber is not breaks down and absorbs fiber is not digested by the body.digested by the body.


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Instead, it passes relatively intact through Instead, it passes relatively intact through the stomach, small intestine, colon and out the stomach, small intestine, colon and out of the body. of the body.

Fiber is commonly classified as soluble (it Fiber is commonly classified as soluble (it dissolves in water) or insoluble (it doesn't dissolves in water) or insoluble (it doesn't dissolve): dissolve):


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Soluble fiber.Soluble fiber. This type of fiber dissolves in This type of fiber dissolves in water to form a gel-like material. water to form a gel-like material.

It can help lower blood cholesterol and glucose It can help lower blood cholesterol and glucose levels and enhances nutrient absorption.levels and enhances nutrient absorption.

SOURCE: SOURCE: Soluble fiber is found in oats, peas, Soluble fiber is found in oats, peas, beans, apples, citrus fruits, carrots and barley.beans, apples, citrus fruits, carrots and barley.


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Insoluble fiber.Insoluble fiber. This type of fiber promotes This type of fiber promotes the movement of material through your the movement of material through your digestive system and increases stool bulk, digestive system and increases stool bulk, so it can be of benefit to those who struggle so it can be of benefit to those who struggle with constipation or irregular stools.with constipation or irregular stools.

SOURCE: SOURCE: Whole-wheat flour, wheat bran, Whole-wheat flour, wheat bran, nuts, beans and vegetables, such as nuts, beans and vegetables, such as cauliflower, green beans and potatoes, are cauliflower, green beans and potatoes, are good sources of insoluble fiber.good sources of insoluble fiber.


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Dietary fiber increases the weight and size Dietary fiber increases the weight and size of the stool and softens it.of the stool and softens it.

A bulky stool is easier to pass, decreasing A bulky stool is easier to pass, decreasing the chance of constipation. the chance of constipation.

Fiber may also help to solidify the stool Fiber may also help to solidify the stool because it absorbs water and adds bulk to because it absorbs water and adds bulk to stool. stool.


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WATER: Water is body's most important WATER: Water is body's most important nutrient,, and makes up 70- 75% of the total nutrient,, and makes up 70- 75% of the total body weight. body weight.

water is involved in every bodily function, water is involved in every bodily function, some important functions of water are as some important functions of water are as follows.follows.

Water is the medium for many biochemical Water is the medium for many biochemical reactions taking place in the bodies of living reactions taking place in the bodies of living organisms.organisms.

Water is required for the transport of oxygen Water is required for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.and carbon dioxide.

Water is a stabilizer of body temperature.Water is a stabilizer of body temperature.


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Water acts as a lubricating medium, it is the Water acts as a lubricating medium, it is the major component of mucus and other major component of mucus and other lubricating fluids.lubricating fluids.

Water in the form of interstitial fluid bathes Water in the form of interstitial fluid bathes all cells of the body.all cells of the body.

joints and soft tissues depend on the joints and soft tissues depend on the cushioning that water provides for them. cushioning that water provides for them.

Harmful substances and toxic materials are Harmful substances and toxic materials are flushed out of the body in water.flushed out of the body in water.


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BALANCED DIET: A diet which contains all the BALANCED DIET: A diet which contains all the necessary nutrients in adequate amount is necessary nutrients in adequate amount is termed as balanced diet.termed as balanced diet.

A balanced diet must contain carbohydrates , A balanced diet must contain carbohydrates , protein, fats, vitamins, water, fibers and minerals protein, fats, vitamins, water, fibers and minerals in the correct proportions.in the correct proportions.

Two aspects of food are important, which are. Two aspects of food are important, which are. AA quality :i.e. what food we eat.quality :i.e. what food we eat. BB quantity: i.e. how much food we eat.quantity: i.e. how much food we eat. Proper attention should be given to both these Proper attention should be given to both these

factors to maintain a healthy life.factors to maintain a healthy life.


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ENERGY REQUIREMENT : ENERGY REQUIREMENT : A balanced diet A balanced diet should not only contain all the nutrients but also should not only contain all the nutrients but also fulfill the energy requirements of the individual.fulfill the energy requirements of the individual.

This is because different people have different This is because different people have different lifestyles and varied nature of work.lifestyles and varied nature of work.

The energy re3quirement is measured in The energy re3quirement is measured in calories.calories.

The calorie requirement depends on age, sex, The calorie requirement depends on age, sex, height, weight, occupation and state of health.height, weight, occupation and state of health.

Nutrition

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Transcript of Nutrition